DO NOW: POLITICAL CARTOONS

1). What is the message conveyed in the cartoon on the left?2). What is the message conveyed in the cartoon on the right?3). What do these cartoons reveal about international relations in the post-war period? What might have accounted for this?

CHAPTER 36: THE COLD WAR

THE UNITED NATIONS• United Nations

-Founded in June of 1945-International peace-keeping organization

• Founding Charter-Established the General Assembly

-Each UN member votes-Security Council

-Power to investigate and settle disputes• Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948)

-Formal document that recognized human rights globally

• The Eastern Bloc and “Iron Curtain”

-Soviet Union installed Communist regimes in Eastern Europe

-Formed a “buffer zone” known as the Eastern bloc• Iron Curtain

-Europe lay divided among East and West

- “Iron Curtain”: Metaphor used by Winston Churchill to describe the division between free and repressed states

THE COLD WAR

CONTINUED• Containment

-Truman’s foreign policy -Intended to block Soviet influence and stop

spread of Communism• Truman Doctrine

-U. S. should support free peoples throughout the world resist armed takeovers• Marshall Plan (1947)

-“European Recovery Program” that provided food, machinery, and materials to rebuild war torn Western Europe

- Quell domestic Communist movements in Italy and France

CONTINUED• Germany (and Berlin) divided

between the U. S., France, Britain and the U.S.S.R.

-Allies rebuild West Germany • USSR

-Blockaded all road, rail, and water links

-Berlin Airlift: West flew in supplies to cut off areas

-USSR calls off blockade• 1949: Federal Republic of

Germany (West) and German Democratic Republic (East)

CONTINUED• NATO (1949)

-Escalation of tension led to creation of NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) in 1949.

-Common security against Communist countries and satellites• Communists respond with Warsaw Pact (1955)• Threat of Nuclear War

-Steadily increased as Soviets developed atomic weapons (1949)

-Development of H-bomb-Brinksmanship: Willing to go to brink of

atomic war• The Spread of Liberal Democracy

- Moderate social reform and shift to democracy

-Welfare State: Governments more involved in economic planning

• Destalinization-Stalin dies in 1953 and is followed

by Nikita Khrushchev-Denounced Stalin’s policy and

engages in purging the country of Stalin’s memory

-New outlook fails to change life in satellite states

-Became increasingly resentful of Soviet oppression and rebelled• The Berlin Wall

-East German uprising in 1953 -Mass exodus of workers to West

Germany-Soviets build wall to keep East

Germans in

THE NEW SOVIET EMPIRE

• Civil War-Nationalists and Communists return to war after

defeat of Japan in WWII-Mao Zedong: Leader of Communist forces-Chiang Kai-shek: Leader of Nationalist forces

-Funded by the U.S.-The renewed civil war lasted from 1946-1949

• Nationalists Lose Ground-Collapsing economy caused desertion to

Communist side-Communists win and China is divided

THE COLD WAR SPREADS: CHINA

• China split into two nations-China (The People’s Republic of China)

-Aided by the Soviet Union-Taiwan (The Republic of China

-Aided by the United States-Led to anti-Communist sentiment in U.S. and

commitment to stop the spread of Communism in Asia• Chinese-Soviet Split

-Close collaboration broke down in late 1950s-China resented Soviet leadership in world affairs

and USSR’s refusal to share nuclear secrets

TWO CHINAS AFFECT THE COLD WAR

• Expansion-Troops expand into Tibet and southern Mongolia-Caused refugees to flee to India (Dalai Lama)-Resentment between India and China grew

• Chinese Marxist Socialism-Agrarian Reform Law (1950): Seized holdings of

landlords and killed nearly 1 million who resisted-Divided the landholding amongst peasants

-Forced peasants to collectivize in 1955 (Mass Line)

-Private companies nationalized-1953: Launches Five Year Plan to increase output

of coal, cement, steel, and electricity

MAO’S CHINA

• Great Leap Forward (1958)-Larger collective farms (communes)

-Peasants worked land together, ate together, and raised children communally

-No incentive to work hard• Economic disaster

-Poor planning-Inefficient “backyard” industries hampered

growth-Ended in 1961 after a famine killed 20 million

THE GREAT LEAP FORWARD (OR WAS IT?)

