digital libraries
TRANSCRIPT
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Digital LibrariesIn a Nutshell
The California Digital Library
Roy Tennant
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Outline
The VisionDefinitionsPerspectives
Research Production
Services Collections
How to Keep Current
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The Vision
Anyone, anywhere, will be able to easily locate and use any image, text, database, or other type of digital resource — often in sophisticated ways or in association with other related objects
The only requirements: access to the Internet authorization or payment if required
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Definitions: Part I
“electronic” information stored and accessed by
electronic devices“digital”
information stored and accessed by computers (an electronic device)
“virtual” in essence rather than in actual fact
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Definitions: Part II
From the Association of Research Libraries -http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/ARL/definition.html
Not a single entity Requires technology to link the resources of many Linkages are transparent to the user Collections are not limited to document
surrogates, but include items that are exclusively digital
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Perspectives: Research
Research Perspective Goal: to further knowledge Participants: computer
science/library/information science faculty, a few line librarians
Example:U.S. Digital Library Initiatives (also called the
National Science Foundation DL projects)
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Sample Research Issues
Advanced search techniques e.g., query by image content
Federation of large, disparate, and distant collections
Complex digital object behaviors GIS overlays, moving image navigation,
etc.
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Perspectives: Production
Production Perspective Goal: to create digital library collections
and services Participants: libraries (mainly larger
research libraries, but not exclusively) Examples:
Library of Congress American Memory (memory.loc.gov/)
eLib Programme (www.ukoln.ac.uk/services/elib/)Digital Library Federation (www.clir.org/diglib/)
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Production Issues
ServicesCollections
Selecting Acquiring Organizing Providing Access Preserving
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Services
The challenge: providing services when and where they are needed
Examples: Guides to Internet resources
Librarians’ Index - lii.org/KidsClick! - kidsclick.org/
Network-based referenceReference 24x7 -
247ref.org/
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Selecting Digital Material
The process: how do you discover what is available? how can you evaluate the quality of resources? how can cost effectiveness be determined? (books
remain, databases frequently don’t)Considerations:
Purchase or license agreement funding source infrastructure required staff time to mount and maintain
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Selecting Material to Digitize
Focus on unique materials that are likely to have broad interest
Build on strengths (seek critical mass)Consider infrastructure requiredConsider technical limitations
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Acquiring: Digital Collections
The digital acquisition continuum:
New procedures and workflows are required tape loading, scanning, format translation, etc.
linking mirroring hosting archiving
Amount of ResponsibilityLESS MORE
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Acquiring: Non-Digital Collections
Digitization methods: scanner (flatbed, slide, handheld, etc.) digital camera:
low-resolution - $US300-3,000+high-resolution - $US25,000-35,000+
Kodak PhotoCDAdditional step for text
conversion Optical Character Recognition
or Re-keying
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Acquiring: Image File Formats
Archival version: high-resolution TIFFOnline versions:
Preview: low-resolution GIF Full: medium-resolution JPEG High: med./high-resolution JPEG or TIFF
Up-and-coming: MrSID, Flashpix, PNG
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Acquiring: Text File Formats
Original: MS Word, Adobe
Pagemaker, etc.Adobe AcrobatPlain textHTMLSGML or XML
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Organizing: Naming and Addressing
Object naming: Objects should be named in a fashion that
promotes longevity (e.g., stay away from any kind of implied meaning)
Object addressing: URLs (www.w3.org) DOI/Handles (www.cnri.reston.va.us) PURLs (purl.org) ARKs (www.ckm.ucsf.edu/people/jak/home/)
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Organizing: Metadata
Structured description of an object or collection of objects
Three basic types: descriptive — e.g., title, creator, subject —
used for discovery administrative — e.g., resolution, bit depth
— used for managing the collection structural — e.g., table of contents page,
page 34, etc. — used for navigation
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Organizing: Metadata
Appropriate standards or draft standards: Collection Level:
Encoded Archival Description (EAD) -lcweb.loc.gov/ead/
Item Level:MARCDublin Core - dublincore.orgMETS - www.loc.gov/standards/mets/
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Providing Access
How can we make our resources easily available to a diversity of users with a multiplicity of purposes?
How can we integrate access to both print and digital resources?
How can we interoperate with other digital collections?
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Preserving
Accepted preservation methods: Acid-free paper microfilm photographic reproduction
The digital preservation strategy:: Storing Refreshing Migrating
The single most important aspect: institutional commitment
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Interoperability
The capability of two or more different digital collections to be used as one in a transparent fashion
One example: Open Archives Initiative:
http://www.openarchives.org/Requires standards (at minimum) or a
common platform
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How to Keep Current
Electronic Discussions: DIGLIB: www.ifla.org/II/lists/diglib.html Web4Lib: sunsite.berkeley.edu/Web4Lib/ XML4Lib: sunsite.berkeley.edu/XML4Lib/
Publications: “Digital Libraries” column in LJ —
libraryjournal.reviewsnews.com D-Lib Magazine — www.dlib.org Current Cites — sunsite.berkeley.edu/CurrentCites/ RLG DigiNews — www.rlg.org/preserv/diginews/