Evaluating Contemporary Influences

World Games

World Games

Single Sport• •

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Multi-sport• •

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FIFA World Cup

Heineken European Rugby Cup

World Hockey Champions Trophy

World Short-course swimming championships

Olympic Games

Paralympic Games

Commonwealth Games

Pan-American Games

Characteristics of World games

• performers

•

• ‘ ’ for city/country

•

• Large appeal

• Requires major infrastructure –

Elite

Pre-qualifying

Shop window

Commercialised

spectator/TV

transport, accommodation, facilities

Effects of World games - performers

• Highly to be the best

• Test themselves against

• Make most of abilities –

•

•

• High

•

motivated

the best

reach potential

Extrinsic rewards

Self-satisfaction / prideexpectations

Role models

Effects of World games - performers

•

• Great

• Short

• Requires

• No

Long-term goal

sacrifices

career

self-discipline/motivation

guarantee of success

Effects of World games - Country

• impact – seen as successful, part of national character

• Social impact –

• Economic impact – financial success –

• Can have negative impact -

Cultural

unite country

tourism / regeneration / infrastructure

failure

Effect of World Games - Government

• Provide support –

• May be used to demonstrate

• Successful bid seen as achievement

bidding, planning

political success - Beijing

on world-wide scale - London

Typical question

World championships have developed beyond a simple meeting of the world’s best performers to become far more complex events.(a) In recent years, how and why have world championships, such as the Olympic Games, developed in terms of size and finance?

(4 marks)(b) How have these developments impacted upon the experiences of performers and spectators? (3 marks)

Answer(a) 4 marks for 4 of:Events now larger/more teams/more sports/performers/ stadia size;Need more funding; From sponsorship/spectators;More media coverage/ sports want higher profile;Resulting in more interest worldwide/in host country/following of national teams

or performers/stars;Some championships allow professional performers/ prize money; 4

marks(b) Spectators (Sub max 3 marks)More opportunities to see elite performers;Enhanced viewing opportunities/interactive/ camera angles/statistics/hawkeye/

staia/equiv;Improved knowledge of events/performance, etc;Performer (Sub max 3 marks)More opportunities to perform at the highest level;Chance to represent country/win championships;More opportunity to gain expenses/appearance money/win bonus, etc;More commercial pressure on performers/ deviancy;

4 marks

Why seek excellence?

Individual Society

• Challenge• Society encourages

excellence• Employment

• Self-esteem• Role models

• National pride• Reduces crime• Big money• Healthy – increase

mass participation• Limits to

performance?

Not all good news

• Elite sport for – requires substantial

• Loss of morality

• Physical and psychological damage from

funding and resources

– sportsmanship –

over training and specialisation

exclusive minority

increased deviancy

Qualities required for elite performer/performance

Physical

•

•

•

•

•

Psychological

•

•

•

•

•

•

Ability/skill Competitive

FitnessPhysique

Muscle-fibre type

Anatomical advantages - levers

Commitment

Mental toughness

Motivation

Single-minded

Make sacrifices

Identifying Talent

• Needs • testing

But:• Difficult to make tests – especially

• Training has on performance• more important

talent identification programmeFitness / psychological

validpsychological

limited effectsSocio-economics

Social factors affecting development

• Tradition

• Ideals

• Sport’s popularity

• Parental influence

• Teacher’s specialities

• Accessibility of facilities

Typical question

An individual must have a range of personal qualities and receive some external support to enable them to reach an elite level of performance.

(a) What personal qualities are necessary for an individual to progress towards an elite level of performance?

