diastrophism – folding, faulting and more

8/19/2019 Diastrophism – Folding, Faulting and More

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DIASTROPHISM –DIASTROPHISM –WARPING,FOLDING, ANDWARPING,FOLDING, AND

FAULTINGFAULTINGFORCES OF PRESSURE THATFORCES OF PRESSURE THAT

SHAPE THE EARTH’S SURFACESHAPE THE EARTH’S SURFACE


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WARPINGWARPING

• Large portio! o" t#e Eart#’! $r%!t are!%&'e$te( to %p)i"t or (epre!!io*

• Up)i"t po!!i&)+ (%e to te$toi$ a! e)) a!

ero!io pro$e!!e!*• Depre!!io %!%a))+ (%e to g)a$ia) eig#t

a((e( to $r%!t

– I!o!ta!+- re&o%( o" t#e Eart#’! $r%!t a!g)a$ia) eig#t i! re.o/e( t#ro%g# .e)tig a(

g)o&a) ar.ig


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COLORADO PLATEAU- WARPINGCOLORADO PLATEAU- WARPING

•Compression

forces over last 20

million years

uplifted ColoradoPlateau


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DOMES AND 0ASINS- WARPINGDOMES AND 0ASINS- WARPING


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ISOSTAS1- POST2GLACIAL CRUSTISOSTAS1- POST2GLACIAL CRUST

RE0OUNDRE0OUND


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FORCES THAT SHAPE THEFORCES THAT SHAPE THE

EARTH’S SURFACEEARTH’S SURFACE

• There are three main types of forces of

pressure that work to shape (and re-shape)

the Earth’s surface – Compression forces (!s"uee#in$’)

– E%tension (or tension) forces (!stretchin$’)

– &hearin$ forces (!rippin$’)


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FORCESFORCES


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COMPRESSION FORCES- FOLDSCOMPRESSION FORCES- FOLDS

• 'oldin$

– fold is formed y the endin$ or ucklin$ of rock layers* as a result of$reat force and pressure over e%tremely lon$ periods of $eolo$ic time

– There are two primary types of foldin$ – Synclines and Anticlines

• &yncline +ock layers end downward in the foldin$ process to form a

trou$h-like physical feature called a syncline, This physical featureoften shows itself in the form of valleys and lakes,

• nticline +ock layers uckle upward durin$ foldin$ to form an arch-likestructure called an anticline, This physical features often shows itselfin the form of mountains or rid$es,


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Str%$t%re o" Fo)(!Str%$t%re o" Fo)(!

force force


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FOLDS RESPOND TO TECTONICSFOLDS RESPOND TO TECTONICS,o compression forces and no folds

.,Compression forces createsomewhat symmetrical upfolds

(anticlines) and downfolds

(synclines)

C,Continued compression pushes

symmetrical upfold over into an

!overturned fold ’

/,Compression forces cause a fault to

form and pushes one lim of the

!overturned fold’ onto the other lim

E, Recumbent fold alon$ a fault has

developed


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Ati$)ie a( S+$)ie Ati$)ie a( S+$)ie


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O3ERTURNED FOLDO3ERTURNED FOLD


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Re$%.&et Fo)(Re$%.&et Fo)(


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FOLDED STRATA ALONG SANFOLDED STRATA ALONG SAN

ANDREAS FAULT – HW1 45 ANDREAS FAULT – HW1 45


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FOLDED MOUNTAINS –FOLDED MOUNTAINS –

COMPRESSION FORCESCOMPRESSION FORCES

• 'olded ountains "or. a! t#ee(ge! o" to a('a$et ro$6 )a+er!are p%!#e( toget#er – T#e )a+er! &%$6)e )i6e a ri6)e(

r%g

– Mo%tai! "or. "ro. .%)tip)epara))e) !+$)ie! a( ati$)ie!

