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Motorola General Business
Mobile Broadband Evolution LTE and EPC
Srini RaoSrini Rao
Fellow of Technical StaffFellow of Technical Staff
Motorola Enterprise Mobility SolutionsMotorola Enterprise Mobility Solutions
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Agenda
LTE Timeline Overview
Applications
EPC Overview Interworking and mobility
3GPP access
Non-3GPP access QoS and Policy Roaming Voice over LTE
CSFB, VoLGA, IMS VoIP/One Voice, over the top Voice Handover
Future Directions LTE-Advanced
Summary
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LTE Timeline
2005 2009 2010 20122006 2007 2008 2011
Trials
First LTE LaunchTeliaSonera
Trials
Deployments
StandardsRel 8
LTE / EPCRel 9Rel 6
HSPA
Rel 7HSPA
+Rel 10
LTE - Advanced
Verizon target sLTE Launch in
30 Markets
AT&T trials in2010, Initial
deployment in2011
59 LTE Network commitments in 28 countries around the world GSA Mar 2010
China Mobile trials TD-LTE in 2010
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Terminology
Long Term Evolution (LTE)
3GPP (Third Generation Partnership Project) work item known as LTE
Evolution of GSM/GPRS, WCDMA/HSPA radio networks
LTE strictly refers to air interface, often entire technology (including corenetwork) loosely referred to as LTE (or LTE/SAE)
Evolved Packet Core (EPC)
Outcome of 3GPP work item - System Architecture Evolution (SAE)
Evolve GPRS and HSPA packet core networks to an all-IP based core
Other terms
Evolved UTRAN (E-UTRAN)
Radio access network is referred to as E-UTRAN
Evolved Packet System (EPS) End-to-end system including LTE terminals, E-UTRAN, and Core network
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LTE Drivers
UMTS-HSPA Voice and Data Traffic1
Explosive growth in mobile data traffic Rise in adoption of broadband wirelessdevices
Smart phones, modems, integratedPCs/Laptops
Popularity of video, apps
Flat rate data plans
Need for improved cost efficiency Expected cost per Mbps on HSPA is 14% of coston EDGE, and LTE would be 3% of EDGE cost2
Cost per MB expected to drop from 0.06 for
WCDMA to 0.03 for HSPA and 0.01 for LTE(2x5 MHz)3
Source: Dr. Klaus-Jurgen Krath, T-Mobile International
1. Source: HSPA to LTE-Advanced, Rysavy Research / 3G Americas, Sep. 2009
2. Kris Rinne, SVP Architecture and Planning, AT&T, 4G World, Sep. 20093. Source: Analysys Mason, 2008, from UMTS Forum white paper Feb. 2009
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Key LTE Target Requirements1
Peak data rates (for 20 MHz, 1 Tx and 2 Rx antennas at terminal) 100 Mbps downlink (DL) 50 Mbps uplink (UL)
Improved spectral efficiency (in bits/s/Hz)
3-4 times higher than HSPA (3GPP Release 6) DL 2-3 times higher than HSPA UL
Reduced latency User plane latency (one way radio delay) < 5 ms Control plane latency (idle to active) < 100 ms
Spectrum and bandwidth flexibility for deployment Channel bandwidths 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15 and 20 MHz, asymmetric allocation
(different UL, DL BWs) Support both paired and unpaired spectrum (FDD and TDD modes using
common air interface) Cost efficiency Simpler all-IP flat architectures, Self-Organizing Network (SON) capability etc.
