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Praise to &llah S' turnin author* +ho has iven ra,e so - ,an .inish a
re/ort o. manaement /roje,t
'ritin is one o. the tas$s an re3uirements .or ,ourses o. Enineerin
Phsi,s* hemi,al Enineerin Proram S1 %am/un niversit in 5 semester
#n this o,,asion* - e6ten m ratitue an hihest a//re,iation to all those +ho
have /rovie su//ort* en,ouraement* uian,e an ire,tion to the author
& than$ ou an our a+ar oes to7
1 E+in &z+ar*S**8S, as a le,turer o. Proje,t 8anaement
2 &n Friens* an all +ho have iven en,ouraement an s/irit so that the
re/ort ,an 9e ,om/lete
-n +ritin this re/ort* - .eel there are still man short ,omins in 9oth te,hni,al
+ritin an material :iven the a9ilit - have* there.ore* ,riti,ism an suestions
.rom all sies* so - ho/e .or the sa$e o. /er.e,tin the manu.a,ture o. /a/er
his is one o. the tas$s an re3uirements .or ,ourses in Enineerin Phsi,s*
hemi,al Enineerin Proram S1 %am/un niversit in 5 semester #n this
o,,asion* - e6ten m ratitue an hihest a//re,iation to all those +ho have
/rovie su//ort* en,ouraement* uian,e an ire,tion to the author
;anar %am/un* 0" <anuar 2015
'riter*
TABLE OF CONTENTS
FOREWORD
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
& #ranizational ;ehavior
; Desin e..e,tive #ranization
Entre/reneurshi/ reativit #ranization
D oor/eration an om/etition in Human an &nimal
E S$ill an Perse,tive .or E6e,utive su,,ess
F he reative -ea (:ive Some -novation in =our 'or$)
: Pro9lem Solvin
H Develo/in Finan,ial s$ills in #ranizational 9ehavior
- ransa,tion %eaershi/
< Estha9lishin Po+er in Relation Shi/
> hara,terizti, o. Fun,tional #ranizational
% Su,,es.ull omuni,ation .or ;ussines an he Pro..essions
8 he So,iolo o. #ranization N ;ehavioural S,ien,es .or 8anaers
A. ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR
'hat is human ;ehavior ?
'hat is #ranizational ;ehavior ?
Human 9ehavior re.ers to the rane o. a,tion 9 humans an +hi,h are in.luen,e
9 ,ulture* attitues* emotions* values* ethi,s* authorit* ra//ort* h/nosis* /ersuasion* ,oer,ion an eneti,s
#ranizational ;ehavior is the stu o. human 9ehavior in oranizational settins*
the inter.a,e 9et+een human 9ehavior an the oranization* an the oranization
itsel. #; ,an 9e ivie into three levels7 the stu o. (a) iniviuals in
oranizations (mi,ro@level)* (9) +or$ rou/s (meso@level)* an (,) ho+
oranizations 9ehave (ma,ro@level)
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'hatAs the .a,tor that relate to oranizational 9ehavior ?
1. Job-related attitudes and emotions
#ranizational 9ehavior eals +ith em/loee attitues an .eelins
• <o9 satis.a,tion is the .eelins one has a9out the jo9 or .a,ets o. the
jo9* su,h as /a or su/ervision
• #ranizational ,ommitment is the e6tent to +hi,h em/loees .eel
atta,hment to their oranization
• Emotional la9or ,on,erns the re3uirement that em/loees is/la
,ertain emotions* li$e smilin at ,ustomers
2. Leadership
here have 9een a num9er o. a//roa,hes an theories that ,on,ern
leaershi/ Earl theories .o,use on ,hara,teristi,s o. leaers* +hile later
theories .o,use on leaer 9ehavior* an ,onitions uner +hi,h
iniviuals ,an 9e e..e,tive Some leaershi/ a//roa,hes an theories
in,lue7
• ontinen, theor sas that oo leaershi/ e/ens on ,hara,teristi,s
o. the leaer an the situation
• Path@oal theor is a ,ontinen, theor lin$in a//ro/riate leaer stle to
oranizational ,onitions* an su9orinate /ersonalit
• rans.ormational leaershi/ theor ,on,erns the 9ehaviors leaers o that
ins/ire .ollo+ers to hih levels o. motivation an /er.orman,e Relate to
,harismati, leaershi/ that is /art o. trans.ormational
3. Managerial role
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In the late 1960s Henr Mint!berg" a graduate student at
MI#" $are%ull studied the a$ti&ities o% '&e e(e$uti&es. )n
the basis o% his obser&ations" Mint!berg arri&ed at three
$ategories that subsume managerial roles* interpersonal
roles+ de$isional roles+ and in%ormational roles
4. ,ational $ulture
National ,ulture is thouht to a..e,t the 9ehavior o. iniviuals in
oranizations his iea is e6em/li.ie 9 Ho.steeBs ,ultural imensions
theor Ho.stee survee a lare num9er o. ,ultures an ienti.ie si6
imensions o. national ,ultures that in.luen,e the 9ehavior o. iniviuals
in oranizations
• Po+er istan,e
• -niviualism vs ,olle,tivism
• n,ertaint avoian,e
• 8as,ulinit vs .emininit
• %on@term orientation vs short term orientation
• -nulen,e vs restraint
. )rgani!ational $iti!enship beha&ior
)rgani!ational $iti!enship beha&ior is beha&ior that goes
beond assigned tass and $ontributes to the /ell-being o%
organi!ations
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6. )rgani!ational $ulture
#ranizational ,ulture em/hasizes the ,ulture o. the oranization itsel.
