DNA Technology Mutations and DNA TechnologyBiology 3.3.3Understand the application of DNA technology.

Mutation

• There is always a chance for a mistake during DNA replication.

• There are 3 possible mutations:• Point• Frameshift• Chromosomal

Point Mutation

• One nitrogen base is switched or incorrect.

• Changes 1 amino acid.

• THE DOG BIT THE CAT.• THE DOG BIT THE CAR.

Ex. Sickle cell anemia

Frameshift Mutation

• A single nitrogen base is added or deleted.

• This disrupts all following codons!

• Example:

• THE DOG BIT THE CAT.• THE DOG BTT HEC AT.

Chromosomal Mutation

• When an entire chromosome is missing or there is an extra chromosome.

• Occurs during Meiosis.

• Called Non-Disjunction.

• In most cases, causes death or sterility.

Causes of DNA Mutations• Under most circumstances, DNA molecules are very

stable. They survive in the nucleus of a cell without undergoing change, and they reproduce themselves during cell division without being damaged. But accidents do occur.

• • For example, an X ray passing through a DNA molecule

might break the chemical bond that holds two nucleotides together. The DNA molecule is destroyed and is no longer able to carry out its function.

Mutagen: something that causes a mutation.• caffeine (found in coffee and

colas),• LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide;

a hallucinogenic drug),• benzo(a)pyrene (found in

cigarette and coal smoke), • nitrous oxide (laughing gas), • ozone (a major pollutant when in

the lower atmosphere). • X-rays

DNA Fingerprinting

• is a method for separation and analysis of macromolecules (DNA, RNA and proteins) and their fragments, based on their size and charge.

Transgenic Organism

• an organism which has been modified with genetic material from another speciesby inserting DNA into an embryo with the assistance of a virus, a plasmid, or a gene gun.

Reason Transgenic Organism

• Goal is to reduce the threats on an organism.

• DNA in one organism is expressed in another organism

GMO

Genetically Modified Organism

• Organism genetic material has been altered to benefit the organism

Genetically Modified Food• Food that has been

altered to reduce pest, pesticides, carbon emission, or “dry crop”

Top GMF

Human Genome ProjectGives the complete blue

print of EACH GENETIC CODE

PRO

• Can map out your entire genetic up for diseases or risk factors

CON

• Can cause liability for insurance companies –No insurance

Stem Cell

STEM CELLS occur during FERTILIZATION

• derived from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst, an early-stage embryo.[1] Human embryos reach the blastocyst stage 4–5 days post fertilization, at which time they consist of 50–150 cells

REPAIR ERROR in the Human GENOME

STEM CELLS –GENETIC DISEASE

Cystic Fibrosis Fragile X syndrome