to reduce CAPEX and OPEX
1. From 3GPP TR 25.913
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LTE Radio Interface
From UMTS Long Term Evolution (LTE)Technology Introduction, Rohde &Schwarz, Sep 08
Multiple access scheme
OFDMA DL SC-FDMA UL
Similar to OFDMA, more power efficient lower peak-to-average power ratio
Adaptive Modulation and Coding
DL/UL QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM Convolutional and Turbo codes
MIMO Spatial multiplexing
(2 or 4)x(2 or 4) DL and UL
Multi-user MIMO Peak rates up to 300/75 Mbps DL/UL for 4x4 MIMO
LSTI (LTE/SAE Trial Initiative)
10 operators in trials Peak rates for FDD and TDD normalized to 20
MHz > 100 Mbps DL, 30 50 Mbps UL
Measured end-endround trip latencies < 30 ms
Verizon trial (10 MHz FDD)
Average rates 5-12 Mbps DL, 2-5 Mbps UL, peak rates 40-50 Mbps DL, 2025 Mbps UL
No. of Resource blocks ranging from6 (1.4 MHz) to 100 (20 MHz)
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LTE Frequency Bands
TDD2400 MHz2300 MHz2400 MHz2300 MHz40
TDD1920 MHz1880 MHz1920 MHz1880 MHz39
TDD2620 MHz2570 MHz2620 MHz2570 MHz38
TDD1930 MHz1910 MHz1930 MHz1910 MHz37
TDD1990 MHz1930 MHz1990 MHz1930 MHz36
TDD1910 MHz1850 MHz1910 MHz1850 MHz35
TDD2025 MHz2010 MHz2025 MHz2010 MHz34
TDD1920 MHz1900 MHz1920 MHz1900 MHz33
...
FDD746 MHz734 MHz716 MHz704 MHz17
FDD768 MHz758 MHz798 MHz788 MHz14
FDD756 MHz746 MHz787 MHz777 MHz13
FDD746 MHz728 MHz716 MHz698 MHz12
FDD1495.9 MHz1475.9 MHz1447.9 MHz1427.9 MHz11
FDD2170 MHz2110 MHz1770 MHz1710 MHz10
FDD1879.9 MHz1844.9 MHz1784.9 MHz1749.9 MHz9
FDD960 MHz925 MHz915 MHz880 MHz8
FDD2690 MHz2620 MHz2570 MHz2500 MHz7
FDD885 MHz875 MHz840 MHz830 MHz6
FDD894MHz869 MHz849 MHz824 MHz5
FDD2155 MHz2110 MHz1755 MHz1710 MHz4
FDD1880 MHz1805 MHz1785 MHz1710 MHz3
FDD1990 MHz1930 MHz1910 MHz1850 MHz2
FDD2170 MHz2110 MHz1980 MHz1920 MHz1
DuplexMode
Downlink (DL) BS transmitUplink (UL) UE transmitOperating
Band
From 3GPP TS 36.101
Verizon to deploy LTE in 700 MHz spectrum (10 + 10 MHz in Band class 13)
AT&T to deploy LTE in 700 MHz and AWS spectrum (Band class 4)
2.6 GHz TDD band being added in U.S. for Clearwire
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LTE Enables New Applications
HD Video Streaming
(720i H264)
DL 6-8Mbps
DL Data Rate
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Video Blogging / Live video
UL SD-2Mbps / HD-6-8Mbps
UL Data RateLatency
MMOG (OnlineGaming)
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Evolved Packet Core
(EPC)
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Why is Core Evolution needed?
2G/3G mobile core networks designed for low-speed, best-effort data Increased scalability of core elements to handle significant increase in
number of connections, bandwidth, and mobility High throughput and low latency requirements Key aspects of EPC
All-IP flat network architecture Separation of control and data planes End-to-end QoS management and service control through policy control and
charging (PCC) architecture
No circuit-switched core Support for multiple access networks
Not covered Protocol alternatives for S5/S8 interface GTP versus PMIPv6 assuming GTP
primarily for simplicity Related topic of on-path versus off-path policy Security authentication, authorization, etc. Charging
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2G/3G to LTE
Access Packet Core Services
GSM/GPRS
BTS BSC MGW
Circuit Core
MSC ServerWCDMA/HSPA
Node B
LTE/SAE
eNodeB
MME
RNC
Serving GW
PDN GW
SGSN
GGSN
PSTNPSTN
IPNetworks(IMS, Internet
etc.)
IPNetworks(IMS, Internet
etc.)
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Network Architecture Overview
UE
MME
HSS
Serving
GW
PDN
GW
PCRF
IP Networks(IMS, Internet etc.)
IP Networks(IMS, Internet etc.)
