HumanAnatomy&Physiology
FinalExam
Name:
1) Humanblood:
a) Ismostlycomposedofwhitebloodcells
b) Isprimarilycomposedofbothformedelementsandplasma
c) Hasnucleatederythrocyteswithinit
d) Alloftheabove
e) Noneoftheabove
2) Thestructuralcharacteristic(s)ofanerythrocytethatcontributetoitsfunction
include:
a) Itsbiconcaveshape
b) Itshemoglobincomposition
c) ItsprimarymetabolicprocessforproducingATP
d) Alloftheabove
e) Noneoftheabove
3) Startingattheinner‐mostlayeroftheheart,andtravellingoutwards,thenamesof
thelayersinorderare:
a) Pericardium,Epicardium,MyocardiumandEndocardium
b) Pericardium,Epicardium,EndocardiumandMyocardium
c) Epicardium,Endocardium,MyocardiumandPericardium
d) Myocardium,Endocardium,PericardiumandEpicardium
e) Noneoftheabove
4) Hypernatremia
a) Depressestheheart
b) Dramaticallyincreasesheartirritability
c) Leadstoheartblockandcardiacarrest
d) Blocksheartcontractionbyinhibitingioniccalciumtransport
5) Duringexercise,thegreatestincreaseinbloodflowoccursin:
a) Skeletalmuscle
b) Cardiacmuscle
c) Kidneys
d) Liver
e) Noneoftheabove
6) T‐cells
a) Produceantibodiesthatimmobilizeantigens
b) Attackanddestroyforeigncells
c) Produceplasmacells
d) Alloftheabove
e) Noneoftheabove
7) Thespleen
a) Isasiteoflymphocyteproliferation
b) Isinvolvedwithimmunesystemsurveillanceandresponse
c) Cleansestheblood
d) Alloftheabove
e) Noneoftheabove
Matchthefollowingtermswiththeirdefinitions
8) Neutrophil
9) IgA
10) IgG
11) IgM
12) Eosinophil
13) MastCell
14) Macrophage
a) Anantibodydimerthathelpspreventtheattachmentofpathogenstoepithelial
cellsurfaces
b) Awhitebloodcellthatreleaseshistamineduringinflammation
c) Awhitebloodcellthatispartialtoparasiticworms
d) Anantibodymonomerthatisthemostabundantanddiverseantibodyduring
theprimaryandsecondaryimmuneresponse
e) Awhitebloodcellthatispartialtobacteriaandfungi
f) Aantibodypentamerreleasedbyplasmacellsduringtheprimaryimmune
response
g) Theprimaryphagocyteoftheimmunesystem
15) Whichoftheanswersbelowputsthethreedivisionsofthepharynxinorder?(Start
withthemostcranialsectionandendwiththemostcaudalsection.)
a) Nasopharynx,OropharynxandLaryngopharynx
b) Oropharynx,NasopharynxandLaryngopharynx
c) Laryngopharynx,OropharynxandNasopharynx
d) Oropharynx,LaryngopharynxandNasopharynx
e) Noneoftheanswersaboveareinthecorrectorder
16) Duringamyogenicresponseinthekidneys
a) Anincreaseinsystemicpressurecausestheafferentarteriolestodilate
b) Anincreaseinsystemicpressurecausestheafferentarteriolestoconstrict
c) Theresponsepreventsglomerularbloodpressurefromrisingtodamaging
levels
d) A&C
e) B&C
17) Vasodilationoftheefferentarteriolefromtheglomerulus.
a) Increasesthehydrostaticpressureintheglomerulus
b) DecreasesGFR
c) Decreasesthehydrostaticpressureintheglomerulus
d) IncreasesGFR
e) A&D
f) B&C
g) A&B
h) C&D
18) AngiotensinII
a) Isapotentvasoconstrictor
b) IncreasesMAP
c) Stimulatesthereleaseofaldosterone
d) StimulatesthereleaseofADH
e) Alloftheabove
19) Severesweatingwill
a) Causeadecreaseinplasmavolume
b) Causeanincreaseinplasmaosmolarity
c) IncreasetheproductionofANP
d) IncreasetheproductionofADH
e) A,B,andD
f) Alloftheabove
20) Thedetrusormusclesinthebladderareregulatedby:
a) Thesympatheticnervoussystem
b) Theparasympatheticnervoussystem
c) Thesomaticnervoussystem
d) Noneoftheabove
21) Cellsofthemaculadensaare:
a) Enlargedsmoothmusclecells
b) Actasmechanoreceptors
c) Havesecretorygranulesthatcontainrenin
d) Functionaschemoreceptors
Matchthedigestiveorganwithitsexocrinesecretion(s).Thesameanswermaybeused
morethanonce.
