distributed applications session 5 14:00 - 15:00 dr deepak b phatak, iit bombay
TRANSCRIPT
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DISTRIBUTED APPLICATIONS
Session 5 14:00 - 15:00
Dr Deepak B Phatak, IIT Bombay
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SESSION OVERVIEW
Indian Banking Scenario Distributed Paradigms How to Construct the
Distributed Infrastructure
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BANKING BUSINESS
Primarily Based On– Interest Spread
– Fee Based Services Multi Location Operations
– Hierarchical Branch Network
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BANKING BUSINESS
Requires Emphasis on– Fast Movement of Funds
– Purposeful Expansion and Retention of Customer Base
– Non Repudiation of Valid Transactions. (TXNs)
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CONVENTIONAL RETAIL BANKING
Low Value High Volume TXNs Attractive Deposit Products Speedy Customer Service Local TXNs, Within a Branch, Remote TXNs, Within A City, Anywhere Globally
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COMEERCIAL BANKING
Term Loans– Speedy Application Processing
– Avoiding NPAs Fee Based Services
– Fast Turn Around of TXN
– Special Services Needed
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HOUSE KEEPING
Management Reporting– Consolidation Reports
– Control Reports
– Performance Reports
– Statutory Reports
– Audit Reports
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INDIAN BANKING SCENARIO
Traditionally Branch Centric GL is Accounting Backbone S..S..Slow Fund Movement Rudimentary Central Control Focus On Customer Service ???
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INDIAN BANKING SCENARIO
Use Of Modern IT– Started with Back Office
– TBM: Better Local Operations
– Useless Networks
– More Useless MIS, DSS
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INDIAN BANKING SCENARIO
Coexistence of Computerised, Semi-Automated and Manual Branch Operations
Stronger Networks Emerging Any Banking Paradigm Must
– Work in Existing Situation
– Quickly Exploit Changes
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DISTRIBUTED PARADIGM
Emerged Primarily – To Provide Autonomous Operations
at Multiple Sites
– To Exploit Cheaper MIPS on Smaller Machines
All Real Life End to End Computerisation is Distributed
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DISTRIBUTED PARADIGMS
Hierarchies of Servers/Clients Use of Message Queues and/Or
TP Monitors Multiple Delivery Mechanisms
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METHODOLOGIES
Software Engineering Distributed Functionality Design Network Design Configuring an Application for
Growth– Change Management
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DELIVERY MECHANISMS
Post, Telegrams, Fax Machine Readable Data On Media Data Transfer Through Networks
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EARLY NETWORKS
Arcnet and Novell Ethernet and Token ring TCP/IP gets embedded into BSD
Unix
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MODERN NETWORKS
Ethernet
– 10 Mbps, 75% Market, Over 40 Million nodes
Token Ring – 4/16 Mbps, 16%
Fast Ethernet – 100 Mbps, 1%, growing fast
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MODERN NETWORKS
FDDI – 100 Mbps, < 1%, Dying
ATM – 25 Mbps to 2.4 Gbps, Nascent
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MODERN NETWORKS (WAN BACKBONE)
North American– T1 or DS1 : 1.54 Mbps– T3 or DS3 : 44.73 Mbps
European (and Indian)– E1 : 2.04 Mbps (CCITT standard)– E2 : 8.44 Mbps– E3 : 34.36Mbps
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MODERN NETWORKS (WAN BACKBONE)
Sonet fibre Standards (ANSI, Synchronous optical Network)– OC1 to OC3 (51.84, 103.68, 155.52 Mbps)– OC12 (622.08 Mbps)– OC24 and OC48 (1.244 Gbps, 2.488 Gbps)
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MODERN NETWORKS
LAN-WAN-LAN Interconnect Various LAN Protocols
– TCP/IP, IPX/SPX, SNA, NETBEUI
Remote access PC– SLIP, PPP.
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MODERN NETWORKS
LAN to LAN– Bridge, Gateway
– IP Switching. LAN to WAN
– Multi Protocol Routers.