S6a
S11
S1-U
S1-MME
LTE-Uu S5
Gx
Rx
SGi
eNB
S10
X2
Mobility Management Entity
Key control and Signaling Element Gateway Selection
Idle state terminal location management
Bearer control
Home Subscriber Server
User subscription data
Policy and Charging Rules
Function Gating and QoS policy control
Flow-based charging control
Serving Gateway
Bearer plane element interfacing
E-UTRAN
Mobility anchor for inter-eNB andinter-3GPP access mobility
Packet Data Network (PDN) Gateway
Bearer plane element interfacing PDNs
Terminal IP address allocation
Policy enforcement
Packet filtering
Charging
Evolved Node B
Radio Resource Management
User plane IP header compressionand encryption
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UE
MME
SGSN
HSS
Serving
GW
PDN
GW
PCRF
IP Networks
(IMS, Internet etc.)
IP Networks(IMS, Internet etc.)
WCDMA/HSPA
WCDMA/HSPA
GSM/GPRS
GSM/GPRS
S6a
Gr
S1-U
S1-MME
LTE-Uu S5
Gx
Rx
SGi
Gn
eNB
S10
X2
Interworking and Mobility 3GPP Access (Gn/Gp SGSN)
S12
Gn
S11
Handovers to/from 2G/3G similar to inter-SGSN handover with
MME acting as an SGSN
PDN GW acting as a GGSN
SGSN must select a PDN GW for LTE capable terminals in 2G/3G
Model applicable for GTP based S5/S8 interface
HSS needs to support or interwork with Gr interface
Direct tunnel support via S12 interface for 3G
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UE
MME
SGSN
HSS
Serving
GW
PDN
GW
PCRF
IP Networks
(IMS, Internet etc.)
IP Networks(IMS, Internet etc.)
WCDMA/HSPA
WCDMA/HSPA
GSM/GPRS
GSM/GPRS
S6a
S4
S1-U
S1-MME
LTE-Uu S5
Gx
Rx
SGi
S3
eNB
S10
X2
Interworking and Mobility 3GPP Access (S4 SGSN)
S12
S11
Addition of new S3 and S4 interfaces Support for Idle mode Signaling Reduction (ISR)
Enables EPC-only core for all 3GPP accesses, including ability to handover betweenand within 2G & 3G radio networks
Direct tunnel support via S12 interface for 3G
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I ki d M bili GPP A
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Interworking and Mobility non-3GPP Access(Optimized Handover for HRPD/EV-DO)
HRPD High Rate Packet Data
AN Access Node
HSGW HRPD Serving GW
AAA Authentication,Authorization, Accounting
LTE-UuUE
MME
HSS
Serving
GW
PDN
GW
PCRF
IP Networks(IMS, Internet etc.)
IP Networks(IMS, Internet etc.)
S6a
S11
S1-U
S1-MME
S5
Gx
Rx
SGieNB
AAA
HRPDAN
HSGW
S101S103
IOS
S2a
STa
SWx
S6b
Optimized handover supported in both idle and active states and E-UTRAN to/from HRPD
Common user subscription data in HSS Terminal in E-UTRAN receives HRPD system info on broadcast channel or via dedicated signaling Pre-registration (and handover signaling) using S101 interface PDN GW acts as a common IP anchor point User data between HSGW and PDN GW transported over S2a interface supporting PMIPv6
Serving GW forwards packets destined to terminal via S103 interface to HSGW
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I t ki d M bilit N 3GPP A (G i )
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Interworking and Mobility Non-3GPP Access (Generic)
LTE-UuUE
MME
HSS
Serving
GW
PDN
GW
PCRF
IP Networks(IMS, Internet etc.)
IP Networks(IMS, Internet etc.)
S6a
S11
S1-U
S1-MME
S5
Gx
Rx
SGieNB
TrustedNon-3GPP(WiMAX,CDMA)
TrustedNon-3GPP(WiMAX,CDMA)
S2a
STa
SWx
UntrustedNon-3GPP(WiFi etc.)