his a//roa,h /resumes that oranizations ,an 9e ,hara,terize 9 ,ultural
imensions su,h as 9elie.s* values* rituals* sm9ols* an so .orth 'ithin
this a//roa,h* the a//roa,hes enerall ,onsist o. either evelo/in
moels .or unerstanin oranizational ,ulture or evelo/in t/oloies
o. oranizational ,ulture Ear S,hein evelo/e a moel .or
unerstanin oranizational ,ulture an ienti.ie three levels o.
oranizational ,ulture7
• &rti.a,ts an ;ehaviors
• Es/ouse Calues
• Share ;asi, &ssum/tions
. ersonalit
ersonalit $on$erns $onsistent patterns o% beha&ior"
$ognition" and emotion in indi&iduals. #he stud o%
personalit in organi!ations has generall %o$used on the
relation o% spe$i'$ traits to emploee per%orman$e. #here
has been a parti$ular %o$us on the ig i&e personalit
traits" /hi$h re%ers to '&e o&erar$hing personalit traits.
. )$$upational stress
#here are number o% /as to $hara$teri!e o$$upational
stress. )ne /a o% $hara$teri!ing it is to term it an
imbalan$e bet/een 5ob demands aspe$ts o% the 5ob that
re7uire mental or phsi$al e8ort and resour$es that help
manage the demands
9. :or-%amil
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;hester arnard re$ogni!ed that indi&iduals beha&e
di8erentl /hen a$ting in their /or role than /hen a$ting
in roles outside their /or role. :or-%amil $on<i$t o$$urs
/hen the demands o% %amil and /or roles are
in$ompatible" and the demands o% at least one role
inter%ere /ith the dis$harge o% the demands o% the other.
10. Moti&ation
Moti&ation is a theoreti$al $onstru$t used to e(plain
beha&ior. It is the s$ienti'$ /ord used to represent the
reasons %or our a$tions" our desires" and our needs.
Moti&ation $an also be de'ned as our dire$tion to our
beha&ior or /hat $auses us to /ant to repeat a beha&ior
C!"!#$%"&'$&# () #*+$*"% : +%!",%- '!/%- $"!,'%,%"!$&(,!+ 'y(+&# !,-
!-!3$&).
