HumanAnatomy&Physiology

FinalExam

Name:

1) Humanblood:

a) Ismostlycomposedofwhitebloodcells

b) Isprimarilycomposedofbothformedelementsandplasma

c) Hasnucleatederythrocyteswithinit

d) Alloftheabove

e) Noneoftheabove

2) Thestructuralcharacteristic(s)ofanerythrocytethatcontributetoitsfunction

include:

a) Itsbiconcaveshape

b) Itshemoglobincomposition

c) ItsprimarymetabolicprocessforproducingATP

d) Alloftheabove

e) Noneoftheabove

3) Startingattheinner‐mostlayeroftheheart,andtravellingoutwards,thenamesof

thelayersinorderare:

a) Pericardium,Epicardium,MyocardiumandEndocardium

b) Pericardium,Epicardium,EndocardiumandMyocardium

c) Epicardium,Endocardium,MyocardiumandPericardium

d) Myocardium,Endocardium,PericardiumandEpicardium

e) Noneoftheabove

4) Hypernatremia

a) Depressestheheart

b) Dramaticallyincreasesheartirritability

c) Leadstoheartblockandcardiacarrest

d) Blocksheartcontractionbyinhibitingioniccalciumtransport

5) Duringexercise,thegreatestincreaseinbloodflowoccursin:

a) Skeletalmuscle

b) Cardiacmuscle

c) Kidneys

d) Liver

e) Noneoftheabove

6) T‐cells

a) Produceantibodiesthatimmobilizeantigens

b) Attackanddestroyforeigncells

c) Produceplasmacells

d) Alloftheabove

e) Noneoftheabove

7) Thespleen

a) Isasiteoflymphocyteproliferation

b) Isinvolvedwithimmunesystemsurveillanceandresponse

c) Cleansestheblood

d) Alloftheabove

e) Noneoftheabove

Matchthefollowingtermswiththeirdefinitions

8) Neutrophil

9) IgA

10) IgG

11) IgM

12) Eosinophil

13) MastCell

14) Macrophage

a) Anantibodydimerthathelpspreventtheattachmentofpathogenstoepithelial

cellsurfaces

b) Awhitebloodcellthatreleaseshistamineduringinflammation

c) Awhitebloodcellthatispartialtoparasiticworms

d) Anantibodymonomerthatisthemostabundantanddiverseantibodyduring

theprimaryandsecondaryimmuneresponse

e) Awhitebloodcellthatispartialtobacteriaandfungi

f) Aantibodypentamerreleasedbyplasmacellsduringtheprimaryimmune

response

g) Theprimaryphagocyteoftheimmunesystem

15) Whichoftheanswersbelowputsthethreedivisionsofthepharynxinorder?(Start

withthemostcranialsectionandendwiththemostcaudalsection.)

a) Nasopharynx,OropharynxandLaryngopharynx

b) Oropharynx,NasopharynxandLaryngopharynx

c) Laryngopharynx,OropharynxandNasopharynx

d) Oropharynx,LaryngopharynxandNasopharynx

e) Noneoftheanswersaboveareinthecorrectorder

16) Duringamyogenicresponseinthekidneys

a) Anincreaseinsystemicpressurecausestheafferentarteriolestodilate

b) Anincreaseinsystemicpressurecausestheafferentarteriolestoconstrict

c) Theresponsepreventsglomerularbloodpressurefromrisingtodamaging

levels

d) A&C

e) B&C

17) Vasodilationoftheefferentarteriolefromtheglomerulus.

a) Increasesthehydrostaticpressureintheglomerulus

b) DecreasesGFR

c) Decreasesthehydrostaticpressureintheglomerulus

d) IncreasesGFR

e) A&D

f) B&C

g) A&B

h) C&D

18) AngiotensinII

a) Isapotentvasoconstrictor

b) IncreasesMAP

c) Stimulatesthereleaseofaldosterone

d) StimulatesthereleaseofADH

e) Alloftheabove

19) Severesweatingwill

a) Causeadecreaseinplasmavolume

b) Causeanincreaseinplasmaosmolarity

c) IncreasetheproductionofANP

d) IncreasetheproductionofADH

e) A,B,andD

f) Alloftheabove

20) Thedetrusormusclesinthebladderareregulatedby:

a) Thesympatheticnervoussystem

b) Theparasympatheticnervoussystem

c) Thesomaticnervoussystem

d) Noneoftheabove

21) Cellsofthemaculadensaare:

a) Enlargedsmoothmusclecells

b) Actasmechanoreceptors

c) Havesecretorygranulesthatcontainrenin

d) Functionaschemoreceptors

Matchthedigestiveorganwithitsexocrinesecretion(s).Thesameanswermaybeused

morethanonce.

