Evaluating Contemporary Influences
World Games
World Games
Single Sport• •
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Multi-sport• •
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FIFA World Cup
Heineken European Rugby Cup
World Hockey Champions Trophy
World Short-course swimming championships
Olympic Games
Paralympic Games
Commonwealth Games
Pan-American Games
Characteristics of World games
• performers
•
• ‘ ’ for city/country
•
• Large appeal
• Requires major infrastructure –
Elite
Pre-qualifying
Shop window
Commercialised
spectator/TV
transport, accommodation, facilities
Effects of World games - performers
• Highly to be the best
• Test themselves against
• Make most of abilities –
•
•
• High
•
motivated
the best
reach potential
Extrinsic rewards
Self-satisfaction / prideexpectations
Role models
Effects of World games - performers
•
• Great
• Short
• Requires
• No
Long-term goal
sacrifices
career
self-discipline/motivation
guarantee of success
Effects of World games - Country
• impact – seen as successful, part of national character
• Social impact –
• Economic impact – financial success –
• Can have negative impact -
Cultural
unite country
tourism / regeneration / infrastructure
failure
Effect of World Games - Government
• Provide support –
• May be used to demonstrate
• Successful bid seen as achievement
bidding, planning
political success - Beijing
on world-wide scale - London
Typical question
World championships have developed beyond a simple meeting of the world’s best performers to become far more complex events.(a) In recent years, how and why have world championships, such as the Olympic Games, developed in terms of size and finance?
(4 marks)(b) How have these developments impacted upon the experiences of performers and spectators? (3 marks)
Answer(a) 4 marks for 4 of:Events now larger/more teams/more sports/performers/ stadia size;Need more funding; From sponsorship/spectators;More media coverage/ sports want higher profile;Resulting in more interest worldwide/in host country/following of national teams
or performers/stars;Some championships allow professional performers/ prize money; 4
marks(b) Spectators (Sub max 3 marks)More opportunities to see elite performers;Enhanced viewing opportunities/interactive/ camera angles/statistics/hawkeye/
staia/equiv;Improved knowledge of events/performance, etc;Performer (Sub max 3 marks)More opportunities to perform at the highest level;Chance to represent country/win championships;More opportunity to gain expenses/appearance money/win bonus, etc;More commercial pressure on performers/ deviancy;
4 marks
Why seek excellence?
Individual Society
• Challenge• Society encourages
excellence• Employment
• Self-esteem• Role models
• National pride• Reduces crime• Big money• Healthy – increase
mass participation• Limits to
performance?
Not all good news
• Elite sport for – requires substantial
• Loss of morality
• Physical and psychological damage from
funding and resources
– sportsmanship –
over training and specialisation
exclusive minority
increased deviancy
Qualities required for elite performer/performance
Physical
•
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•
•
•
Psychological
•
•
•
•
•
•
Ability/skill Competitive
FitnessPhysique
Muscle-fibre type
Anatomical advantages - levers
Commitment
Mental toughness
Motivation
Single-minded
Make sacrifices
Identifying Talent
• Needs • testing
But:• Difficult to make tests – especially
• Training has on performance• more important
talent identification programmeFitness / psychological
validpsychological
limited effectsSocio-economics
Social factors affecting development
• Tradition
• Ideals
• Sport’s popularity
• Parental influence
• Teacher’s specialities
• Accessibility of facilities
Typical question
An individual must have a range of personal qualities and receive some external support to enable them to reach an elite level of performance.
(a) What personal qualities are necessary for an individual to progress towards an elite level of performance?