A33+&#!$&(, () #*+$*"% :
• &s a hit o. eneral attri9utes o. /eo/le
• o ienti. the s/e,i.i, ,ontent o. a /arti,ular rou/ o. /eo/le
C!"!#$%"&'$&# ("!,&4!$&(, #*+$*"%:
1 #9serve 9ehavioral reularities
2 Norma
Stanars o. 9ehavior e6ist in,luin ui lines on ho+ mu,h +or$ to o
! Dominant Calues
4 Philoso/h /oli,ies that set .urth the oranizations 9elieve a9out no+ em/loees an
,ustumer are to 9e treate
5 Rules
#ranization lima$s
F!#$(" $!$ -%$%"&,% $% '$"%,$ () !, ("!,&4!$&(,!+ #*+$*"% :
1 Shaveress
2 -ntensit 7 the eree o. ,ommitment o. the oranizational mem9ers to the
,ome values
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O"!,&4!$&(, #*+$*% 3"()&+%
• Name o. the ,ulture 7 a,tual
• /e o. ris$ that are assume 7 hih
• /e o. .ee9a,$ .rom e,isions 7 .ast
• /i,al $ins o. oranizations that use this ,ulture 7 ,ommer,e
• Strenth o. the /ersonalit ,ulture 7 the one a9le to 3ui,$l* e..e,tivel*
e..i,ien, /rou,e a hih volume o. +or$
• 'ea$ness o. the /ersonnal ,ulture 7 the o not leave .rom /ast mista$es
P%"'(,!+&$y $"!&$' () $% &,,%"'
1 &,tion@oriente a9le to institute ,arr out ,hare
2 &9ilit to 9uil a sense o. sha$e values
! Sel.@,on.ient* hathe a9ilit to ta$e ris$s +ithout unue +orr
4 E6,ellent ,ommuni,ation s$ills
5 Hih interit
&,hieve a /attern o. a,,om/lishment in +hatever jo9s the unertoo$
Ha a ,ommitment to +hat the +ere oin an +ere +illin to hal. the
/ri,e to et there
G Have a vision that ,oul 9e im/aste to others
" %i$e ,om/etitive s/onts• & river * a stron* a9ilitions leaer* roune in all as/e,t o. the
inustr
• ;riht aressive* oal oriente* leas 9 e6am/le* a +or$aholi,
+ho +ins loalit an result
• :oo stratei, thin$er* /ersona9le* sensitive to /eo/le* .le$si9le
• harismati, an ,reative Has an 9elieva9le ener an 9o s,ont
ethi,s
• >ee/ min* intuitive* 9ut also stor num9ers man ins/irational
leaer
E6,e,utive ,an see alon +a into the .uture ienti. the ste/s ne,essar .or some
movethat +ill ta$e ears to ,om/lete* envision the ,onse3uen,es o. leaershi/*
an ta$e this measures to set everthin in motion Have a riles ,a/a,it .or
i..erentiation (loo$in at thin in i..erent +as) an interations (/ullin thins
toether) an an .le$si9le
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organi!ational parti$ipants
parti$ipant $ontual them o&er beha&ior to the e(tent that the $ogniti&e and manage rele&ant en&ironme
organi!ational en&ironmenten&ironment
almost $omple( beha&ior is a$rie&ed b dire$$tl obser&ing and imitation o% her in the organi!ational en&ironment
$ogniti&e representation o% realit help guide organi!ational beha&ior
Per,ention a miht inter/retation o. the situation* not an e6a,t re,onin .it a ver
,om/le6 Sensation eals +ith ver elementar 9ehavior that is etermine larel
9 /hsioloi,al .un,tionin
Per,entual /ro,,es 7 ,om/li,ate intera,tion o. sele,tion oranization
inter/retation althouh /er,e/tion e/ens larel u/on the sereius .or ra+ ata*
the ,onitive /ro,,es ma .ilter* moi. or ,om/letel ,hane these ata
onitive 7 the /ositive an .ree+ill as/e,t o. human 9ehavior an vitilitas
,on,e/ts su,h as e6/e,tan, eman an in,entin
onitive ,on,e/t o. e6/e,tan, im/lies that the oranization thin$in a9out* or
is ,ons,ions an a+a$e o. the oal
S(#&!+ +%!/&, !33"(!# $( ("!,&4!$&(, %!/&("
9
organi!atio
nal
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stimulus $on$e7uen$ebeha&iororganism
;ogniti&e mediations and the phsiologi$al beingo&er and $o&ert responses responses and pattern o% beha&iors.o&ert and $o&ert positi&e=negati&e $on$e$uen$es and en&iromental dna