22) Stomach

23) SmallIntestine

24) Esophagus

25) Mouth

26) Pancreas

27) Liver

28) LargeIntestine

a) Saltandwater,mucus,amylase

b) Mucus

c) HCl,pepsin,mucus

d) Digestiveenzymes,bicarbonate

e) Bilesalts,bicarbonateandorganicwasteproducts

f) Enzymes,saltandwater,mucus

29) Thebrain‐testicularaxis:

a. Isapositivefeedbackloop

b. InvolvesFSH,LH,progesteroneandtestosterone

c. Isinvolvedinthehormonalregulationofthefemalereproductivetract

d. Alloftheabove

e. Noneoftheabove

30) LHinmen

a. CausesthesustentacularcellstoreleaseABP

b. StimulatestheanteriorpituitarytoreleaseFSH

c. Isreleasedbythehypothalamus

d. Stimulatestheinterstitialcellstoproducetestosterone

e. Noneoftheabove

31) Testosterone

a. Mustbesynthesizedfromcholesterol

b. MustbeconvertedtoDHTintheprostatetobindtothenucleus

c. Causesgrowthinalltheducts,glandsandinthepenis

d. Boostsbasalmetabolicrateandinfluencesbehavior

e. Alloftheabove

32) Themenstrualcyclecanbedividedintothreecontinuousphases.Startingfromthe

firstdayofthecycle,thecorrectorderis:

a. menstrual,proliferative,secretory

b. menstrual,secretory,proliferative

c. secretory,menstrual,proliferative

d. proliferative,menstrual,secretory

33) Whichofthesespermatogeniccellsisdiploid?

a. primaryspermatocyte

b. secondaryspermatocyte

c. spermatid

d. noneofthem

Matching–matchthestructurewiththedefinition

34) foramenovale

35) ductusarteriosis

36) mesoderm

37) ectoderm

38) endoderm

39) ductusvenosus

40) yolksac

41) allantois

42) chorion

43) amnion

a. formsatransparentmembranefilledwithamnioticfluid

b. formspartofthedigestivetube,theearliestbloodcellsandvesselsand

isthesourceofprimordialgermcells

c. afetalshuntbetweentheembryonicbodyandtheinferiorvenacava

thatbypassestheliver

d. aprecursortissueforthenervoussystemtissue

e. afetalshuntbetweentherightandleftatria

f. thestructuralbasisfortheumbilicalcord

g. theprescursortissuefortheepithelialliningofthedigestivetract,the

urinogenitalsystemandtherespiratorytract

h. enclosestheembryonicbodyandallothermembranes

i. afetalshuntbetweenthepulmonarytrunkandtheaorta

j. theprecursortissuethatformsmostofthetissueinthebodyandforms

somites

44) Fertilizationusuallyoccursinthe

a. uterus

b. ovarianfollicle

c. ampullaofthefallopiantube

d. abdominopelviccavity

Matchthefollowingreproductivestructureswiththepicturesonthediagram

45) Cervix

46) Epididymis

47) FallopianTube

48) Ovum

49) ProstateGland

50) Seminalvesicles

51) Testes

52) Urethra

53) Uterus

54) Vagina

55) Vasdeferens

TrueandFalse

True(T)orFalse(F).Ifthestatementisfalsechangethewordthatisinboldtomake

thestatementtrue.Scoring:1pointforansweringT/Fcorrectlyand1pointfor

correctingthefalsestatementcorrectly.IfyoumarkananswerTruethatisFalse

youwilllosebothpoints.IfyoumarkananswerFalsethatisTrueyouwilllose

onepoint.

56) AlcoholactsasanosmoticdiureticbyinhibitingthereleaseofADH.

57) AndecreaseinEDVwillcauseanincreaseinSV.

58) Asthmaisanexampleofarestrictivepulmonarydisease.

59) B‐cellsmatureinthethymus.

60) Bloodenterstherightatriumviathepulmonaryveins.

61) Duringpregnancybloodvolumeincreases.

62) Duringtheisovolumetricphasevolumeintheventriclesisconstant.

