Discipline of classifying organisms and assigning

each organism a universally accepted name

Classification SystemClassification SystemHistorically, organisms were Historically, organisms were

classified according to general classified according to general characteristics within groups of characteristics within groups of

organisms, such as whether they organisms, such as whether they had a spinal chord. After Charles had a spinal chord. After Charles

Darwin's theories on evolution were Darwin's theories on evolution were presented, classifications began to presented, classifications began to reflect evolutionary relationships reflect evolutionary relationships

between organisms.between organisms.

Classification SystemsClassification Systems Referring to organisms by common names was Referring to organisms by common names was

confusing for several reasons. confusing for several reasons. Common names vary among languages Common names vary among languages Different species sometimes share a single Different species sometimes share a single

common namecommon name Scientists agreed to use a single Greek or Latin Scientists agreed to use a single Greek or Latin

name for each species because all 18name for each species because all 18thth century century scientists understood Latin and Greek.scientists understood Latin and Greek.

Carolus Linnaeus, a Swedish botanist who Carolus Linnaeus, a Swedish botanist who lived during the 18th century, developed a two-lived during the 18th century, developed a two-word naming system called word naming system called binomial binomial nomenclature.nomenclature.

Linnaeus’ classification systemLinnaeus’ classification system Based on hierarchical system of levels.Based on hierarchical system of levels. Each level is referred to as a Each level is referred to as a taxontaxon.. The naming system called The naming system called Binomial Binomial

NomenclatureNomenclature uses the last two levels to create uses the last two levels to create a two-word scientific name for each organism.a two-word scientific name for each organism. The The genusgenus name is capitolized, whereas the name is capitolized, whereas the speciesspecies

name is just underlined. name is just underlined. Often, the species name is a Latinized description of Often, the species name is a Latinized description of

some important trait of the organism or an indication some important trait of the organism or an indication of where the organism lives.of where the organism lives.

Classification systems today are still based on hierarchical

categories. There are now three domains called Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. Each kingdom falls into one of the

three domains.

The two systems:The two systems:

Five Kingdom Five Kingdom SystemSystem

Monerans Protist Fungi Animals Plants

Six Kingdom Six Kingdom SystemSystem

Archaebacteria Eubacteria Protist Fungi Fungi Plants Plants Animals Animals

Taxonomy Example for HumansTaxonomy Example for Humans

DomainDomain KingdomKingdom PhylumPhylum ClassClass OrderOrder FamilyFamily GenusGenus SpeciesSpecies

EukaryaEukarya AnimalAnimal ChordateChordate MammalMammal PrimatePrimate HominidHominid HomoHomo SapienSapien

Domain BacteriaDomain BacteriaProkaryotic (cells have no nucleus)Prokaryotic (cells have no nucleus)UnicellularUnicellularHave cell walls Have cell walls containingcontaining

peptidoglycan.peptidoglycan.Extremely diverse group including Extremely diverse group including

autotrophs, heterotrophs, aerobes, autotrophs, heterotrophs, aerobes, anaerobes, and parasites.anaerobes, and parasites.

Domain ArchaeaDomain Archaea Prokaryotic (cells have no nucleus)Prokaryotic (cells have no nucleus) UnicellularUnicellular Have cell walls Have cell walls withoutwithout peptidoglycan. peptidoglycan. Many in this group live in extreme Many in this group live in extreme

environments such as volcanic hot springs environments such as volcanic hot springs and black organic mud devoid of oxygen.and black organic mud devoid of oxygen.

Includes autotrophs, heterotrophs, aerobes, Includes autotrophs, heterotrophs, aerobes, and anaerobes.and anaerobes.

Domain EukaryaDomain EukaryaAll Eukaryotes (cells have a nucleus)All Eukaryotes (cells have a nucleus)Unicellular or multicellularUnicellular or multicellularAutotrophs or heterotrophsAutotrophs or heterotrophsExamples include unicellular Examples include unicellular

organisms, algae, fungi, plants and organisms, algae, fungi, plants and animalsanimals

Prokaryotic cell

Eukaryotic cell

Kingdom Eubacteria Kingdom Eubacteria Bacteria, which are simple single-Bacteria, which are simple single-

celled organisms that are Prokaryotic celled organisms that are Prokaryotic (have no nucleus and few organelles).(have no nucleus and few organelles).

Have cell walls with peptidoglycan.Have cell walls with peptidoglycan.Unicellular organisms.Unicellular organisms. Include autotrophs and heterotrophs.Include autotrophs and heterotrophs.Examples include Streptococcus, and Examples include Streptococcus, and

E. coli.E. coli.

Streptococcus bacteria

Staphylococcus aureus

E. coli bacteria

Kingdom ArchaebacteriaKingdom ArchaebacteriaBacteria, which are simple single-Bacteria, which are simple single-

celled organisms that are Prokaryotic celled organisms that are Prokaryotic (have no nucleus and few organelles).(have no nucleus and few organelles).