o&erland $o&ert and phsi$al" so$io $ultural" te$hnologi$al en&ironment
;onte$tual en&ironment
-$ontemporar
-histori$al
-organi!ation $ulture-international $onte(t
>tru$ture*
-organi!ation stru$ture
-5ob design
ro$ess*-de$ision maing
-$ontual
-$omuni$ation-progress
-goal sitting
;ogniti&e pro$ess*
-attitudes
-personalit
-per$eption
hi$ologi$al pro$ess*
-moti&ation
-learning
>tess group dnami$s pol
iti$ leadership
nsual stimulation phsi$a en&ironment* so$io $ultural en&ironment;on%rontation o% spe$i'$ stimulus?egistration o% stimulusInterpretation o% the stimulus e(* moti&ation" learning" and personalit
eed ba$ %or $lari'$atione(* inestheti$ or ph$hologi$eha&ior;onse$uen$es
P"(#%'' 3%"#%3$&(,
1 Stimulus (situations) 2 #ranisme7
-nternal ,onitive /ro,ess o. reistration * inter/retation* .ee9a,$
H( 3%"'(, 3%"#%&/%' ($%"' &, $% %,/&"(,%,$!+ '&$*!$&(,
1 $no+in onesel. ma$es it easier to see other a,,uratel
2 oneBs o+n ,hara,teristi,s e..e,t the ,hara,teristi,s one is li$el to see in
others
! Peo/le +ho a,,e/t them sel. are more li$el to 9e a9le to see .avora9le
as/e,t o. other /eo/le
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elie%s about the ob5e$teeling to/ard the ob5e$teha&ional intentional regarding the ob5e$t@$tual beha&ior
6. &,,ura, in /er,eivin others is not a sinle s$ill
P%"'(, %&, 3%"#%&/%- &# &,)+*%,#% '(#&!+ 3%"#%3$&(,
1 he stations o. the /erson /er,eive +ill reatl in.luen,es others
/er,etion o. the /erson
2 he /erson 9ein /er,eive is usuall /la,e into ,ateories to sim/li.
the vie+ers /ersentual a,tivities +o ,ommon ,ateories stational role
! he visi9le traits o. the /erson /er,eive +ill reatl in.luen,e other
/er,e/tion o. the /erson
Attribution 7 re.er sim/l to ho+ a /erson e6/lains the ,ame o. anotherAs o. this
o+n 9ehavior hree sour,e imentions* /erson* entit* an ,onte6t
Stereo typing 7 tenen, to /er,eive another /erson as 9elonin to a sinle
,lass* the e6isten,e o. is,re/an, 9et+een attri9ute traits an a,tual traits
The halo effect 7 /erson is /er,eive on the 9asis o. one trait
Attitude 7 /ersistent tenen, .o .eel an 9ehavior in a /arti,ular +a to+ar some
o9je,t
Componen:
@ Emotional 7 he /ersonAs .eelin an a9out an o9je,t* /ositive* neutral*
neative
@ -n.ormation 7 the 9elie.es an in.ormation the iniviual has a9out the
o9je,t
@ ;ehavional 7 /ersonals tenen,ies to 9ehave in a /arti,ular +a to+ar an
o9je,t
;elie. .orm 7
1 Past e6/erien,e
2 &vaila9le in.ormation
! :eneralization
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oli$ies
>tru$tures
hsi$al ;ondition
ro$esses
Job >tress
;arriers to ,hane attitues
1 'hom /eo/le .eel a ,ommitment to /arti,ular ,ourse o. a,tion
2 -nsu..i,ient in.ormation
ATTITUDE FUNCTION
FUNCTION ORIGIN AND
DYNAMICS
CONDITION CHANGE
CONDITION
&jusment tilit o. attitue o9je,t
is nee o. satis.a,tion*
ma6imizin e6ternal
re+ars an minimizin
/unishment
1 &,tivation o. nees
2 Salien,es o.
asso,iation +ith nee
satis.a,tion
1 Nee e/rivation
2 reation o. ne+
nees an ne+ levels o.
as/iration
! Shi.tin re+ars a
/unishmentE3oe.ensi Prote,tion aainst
internal ,on.li,ts an
e6ternal ,hanes
1 Poshin o. treats
2 &//eal to hatre an
re/resse im/ulses
! use an rotharian
suestion
1 Removal o. treats
2 atharsis
! Develo/ment o. sel.@
insiht
Calues E6/ressions 8aintenan,e o. sel.@
ienti.
1Sa,ient o. ,hes
asso,iate +ith values
2 &//lie to iniviual
to reassert sel. imae
1 Some eree o.
issatis.a,tion +ith sel.