• U(er great pre!!%re a( !tea(+"or$e, ro$6! $a a$t%a))+ &e(rat#er t#a &rea6ig*

• T#e Appa)a$#ia Mo%tai! i t#eNort# A.eri$a, t#e Hi.a)a+aMo%tai! i I(ia, t#e At)a!Mo%tai! i Nort#e!t A"ri$a, a(Si!! A)p! i E%rope aree7a.p)e! o" "o)(e( .o%tai!*


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pplachians &wiss lps

tlas

ountains

1imalayas


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FOLDED MOUNTAINS ERODEFOLDED MOUNTAINS ERODE

O3ER TIMEO3ER TIME

Iitia)

%p)i"t

Ero!io

"eat%re!


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FAULTING – COMPRESSION, E8TENSIONFAULTING – COMPRESSION, E8TENSION

AND SHEARING FORCES AND SHEARING FORCES

• W#e eor.o%! !tre!!e! &%i)( a( p%!# )arge ita$tro$6 .a!!e! &e+o( t#eir +ie)( )i.it, "a%)tig o" t#e

!%r"a$e i! )i6e)+ to o$$%r*

• A fault i! a "ra$t%re i t#e ro$6 )a+er! a)og #i$#

.o/e.et o$$%r!Mo/e.et i! t#e (i!p)a$e.et o" o$e $oe$te( &)o$6! o" ro$6a)og a fault plane* Di!p)a$e.et $a o$$%r i a+ (ire$tio it#

t#e &ro6e &)o$6! .o/ig a)og t#e "a%)t i oppo!ite (ire$tio!

"ro. ea$# ot#er*


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Mea!%rig Di!p)a$e.et a)og aMea!%rig Di!p)a$e.et a)og a

Fa%)tFa%)t

• So.e "a%)t! #a/e /erti$a) (i!p)a$e.et,

#i)e ot#er! #a/e #ori9ota) (i!p)a$e.et

• T#e .ea!%re o" (i!p)a$e.et i! re"erre(

to a! eit#er :(ip2!)ip; or :!tri6e2!)ip;*

– Stri6e- T#e $o.pa!! (ire$tio o" a )ie o"

!trata

– Dip- T#e ag)e i (egree! &etee a#ori9ota) !%r"a$e a( a i$)ie( !%r"a$e –

.ea!%re( a! perpe(i$%)ar to !tri6e


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Dip /er!%! Stri6eDip /er!%! Stri6e


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UNDERSTANDING FAULTUNDERSTANDING FAULT

TERMINOLOG1TERMINOLOG1

• Fa%)t! are i(eti"ie( &+ t#eir patter! o"

(i!p)a$e.et-

– 3erti$a)


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Dip2!)ip /er!%! Stri6e2S)ipDip2!)ip /er!%! Stri6e2S)ip


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TOPOGRAPHIC FEATURES OFTOPOGRAPHIC FEATURES OF

DIP SLIP FAULTSDIP SLIP FAULTS

• Fa%)t !$arp- !teep $)i"" t#at repre!et!

e(ge o" /erti$a))+ (i!p)a$e( ro$6

– Ca &e 4>>! o" .eter! i #eig#t

– Ca e7te( 4>>! o" 6i)o.eter! i !traig#t )ie!

– S#arp ri!e i terrai a( !teep !)ope!


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I(eti"+ig Dip S)ip Fa%)t Str%$t%re!I(eti"+ig Dip S)ip Fa%)t Str%$t%re!


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NORMAL FAULTS- DIP SLIPNORMAL FAULTS- DIP SLIP

FAULTSFAULTS

• Nor.a) "a%)t! are t#e re!%)t o" te!ioa)


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NORMAL FAULT- DIP SLIPNORMAL FAULT- DIP SLIP

Hagig a))

Foota))

Tension forces

Tension forces


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HORSTS AND GRA0ENSHORSTS AND GRA0ENS

ountains and .asins created y a series of parallel ormal'aults The .asin and +an$e Province in 3estern orth

merica is a topo$raphic e%ample of normal faultin$

4raens downdropped asins

1orsts 5plifted mountains and ran$es

Tension forces

Tension forces


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0a!i a( Rage0a!i a( Rage3estern 5& e%hiits

!horst and $raen’structures due to

e%tensional tectonics,

The 3estern ed$e of the

.asin and +an$eincludes the &ierra

evada in California,

The Eastern ed$e of the

.asin and +an$eincludes the 3asatch

+an$e in 5tah


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Fa%)t! a$ro!! 0a!i Rage Pro/i$eFa%)t! a$ro!! 0a!i Rage Pro/i$e

TE&67 '7+CE& +E P58864 T16& +E P+T


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RE3ERSE FAULT – DIP SLIPRE3ERSE FAULT – DIP SLIP

• Re/er!e "a%)t! are t#e re!%)t o"

$o.pre!!io "or$e!

