International Conference Working Across Sectors to Halt Deforestation and Increase Reforestation

Areas from Aspiration to Action

A Private Sector Perspective

Howard-Yana Shapiro, PhD Chief Agricultural Officer Mars, Incorporated

Mars Advanced Research Institute FellowSenior Fellow UC Davis

Science Advisor MIT-Media Lab Distinguished Fellow World Agroforestry Centre

19901945

MattaAtlanticoRainforest

ForestNoun

1. a large wooded area with a thick growth of trees and plants

2. a group of narrow or tall objects standing upright: a forest of waving arms

[Medieval Latin forestis unfenced woodland, from Latin foris outside]

In the colonial days in Indonesia the operational definition of ‘forest’ was simple; if you could not hear a rooster in the morning, you were in a forest, otherwise it was considered village lands with trees…

From correspondence with Tony Simons

Forest land with tree

cover

Forest land

without tree cover

Trees outside Forest Land

Non-forest land Without Tree CoverForest definition based on canopy

Forest definition based on institution

Forest cover, agroforest,

estate, timber plantation, etc

Clear cut, intended to be

replanted without any particular

timeframe

TOTAL AREA

Institution vs Biophysical Definition of Forests

Current ForestsWhere forests and woodlands are today

Source: Satellite imagery (Landsat, 30 meter resolution)

Current Forest ConditionWhere forests and woodlands are today

Source: Satellite imagery (Landsat, 30 meter resolution)

Intact Fragmented Degraded Deforested

Global drought forecast 2030-2039Do We have Global Tree Breeding Programs

on Climatic Resilience?

Source: UCAR, PDSI 2012

Cycle of land degradation and social deprivation in the Neo-tropics

From correspondence with Roger Leakey

1960

19451990

1973

Matta Atlántico Rainforest

Southern Bahia

Fonte: José Rezende Mendonça - CEPLAC

Sources: Oliveira, A.U.; Faria, C.S.; The Pastoral Land Commission (Comissão Pastoral da Terra - CPT); Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE)

Number of deaths

83

21

1

Brazilians killed in land conflicts(1985-1996)

Sources: Oliveira, A.U.; Faria, C.S.; The Pastoral Land Commission (Comissão Pastoral da Terra - CPT); Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), Arc - Global Forest Watch; Google ; World Resources Institute; University of Maryland - 2014

Arc of deforestation

Brazilians killedin land conflictsand subsequent deforestation

Number of deaths

83

21

1

Why Forests and Trees Matter

The Tropical Landscapes Finance Facility is a

Government of Indonesia supported initiative, facilitated

by UN Environment, World Agroforestry Centre, ADM

Capital and BNP Paribas. It is the first private sector landscape

financing facility at scale.

Value for the Private Sector within the TLFF

BaselinesDatabasesDatasetsDecision SupportDiagnosesForecastsGlobal Value ChainsImplement. SchedulesIndicesInventoriesJournal PublicationsMetricsMonitoringPolicy OptionsReconstructionsReviewsStatistical Analyses

AlgorithmsApplicationsConceptsGermplasmGuidelinesInputsInstrumentationManualsMethodsPortfoliosPracticesProtocolsSafeguardsSoftwareStandardsTechniquesTools

CommunicationsDemonstrationsExtrapolationsFacilitationGender Mainstream.Group FormationsInterfacingInvestment OptionsNegotiation SupportPlanningPolicy OptionsProject PlansRisk IdentificationScaling Up & OutSocial InclusionStrategiesTrade-offsTargetingSupply Chain Ops.

AdvocacyConvene ForaEquip. ProvisionFunding Mobil.Form PartnerhsipsInstitutional CapacityInstruction MethodsMentoringNetworksNurseriesRural Advisory Serv.Rural Res. CentresSecondmentsTraining

Solutions –Technical and Social

Designs, Decisions,Scenario Options

Capacities,Partnerships

Evidence, Analyses,

Policies

Knowledge Products Knowledge ServiceKnowledge Products Knowledge Service

Cote d’Ivoire 2015

1960 – 10 million hectares humid forest intact

2015 – 0.6 million hectares humid forest intact

Cote d’Ivoire has lost a $150 billion asset through deforestation for $120 billion in sales of cacao

http://postconflict.unep.ch/en-cote-divoire-PCEA-photoessay-2015/

15

Root turnover from trees in crop fields results in release of carbon and other nutrients in agricultural soils, can be

controlled by shoot pruning and unlike leaf biomass is not subject to competitive use for fodder or fuel.

Maintaining soil organic carbon and a balanced biota sustains long term soil health – appropriate tree cover that exhibits

niche differentiation with agricultural crops can do this at the same time as increasing immediate land productivity.

Agroforestry practices positively modify the abundance, diversity and activity of soil organisms driving soil

processes that underpin productivity and provision of other ecosystem services

Noah Fierer et al. PNAS 2012;109:21390-21395

Recent advances in genomics allow us to assess the functional diversity of soil microbiomes.

We are using these techniques to look at how tree cover, species and diversity affect soil function with a particular focus on non-responsive soils in Africa

Genomics reveals soil microbial function

69% of carbon loss due to degradation, 31% to forest cover loss

Asia contributed only 16% of loss

Asia had highest loss per hectare (25 t C per ha)

Forest quality is as important as forest quantity, but often neglected

The Right Tree for the Right PlaceA. Trees for Products

B. Trees for Services

fruit firewood medicine income sawnwood fodder

soilfertility

carbon sequestration

soilerosion

watershedprotection

shade biodiversity

Natural Forests

TimberPlantation

Commodity Plantation

Mixed Farms/ Landsacapes

Degraded Areas

Natural Forests = x X x xPlantation Timber X √ ? √ X

CommodityPlantation x ? √ XMixed Farms/ Lansdscapes x X ? X

Degraded Areas x √ √ √ √

2030

2018

Change of Theory

Observed Change: DiscoveryInduced Change: Translation

Context or Policy Change: Scale

Agriculture/Agroforestry Performance Standard

1. Productivity

2. Profitability

3. Environmental Stewardship

4. Good Governance/Good Management

5. Social Inclusion

Reforestation is a RealityA trained team of 5 tree planters, a

support team with nursery infrastructure can plant 25K trees per

week, 100K trees a month, 1.2 m trees a year.

Reforestation of abandoned land with useful species of trees is not only

possible but practical and profitable. Whether supported by communities or governments or international funders.

We all need to work to make abandoned land productive and useful

not only for timber crops but food crops as well and payment for

environmental services.