(4 marks)
Answer
(Long term) commitment/self discipline;Determination/Be the best/sets targets/vision/single
minded/focussed/mental toughness;Motivation/Nach personality /desire to achieve;Self sacrifice;Resilience/ability to overcome failure/pass through pain
barrier;Self-confidence/self efficacy;High levels of skills/talents/natural ability/correct
somatotype;High levels of physical fitness/high VO2 max/equiv;
4 marks
Talent Identification Programmes
• Test and parameters
• Predict within sport
• Search schools – e.g. • But little democracy – of gold
medallists from public schools - attended
university
rowing
physical psychological
performance capacity
60%
90%
Performance
Fulfil potential - progression to higher levels - talent identification programme
Foundation
Introduction to activities - PE programmes/ recreational use - no commitment
Participation
Regular performer - club or school - committed to activity - time/finance - may not wish for further progression
Excellence/ elite level – amateur/ professional - national level - virtually full time involvement
Elite Performance Pyramid
Elite sport
• Performance and excellence levels
• Amateur and professional
• Requires support and funding
• Co-ordination of efforts
excellence
performance
participation
foundation
Providing the development structure
Needs:
• Opportunities to play
• structure
• Links to
• Involves
• Long Term Athlete Development
at higher level
Representative
TIPs
(LTAD)
NGBs UKSport EIS
Sport England BOA Sports Coach UK
SportsAid
L.T.A.D.
• Designed to encourage
• plan
Stages:
• Train to
• Train to
• Train to
•
life-long commitment to sport
10-year
train
compete
win
Retirement / new sport
Role of National Governing Bodies
• Develop structure
•
• Manage development strategies – ,
, etc
• Develop structure
• Manage
• Enforce
• of sport
club and competition
Talent Identification Programmes
WCP
TASS
coaching
representative teams
rules and regulations
Promotion
Role of National Governing Bodies
• Increase
• Improve facilities and personnel –
• Increased funding –
• Tackling
• Use of
base of participation pyramid
e.g. development officers, scouts, coaches
links with local businesses, NGB and LAs
discriminationrole models to promote sports
NGB’s
• Income from
• Some profitable –
• Some dependent -
membership fees/grants/ sponsorship/TV rights
self-funded
grants
Challenges for NGBs• New sports attracting participants
• Decline in
• Little distinction
• Need to compete internationally –
• Funding =
• Need to
school sport
between amateur and professional
need to develop coaching and training - £
key issue – marketing for TV
meet criteria for lottery funding – Whole Sport Plans
Whole Sports Plans
• WSP –
• Must include
• WSP directs
• Identifies
• Links with partners –
• ‘Measures’
plan for all – grass roots to elite
idea of ‘start stay succeed’
Sport England funding and resources to NGBs
NGB’s needs
PESSCLS
how well NGBs doing
Idea behind WSP
• Delivers
• Lets
• Measurable results –
• More links
‘start stay succeed’
Sport England identify NGB needs
how well are NGBs doing – value for money?
with regions and partners – shared best practice
Systematic T.I.Ps – e.g. China
• High levels
• Compulsory
• Club system -
• Eliminate
• Scientific
• Long range objectives –
of finance and structure
PE programmes in schools - early identification of talent
specialist schools in separate sports
those who fail to make it
approach to training
70,000 kids, 10,000 coaches
Systemic system of T.I.PsAdvantages Disadvantages
• Rapid progress to elite level
• Helps choose sport that person is suited to
• Coach deals with only suitable athletes
• Maximises resources – e.g. Kenyan athletes, Swiss skiers
• Large numbers to test• Expert coaches ‘eye’ can
still be best guide• Needs lots of funding• Difficult to predict future
development• Specialism at young age
- physically and mentally dangerous
UK• Govt spending = £
• But –
• Too many organisations
• But improving –
• Nine elite EIS facilities;
2.2 billion a year
UK sport still needs modernising
- 500+
e.g. 2002 C’wealth Games; 2003 RWC win; 2004 and 2008 Olympics, 2005 Ashes
Loughborough and Bath Univs, Aquatic Centre, 2012 Olympics
UK Sport
Aims:
• Development of
• Attracting and running
• prevention and testing
• Funded by and
elite athletes
Doping
major sporting events in UK
central government
Lottery
UK Sport
Since April 2006:• Full responsibility for all and performance-related support• Running
programme,
• All funding and support integrated
World Class Potential
Olympic
Paralympic
Talented Athlete Scholarship Scheme
English Institutes of Sport
World Class Performance Pathway
Three levels:
• World Class Podium –
• World Class Development –
• World Class Talent –
realistic 2012 Olympic/ Paralympic medal hopes
performers realistically capable of winning in 2016
identify and progress potential 2020 performers
Funding Of Elite Performers
1. Lottery grants via
2. – group and personal
3.