(4 marks)

Answer

(Long term) commitment/self discipline;Determination/Be the best/sets targets/vision/single

minded/focussed/mental toughness;Motivation/Nach personality /desire to achieve;Self sacrifice;Resilience/ability to overcome failure/pass through pain

barrier;Self-confidence/self efficacy;High levels of skills/talents/natural ability/correct

somatotype;High levels of physical fitness/high VO2 max/equiv;

4 marks

Talent Identification Programmes

• Test and parameters

• Predict within sport

• Search schools – e.g. • But little democracy – of gold

medallists from public schools - attended

university

rowing

physical psychological

performance capacity

60%

90%

Performance

Fulfil potential - progression to higher levels - talent identification programme

Foundation

Introduction to activities - PE programmes/ recreational use - no commitment

Participation

Regular performer - club or school - committed to activity - time/finance - may not wish for further progression

Excellence/ elite level – amateur/ professional - national level - virtually full time involvement

Elite Performance Pyramid

Elite sport

• Performance and excellence levels

• Amateur and professional

• Requires support and funding

• Co-ordination of efforts

excellence

performance

participation

foundation

Providing the development structure

Needs:

• Opportunities to play

• structure

• Links to

• Involves

• Long Term Athlete Development

at higher level

Representative

TIPs

(LTAD)

NGBs UKSport EIS

Sport England BOA Sports Coach UK

SportsAid

L.T.A.D.

• Designed to encourage

• plan

Stages:

• Train to

• Train to

• Train to

•

life-long commitment to sport

10-year

train

compete

win

Retirement / new sport

Role of National Governing Bodies

• Develop structure

•

• Manage development strategies – ,

, etc

• Develop structure

• Manage

• Enforce

• of sport

club and competition

Talent Identification Programmes

WCP

TASS

coaching

representative teams

rules and regulations

Promotion

Role of National Governing Bodies

• Increase

• Improve facilities and personnel –

• Increased funding –

• Tackling

• Use of

base of participation pyramid

e.g. development officers, scouts, coaches

links with local businesses, NGB and LAs

discriminationrole models to promote sports

NGB’s

• Income from

• Some profitable –

• Some dependent -

membership fees/grants/ sponsorship/TV rights

self-funded

grants

Challenges for NGBs• New sports attracting participants

• Decline in

• Little distinction

• Need to compete internationally –

• Funding =

• Need to

school sport

between amateur and professional

need to develop coaching and training - £

key issue – marketing for TV

meet criteria for lottery funding – Whole Sport Plans

Whole Sports Plans

• WSP –

• Must include

• WSP directs

• Identifies

• Links with partners –

• ‘Measures’

plan for all – grass roots to elite

idea of ‘start stay succeed’

Sport England funding and resources to NGBs

NGB’s needs

PESSCLS

how well NGBs doing

Idea behind WSP

• Delivers

• Lets

• Measurable results –

• More links

‘start stay succeed’

Sport England identify NGB needs

how well are NGBs doing – value for money?

with regions and partners – shared best practice

Systematic T.I.Ps – e.g. China

• High levels

• Compulsory

• Club system -

• Eliminate

• Scientific

• Long range objectives –

of finance and structure

PE programmes in schools - early identification of talent

specialist schools in separate sports

those who fail to make it

approach to training

70,000 kids, 10,000 coaches

Systemic system of T.I.PsAdvantages Disadvantages

• Rapid progress to elite level

• Helps choose sport that person is suited to

• Coach deals with only suitable athletes

• Maximises resources – e.g. Kenyan athletes, Swiss skiers

• Large numbers to test• Expert coaches ‘eye’ can

still be best guide• Needs lots of funding• Difficult to predict future

development• Specialism at young age

- physically and mentally dangerous

UK• Govt spending = £

• But –

• Too many organisations

• But improving –

• Nine elite EIS facilities;

2.2 billion a year

UK sport still needs modernising

- 500+

e.g. 2002 C’wealth Games; 2003 RWC win; 2004 and 2008 Olympics, 2005 Ashes

Loughborough and Bath Univs, Aquatic Centre, 2012 Olympics

UK Sport

Aims:

• Development of

• Attracting and running

• prevention and testing

• Funded by and

elite athletes

Doping

major sporting events in UK

central government

Lottery

UK Sport

Since April 2006:• Full responsibility for all and performance-related support• Running

programme,

• All funding and support integrated

World Class Potential

Olympic

Paralympic

Talented Athlete Scholarship Scheme

English Institutes of Sport

World Class Performance Pathway

Three levels:

• World Class Podium –

• World Class Development –

• World Class Talent –

realistic 2012 Olympic/ Paralympic medal hopes

performers realistically capable of winning in 2016

identify and progress potential 2020 performers

Funding Of Elite Performers

1. Lottery grants via

2. – group and personal

3.

