digital natives. digital immigrants. libraries
DESCRIPTION
Digital natives. Digital immigrants. Libraries. The challenge faced by libraries in reaching out to born digital. Tefko Saracevic, PhD http://comminfo.rutgers.edu/~tefko/ [email protected]. What?. Part I – The BIG picture Social forces. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Tefko Saracevic
Digital natives.Digital immigrants.
Libraries. The challenge faced by libraries in reaching
out to born digital
1
Tefko Saracevic, PhDhttp://comminfo.rutgers.edu/~tefko/
Tefko Saracevic
What?
Part I – The BIG picture Social forces
1. Digital natives, digital immigrants
2. Contemporary technology & society
Part II – The LIBRARY -Challenges & responses
3. Digital information resources4. Web access5. Information literacy6. Social media7. Conclusions
2
Are young people (digital natives) really different?
How are library services for digital natives handled?
Tefko Saracevic
1. What do we mean? DefinitionsDigital natives
• Persons for whom digital technologies already existed when they were born, and hence had grown up with digital technology– also called “born digital”
“net generation” “millenials”
Digital immigrants
• Individuals who grew up without digital technology and adopted it later
3
Generational differences expressed in technological terms
4
Tefko Saracevic
Hotly debated - Sample of articles
5
Prensky (2001) introduced the concept & terminology with little evidence
(2010)
Tefko Saracevic
Growing number of studies –Sample of articles
6
(2010)
(2009)
(2010)
Tefko Saracevic
Characteristics - binary opposites Siân Bayne & Jen Ross (2007)
Digital natives • student• fast• young• future• multi-tasking• image• playful• looking forward• digital• action• constant connection
Digital immigrants• teacher, librarian, parent ...• slow• old• past, or ‘legacy’• logical, serial thinking• text• serious• looking backward• analogue• knowledge• isolation
7
Tefko Saracevic 8
Tefko Saracevic
Controversy about digital nativesClaims – Assumptionson the one hand
• As native speakers of digital language, young people think and process information in an entirely different way from previous generations
• Because of that they have biological brain changes
Critiqueson the other hand
• Generational stereotyping– reality: claims/assumptions DO
NOT reflect it– oversimplified: should be
understood in diversity rather than dichotomy
• Assumes that all young people are wired digital masters who use technology mysteriously
• No scientific evidence
9
Tefko Saracevic 10
Examples of digital natives in action
Tefko Saracevic
a few more ...
11
Tefko Saracevic
Rejection of simplified concept about digital natives/immigrants Selvyn, N. (2009), McKenzie, J. (2007)
• Empirical findings on assumptions: Not so! – Generational, not purely technical differences
• Picture of children and young people’s use of new technologies is more complex along:– socio-economic status & other “social fault” lines
• social class• geography• gender
– variety of uses– digital divide
• But term “digital natives” can be used as a metaphor12
13
Tefko Saracevic
2. Contemporary technology
Web 2.0• Information and
communication technology and web design that aims to enhance creativity & information sharing in a new way
Lets people• Interact• Connect• Collaborate• Share • Contribute• Inform• Using variety of media
– text, audio, video, images
14
Tefko Saracevic
Transformations Social • Variety of hardware &
software apps, tools developed to support many uses– commercial– educational– social
• Social software & sites• Transformed the Web• Created communities
Including libraries
• Growing number of libraries actively changed their web presence, including– social interactions with
various audiences, specifically including digital natives
15
Tefko Saracevic
Another view of transformations
16
Tefko Saracevic
Part II: Library challenges, responses
17
Digital resources
User – appropriate content
Web access
User – centered design
Informa-tion
literacyUser – oriented guides
Social networks
In touch on user terms
Tefko Saracevic
Digital INFORMATION resources
General• Information records in
digital form, as opposed to analog– used to accomplish,
support, help activities requiring information
In libraries
• Part of the collection• Many e (digital) forms
– books (eBooks)– eJournals– videos– images– audio
• Either digitized from analog or born digital
18
Digital resources
Tefko Saracevic
Concentration
I will concentrate here on eBooks in some depth
recognizing that there are other digital information resources of great importance for library users of all generations – I will mention them only
19
Tefko Saracevic
And now from print books (pBooks) onto electronic books (eBooks)
• No sculpture, yet, commemorating eBooks
• But eBooks are the fastest & most massive globally spreading books in book history – e.g.
