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DIASTROPHISM –DIASTROPHISM –WARPING,FOLDING, ANDWARPING,FOLDING, AND
FAULTINGFAULTINGFORCES OF PRESSURE THATFORCES OF PRESSURE THAT
SHAPE THE EARTH’S SURFACESHAPE THE EARTH’S SURFACE
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WARPINGWARPING
• Large portio! o" t#e Eart#’! $r%!t are!%&'e$te( to %p)i"t or (epre!!io*
• Up)i"t po!!i&)+ (%e to te$toi$ a! e)) a!
ero!io pro$e!!e!*• Depre!!io %!%a))+ (%e to g)a$ia) eig#t
a((e( to $r%!t
– I!o!ta!+- re&o%( o" t#e Eart#’! $r%!t a!g)a$ia) eig#t i! re.o/e( t#ro%g# .e)tig a(
g)o&a) ar.ig
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COLORADO PLATEAU- WARPINGCOLORADO PLATEAU- WARPING
•Compression
forces over last 20
million years
uplifted ColoradoPlateau
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DOMES AND 0ASINS- WARPINGDOMES AND 0ASINS- WARPING
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ISOSTAS1- POST2GLACIAL CRUSTISOSTAS1- POST2GLACIAL CRUST
RE0OUNDRE0OUND
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FORCES THAT SHAPE THEFORCES THAT SHAPE THE
EARTH’S SURFACEEARTH’S SURFACE
• There are three main types of forces of
pressure that work to shape (and re-shape)
the Earth’s surface – Compression forces (!s"uee#in$’)
– E%tension (or tension) forces (!stretchin$’)
– &hearin$ forces (!rippin$’)
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FORCESFORCES
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COMPRESSION FORCES- FOLDSCOMPRESSION FORCES- FOLDS
• 'oldin$
– fold is formed y the endin$ or ucklin$ of rock layers* as a result of$reat force and pressure over e%tremely lon$ periods of $eolo$ic time
– There are two primary types of foldin$ – Synclines and Anticlines
• &yncline +ock layers end downward in the foldin$ process to form a
trou$h-like physical feature called a syncline, This physical featureoften shows itself in the form of valleys and lakes,
• nticline +ock layers uckle upward durin$ foldin$ to form an arch-likestructure called an anticline, This physical features often shows itselfin the form of mountains or rid$es,
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Str%$t%re o" Fo)(!Str%$t%re o" Fo)(!
force force
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FOLDS RESPOND TO TECTONICSFOLDS RESPOND TO TECTONICS,o compression forces and no folds
.,Compression forces createsomewhat symmetrical upfolds
(anticlines) and downfolds
(synclines)
C,Continued compression pushes
symmetrical upfold over into an
!overturned fold ’
/,Compression forces cause a fault to
form and pushes one lim of the
!overturned fold’ onto the other lim
E, Recumbent fold alon$ a fault has
developed
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Ati$)ie a( S+$)ie Ati$)ie a( S+$)ie
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O3ERTURNED FOLDO3ERTURNED FOLD
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Re$%.&et Fo)(Re$%.&et Fo)(
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FOLDED STRATA ALONG SANFOLDED STRATA ALONG SAN
ANDREAS FAULT – HW1 45 ANDREAS FAULT – HW1 45
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FOLDED MOUNTAINS –FOLDED MOUNTAINS –
COMPRESSION FORCESCOMPRESSION FORCES
• 'olded ountains "or. a! t#ee(ge! o" to a('a$et ro$6 )a+er!are p%!#e( toget#er – T#e )a+er! &%$6)e )i6e a ri6)e(
r%g
– Mo%tai! "or. "ro. .%)tip)epara))e) !+$)ie! a( ati$)ie!
• U(er great pre!!%re a( !tea(+"or$e, ro$6! $a a$t%a))+ &e(rat#er t#a &rea6ig*
• T#e Appa)a$#ia Mo%tai! i t#eNort# A.eri$a, t#e Hi.a)a+aMo%tai! i I(ia, t#e At)a!Mo%tai! i Nort#e!t A"ri$a, a(Si!! A)p! i E%rope aree7a.p)e! o" "o)(e( .o%tai!*
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pplachians &wiss lps
tlas
ountains
1imalayas
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FOLDED MOUNTAINS ERODEFOLDED MOUNTAINS ERODE
O3ER TIMEO3ER TIME
Iitia)
%p)i"t
Ero!io
"eat%re!
