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Chapter 14
Musculoskeletal System
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OBJECTIVES
Identify the organs and other structures of the musculoskeletal system
Define, pronounce, and spell types of body movements
Define and spell the word parts
Build and analyze medical terms using word parts
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OBJECTIVES (cont’d)
Define, pronounce, and spell the disease and disorder, diagnostic, surgical, and complementary terms for the musculoskeletal systemInterpret the meanings of the abbreviationsRead medical documents and interpret medical terminology contained in themIdentify and use plural endings
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Functions of the Skeletal System
Provides a framework for the body, protects the soft body parts such as the brain, stores calcium, and produces blood cells
The body contains 206 bones.
Provides movement, posture, joint stability, and heat production
The body consists of more than 600 muscles.
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Bone Structure
periosteum: outermost layer of the bone, made up of fibrous tissue
compact bone: dense, hard layers of bone tissue that lie underneath the periosteum
cancellous (spongy) bone: contains small spaces like a sponge and is encased in the layers of compact bone
endosteum: membranous lining of the hollow cavity of the bone
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Bone Structure (cont’d)
diaphysis: shaft of the long bonesepiphysis (pl. epiphyses): ends of the long bonebone marrow: material found in the cavities of bones red marrow: thick, blood-like material found in
flat bones and the ends of long bones (location of blood cell formation
yellow marrow: soft, fatty material found in the medullary cavity of long bones
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Bone Structure
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Skeletal Bones (Jawbones)
maxilla: upper jawbones
mandible: lower jawbone
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vertebral column: made up of bones called vertebrae (pl.) or vertebra (sing.) through which the spinal cord runs cervical vertebrae (C1-C7): first set of 7
forming the neck thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12): second set of
12 vertebrae lumbar vertebrae (L1-L5): third set of 5
larger vertebrae, which forms the inward curve of spine
Skeletal Bones (Vertebral Column)
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Skeletal Bones (Vertebral Column) (cont’d)
vertebral column (cont’d) sacrum: next five vertebrae, which fuse
together coccyx: four vertebrae fused together to form
the tailbone lamina (pl. laminae): part of the vertebral arch
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Skeletal Bones (cont’d)
clavicle (2): collarbonescapula (2): shoulder bladesternum: breastboneupper extremities: arm and hand bones
humerus (2) carpals (16) ulna (2) metacarpals (10)radius (2) phalanges (28)
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Skeletal Bones (cont’d)
pelvic bones (3 pairs fused together)
illium (2)
ischium (2)
pubis (2)
lower extremities: leg and foot bonesfemur (2) tarsals (4)
patella (2) metatarsals (10)
tibia (2) phalanges (28)
fibula (2)
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Skeleton (Anterior)
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Skeleton (Posterior View)
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Joints
joint: holds bones together and make movement possibleligament: flexible, tough band of fibrous connective tissue that attaches one bone to another at a jointtendon: band of fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bonebursa: small, fluid-filled sac that allows easy movement of one part of a joint over another
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Joints (cont’d)
meniscus: crescent-shaped cartilage found in the knee
intervertebral disk: cartilaginous disk found between each vertebra in the spine
synovia: fluid secreted by the synovial membrane; found in joint cavities
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Knee Joint
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Muscles
skeletal muscles (striated): attached to bones by tendons and make body movement possible. Skeletal muscles produce action by pulling and by working in pairs. Also known as voluntary muscles because we have control over these muscles.
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Muscular System (Anterior)
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Muscular System (Posterior)
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Muscles (cont’d)
smooth muscles (unstriated): located in internal organs such as the walls of blood vessels and the digestive tract. They are also called involuntary muscles because they respond to impulses from the autonomic nerves and are not controlled voluntarily.cardiac muscle: forms most of the wall of the heart. Its involuntary contraction produces the heartbeat.
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Types of Body Movements
Bones and muscles work together to produce various movements. Some are listed below:
abduction inversion
adduction pronation
eversion rotation
extension supination
flexion
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Types of Body Movements
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Combining Forms for the Musculoskeletal System
carp/o
clavic/o, clavicul/o
cost/o
crani/o
femor/o
fibul/o
humer/o
ili/o
ischi/o
lumb/o
mandibul/o
maxill/o
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Combining Forms for the Musculoskeletal System (cont’d)
patell/opelv/i, pelv/ophalang/opub/orachi/oradi/o
sacr/o scapul/o spondyl/o, vertebr/o stern/o tars/otibi/o uln/o
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Combining Forms for Joints
aponeur/o
arthr/o
burs/o
chondr/o
disk/o
menisc/o
synovi/o
ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o
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Combining Forms Commonly Used with Musculoskeletal System Terms
ankyl/o
kinesi/o
kyph/o
lamin/o
lord/o
myel/o
my/o, myos/o
oste/o
petr/o
scoli/o
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Prefixes
inter-
supra-
sym-, syn-
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Suffixes
-asthenia
-clasia
-clasis, -clast
-desis
-physis
-schisis
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Disease and Disorder Terms Built from Word Parts
arthritis
arthrochondritis
bursitis
bursolith
carpoptosis
chondromalacia
fibromyalgia
kyphosis
lordosis
myasthenia myeloma osteitis osteoarthritis (OA) osteofibroma osteosarcoma rachischisis scoliosis tenosynovitis
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Knee Joint
A, Normal. B, Osteoarthritis.
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Disease and Disorder TermsNot Built from Word Parts
bunion carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) Colles fracture fracture gout herniated disk muscular dystrophy (MD) osteoporosis rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
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Terms Known by Other Names
Term Also called…
kyphosis hunchback
rachischisis spina bifida
bunion spur
herniated disk slipped disk, ruptured disk, herniated nucleus pulposus
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Bunion
A, With bunion. B, After bunionectomy.
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Colles Fracture
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Types of Fractures
A, Greenstick; B, transverse; C, oblique; D, spiral; E, comminuted; F, compression.
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Gout
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Surgical Terms Built from Word Parts
arthroclasia arthrodesis arthroplasty bursectomy carpectomy chondroplasty costectomy craniotomy diskectomy
laminectomy meniscectomy myorrhaphy osteoclasis rachiotomy spondylosyndesis tenomyoplasty vertebroplasty
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Herniated Disk
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Diskectomy
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Diagnostic Terms Built from Word Parts
Diagnostic imaging arthrography
Endoscopy arthroscopy
Other arthrocentesis electromyogram (EMG)
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(joint) / cv / (visual examination)
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Complementary Terms Built from Word Parts
arthralgia atrophy bradykinesia dyskinesia intervertebral
intracranial
ishiofibular
osteoblast
vertebrocostal
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Complementary Terms Not Built from Word Parts
chiropodist, podiatrist chiropractor orthopedics orthopedist orthotics osteopath osteopathy prosthesis
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Abbreviations
C1-C7
CTS
EMG
L1-L5
MD
MG
OA
ortho
RA
T1-T12