• T#e "oota)) (rop! re)ati/e to t#e #agig

a))


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Re/er!e Fa%)t – Dip S)ipRe/er!e Fa%)t – Dip S)ip

'ootwall

1an$in$ wall


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RE3ERSE THRUST FAULTRE3ERSE THRUST FAULT

• Re/er!e t#r%!t "a%)t!

are t#e re!%)t o" /er+

)o ag)e "a%)t!,

p%!#ig t#e #agiga)) %p a( o/er t#e

"oot a))

Foota))

Hagig

a))

Compression forces


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0LIND RE3ERSE THRUST FAULT0LIND RE3ERSE THRUST FAULT

• A &)i( re/er!et#r%!t "a%)t (oe! ot

e7te( to t#e

!%r"a$e – e o)+

6o o" t#eire7i!te$e &e$a%!e

o" eart#?%a6e! a(

!%r"a$e (e"or.atio

• Hagig a)) )i"t! %p

a( o/er "oota))

Hagig a))

"oota))

TRANSFORM FAULTSTRANSFORM FAULTS


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TRANSFORM FAULTS-TRANSFORM FAULTS-

SHEARING FORCESSHEARING FORCES

• Tra!"or. "a%)t! $a &e "o%( at p)ate

&o%(arie! a! oe p)ate !)i(e! #ori9ota))+

pa!t aot#er*

– Stri6e2!)ip "a%)t!

• Mo!t tra!"or. "a%)t! are "o%( o t#e

o$ea ")oor a! part o" t#e a$ti/e o""!et

a)og (i/erget p)ate &o%(arie!*


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TRANSFORM FAULT – SEATRANSFORM FAULT – SEA

FLOOR SPREADINGFLOOR SPREADING


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TRANSFORM FAULTS- PLATETRANSFORM FAULTS- PLATE

0OUNDARIES0OUNDARIES

• At p)ate &o%(arie!, #e to te$toi$

p)ate! gri( pa!t ea$# ot#er, t#ere i!

%!%a))+ o /o)$ai!. or .o%tai &%i)(ig

o$$%rrig*

• Oe o" t#e )arge!t tra!"or. "a%)t! i t#e

or)( i! t#e Sa A(rea! Fa%)t

– Separatig t#e Nort# A.eri$a P)ate "ro. t#ePa$i"i$ P)ate i !o%t#er Ca)i"oria*


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TRANSFORM FAULTS- SAN ANDREASTRANSFORM FAULTS- SAN ANDREAS


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Sa A(rea! Fa%)tSa A(rea! Fa%)t

O O O S S


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FORMATION OF SAN ANDREASFORMATION OF SAN ANDREAS

FAULTFAULT

• T#e ort#e!t2!o%t#ea!t tre(ig "a%)t

9oe e7te(! "ro. t#e Ea!t Pa$i"i$ ri!e i

t#e G%)" o" Ca)i"oria


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Sa A(rea! Fa%)t oeSa A(rea! Fa%)t oe

• T#e Sa A(rea! "a%)t 9oe i$)%(e! t#e.ai "a%)t tra$e a( .a+ ot#er .a'or a(.ior "a%)t !tra(!*

• T#e re)ati/e rate o" .otio &etee t#eNort# A.eri$a p)ate a( t#e Pa$i"i$ p)atei! appro7i.ate)+ B* to 5* $. per +ear,.o!t o" #i$# to B* $. per +ear= i!a$$o%te( "or &+ #ori9ota) (i!p)a$e.eta)og t#e Sa A(rea! "a%)t 9oe*