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FAULTING – COMPRESSION, E8TENSIONFAULTING – COMPRESSION, E8TENSION
AND SHEARING FORCES AND SHEARING FORCES
• W#e eor.o%! !tre!!e! &%i)( a( p%!# )arge ita$tro$6 .a!!e! &e+o( t#eir +ie)( )i.it, "a%)tig o" t#e
!%r"a$e i! )i6e)+ to o$$%r*
• A fault i! a "ra$t%re i t#e ro$6 )a+er! a)og #i$#
.o/e.et o$$%r!Mo/e.et i! t#e (i!p)a$e.et o" o$e $oe$te( &)o$6! o" ro$6a)og a fault plane* Di!p)a$e.et $a o$$%r i a+ (ire$tio it#
t#e &ro6e &)o$6! .o/ig a)og t#e "a%)t i oppo!ite (ire$tio!
"ro. ea$# ot#er*
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Mea!%rig Di!p)a$e.et a)og aMea!%rig Di!p)a$e.et a)og a
Fa%)tFa%)t
• So.e "a%)t! #a/e /erti$a) (i!p)a$e.et,
#i)e ot#er! #a/e #ori9ota) (i!p)a$e.et
• T#e .ea!%re o" (i!p)a$e.et i! re"erre(
to a! eit#er :(ip2!)ip; or :!tri6e2!)ip;*
– Stri6e- T#e $o.pa!! (ire$tio o" a )ie o"
!trata
– Dip- T#e ag)e i (egree! &etee a#ori9ota) !%r"a$e a( a i$)ie( !%r"a$e –
.ea!%re( a! perpe(i$%)ar to !tri6e
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Dip /er!%! Stri6eDip /er!%! Stri6e
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UNDERSTANDING FAULTUNDERSTANDING FAULT
TERMINOLOG1TERMINOLOG1
• Fa%)t! are i(eti"ie( &+ t#eir patter! o"
(i!p)a$e.et-
– 3erti$a)
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Dip2!)ip /er!%! Stri6e2S)ipDip2!)ip /er!%! Stri6e2S)ip
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TOPOGRAPHIC FEATURES OFTOPOGRAPHIC FEATURES OF
DIP SLIP FAULTSDIP SLIP FAULTS
• Fa%)t !$arp- !teep $)i"" t#at repre!et!
e(ge o" /erti$a))+ (i!p)a$e( ro$6
– Ca &e 4>>! o" .eter! i #eig#t
– Ca e7te( 4>>! o" 6i)o.eter! i !traig#t )ie!
– S#arp ri!e i terrai a( !teep !)ope!
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I(eti"+ig Dip S)ip Fa%)t Str%$t%re!I(eti"+ig Dip S)ip Fa%)t Str%$t%re!
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NORMAL FAULTS- DIP SLIPNORMAL FAULTS- DIP SLIP
FAULTSFAULTS
• Nor.a) "a%)t! are t#e re!%)t o" te!ioa)
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NORMAL FAULT- DIP SLIPNORMAL FAULT- DIP SLIP
Hagig a))
Foota))
Tension forces
Tension forces
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HORSTS AND GRA0ENSHORSTS AND GRA0ENS
ountains and .asins created y a series of parallel ormal'aults The .asin and +an$e Province in 3estern orth
merica is a topo$raphic e%ample of normal faultin$
4raens downdropped asins
1orsts 5plifted mountains and ran$es
Tension forces
Tension forces
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0a!i a( Rage0a!i a( Rage3estern 5& e%hiits
!horst and $raen’structures due to
e%tensional tectonics,
The 3estern ed$e of the
.asin and +an$eincludes the &ierra
evada in California,
The Eastern ed$e of the
.asin and +an$eincludes the 3asatch
+an$e in 5tah
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Fa%)t! a$ro!! 0a!i Rage Pro/i$eFa%)t! a$ro!! 0a!i Rage Pro/i$e
TE&67 '7+CE& +E P58864 T16& +E P+T
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RE3ERSE FAULT – DIP SLIPRE3ERSE FAULT – DIP SLIP
• Re/er!e "a%)t! are t#e re!%)t o"
$o.pre!!io "or$e!