4.

Many/majority do not receive or money

NGB

Sponsorship

Appearance moneyPrize money

appearanceprize

National Lottery

• 1995

• Sport

• Sport England

• Two major themes:

– Provide for all to take part in sport

– To help the

to raise money for good causesis a named good cause

named as distributor of funds

equality of opportunity

talented become stars

The National Lottery Sports Fund

2000 - £200m

£150m – community

projects

£50m – elite

performers

National Lottery– a recent change in emphasis

2003 - £180m

£100m – community

projects

£80m – elite

performers

English Institute of Sport – ‘making the best better’

• One of

• Support –

• A.C.E

4 National Institutes• 9 regional sites

sports science, medicine, physiology, diet and nutrition advice, mechanics, fitness testing and conditioning, information

Sport England

• Strategic lead for delivering Government's sporting objectives

• Distributes

• Vision –

• Invested £

both Lottery and Exchequer funds to sport

make England an active and successful sporting nation

2bn into sport in England since 1994.

Who funds Sport England?

National Lottery money

– used to provide grants

for English sport’s

development

Government – to maintain England’s sporting

infrastructure

Sport England – 2008 plan

• Aims to participation rates in clubs on leaving school ( )

• Work with NGBs on for elite programmes

• NGBs more accountable –

• Work with and NGBs to resource

increaseup to 33%

TIPs

Whole Sport Plans

coachesSports Coach UK

Sport England – 2008 plan

• Assist to resource its ‘ ’ in schools

• ‘Recruit to Coach’ scheme –

• Work with to streamline club structure – ?

Youth Sports TrustFive Hour Sport Offer

more volunteers

NBGsmulti-sport clubs

Typical question

Competing at the highest level is expensive.

How are elite amateur performers funded in the UK? (4 marks)

Answer

National lottery funded;Distribution based on performance criteria;World Class Programme;SportsAid;NGB grants/Sport England grants/Local authority grants;Sponsorship;Scholarships/Gifted and talented funding;Appearance Money;Parents/community fundraising; 4 marks

British Olympic Association

• Only

• Controls and (medical, kit, accommodation) of Olympic and teams

• Charity – funded by

• Runs

•

Olympic sports

sponsorship

bids

preparation management

GBParalympic

licensed merchandising

appeals

Olympic training centre

Sports Coach UK

Independent charity funded by UK sport• • Coach education -

• Liaison –

• Publications -

UK sport, EIS, Sport England, NGBs, BOA, LAs, YST

‘Supercoach’, coachwise

coursesprofessional qualification

Sports Coach UK

• Trying to produce

• Courses to improve

• Provide information –

• Sport-specific courses

• Income from

world class coaches

coaching knowledge and ability

videos, books, etc

grants, fees and subs

Sports Aid

• Charity –

• Financial aid to

• Annual grants (£500) 1500 per year to

• TASS –

no government funding - gifts

fundraising and sponsorshiptalented youngsters 12-18

• People with disabilities (no age limits)

offset training costs

(£3000)

Summary

• Sport in UK – too many – now being

• Organisations need to to meet changing of modern athlete

• Political and investment must be organised and be in place for

centralised

evolve

economic

organisations

demands

long period

Typical question

Over the last ten years the UK has attempted to improve the methods by which we identify, develop and sustain elite performers.

(a) How do National Institutes (e.g. English Institute of Sport) develop and sustain elite sport performances?

(5 marks)(b) Despite lottery and exchequer funding,

organisations such as SportsAid still have a role to play.How does SportsAid generate money and what criteria do

they use when deciding who to support?(4 marks)

Answer(a) Funding for equipment/training expenses;From lottery/Exchequer/UKSport;World Class programmeCoaching;Elite facilities;Specialist support/medical backup;Work with NGBs to establish development programmes/Talent Identification Programmes;Network of regional centres;Educational programme for athlete development/ACE; max 5(b)How - Charitable status;Donations from individuals/companiesFund raising/events/dinners/speakers;Criteria - Young with potential;Clear financial need;Not receiving lottery funding;Disabled performers of any age;Nominated by NGB; max 4