• Mao’s Wife-Jiang Qing

-Increasingly prominent role -Many women turned to Communism when

Nationalists attempted to end reforms and restore traditional roles in 1920s and 1930s• Increasing Opportunities

-1949: -Right to choose marriage partners without

family influence (Replaced by party approval)-Expected to work outside home and

maintain home-Increased opportunity to become educated-Serve as party members

WOMEN HOLD UP HALF THE HEAVENS

• Mao Withdraws-Reduce role in government after failure of Great

Leap Forward-Determined to revive revolution-Red Guards: In 1966, Mao targets youth. Many

left school to join the Red Guard• Cultural Revolution

-Goal: Establish completely equal society of peasants and workers

-Red Guard shut down schools and colleges-Target all who resisted the regime-Thousands imprisoned or killed-Ended in 1968 by army and Zhou Enlai

MAO’S LAST CAMPAIGN

WAR IN KOREA• WWII

-Korea divided along 38th parallel (North of parallel-Surrender to Soviets, South of parallel-Surrender to U.S.)

-Soviets militarized North Korea• June 1950: North Korea invades South Korea

-The US convinced the UN to authorize force to stop North Korea

-US forces pushed the North Koreans back to the 38th parallel and then to the Yalu River

-Communist China entered war after UN forces entered North Korea

-Allies pushed back to the 38th parallel • A cease-fire was signed in July 1953 and demilitarized

zone created• The Korean War convinced U.S. that communists were

intent on conquering the world

DOMINO THEORY AND SEATO• The “Domino Theory”-Expansion on theory of containment

-If one country came under communist control, neighboring states would collapse to communism in a like manner

-Became accepted by President Eisenhower and formed basis for many US foreign policies • SEATO (Southeast Asia Treaty Organization)

-The U.S. created SEATO to provide collective security Asian allies

-Australia, France, Great Britain, New Zealand, Pakistan, the Philippines, Thailand, & U.S. were members

-Established under Western auspices after French withdrawal from Indochina to oppose further Communist gains in S.E. Asia

VIETNAM• Road to War

-Early 1900s: Development of nationalist independence movement led by Ho Chi Minh

-Turns to Communists for help after rejection by democratic states

-Communists and Nationalists united to expel French

-France surrender after Dien Bien Phu in 1954

-U.S. supported France and continued to escalate involvement because of domino theory• A Divided Country

-Divided at 17th parallel-Opposition to anti-Communist

government in South Vietnam• U.S. Enters Conflict

-1964: Gulf of Tonkin used as reason to enter war

COLD WAR STRATEGIES• Cold War Strategies

-Backed wars of revolution, covert activities, military aid and technical assistance, founded schools, programs to end poverty, send volunteer workers• Non-Alignment

-Bandung Conference-Agreement to form neutrality in the cold

war by not aligning with either side (India and Indonesia)

CONFRONTATIONS IN LATIN AMERICA• 1959: Fulgencio Batista’s government overthrown by

Fidel Castro-Castro nationalized foreign industries (U.S.

owned sugar refineries), suspended elections, jailed or executed opponents, and tightly controlled press

-Castro readily accepted help from the USSR• 1961: President Kennedy approved invasion of Cuba

by anti-Castro forces (Bay of Pigs)-Plan failed when force was met by communist

army and U.S. withheld air support

Castro and Khrushchev

embrace

SPACE RACE AND MISSILE CRISIS

• Arms Race: Between US and USSR to produce superior numbers of warheads

-Launch of Sputnik (Fear that America had fallen behind spurred Space Race and more math/science education)• Cuban missile crisis

-1962: US learned that Soviets were preparing nuclear missile sites in Cuba

-Kennedy demanded removal of missiles and implemented a quarantine of Cuba

- World on the brink of nuclear war -USSR gave in and removed missiles in return for

US promise not to invade Cuba*Revealed dangers of nuclear brinkmanship*

• Oil Wealth-Caused tension between traditionalists and

modernists-Shah Pahlavi embraced Western governments

and oil companies-Iranian nationalists resented this-Shah fled in 1953; U.S. restored because they

feared Soviet influence• Ayatollah Khomeini

-Spurred Iranians to revolt in 1978-Cultivated hatred of U.S. because of continued

support for shah-Revolutionaries seized U.S. embassy in 1979-Caused Muslim radicals to overthrow secular

governments elsewhere

CONFRONTATIONS IN THE MIDDLE EAST