Have cell walls without peptidoglycan.Have cell walls without peptidoglycan.Unicellular organisms.Unicellular organisms. Include autotrophs and heterotrophs.Include autotrophs and heterotrophs.Examples include Methanogens and Examples include Methanogens and

halophileshalophiles

Halobacteria

M. jannaschii

Kingdom ProtistaKingdom Protista Protists are single and multicellular Protists are single and multicellular

organisms most of which live in water.organisms most of which live in water. Plant like protists contain chloroplasts Plant like protists contain chloroplasts

and make their own food. Ex) Algae, Kelpand make their own food. Ex) Algae, Kelp Animal like protists are single celled and Animal like protists are single celled and

move by using pseudopodia, flagella, or move by using pseudopodia, flagella, or cilia. Ex) Amoeba, Parameciumcilia. Ex) Amoeba, Paramecium

Fungus like protists include water molds Fungus like protists include water molds and mildews.and mildews.

Fungus-like protist

Stylonychia

Plant-like Protists

Chlorophytes (green algae)

Animal-like protists

Amoeba

Kingdom FungiKingdom Fungi Fungi can be unicellular but are mostly Fungi can be unicellular but are mostly

multicellular organisms that decompose multicellular organisms that decompose dead matter in our environment. dead matter in our environment.

They are heterotrophs and are They are heterotrophs and are responsible for doing a major cleaning responsible for doing a major cleaning role in our environment. role in our environment.

Fungi are found in soil, dead trees and Fungi are found in soil, dead trees and even on your bread sometimes. even on your bread sometimes.

Kingdom PlantaeKingdom Plantae Plants are multicellular organisms that are Plants are multicellular organisms that are

characterized by their tough cell walls and characterized by their tough cell walls and photosynthetic abilities. photosynthetic abilities.

They are producers and make up the base They are producers and make up the base of the food chain.of the food chain.

Divided into groups which include Divided into groups which include mosses, liverworts, horsetails, club mosses, liverworts, horsetails, club mosses, ferns, gymnosperms ( cone mosses, ferns, gymnosperms ( cone bearing plants), and angiosperms bearing plants), and angiosperms ( flowering plants).( flowering plants).

Kingdom AnimaliaKingdom Animalia The Animal Kingdom is very diverse and The Animal Kingdom is very diverse and

very large, numbering over one million very large, numbering over one million identified species. identified species.

Some are vertebrates (backbone), while Some are vertebrates (backbone), while most (97%) are invertebrates (no most (97%) are invertebrates (no backbone). backbone).

All animals share the following All animals share the following characteristics; cannot make own food, characteristics; cannot make own food, digest their food, move from place to digest their food, move from place to place, and have many Eukaryotic cells. place, and have many Eukaryotic cells.

Porifera (Sponges)Porifera (Sponges)They live mostly in colonies in the They live mostly in colonies in the

water, attached to rocks. water, attached to rocks. They look similar to a sack, and take They look similar to a sack, and take

in water through small holes in their in water through small holes in their body for filtering out small bits of food. body for filtering out small bits of food.

A hard skeleton is formed by A hard skeleton is formed by "spicules" that are wedged in their "spicules" that are wedged in their body walls. body walls.

CnideriansCnideriansMostly marine invertebrates, Mostly marine invertebrates,

including jellyfish, sea anenomes, including jellyfish, sea anenomes, and corals.and corals.

Characterized by three-layered Characterized by three-layered body walls, tentacles, primitive body walls, tentacles, primitive nervous systems, and special nervous systems, and special stinger cells, which are used for stinger cells, which are used for protection.protection.

Platyhelminthes Platyhelminthes (Flatworms)(Flatworms)

Flatworms are primitive organisms Flatworms are primitive organisms that are flat, soft-bodied, and that are flat, soft-bodied, and symmetrical. symmetrical.

There are four classes of flatworms; There are four classes of flatworms; one aquatic class (planarians), two one aquatic class (planarians), two parasitic classes (flukes), and one parasitic classes (flukes), and one class of tapeworms (which can get class of tapeworms (which can get inside of many vertebrate animals). inside of many vertebrate animals).

Nematoda (Roundworms)Nematoda (Roundworms) Roundworms are wormlike animals that Roundworms are wormlike animals that

have an outer coat made of non-cellular have an outer coat made of non-cellular material and a fluid-filled chamber that material and a fluid-filled chamber that separates their body walls from their separates their body walls from their insides. insides.

They live in both water and on land. They live in both water and on land. This phylum includes rotifers, nematodes This phylum includes rotifers, nematodes

and horsehair worms.and horsehair worms.

