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International Conference Working Across Sectors to Halt Deforestation and Increase Reforestation
Areas from Aspiration to Action
A Private Sector Perspective
Howard-Yana Shapiro, PhD Chief Agricultural Officer Mars, Incorporated
Mars Advanced Research Institute FellowSenior Fellow UC Davis
Science Advisor MIT-Media Lab Distinguished Fellow World Agroforestry Centre
19901945
MattaAtlanticoRainforest
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ForestNoun
1. a large wooded area with a thick growth of trees and plants
2. a group of narrow or tall objects standing upright: a forest of waving arms
[Medieval Latin forestis unfenced woodland, from Latin foris outside]
In the colonial days in Indonesia the operational definition of ‘forest’ was simple; if you could not hear a rooster in the morning, you were in a forest, otherwise it was considered village lands with trees…
From correspondence with Tony Simons
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Forest land with tree
cover
Forest land
without tree cover
Trees outside Forest Land
Non-forest land Without Tree CoverForest definition based on canopy
Forest definition based on institution
Forest cover, agroforest,
estate, timber plantation, etc
Clear cut, intended to be
replanted without any particular
timeframe
TOTAL AREA
Institution vs Biophysical Definition of Forests
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Current ForestsWhere forests and woodlands are today
Source: Satellite imagery (Landsat, 30 meter resolution)
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Current Forest ConditionWhere forests and woodlands are today
Source: Satellite imagery (Landsat, 30 meter resolution)
Intact Fragmented Degraded Deforested
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Global drought forecast 2030-2039Do We have Global Tree Breeding Programs
on Climatic Resilience?
Source: UCAR, PDSI 2012
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Cycle of land degradation and social deprivation in the Neo-tropics
From correspondence with Roger Leakey
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1960
19451990
1973
Matta Atlántico Rainforest
Southern Bahia
Fonte: José Rezende Mendonça - CEPLAC
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Sources: Oliveira, A.U.; Faria, C.S.; The Pastoral Land Commission (Comissão Pastoral da Terra - CPT); Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE)
Number of deaths
83
21
1
Brazilians killed in land conflicts(1985-1996)
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Sources: Oliveira, A.U.; Faria, C.S.; The Pastoral Land Commission (Comissão Pastoral da Terra - CPT); Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), Arc - Global Forest Watch; Google ; World Resources Institute; University of Maryland - 2014
Arc of deforestation
Brazilians killedin land conflictsand subsequent deforestation
Number of deaths
83
21
1
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Why Forests and Trees Matter
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The Tropical Landscapes Finance Facility is a
Government of Indonesia supported initiative, facilitated
by UN Environment, World Agroforestry Centre, ADM
Capital and BNP Paribas. It is the first private sector landscape
financing facility at scale.
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Value for the Private Sector within the TLFF
BaselinesDatabasesDatasetsDecision SupportDiagnosesForecastsGlobal Value ChainsImplement. SchedulesIndicesInventoriesJournal PublicationsMetricsMonitoringPolicy OptionsReconstructionsReviewsStatistical Analyses
AlgorithmsApplicationsConceptsGermplasmGuidelinesInputsInstrumentationManualsMethodsPortfoliosPracticesProtocolsSafeguardsSoftwareStandardsTechniquesTools
CommunicationsDemonstrationsExtrapolationsFacilitationGender Mainstream.Group FormationsInterfacingInvestment OptionsNegotiation SupportPlanningPolicy OptionsProject PlansRisk IdentificationScaling Up & OutSocial InclusionStrategiesTrade-offsTargetingSupply Chain Ops.
AdvocacyConvene ForaEquip. ProvisionFunding Mobil.Form PartnerhsipsInstitutional CapacityInstruction MethodsMentoringNetworksNurseriesRural Advisory Serv.Rural Res. CentresSecondmentsTraining
Solutions –Technical and Social
Designs, Decisions,Scenario Options
Capacities,Partnerships
Evidence, Analyses,
Policies
Knowledge Products Knowledge ServiceKnowledge Products Knowledge Service
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Cote d’Ivoire 2015
1960 – 10 million hectares humid forest intact
2015 – 0.6 million hectares humid forest intact
Cote d’Ivoire has lost a $150 billion asset through deforestation for $120 billion in sales of cacao
http://postconflict.unep.ch/en-cote-divoire-PCEA-photoessay-2015/
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15
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Root turnover from trees in crop fields results in release of carbon and other nutrients in agricultural soils, can be
controlled by shoot pruning and unlike leaf biomass is not subject to competitive use for fodder or fuel.
Maintaining soil organic carbon and a balanced biota sustains long term soil health – appropriate tree cover that exhibits
niche differentiation with agricultural crops can do this at the same time as increasing immediate land productivity.
Agroforestry practices positively modify the abundance, diversity and activity of soil organisms driving soil
processes that underpin productivity and provision of other ecosystem services
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Noah Fierer et al. PNAS 2012;109:21390-21395
Recent advances in genomics allow us to assess the functional diversity of soil microbiomes.
We are using these techniques to look at how tree cover, species and diversity affect soil function with a particular focus on non-responsive soils in Africa
Genomics reveals soil microbial function
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69% of carbon loss due to degradation, 31% to forest cover loss
Asia contributed only 16% of loss
Asia had highest loss per hectare (25 t C per ha)
Forest quality is as important as forest quantity, but often neglected
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The Right Tree for the Right PlaceA. Trees for Products
B. Trees for Services
fruit firewood medicine income sawnwood fodder
soilfertility
carbon sequestration
soilerosion
watershedprotection
shade biodiversity
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Natural Forests
TimberPlantation
Commodity Plantation
Mixed Farms/ Landsacapes
Degraded Areas
Natural Forests = x X x xPlantation Timber X √ ? √ X
CommodityPlantation x ? √ XMixed Farms/ Lansdscapes x X ? X
Degraded Areas x √ √ √ √
2030
2018
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Change of Theory
Observed Change: DiscoveryInduced Change: Translation
Context or Policy Change: Scale
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Agriculture/Agroforestry Performance Standard
1. Productivity
2. Profitability
3. Environmental Stewardship
4. Good Governance/Good Management
5. Social Inclusion
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Reforestation is a RealityA trained team of 5 tree planters, a
support team with nursery infrastructure can plant 25K trees per
week, 100K trees a month, 1.2 m trees a year.
Reforestation of abandoned land with useful species of trees is not only
possible but practical and profitable. Whether supported by communities or governments or international funders.
We all need to work to make abandoned land productive and useful
not only for timber crops but food crops as well and payment for
environmental services.