UntrustedNon-3GPP(WiFi etc.)
ePDG
SWa
S6b
S2b
SWn
AAA
SWmePDG evolved Packet Data Gateway
Trusted (e.g. WiMAX, CDMA) versus untrusted (e.g. public WiFi) Non-3GPP networks Trusted access networks connect to PDN GW via S2a similar to optimized HRPD For untrusted networks, terminal connects to ePDG using IPSec tunnels
ePDG interfaces to PDN GW via S2b using PMIPv6 Network based versus client based mobility
For client based mobility, terminal connects to PDN GW via S2c interface (not shown) using DSMIPv6or MIPv4
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Q S C t
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QoS Concepts
EPS Bearer is a logical aggregate of one or more IP flows IP flows (aka service data flows or SDFs) may belong to one or more
services
EPS Bearer provides connectivity to Packet Data Networks (PDNs) Bearer extends from UE to PDN GW
All Service data flows within a bearer receive same level of QoS
Default bearerestablished when UE connects to a PDN
Remains in place as long as the PDN connection is alive
Provides UE with low latency always-on IP connectivity to PDN
QoS level of default bearer assigned based on subscription
Dedicated bearersare setup when new IP flows that require specificpacket forwarding treatment are started
Dedicated bearers can be Guaranteed Bit Rate (GBR) or non-GBR
Default bearer is always non-GBRMotorola General Business
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EPC B M d l (GTP b d S5/S8)
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EPC Bearer Model (GTP based S5/S8)
PDN GW
Service Data Flows
eNBUE
Service Data Flows
UL Packet Filter
Radio Bearer S1 Bearer
Application / Service Layer
S5/S8 Bearer
S GW
DL Packet Filter
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QoS Parameters
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QoS Parameters
QoS Class Identifier (QCI) A scalar value mapped to specific bearer
level packet forwarding treatment e.g. scheduling weights, queuemanagement thresholds, link layerprotocol configuration etc.
9 standardized values of QCI defined Each bearer assigned one and only oneQCI
Allocation and Retention Priority (ARP) Decision to accept or reject due to resourcelimitations (typically GBR bearers)
Decision (e.g., by eNB) which bearer(s) todrop (e.g. at handover)
Guaranteed Bit Rate (GBR) and MaximumBit Rate (MBR)
Apply to GBR bearers In Release 8, MBR equals GBR
Aggregate Maximum Bit Rate (AMBR) APN-AMBR total bit rate allowed for auser for all non-GRR bearers associatedwith an APN (Access Point Name)
UE-AMBR total bit rate allowed for a userfor all non-GRR bearers separate UL and DL values of AMBR
QCI Resource
Type
Priority Packet Delay
Budget
Packet Error
Loss Rate
Example Services
1 2 100 ms 10-2 Conversational Voice
2 GBR 4 150 ms 10-3 Conversational Video (Live Streaming)
3 3 50 ms 10-3 Real Time Gaming
4 5 300 ms 10-6 Non-Conversational Video (Buffered Streaming)
5 1 100 ms 10-6 IMS Signalling
6 6 300 ms 10-6 Video (Buffered Streaming)TCP-based (e.g., www, e-mail, chat, ftp, p2p file
sharing, progressive video, etc.)
7 Non-GBR 7 100 ms 10-3 Voice, Video (Live Streaming), Interactive Gaming
8 8 300 ms 10-6 Video (Buffered Streaming)TCP-based (e.g., www, e-mail, chat, ftp, p2p file
9 9 sharing, progressive video, etc.)
From 3GPP TS 23.203
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Policy and Charging Control (PCC) PCRF Policy and Charging Rules Function
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Policy and Charging Control (PCC) PCRF Policy and Charging Rules FunctionPCEF Policy and Charging Enforcement Function
SPR Subscription Profile Repository
AF Application Function
OFCS Offline Charging System
OCS Online Charging System
PCEF
PDN GWUE
MME
HSS
ServingGW
PCRF
IP Networks(IMS, Internet etc.)
IP Networks(IMS, Internet etc.)