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E/o)%tio o" Sa A(rea! Fa%)tE/o)%tio o" Sa A(rea! Fa%)t

• 0e"ore B> .i))io +ear! ago, t#e e!ter e(ge o"t#e Nort# A.eri$a p)ate .et t#e ea!terFara))o P)ate i a $o/erget p)ate &o%(ar+ –$o.p)ete it# !%&(%$tio*

• T#e e!ter e(ge o" t#e Fara))o P)ate a!(i/ergig "ro. t#e Pa$i"i$ P)ate – :Ea!t Pa$i"i$ Ri!e; !prea(ig $eter

• T#e rate o" $o/erge$e a! greater t#a t#erate o" (i/erge$e a( t#e !prea(ig $eter.o/e( toar(! t#e !%&(%$tio 9oe*


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• Appro7i.ate)+ B> .i))io +ear! ago, t#e!prea(ig $eter


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• T#e re)ati/e .otio &etee t#e Pa$i"i$

p)ate a( t#e Nort# A.eri$a p)ate a!

a)tere( to &e$o.e a tra!"or. &o%(ar+*

• S%&(%$tio a)og t#e tra!"or. &o%(ar+

!toppe(*

– Ne .otio o" t#i! portio o" Pa$i"i$ P)ate i!

to t#e ort#e!t, para))e) to t#e Nort# A.eri$a p)ate


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CONSEUENCES OF SANCONSEUENCES OF SAN


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CONSEUENCES OF SANCONSEUENCES OF SAN

ANDREAS FAULT ANDREAS FAULT

• A)og t#e Sa A(rea! Fa%)t, t#e Pa$i"i$ p)ate !)o)+gri(! to t#e ort#*

• Lo! Age)e! )ie! o t#e Pa$i"i$ p)ate !i(e o" t#e "a%)t,#i)e Sa Fra$i!$o i! o t#e Nort# A.eri$a !i(e* – A&o%t .i))io +ear! i t#e "%t%re, i" .o/e.et $oti%e! i t#e

!a.e (ire$tio, Lo! Age)e! i)) &e a !%&%r& o" Sa Fra$i!$o


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Feat%re! o" Sa A(rea! Fa%)tFeat%re! o" Sa A(rea! Fa%)t

• Liearit+- T#i! "a%)t e7#i&it! a a).o!t!traig#t )ie’ i appeara$e o t#e Eart#’!!%r"a$e*

• 0e#ea(e( !trea.!- Strea.! t#at $ro!!t#e Sa A(rea! are (i!p)a$e( a! t#ePa$i"i$ P)ate !)o)+ .o/e! a)og

• Sag Po(!- Gro%(ater, %(er pre!!%re"ro. t#e to p)ate! gri(ig toget#er, i!"or$e( to t#e !%r"a$e*


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Sa A(rea! Fa%)t i t#e

Carri9o P)ai

3ie i! )oo6ig !o%t#* Fa%)ti! i t#e $eter o" t#e "o)(e(

ri(ge area


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3allace Creek

S P ( A) S A ( F )t


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Sag Po( A)og Sa A(rea! Fa%)tSag Po( A)og Sa A(rea! Fa%)t

FOLDS FAULTS AND FOSSIL FUELSFOLDS FAULTS AND FOSSIL FUELS


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FOLDS, FAULTS AND FOSSIL FUELSFOLDS, FAULTS AND FOSSIL FUELS

• Fo!!i) "%e)! !%$# a! oi) a( at%ra) ga! are pro(%$e(

t#ro%g# (e$o.po!itio a( #eatig o" orgai$ .ateria)!i .arie !e(i.et!*

• Oi) a( at%ra) ga! are $o))e$te( i re!er/oir ro$6!’*

• Fo)(ig a( "a%)tig o" re!er/oir ro$6! ai(! i t#e #%t "or

"o!!i) "%e)!*• Ati$)ie! o""er t#e &e!t pro!pe$t "or "i(ig poo)!’ o" oi)

or at%ra) ga! t#at #a/e .igrate( %par(


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diastrophism – folding, faulting and more

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