4.
Many/majority do not receive or money
NGB
Sponsorship
Appearance moneyPrize money
appearanceprize
National Lottery
• 1995
• Sport
• Sport England
• Two major themes:
– Provide for all to take part in sport
– To help the
to raise money for good causesis a named good cause
named as distributor of funds
equality of opportunity
talented become stars
The National Lottery Sports Fund
2000 - £200m
£150m – community
projects
£50m – elite
performers
National Lottery– a recent change in emphasis
2003 - £180m
£100m – community
projects
£80m – elite
performers
English Institute of Sport – ‘making the best better’
• One of
• Support –
• A.C.E
4 National Institutes• 9 regional sites
sports science, medicine, physiology, diet and nutrition advice, mechanics, fitness testing and conditioning, information
Sport England
• Strategic lead for delivering Government's sporting objectives
• Distributes
• Vision –
• Invested £
both Lottery and Exchequer funds to sport
make England an active and successful sporting nation
2bn into sport in England since 1994.
Who funds Sport England?
National Lottery money
– used to provide grants
for English sport’s
development
Government – to maintain England’s sporting
infrastructure
Sport England – 2008 plan
• Aims to participation rates in clubs on leaving school ( )
• Work with NGBs on for elite programmes
• NGBs more accountable –
• Work with and NGBs to resource
increaseup to 33%
TIPs
Whole Sport Plans
coachesSports Coach UK
Sport England – 2008 plan
• Assist to resource its ‘ ’ in schools
• ‘Recruit to Coach’ scheme –
• Work with to streamline club structure – ?
Youth Sports TrustFive Hour Sport Offer
more volunteers
NBGsmulti-sport clubs
Typical question
Competing at the highest level is expensive.
How are elite amateur performers funded in the UK? (4 marks)
Answer
National lottery funded;Distribution based on performance criteria;World Class Programme;SportsAid;NGB grants/Sport England grants/Local authority grants;Sponsorship;Scholarships/Gifted and talented funding;Appearance Money;Parents/community fundraising; 4 marks
British Olympic Association
• Only
• Controls and (medical, kit, accommodation) of Olympic and teams
• Charity – funded by
• Runs
•
Olympic sports
sponsorship
bids
preparation management
GBParalympic
licensed merchandising
appeals
Olympic training centre
Sports Coach UK
Independent charity funded by UK sport• • Coach education -
• Liaison –
• Publications -
UK sport, EIS, Sport England, NGBs, BOA, LAs, YST
‘Supercoach’, coachwise
coursesprofessional qualification
Sports Coach UK
• Trying to produce
• Courses to improve
• Provide information –
• Sport-specific courses
• Income from
world class coaches
coaching knowledge and ability
videos, books, etc
grants, fees and subs
Sports Aid
• Charity –
• Financial aid to
• Annual grants (£500) 1500 per year to
• TASS –
no government funding - gifts
fundraising and sponsorshiptalented youngsters 12-18
• People with disabilities (no age limits)
offset training costs
(£3000)
Summary
• Sport in UK – too many – now being
• Organisations need to to meet changing of modern athlete
• Political and investment must be organised and be in place for
centralised
evolve
economic
organisations
demands
long period
Typical question
Over the last ten years the UK has attempted to improve the methods by which we identify, develop and sustain elite performers.
(a) How do National Institutes (e.g. English Institute of Sport) develop and sustain elite sport performances?
(5 marks)(b) Despite lottery and exchequer funding,
organisations such as SportsAid still have a role to play.How does SportsAid generate money and what criteria do
they use when deciding who to support?(4 marks)
Answer(a) Funding for equipment/training expenses;From lottery/Exchequer/UKSport;World Class programmeCoaching;Elite facilities;Specialist support/medical backup;Work with NGBs to establish development programmes/Talent Identification Programmes;Network of regional centres;Educational programme for athlete development/ACE; max 5(b)How - Charitable status;Donations from individuals/companiesFund raising/events/dinners/speakers;Criteria - Young with potential;Clear financial need;Not receiving lottery funding;Disabled performers of any age;Nominated by NGB; max 4