• T#e "oota)) (rop! re)ati/e to t#e #agig
a))
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Re/er!e Fa%)t – Dip S)ipRe/er!e Fa%)t – Dip S)ip
'ootwall
1an$in$ wall
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RE3ERSE THRUST FAULTRE3ERSE THRUST FAULT
• Re/er!e t#r%!t "a%)t!
are t#e re!%)t o" /er+
)o ag)e "a%)t!,
p%!#ig t#e #agiga)) %p a( o/er t#e
"oot a))
Foota))
Hagig
a))
Compression forces
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0LIND RE3ERSE THRUST FAULT0LIND RE3ERSE THRUST FAULT
• A &)i( re/er!et#r%!t "a%)t (oe! ot
e7te( to t#e
!%r"a$e – e o)+
6o o" t#eire7i!te$e &e$a%!e
o" eart#?%a6e! a(
!%r"a$e (e"or.atio
• Hagig a)) )i"t! %p
a( o/er "oota))
Hagig a))
"oota))
TRANSFORM FAULTSTRANSFORM FAULTS
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TRANSFORM FAULTS-TRANSFORM FAULTS-
SHEARING FORCESSHEARING FORCES
• Tra!"or. "a%)t! $a &e "o%( at p)ate
&o%(arie! a! oe p)ate !)i(e! #ori9ota))+
pa!t aot#er*
– Stri6e2!)ip "a%)t!
• Mo!t tra!"or. "a%)t! are "o%( o t#e
o$ea ")oor a! part o" t#e a$ti/e o""!et
a)og (i/erget p)ate &o%(arie!*
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TRANSFORM FAULT – SEATRANSFORM FAULT – SEA
FLOOR SPREADINGFLOOR SPREADING
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TRANSFORM FAULTS- PLATETRANSFORM FAULTS- PLATE
0OUNDARIES0OUNDARIES
• At p)ate &o%(arie!, #e to te$toi$
p)ate! gri( pa!t ea$# ot#er, t#ere i!
%!%a))+ o /o)$ai!. or .o%tai &%i)(ig
o$$%rrig*
• Oe o" t#e )arge!t tra!"or. "a%)t! i t#e
or)( i! t#e Sa A(rea! Fa%)t
– Separatig t#e Nort# A.eri$a P)ate "ro. t#ePa$i"i$ P)ate i !o%t#er Ca)i"oria*
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TRANSFORM FAULTS- SAN ANDREASTRANSFORM FAULTS- SAN ANDREAS
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Sa A(rea! Fa%)tSa A(rea! Fa%)t
O O O S S
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FORMATION OF SAN ANDREASFORMATION OF SAN ANDREAS
FAULTFAULT
• T#e ort#e!t2!o%t#ea!t tre(ig "a%)t
9oe e7te(! "ro. t#e Ea!t Pa$i"i$ ri!e i
t#e G%)" o" Ca)i"oria
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Sa A(rea! Fa%)t oeSa A(rea! Fa%)t oe
• T#e Sa A(rea! "a%)t 9oe i$)%(e! t#e.ai "a%)t tra$e a( .a+ ot#er .a'or a(.ior "a%)t !tra(!*
• T#e re)ati/e rate o" .otio &etee t#eNort# A.eri$a p)ate a( t#e Pa$i"i$ p)atei! appro7i.ate)+ B* to 5* $. per +ear,.o!t o" #i$# to B* $. per +ear= i!a$$o%te( "or &+ #ori9ota) (i!p)a$e.eta)og t#e Sa A(rea! "a%)t 9oe*
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E/o)%tio o" Sa A(rea! Fa%)tE/o)%tio o" Sa A(rea! Fa%)t
• 0e"ore B> .i))io +ear! ago, t#e e!ter e(ge o"t#e Nort# A.eri$a p)ate .et t#e ea!terFara))o P)ate i a $o/erget p)ate &o%(ar+ –$o.p)ete it# !%&(%$tio*
• T#e e!ter e(ge o" t#e Fara))o P)ate a!(i/ergig "ro. t#e Pa$i"i$ P)ate – :Ea!t Pa$i"i$ Ri!e; !prea(ig $eter
• T#e rate o" $o/erge$e a! greater t#a t#erate o" (i/erge$e a( t#e !prea(ig $eter.o/e( toar(! t#e !%&(%$tio 9oe*
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E/o)%tio o" Sa A(rea! Fa%)tE/o)%tio o" Sa A(rea! Fa%)t
• Appro7i.ate)+ B> .i))io +ear! ago, t#e!prea(ig $eter
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E/o)%tio o" Sa A(rea! Fa%)tE/o)%tio o" Sa A(rea! Fa%)t
• T#e re)ati/e .otio &etee t#e Pa$i"i$
p)ate a( t#e Nort# A.eri$a p)ate a!