20
Book sculpture - commemorating invention of modern printingWalk of ideas, Berlin
a virtual fair July, 4 to Aug. 4, 2010 , featuring over 3,000,000 eBooks; org. by World Public Library - Michael Hart (Gutenberg Project)
Tefko Saracevic
Libraries as producers – first generationDigitization• Globally great many
libraries digitized books from own collection
• Many are rare, historical, classics– opened treasures to
public – well received
• But all together relatively small in numbers
• Subsidized
A few examples from many
• British Library Online Gallery – 30,000 items
• Gallica, bibliothèque numérique Bibliothèque nationale de France– 1.2 mill. items, 192,000 books
• Biblioteca Digital HispánicaBiblioteca Nacional de España– 28,000 items
21
Tefko Saracevic
Mass digitization projects – second generation
Pioneered• Industrial scale of
eBook digitization – innovative
• applications of technologies
• a number of partnerships with libraries
• Raised many issues & disagreements
• Global reach & involvement
Major projects• Project Gutenberg
– first, gave ideas to all– about 140,000 books
• Million Book Project– global cooperation– about 1.7 mill. books
• Google Books– largest; international– many libraries & even
countries cooperate– about 12 mill. books
22
Tefko Saracevic
Next generation: Interaction in eBooks
Major innovation
• Adding potential for interaction is a giant step in evolution of eBooks– using dynamic web vs. static
scanned displays– makes eBooks into
something else – Web 2.0
• Many geared toward digital natives
pBooks vs. eBooks
• Interactive capabilities embedded within eBooks provide clear & even huge advantages over pBooks
23
Tefko Saracevic
Vendors (aggregators)
What?• Bring together eBooks
from different sources & publishers & make it available to libraries & others
• Some do it via specific software or apps
• Provide books by subscription, license, payment, and free
Who?• Large, universal ones
taking the role of super-bookstores– with some interactivity
• Smaller, more specialized, aimed at specific markets, topics– particularly libraries &
similar institutions– many most innovative,
lots of interactivity 24
Tefko Saracevic
Sample of vendors … all online onlyGiants with global reach
• Amazon – a super store & bookstore, e- & pBooks– mid 2010: for every 100 pBooks
sold, 180 eBooks were sold
• iBooks – Apple repeating the music formula to books, some digitized heritage books (e.g. Project Gutenberg) + current; many for digital natives
Specialized or niche
• ebrary “get the most out of your digital content.” Several interactive capabilities for eBooks
• ClassZone – large global text book publisher turned to eBooks. Extensive interactive e-texts for middle & high schools
– geared toward digital natives. – interactive learning: “Textbooks come
to life.”
• They became the way for libraries to get & manage e-resources of all kinds
25
(While we do not call them “vendors” or “aggregators” that is what they are)
Tefko Saracevic
Example of ebrary interactive display & link tools for books (InfoTools)
• InfoTools links to other resources
• If selected El Niño from a text it will show:
– define – show a dictionary definition
– explain – show encyclopedia, – locate – maps– who – biography, Wikipedia– search – all kinds of sources incl.
images, video– create note – note taking
26
Tefko Saracevic 27
ClassZone example of an interactive biology text for high school
Tefko Saracevic
Libraries and eBooks
Digitized old(er) books• Support tradition, culture– enlarge collection– attract interest for “buried”
treasures– provide resources for
education, scholarship
• Major political point for justifying subsidy
• Many libraries have a large number
Newly published
• Support modernity– current demands
• Why buy or license? – provide innovative services– possible for multi locations– circulate as other books– go with digital natives– for some no alternative
28
Tefko Saracevic
eBook advantages for librariesOperations
• Can’t be stolen, lost, mis-shelved
• Automatic circulation• No additional space• Management easier
– software from vendors
• Circulated as other books
Access• 24/7 from anyplace
– but often restricted to own users (university, city)
• High demand books easily managed– pBook= single concurrent
user; eBook = many
• Merges with other services – print, audio, video
29
Very popular with users, particularly digital natives
Tefko Saracevic
eBook disadvantages for libraries
Economics
• Lots of €€€, $$$ …• Funding a challenge• Technology investments
still high• New competencies,
(re)education needed– for both librarians & users
Balancing
• With print collection– still the major part for all
libraries
• Still a good proportion of users are not there yet – digital divide
30
Tefko Saracevic
Digital natives and eBooks
Digital
• Part of their universe– young predominate, but
not only young
• Changing patterns how people read in general– & search for information
• But information literacy for great many still low
Tools for reading eBooks
• Becoming better & ubiquitous– devices: Kindle, iPad, Nook – software: Adobe Digital
Editions ...