22) Stomach
23) SmallIntestine
24) Esophagus
25) Mouth
26) Pancreas
27) Liver
28) LargeIntestine
a) Saltandwater,mucus,amylase
b) Mucus
c) HCl,pepsin,mucus
d) Digestiveenzymes,bicarbonate
e) Bilesalts,bicarbonateandorganicwasteproducts
f) Enzymes,saltandwater,mucus
29) Thebrain‐testicularaxis:
a. Isapositivefeedbackloop
b. InvolvesFSH,LH,progesteroneandtestosterone
c. Isinvolvedinthehormonalregulationofthefemalereproductivetract
d. Alloftheabove
e. Noneoftheabove
30) LHinmen
a. CausesthesustentacularcellstoreleaseABP
b. StimulatestheanteriorpituitarytoreleaseFSH
c. Isreleasedbythehypothalamus
d. Stimulatestheinterstitialcellstoproducetestosterone
e. Noneoftheabove
31) Testosterone
a. Mustbesynthesizedfromcholesterol
b. MustbeconvertedtoDHTintheprostatetobindtothenucleus
c. Causesgrowthinalltheducts,glandsandinthepenis
d. Boostsbasalmetabolicrateandinfluencesbehavior
e. Alloftheabove
32) Themenstrualcyclecanbedividedintothreecontinuousphases.Startingfromthe
firstdayofthecycle,thecorrectorderis:
a. menstrual,proliferative,secretory
b. menstrual,secretory,proliferative
c. secretory,menstrual,proliferative
d. proliferative,menstrual,secretory
33) Whichofthesespermatogeniccellsisdiploid?
a. primaryspermatocyte
b. secondaryspermatocyte
c. spermatid
d. noneofthem
Matching–matchthestructurewiththedefinition
34) foramenovale
35) ductusarteriosis
36) mesoderm
37) ectoderm
38) endoderm
39) ductusvenosus
40) yolksac
41) allantois
42) chorion
43) amnion
a. formsatransparentmembranefilledwithamnioticfluid
b. formspartofthedigestivetube,theearliestbloodcellsandvesselsand
isthesourceofprimordialgermcells
c. afetalshuntbetweentheembryonicbodyandtheinferiorvenacava
thatbypassestheliver
d. aprecursortissueforthenervoussystemtissue
e. afetalshuntbetweentherightandleftatria
f. thestructuralbasisfortheumbilicalcord
g. theprescursortissuefortheepithelialliningofthedigestivetract,the
urinogenitalsystemandtherespiratorytract
h. enclosestheembryonicbodyandallothermembranes
i. afetalshuntbetweenthepulmonarytrunkandtheaorta
j. theprecursortissuethatformsmostofthetissueinthebodyandforms
somites
44) Fertilizationusuallyoccursinthe
a. uterus
b. ovarianfollicle
c. ampullaofthefallopiantube
d. abdominopelviccavity
Matchthefollowingreproductivestructureswiththepicturesonthediagram
45) Cervix
46) Epididymis
47) FallopianTube
48) Ovum
49) ProstateGland
50) Seminalvesicles
51) Testes
52) Urethra
53) Uterus
54) Vagina
55) Vasdeferens
TrueandFalse
True(T)orFalse(F).Ifthestatementisfalsechangethewordthatisinboldtomake
thestatementtrue.Scoring:1pointforansweringT/Fcorrectlyand1pointfor
correctingthefalsestatementcorrectly.IfyoumarkananswerTruethatisFalse
youwilllosebothpoints.IfyoumarkananswerFalsethatisTrueyouwilllose
onepoint.
56) AlcoholactsasanosmoticdiureticbyinhibitingthereleaseofADH.
57) AndecreaseinEDVwillcauseanincreaseinSV.
58) Asthmaisanexampleofarestrictivepulmonarydisease.
59) B‐cellsmatureinthethymus.
60) Bloodenterstherightatriumviathepulmonaryveins.
61) Duringpregnancybloodvolumeincreases.
62) Duringtheisovolumetricphasevolumeintheventriclesisconstant.