S6a
S1-U
S1-MME
LTE-Uu S5
Gx
Rx
SGi
S3
eNB
S10
X2
SPR
Sp
AF
OCS
OFCS
Gy
Gz
S11
Policy control
gating control allow or block IP flows
QoS control provide authorized QoS (eg. QoSclass, bit rates etc.) decision to PCEF whichenforces it
Charging control online and offline
PCC rule includes SDF template, precedence, gatestatus, QoS control info (QCI, ARP, bit rates etc.),
charging control info
PCC enables a centralized mechanism forservice-aware QoS and charging control
PCRF controls dynamic policies based on
subscription info from SPR, Session info fromAF, operator provisioned policies, accessnetwork info from PCEF etc.
alternatively, static policies can also beprovisioned in PCEF
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Policy Control Use Case for IMS Voice
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Policy Control Use Case for IMS Voice
PCEF
PDN GWUE
MME
HSS
ServingGW
PCRF
IP Networks(IMS, Internet etc.)
IP Networks(IMS, Internet etc.)
S6a
S11
S1-U
S1-MME
LTE-Uu S5
Gx
Rx
SGi
S3
eNB
S10
X2
SPR
Sp
AF(P-CSCF)
OCS
OFCS
Gy
Gz
4. PolicyDecision
6. Bearerbinding
1. Application Signaling (SIP/SDP)
2. App Info
3. Subscription Info
5. PCC rule
6. Activate / modify bearer
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Network Architecture for Roaming (Home Routed)
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Network Architecture for Roaming (Home Routed)
LTE-UuUE
MME
HSS
ServingGW
PDNGW
hPCRF
IPNetworks
(IMS,Internet)
IPNetworks
(IMS,Internet)
S6a
S11
S1-MME
S8
Gx
Rx
SGi
S1-UeNB
Trusted
Non-3GPP(WiMAX,CDMA)
TrustedNon-3GPP
(WiMAX,CDMA)
S2a
STa
SWx
Untrusted
Non-3GPP(WiFi etc.)
UntrustedNon-3GPP(WiFi etc.)
ePDG
SWa
S6b
S2b
SWn
SWm
vPCRF
S9
GxbGxcAAA
Proxy
SWd
Gxa
AAA
Home Network
Visited Network
Serving GW in visited network and PDN GW in home connected via S8 interface All traffic for the terminal IP connection routed via home network
No direct policy control across home/visited network boundary Only through interaction between home PCRF and visited PCRF via S9 interface vPCRF may accept or reject (not modify) policy decisions made by hPCRF
If S8 is based on GPRS Tunneling Protocol (GTP), vPCRF and S9 are not required
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Network Architecture for Roaming (Local Breakout)
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Network Architecture for Roaming (Local Breakout)
LTE-UuUE
MME
HSS
ServingGW
hPCRF
IPNetworks
IPNetworks
S6a
S11
S1-MME
S5
Gx
Rx
SGi
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S1-UeNB
TrustedNon-3GPP(WiMAX,CDMA)
Trusted
Non-3GPP(WiMAX,CDMA)
S2a
SWx
UntrustedNon-3GPP(WiFi etc.)
STa
UntrustedNon-3GPP(WiFi etc.)