a)tere( to &e$o.e a tra!"or. &o%(ar+*
• S%&(%$tio a)og t#e tra!"or. &o%(ar+
!toppe(*
– Ne .otio o" t#i! portio o" Pa$i"i$ P)ate i!
to t#e ort#e!t, para))e) to t#e Nort# A.eri$a p)ate
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CONSEUENCES OF SANCONSEUENCES OF SAN
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CONSEUENCES OF SANCONSEUENCES OF SAN
ANDREAS FAULT ANDREAS FAULT
• A)og t#e Sa A(rea! Fa%)t, t#e Pa$i"i$ p)ate !)o)+gri(! to t#e ort#*
• Lo! Age)e! )ie! o t#e Pa$i"i$ p)ate !i(e o" t#e "a%)t,#i)e Sa Fra$i!$o i! o t#e Nort# A.eri$a !i(e* – A&o%t .i))io +ear! i t#e "%t%re, i" .o/e.et $oti%e! i t#e
!a.e (ire$tio, Lo! Age)e! i)) &e a !%&%r& o" Sa Fra$i!$o
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Feat%re! o" Sa A(rea! Fa%)tFeat%re! o" Sa A(rea! Fa%)t
• Liearit+- T#i! "a%)t e7#i&it! a a).o!t!traig#t )ie’ i appeara$e o t#e Eart#’!!%r"a$e*
• 0e#ea(e( !trea.!- Strea.! t#at $ro!!t#e Sa A(rea! are (i!p)a$e( a! t#ePa$i"i$ P)ate !)o)+ .o/e! a)og
• Sag Po(!- Gro%(ater, %(er pre!!%re"ro. t#e to p)ate! gri(ig toget#er, i!"or$e( to t#e !%r"a$e*
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Sa A(rea! Fa%)t i t#e
Carri9o P)ai
3ie i! )oo6ig !o%t#* Fa%)ti! i t#e $eter o" t#e "o)(e(
ri(ge area
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3allace Creek
S P ( A) S A ( F )t
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Sag Po( A)og Sa A(rea! Fa%)tSag Po( A)og Sa A(rea! Fa%)t
FOLDS FAULTS AND FOSSIL FUELSFOLDS FAULTS AND FOSSIL FUELS
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FOLDS, FAULTS AND FOSSIL FUELSFOLDS, FAULTS AND FOSSIL FUELS
• Fo!!i) "%e)! !%$# a! oi) a( at%ra) ga! are pro(%$e(
t#ro%g# (e$o.po!itio a( #eatig o" orgai$ .ateria)!i .arie !e(i.et!*
• Oi) a( at%ra) ga! are $o))e$te( i re!er/oir ro$6!’*
• Fo)(ig a( "a%)tig o" re!er/oir ro$6! ai(! i t#e #%t "or
"o!!i) "%e)!*• Ati$)ie! o""er t#e &e!t pro!pe$t "or "i(ig poo)!’ o" oi)
or at%ra) ga! t#at #a/e .igrate( %par(
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