• Integrated with life• eBooks are just books
– to be read anywhere
31
Tefko Saracevic
Example of an eBook read by a digital native anywhereAlly reading her book at a football game where her sister was a goalie (score 3:3)
32
Tefko Saracevic
Versions of libraries –bricks & clicks
Library as physical place• Physical building
– physical collection, tools– social, collaborative,
learning places for users
• Physical access to organized materials in the place
• Prisoner of physicality
Library as virtual space• Digital space/place
– digital collection– access tools – quite different
• Interaction beyond searching & browsing
• Virtual access to organized digital resources any place
• Prisoner of technology
33
Web access
Great many libraries are hybrid
Tefko Saracevic
Access dramatically differentPhysical place Virtual space
34
Tefko Saracevic
Use dramatically different
Physical
• Users have to be there• Ambience has to be
fostered
Virtual
• Users can be anywhere– virtual visits & use of
great many libraries greater now
• But dependent on library Web site
35
use down
use up
Tefko Saracevic
Library Web pages: where users meet the library
Major design criteria• User-centered design
– needs, wants, & limitations of end users are given extensive attention
– organized by user tasks, frequency, characteristics
– search made clear
• Valid for all kinds of users
For digital natives
• Functional, clear, appealing, utilitarian – aesthetics & graphics
• Flexibility, efficiency in use• Expected high usability
36
Good design absolutely critical for effective use
For many libraries: a new world
Tefko Saracevic
Example of a dynamic library web site - Denver Public Library
37
Tefko Saracevic
Leads to getting the selected eBook from NetLibrary, a vendor
38
Tefko Saracevic 39
Example of a teen library web site - Denver Public Library
Tefko Saracevic 40
Example of a children library web site - Denver Public Library
Tefko Saracevic 41
Example of a US public library web site in Spanish - Denver Public Library
Tefko Saracevic 42
OverDrive : Example of a vendor providing variety of resources & apps for libraries, schools etc. for access & variety of users, digital natives included
Tefko Saracevic
University of California : Example of a site offering multiple browsing choices; brings together over 150 institutions – very popular in schools
43
Tefko Saracevic
Example of a township & high school interactive site, Springfield, Pennsylvanian
44
Tefko Saracevic
Among others it leads to this site where kids can click on their choice
45
Tefko Saracevic
Gale : Example of a vendor, providing mobile apps for students (& others) to download on their devices to access their library & Gale resources
46
Tefko Saracevic
What do we mean? Contemporary approach:
Digital literacy• Ability to use digital
technology, communication tools or networks effectively
• A person’s ability to perform tasks effectively in a digital environment
• Tech savvy is not automatically digitally literate
Information literacy
• Ability to locate, understand, use & evaluate information in multiple formats from a wide range of sources using a computing device– for problem solving,
decision making, learning, even enjoying
47
Informa-tion
literacy
Tefko Saracevic
Goals for information literacy efforts
Recognition
• Accurate, trustworthy, verifiable information is basis for intelligent decision making, problem solving, learning
Competencies
• Identify potential sources of information
• Access these sources• Evaluate sources &
information• Organize information• Integrate for
application, learning
48
Geared toward digital resources & specific audiences, e.g. digital natives
Tefko Saracevic
Applied in libraries
• Online tutorials for given subjects• Online tutorials for given activities • Webinars (Web seminars) • Suggestions on making information literacy courses• Evaluation tools
49
Tefko Saracevic 50
Example of a subject tutorial from a university library
Tefko Saracevic 51
Example of a information literacy tutorial from a university library
Tefko Saracevic 52
Example of a library research tutorial from Cornell University library
Tefko Saracevic 53
Example of a regular Webinar about solving information problems
Tefko Saracevic 54
Example of a video on making of information literacy tutorials(from Slideshare)
Tefko Saracevic
What do we mean?