ePDG
SWa
S6b
S2b
SWn
SWm
S9
GxbGxc
SWd
Gxa
AAA
Home Network
Visited Network
Rx
Visited IPNetworks
Visited IPNetworks
AAAProxyPDN
GW
vPCRF
Both Serving GW and PDN GW in visited network Traffic routed from terminal to IP network directly
Application Function (AF) may be in Home or Visited network If AF is in visited network, Rx signaling transported to home PCRF via visited PCRF
using S9 interface
Voice Options for LTE
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Voice Options for LTE
LTE/SAE networks have no circuit core
Initial roll-outs likely will support data only devices such as
USB dongles
Voice based on legacy circuit core
CS (Circuit Switch) Fallback (CSFB)
Voice over LTE via Generic Access Network (VoLGA)
Voice based on IMS
3GPP Multimedia Telephony (MMTel) / One Voice Over the top VoIP
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Circuit Switch Fallback (CSFB)
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Circuit Switch Fallback (CSFB)
Use legacy CS domain for voice in 2G/3G(GSM, WCDMA, CDMA1x)
MSC upgraded to interface with EPC new SGs interface with MME for GSM/WCDMA
S102 interface between MME and 1x InterworkingSolution (1xCS IWS) for CDMA
paging request delivered via LTE
paging response etc. and call originations via2G/3G
Feature in 3GPP Rel 8 standard Supported by NTT DoCoMo, KDDI and others
Optimizations to address call setup delays in Rel 9(for CDMA) and Rel 10 for GSM/WCDMA
CSVo
ice
CSVo
ice
Signaling
EPC
2G/3G
Core
SGs
MSC
MME
Suitable for initial stages of LTE deployment prior to IMS introduction
Dual RX terminal alternative to new interface requirements SMS also supported over LTE using the interfaces with 2G/3G MSC
No fallback to 2G/3G needed
Handover of concurrent LTE data sessions depend on 2G/3G network capability
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Voice over LTE via Generic Access (VoLGA)
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Voice over LTE via Generic Access (VoLGA)
Based on 3GPP UMA/GAN standardfor voice over WiFi
VoLGA Access Network Controller
(VANC) is a modification of GANC
CS signaling and bearers tunneledover IP
Developed in VoLGA Forum, not a
3GPP standard Driven by T-Mobile
VoIP
EPC
2G/3GCore
MSC
VANCCS Voice
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IMS based VoIP (MMTel / One Voice)
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IMS based VoIP (MMTel /One Voice)
SIP based VoIP for terminals in LTE usingIMS Multimedia Telephony (MMTel)standard
Support for voice call handover to CS
domain in 2G/3G for broader coverage Single Radio Voice Call Continuity (SR-VCC)
One Voiceprofile defined to promote astandardized solution for initial
deployment of cellular IMS based VoIPnetwork
Supported by several Operators includingAT&T and Verizon
VoIP
EPC
2G/3GCore
MSC
MME
IMS
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Voice Handover Mechanisms
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Voice Handover Mechanisms
Single Radio Voice Call Continuity(SRVCC)
VoIP call on LTE to circuit voice call onGSM, WCDMA or CDMA 1x
Enhanced MSC server with Sv interfaceto MME in GSM/WCDMA
1xCS Interworking Solution (1xCS IWS)
in CDMA1x with S102 interface to MME Call anchored on IMS (SCC-AS)
Network layer mechanism
VoIP
EPC
2G/3G
Core
Sv
MSC
MME
IMS
CSVoic
e
CSVoic
e
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Voice Handover Mechanisms Contd
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IMS based Service Centralization andContinuity (SCC)
VoIP call on WLAN to circuit voice call onUTRAN/GERAN or CDMA 1x
Calls anchored on IMS SCC-AS Application layer mechanism
when access networks do not providesupport for voice handovers
Terminal makes handover decisions
VoIP
WiFi/WiMAX
2G/3GCore
MSC
IMS
CSVoic
e
CSVoic
e
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LTE-Advanced
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Key feature of 3GPP Release 10, targeted for March 2011
Wider Bandwidth
Support for bandwidths larger than 20 MHz (40 MHz, 100 MHz)
Carrier Aggregation aggregate two or more component carriers Peak data rates of 1 Gbps DL, 500 Mbps UL
UL and DL Transmission Schemes
Beamforming, MIMO enhancements
Coordinated Multi-Point Tx and Rx (CoMP)
Improve coverage, cell edge throughput and/or system efficiency
Relaying
Relay Nodes forward traffic/signaling between eNB and terminals
Improve coverage of high data rates, extend coverage to shadowed areas etc.
LTE-Advanced submitted by 3GPP as candidate for ITU-R IMT-Advanced 4Gtechnology solution in October 2009
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Summary and Conclusion
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y
LTE technology is being proven to meet or exceed initial target requirements
Large ecosystem of operators, vendors etc. committed to LTE
Commercial network deployments planned 2010 and beyond
EPC represents an efficient all-IP packet core Supports delivery of mobile Internet services with QoS over broadband radio
networks
Supports multiple access technologies (all 2G/3G cellular, WiMAX, WiFi etc.)
and mobility between these access networks LTE and EPC can cost effectively address the demands of future mobile
broadband growth
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