63) Ejaculationexpelssemenintothevaginaandisunderparasympathetic

nervoussystemcontrol.

64) Erythropoietinisreleasedinresponsetohypoxia.

65) Fetalhemoglobinhasagreaterbindingaffinityforoxygenthandoesmaternal

hemoglobin.

66) IfGFR(Glomerularfiltrationrate)istohigheverythingisreabsorbedincluding

wastesthatarenormallydisposedof.

67) Impotencecanbecausedbyanythingthatblocksepinephrinereleaseorits

effects.

68) Laborisinitiatedbyapositivefeedbackloopinvolvinguterinecontractionsand

oxytocin.

69) Netfiltrationpressureishighestatthevenousendofthecapillary.

70) Peristalsisoccursonlyinthesmallintestine.

71) Potassiumuptakeisregulatedbythehormonealdosterone.

72) Thecorpusluteumsecretesprogesterone.

73) ThedescendinglimboftheloopofHenleisimpermeabletowater.

74) Themyometriumisthesmoothmusclelayeroftheuterinewall.

75) Thescrotumismaintainedoutsidethebodycavitytodecreasethetemperature

inthetestes.

76) Thetranspulmonarypressurekeepstheairwaysopenpreventingthemfrom

collapsing.

77) TypeAcellsinthetestesbecomeprimaryspermatocytes.

78) Themidpieceofthespermcontainsmitochondria.

79) Alowspermcountcausestheproductionofinhibin.

80) Withouttestosteroneduringdevelopmentandembryowillbecomefemale.

81) Themullerianductsdevelopintothemalereproductiveducts.

82) Ovulationoccurswhentheoocyteisejectedfromthefollicle.

83) Estrogenisrequiredtomaintaintheendometrialliningduringpregnancy.

84) Humanchorionicgonadotropinhormonesignalstothemotherthatthefetus

hasimplanted.

85) Cervicalcanceristhemostcommonamongwomenages30–50andislinked

tothehumanpapillomavirus.

86) Theuterinearteriesarisefromtheinternaliliacsandsendbranchesintothe

uterinewall.

ShortAnswer

1) A)Graphmetabolicrateversusspeedduringrunning.Besuretolabelyouraxesas

specificallyaspossible.(4points)

B)OnthegraphfrompartA,labelthecostoftransport.(2points)

C)AssumingVO2maxis15L/minandrestingmetabolicrateis0.75L/min,

calculatetheaerobicscope.(1point)

D)Atwhatpointcanyounolongeruseoxygenconsumptionasanaccurate

predictorofmetabolicrate?Why?(2points)

E)Wouldthenetcostoftransportbegreaterinachildoranadultduring

running?(1point)

2) WhentheSouthwestAirlinesflightlostcabinpressureduetoruptureinthe

fuselage,thepilothadtodescendtheplanefrom36,000(Patm=13mmHg)feetdown

to11,000feet(Patm=220mmHg).Calculatethepartialpressureofoxygenateach

altitude.Usingthatinformation,explainwhythisdecreaseinaltitudeisnecessary

intermsofdiffusionatthelevelofthealveoli.(5points)

3) A)Whattwoorgansystemsregulatebloodpressure?(2points)

B)Willthefollowingconditionsincreaseordecreasebloodpressure?(3

points)

a)Increaseinsympatheticstimulationtotheheart.

b)Increaseincarbondioxideconcentrationinskeletalmuscle.

c)DecreaseinADHproduction.

d)IncreaseinANPproduction.

e)Increaseinthefiringrateofcarotidandaorticbaroreceptors.

f)Decreaseinplasmaaldosterone.

C)Diagramtheresponseoftherenin‐angiotensinsystemunderconditionsoflow

bloodpressureintherenalbloodvessels.Includeallhormonesandeffects

producedandtheultimateeffectonGFR.(5points)

4) Listtheeffectsofthefollowinghormonesonmalesandonfemalesinthetable

below.(10points)

Hormone EffectonMales EffectonFemales

Relaxin

LH

Inhibin

GnRh

FSH

5) Graphthelevelsofgonadotropinhormonesontheuppergraphbelowandthelevels

ofovarianhormonesonthelowergraphbelowastheovariancycleprogresses.(8

points)Addtothisfigureagraphdepictingthethicknessoftheendometrium.(3

points)Labelthephasesofthemenstrualcycleonthegraphandindicatewhere

ovulationoccurs.(4points)

MultipleChoiceAnswerSheet

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