Social networks Results
• Developing a culture of critique & debate
• Much freer expression• For education:
– educational tools – back to student driven
model of medieval Europe? (José Ortega y Gasset)
55
• Sites that focus on building online communities of people who:– share interests– activities– explore interests &
activities of others
Social networks
Many sites emerged & disappeared, few big ones dominate
56
Tefko Saracevic
Means for:• Collaborating:
– Wikis
• Expressing, responding:– Blogs
• Communicating:– Twitter– Facebook – MySpace
• RSS (Really Simple Syndication)
– updating
• Sharing:– Dropbox– Flickr– YouTube
• Bookmarking:– Delicious
• Subject guides– many libraries & others
• Instant messaging (IM)– many reference services
57Enhance human connections – but ...
58
Tefko Saracevic
Library applications
• Transition the way services are delivered to users
• Marketing & promoting library services
• Many libraries participate in e.g. – blogging (list of library blogs)
– social media (Social networking librarian)
• Making the library site more interactive
• Increase the flow of information from users to library
• Connect with users:
59
Tefko Saracevic
Example of social media in a public library – Denver Public Library
60
Tefko Saracevic 61
Facebook applications to enhance library services
Tefko Saracevic 62
Libraries on Twitter - over 620 libraries
Tefko Saracevic 63
Example of a school library blog (CEIP Principe Filipe)
Tefko Saracevic
And a video Librarians do Gaga ( Information School, University of Washington)
64
Tefko Saracevic
7. ConclusionsDigital natives – digital immigrants
• Generational changes happened throughout history• We should be mindful of the changes in technological
“lifeworld” of digital natives– but avoid excesses in the debate - such as claiming substantial
transformation of social relations - &– concentrate on enhancing our understandings of the realities
of technology use in contemporary society (Selvyn, 2009)
• It is not threatening at all – could be used for advantage• But digital divide - have and have nots - is real for all
generations & must be taken into account
65
Tefko Saracevic
Conclusions (continued): LIBRARY challenges, responses
66
• They are ALL connected
• Responses have to incorporate ALL four elements
• Adjusted, directed toward users of various kinds
• User-centered
Tefko Saracevic
This presentation in Wordle
67
Tefko Saracevic 68
Thank you for inviting me!
Tefko Saracevic
BibliographyBennett, S., Maton, K., & Kervin, L. (2008) The 'digital natives' debate: A critical review of the evidence. British
Journal of Educational Technology, 39 (5), 775-786.Brown, A.L. (blog). Social networking librarian. Exploring social networking and technology in libraries. Available
at: http://socialnetworkinglibrarian.com/ Fernandez-Villavicencio, N. G. (2010) Helping students become literate in a digital, networking-based society: A
literature review and discussion, The International Information & Library Review, 42(2), 124-136.Kolikant, Y.B.-D. (2010.Digital natives, better learners? Students' beliefs about how the Internet influenced their
ability to learn. Computers in Human Behavior, 26(6), 1384-1391.McKenzie, J. (2007) Digital Nativism, Digital Delusions and Digital Deprivation. From Now On: The Educational
technology Journal , 17(2). Available at: http://www.fno.org/nov07/nativism.html Prensky, M (2001). Digital Natives, Digital Immigrants On the Horizon, 9 (5) Available at:
http://www.marcprensky.com/writing/Prensky%20-%20Digital%20Natives,%20Digital%20Immigrants%20-%20Part1.pdf
Prensky, M (2001). Digital Natives, Digital Immigrants, Part II: Do They Really Think Differently? On the Horizon, 9(6) Available at: http://www.marcprensky.com/writing/Prensky%20-%20Digital%20Natives,%20Digital%20Immigrants%20-%20Part2.pdf
Selvyn, N. The digital native – myth and reality (2009) Aslib Proceedings: New Information Perspectives, 61(4), 364-379.
Wong, M. (n.d.) Great web design tips Available at http://www.great-web-design-tips.com/
69
Tefko Saracevic
For download
• This presentation can be found at my site:http://comminfo.rutgers.edu/~tefko/articles.htm
70