– X.25 Switches, Gateway
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MODERN NETWORKS
WAN Backbone– IP Over Leased Circuits / Dial up
Lines (Internet Is IP)
– X.25, Frame Relay, ATM (IP Can Run Over These)
– VSATS ( Delays, 400 ms Per Hop)
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TRANSACTIONS
ACID Properties Revisited–Atomicity: All or None
–Consistency : Stable & Correct End State
– Isolation : Unaffected by Other Happenings
–Durability : Persistent Effect
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TRANSACTIONS
A Single User Example– Is It Simple to Handle?
– What Happens in a Crash? Simple If Things Work
Correctly Difficult If Things Go Wrong.
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TRANSACTIONS
Concurrent Distributed Transactions, More Problems– Consistency and Isolation
– Roll Back Is Difficult Lock Step Synchronization
Through Two Phase Commit
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TRANSACTIONS
Flat Transactions– Activities Are at Same Level
– SQL Implements Two Phase Commit Protocol
– Backbone of Most (Leaf-level) Applications
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FLAT TRANSACTIONS
Limitations –Complex Sub-activities With Partial
Roll Back?
–Human in the Loop Locks Resources
–Temporally Long Transactions
–Bulk Update Transaction
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PAYMENT SETTLEMENT
A Complex Transaction Jena of Jharsuguda gives a cheque
to Kantheeswaran at Kandivali– Kanthee Banks with Bank A at
Kandiwali: A(K)
– Jena With Bank B(J)
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PAYMENT SETTLEMENT
Kanthee Presents Cheque to A(K) and demands money
A(J) credits Kanthee’s account AFTER collecting from B(J)
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DISTRIBUTED PROCESSING SOLUTION
Local Data Base Local Data Base
Bank B Bank A
NCC
Kantheeswaran
KandiwaliJharsuguda
Jena
DistributedTransaction
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PAYMENT SETTLEMENT
A presents the instrument to NCC NCC records information
– Sorts all Instruments for Bank B
– Asks B to pay A B sends Cheque to Jharsuguda (J)
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PAYMENT SETTLEMENT
B(J) debits Jena Informs NCC and A(K) A(K) credits Kanthee Multiple Service Branches Are
Actually Involved
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PAYMENT SETTLEMENT
Transaction becomes funny if – Jena has no funds
– Cheque is lost in transit
– B Debits Jena But Sits Tight
– A Receives Info, But Does Not Credit Kanthee
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PAYMENT SETTLEMENT
More fun NCC Asks B to Pay A
– Later, B says give back my money Jena debited but Kanthee not
credited (Someone Using Float)– Kanthee sues A for delay
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DISTRIBUTED PROCESSING SOLUTION
Local Data Base Local Data Base
Bank B Bank A
NCC
Kantheeswaran
KandiwaliJharsuguda
Jena
Inter Bank Transaction Switch
DistributedTransaction
BSwitch
ASwitch
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TRANSACTIONS
Emerging Transaction requirements– Distributed Transaction
– Multiple Processing Nodes
– Not All Nodes Computerised
– Not All Links Electronic
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TRANSACTIONS
ACID properties difficult to maintain for a Complex Transaction
Human in the Loop is a MUST– Carry Physical Instruments
– Multiple Data Capture
– Verify Signatures at B(J)
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TRANSACTIONS
A Possible Solution is To Reduce Humans in the Loop– Cheque Is a Message and Not a
Physical Instrument– NCC Is a Swithing System and Not
a Physical Clearing House– Electronic Transfer
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TRANSACTIONS
Multiple Ways of Handling – MICR processing
– Electronic Fund Transfer
– Debit and Credit Clearing
– Completely Automated Switch
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TRANSACTIONS
Emerging Requirements– Multi Location Transactions
– Incorporation of Work Flow
– Internet Transactions
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MIDDLEWARE
A Vague Term All Distributed Software
Components That Support Interactions Between Application Software Executing On Clients and Servers
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MIDDLEWARE
General– Communication stacks
– Distributed Directories
– Authentication Service
– Remote Procedure calls
– Queuing Services
– Message Oriented Middleware (MOM)
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MIDDLEWARE