Annelida (segmented worms)Annelida (segmented worms)

Annelids, or segmented worms, have Annelids, or segmented worms, have soft bodies and are symmetrical. soft bodies and are symmetrical.

They can be anywhere from .5 mm to They can be anywhere from .5 mm to 3 meters in length. 3 meters in length.

They are divided into three classes They are divided into three classes including earthworms, leeches, and including earthworms, leeches, and marine worms. marine worms.

EchinodermataEchinodermata Marine invertebrates that live on the Marine invertebrates that live on the

ocean floor.ocean floor. They have no head, and have tube feet They have no head, and have tube feet

and skeletons that are just below the outer and skeletons that are just below the outer surface. If any part of an Echinoderms surface. If any part of an Echinoderms body is cut off, the organism can body is cut off, the organism can regenerate that part. regenerate that part.

The classes include sea lilies and feather The classes include sea lilies and feather stars, starfish, brittle stars, sea urchins stars, starfish, brittle stars, sea urchins and sand dollars, and sea cucumbers. and sand dollars, and sea cucumbers.

MolluskaMolluska Most live in water or in the tidal zone. Most live in water or in the tidal zone. They live inside shells and have soft segmented They live inside shells and have soft segmented

bodies and a powerful foot that enables them to bodies and a powerful foot that enables them to move around. move around.

The three main classes include:The three main classes include: 1. Univalves (one shell); examples include snails, 1. Univalves (one shell); examples include snails,

abolones, whelks and slugs.abolones, whelks and slugs. 2. Bivalves (two shelled); examples include clams, 2. Bivalves (two shelled); examples include clams,

oysters, muscles and scallops.oysters, muscles and scallops. 3. Cephalopods (shell inside); examples include 3. Cephalopods (shell inside); examples include

squid and octopus. squid and octopus.

ArthropodaArthropoda They are the largest group of invertebrates They are the largest group of invertebrates

compromising 80% of the animal kingdom. compromising 80% of the animal kingdom. Have segmented bodies covered by Have segmented bodies covered by

exoskeletons that are shed at times to allow for exoskeletons that are shed at times to allow for growth. They have paired multi jointed growth. They have paired multi jointed appendages for increased mobility, protection appendages for increased mobility, protection and feeding. and feeding.

The main classes include centipedes, The main classes include centipedes, millipedes, crustaceans (crabs and lobsters), millipedes, crustaceans (crabs and lobsters), arachnids (spiders, ticks and mites), and arachnids (spiders, ticks and mites), and insects. insects.

ChordataChordata

Chordates are vertebrate Chordates are vertebrate animals, that is, they have a animals, that is, they have a backbone. backbone.

There are seven classes that There are seven classes that are diverse in appearance and are diverse in appearance and habitats. habitats.

Fish ClassesFish Classes• Fish are cold-blooded Fish are cold-blooded

vertebrates with a 2 chambered vertebrates with a 2 chambered heart that live in water.heart that live in water.

• Agnatha – Jawless fish.Agnatha – Jawless fish.• Condrichthyes – Cartilaginous Condrichthyes – Cartilaginous

fish including sharks and rays. fish including sharks and rays. • Osteichthyes- Bony fishOsteichthyes- Bony fish

AmphibiansAmphibians

Cold-blooded vertebrates with a 3 Cold-blooded vertebrates with a 3 chambered heart that live in or near chambered heart that live in or near water.water.

Must return to water to reproduce.Must return to water to reproduce.Undergo metamorphosis.Undergo metamorphosis.Examples include frogs, toads and Examples include frogs, toads and

salamanders. salamanders.

ReptilesReptilesCold blooded vertebrates with a 3 Cold blooded vertebrates with a 3

chambered heart and scaly skin.chambered heart and scaly skin.Don't need to return to water to Don't need to return to water to

reproduce-they have eggs that can reproduce-they have eggs that can be laid on land.be laid on land.

Includes lizards, snakes, turtles, Includes lizards, snakes, turtles, and alligators. and alligators.

Aves (Birds)Aves (Birds)

Warm-blooded animals with a Warm-blooded animals with a 4 chambered heart4 chambered heart

Adapted for flight with feathers Adapted for flight with feathers and hollow bones.and hollow bones.

Reproduce by laying eggs.Reproduce by laying eggs.

Mammalia (Mammals)Mammalia (Mammals)

Warm-blooded animals that Warm-blooded animals that have fur to cover the body and have fur to cover the body and mammary glands.mammary glands.

Give birth to live young.Give birth to live young.Examples include humans, Examples include humans,

lions, and bats.lions, and bats.

Identify the KingdomIdentify the Kingdom

Identify the KingdomIdentify the Kingdom

Identify the PhylumIdentify the Phylum

Identify the PhylumIdentify the Phylum

Identify the ClassIdentify the Class

Identify the ClassIdentify the Class

Identify the ClassIdentify the Class