63) Ejaculationexpelssemenintothevaginaandisunderparasympathetic
nervoussystemcontrol.
64) Erythropoietinisreleasedinresponsetohypoxia.
65) Fetalhemoglobinhasagreaterbindingaffinityforoxygenthandoesmaternal
hemoglobin.
66) IfGFR(Glomerularfiltrationrate)istohigheverythingisreabsorbedincluding
wastesthatarenormallydisposedof.
67) Impotencecanbecausedbyanythingthatblocksepinephrinereleaseorits
effects.
68) Laborisinitiatedbyapositivefeedbackloopinvolvinguterinecontractionsand
oxytocin.
69) Netfiltrationpressureishighestatthevenousendofthecapillary.
70) Peristalsisoccursonlyinthesmallintestine.
71) Potassiumuptakeisregulatedbythehormonealdosterone.
72) Thecorpusluteumsecretesprogesterone.
73) ThedescendinglimboftheloopofHenleisimpermeabletowater.
74) Themyometriumisthesmoothmusclelayeroftheuterinewall.
75) Thescrotumismaintainedoutsidethebodycavitytodecreasethetemperature
inthetestes.
76) Thetranspulmonarypressurekeepstheairwaysopenpreventingthemfrom
collapsing.
77) TypeAcellsinthetestesbecomeprimaryspermatocytes.
78) Themidpieceofthespermcontainsmitochondria.
79) Alowspermcountcausestheproductionofinhibin.
80) Withouttestosteroneduringdevelopmentandembryowillbecomefemale.
81) Themullerianductsdevelopintothemalereproductiveducts.
82) Ovulationoccurswhentheoocyteisejectedfromthefollicle.
83) Estrogenisrequiredtomaintaintheendometrialliningduringpregnancy.
84) Humanchorionicgonadotropinhormonesignalstothemotherthatthefetus
hasimplanted.
85) Cervicalcanceristhemostcommonamongwomenages30–50andislinked
tothehumanpapillomavirus.
86) Theuterinearteriesarisefromtheinternaliliacsandsendbranchesintothe
uterinewall.
ShortAnswer
1) A)Graphmetabolicrateversusspeedduringrunning.Besuretolabelyouraxesas
specificallyaspossible.(4points)
B)OnthegraphfrompartA,labelthecostoftransport.(2points)
C)AssumingVO2maxis15L/minandrestingmetabolicrateis0.75L/min,
calculatetheaerobicscope.(1point)
D)Atwhatpointcanyounolongeruseoxygenconsumptionasanaccurate
predictorofmetabolicrate?Why?(2points)
E)Wouldthenetcostoftransportbegreaterinachildoranadultduring
running?(1point)
2) WhentheSouthwestAirlinesflightlostcabinpressureduetoruptureinthe
fuselage,thepilothadtodescendtheplanefrom36,000(Patm=13mmHg)feetdown
to11,000feet(Patm=220mmHg).Calculatethepartialpressureofoxygenateach
altitude.Usingthatinformation,explainwhythisdecreaseinaltitudeisnecessary
intermsofdiffusionatthelevelofthealveoli.(5points)
3) A)Whattwoorgansystemsregulatebloodpressure?(2points)
B)Willthefollowingconditionsincreaseordecreasebloodpressure?(3
points)
a)Increaseinsympatheticstimulationtotheheart.
b)Increaseincarbondioxideconcentrationinskeletalmuscle.
c)DecreaseinADHproduction.
d)IncreaseinANPproduction.
e)Increaseinthefiringrateofcarotidandaorticbaroreceptors.
f)Decreaseinplasmaaldosterone.
C)Diagramtheresponseoftherenin‐angiotensinsystemunderconditionsoflow
bloodpressureintherenalbloodvessels.Includeallhormonesandeffects
producedandtheultimateeffectonGFR.(5points)
4) Listtheeffectsofthefollowinghormonesonmalesandonfemalesinthetable
below.(10points)
Hormone EffectonMales EffectonFemales
Relaxin
LH
Inhibin
GnRh
FSH
5) Graphthelevelsofgonadotropinhormonesontheuppergraphbelowandthelevels
ofovarianhormonesonthelowergraphbelowastheovariancycleprogresses.(8
points)Addtothisfigureagraphdepictingthethicknessoftheendometrium.(3
points)Labelthephasesofthemenstrualcycleonthegraphandindicatewhere
ovulationoccurs.(4points)
MultipleChoiceAnswerSheet
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