Service Specific– Database related : ODBC, DRDA, CLI
– OLTP Specific : ATMI ( Tuxedo)
– Groupware Specific : MAPI, LN calls
– Object Specific : CORBA, OLE
– Internet Specific : HTTP, SSL
– Management Specific : SNMP, ORBs
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PEER TO PEER COMMUNICATION
Connection Oriented– Synchronous
Connection Less– Asynchronous, Store and Forward
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EXAMPLES OF DISTRIBUTED PARADIGM
Bank Master and Branch Power Bancs 2000 Micro Banker and Finware
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EXAMPLES OF DISTRIBUTED PARADIGM
Provide Branch Functionality When Network Non Functional
Provide Complete Customer Account and TXN Info
Attempt to Provide Retail and Commercial Functionality
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EXAMPLES OF DISTRIBUTED PARADIGM
SBI IDBI Bank ICICI Bank HDFC Bank A Malysian Bank Uses Four
Servers For Many Branches
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DISTRIBUTED INFRASTRUCTURE
Needs Indian Messaging Standards
Needs Proper Application Software Development
Needs Work Flow Changes
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BUILDING BLOCKS
OS Services – Task Preemption, Task Priority
– Semaphores, Inter process communications
– Threads Netware, NT, OS2 Warp, UNIX
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BUILDING BLOCKS
OS Services– Multi user high performance File
System
– Efficient Memory Management
– Dynamically linked run time extensions
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BUILDING BLOCKS
More O.S. Services– Ubiquitous Communications
– Network operating System Extensions
– Binary Large Objects (BLOBs)
– Global Directories
– Authentication and Authorization Services
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BUILDING BLOCKS
More O.S. Services– System Management
– Network time
– Database and Transaction Services
– Internet Services
– Object-Oriented Services
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BUILDING BLOCKS
Server Scalability Symmetric Multiprocessor
Systems (SMP) Massively Parallel Processors
based Servers (MPP) Clusters
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BUILDING BLOCKS
Client Systems Non-GUI
– ATMs, Barcode readers, cellular phones, fax machines
– Robots, Testers, Daemon Processes GUI Clients
– Graphics, Menus, Windows, dialogues
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BUILDING BLOCKS
OOUI Clients– Communicating objects
– Seamless access to information and action
Compound Documents– Live components
NextStep, Mac OS
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BUILDING BLOCKS
SHIPPABLE PLACES– Place: A visual ensemble of related
components
– Shippable Place: A mobile container
– can interact with collaborative environments
– Web, web form, Java enabled web pages, Compound Docs
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NETWORK OPERATING SYSTEMS
Provide transparency in– Location, Namespace, logon
– replication, access, time, failure Distributed Security (C2)
– Authentication, Authorisation
– Audit trails
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MORE ON SECURITY
Kerberos from Athena (MIT) Encryption, Session Key Data Encryption Standard (DES-3)
– Shared Private key RSA, DH Algorithms
– Public/Private key
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Dr Phatak, IIT Bombay Distributed Applications 59
PEER TO PEER COMMUNICATION
Sockets– BSD 4.2 UNIX, 1981
– Netid.Hostid.Portid (IP + Port)
– Port (16 bit): entry point to service Transport Layer Interface (TLI)
– AT&T, 1986
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PEER TO PEER COMMUNICATION
Connection Oriented – Session based
– Virtual Circuits Connectionless
– Datagrams
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PEER TO PEER COMMUNICATION
Internet Package Exchange IPX– Based on Xerox Network Services
(XNS)
– Sequential Packet Exchange (SPX) NetBIOS, NetBEUI
– IBM, Sytec (1984), Microsoft
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Dr Phatak, IIT Bombay Distributed Applications 62
PEER TO PEER COMMUNICATION
Named Pipes Remote Procedure Calls
– Locate and start Server functions
– Define and pass parameters
– Handle Security and Failures
– Data representation
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PEER TO PEER COMMUNICATION
Message Oriented Middleware (MOM)– Distributed Application Development
(DAD) needs MOM
– MOM consortium in 1993
– Queued Vs Call-return of RPC
– Provides Asynchronous Mechanism
– Ideal for Objets