2:reates
a//ro/riateness o. ne+
attitue .os sel. >no+lae Nee .or unerstanin*
meanin.ul ,onitive
oranization
,onsisten,
Reinstatement o.
asso,iate +ith ol
/ro9lems or ol
/ro9lems them selves
1 &m9init ,reate 9e
ne+ in.ormaion ,an 9e
,hane in environtment
2 8ove@meanin .ull
in.ormation a9out
/ro9lems
M!#"( +%/%+ ("!,&4!$&(,!+ '$"%''("'
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P(+&$&#!+ "%!+&$&%'
1 #ranizations are ,om/ose o. ,oalitions +hi,h ,om/e$s +ith one another
.or resonvius ener an in.luen,e
2 Carions ,oalitions +ill see$ t /rote,t their interest an /ositiono. in.luen,e
9 moeratin environtmental /ressures an their e..e,ts
! he une3ual istri9ution o. /o+er it sel. has ehumanizin e..e,ts
#ranizational /oliti,s ,onsist o. international a,ts o. in.luen,es ma$e ta$en 9
iniviuals to enhan,e on /rote,t their sel. interest +hen ,on.li,tin ,onsist o.
a,tion are /ossi9le
P(+&$&#' &++ % %,#(*"!%- %,:
1 Resour,es 7 this is an in.usion o. ne+ un,laime resou,es
2 De,isions 7 &m9inonAs e,isions* e,ision on +hi,h there is la,$ o.
areement* an unstrains* lon lare stratei, e,ision ha to more /oliti,s
than noontime e,isions
! :oals 7 the more am9i3uolis an ,om/le6 the oals 9e,ome* the more /oliti,s
there +ill 9e
4 e,hnolo an e6ternal environment
he more ,om/le6 the internal te,hnolo an e6ternal environment at the
oranization* the more /oliti,s that +ill 9e
5 hane 7 Reoranization an a /lanne or un/lanne oranization
evelo/ment e..e,t 9rouht a9out 9 e6ternal .o,us +ill en,ourae /oliti,al
manaerin
onition that threaten the status o. the /o+er.ul on en,ourae the e..e,ts o. those
+ishin to in,rease their /o+er 9a9e +ill stimulate themtensit o. oranizational
/oliti,s an in,rease the /ro/osition o. e,ision ma$in 9ehavior that ,an 9e
,lassi.ie as /oliti,al as /oliti,al as a//ore to rational
P(+&$&#!+ '$"!$%&' )(" !$$!&,&, 3(%" &, ("!,&4!$&(,'
a a$in ,on,e/t
9 8aintainin manenvera9ilit
, Promotin limite ,ommuni,ation
E6hi9itin ,on.ien,e
e ontrollin a,,es to in.ormation
. 8a$in a,tivities ,entral an non su9stituta9le
reatin a s/onsor an ma$e relationshi/
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h Simulatin ,om/etition amon am9itions eu9orins
i Neutralizin /otential o//osition
j 8a$in stratei, re/la,ements
$ ommittin the un,ommitte
l Formin a +innin ,oalitionm Develo/in e6/ertise
n ;uilin /ersonal status
o Em/loin trae o..
/ sin resear,h ata to su//ort oneAs o+n /oint o. vie+
3 Destri,htin ,ommuni,ation a9out real intentions
r 'ith ra+in ho+ /ett is/utes
D%#&'&(, !7&, 3"(#%''
a -ntellien,e &,tivit 7 sear,hin the environtment .or ,onition ,allin .or
e,ision
9 Desin &,tivit 7 -nventin* evelo/in* analizin /ossi9l ,ourses o.
a,tion ta$e /la,e
, hoi,e &,tivit 7 Sele,tin a /arti,ular ,ourse o. a,tion .rom amon those
availa9le
• -enti.i,ation 7 re,onition o. /ro9lem on o//ortunit arises an
ianosis
• Develo/ment 7 sear, .or e6istin stanar /ro,eures or solutions
alrea in /la,e on the esin o. a ne+* tails mae solution
• Sele,tion7
@ inment 7 on the 9asis o. e6/erien,e or intuition
@ analsis7 sstemati, 9asis* analsis o. the alternatives on a loi,al
@ ;arainin
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I d e n t i ' $ a t i o n s
A ? e $ o g n i t i o n A B i a g n o s i s
B e & e l o p m e n t
A ? e s e a r $ h A B e s i g n
> e l e $ t i o n A i n d g m e n t A a n a l s i s A 2 a r g a i n i n g
B. ECONOMIC MODELS
8a6imum /ro.it +here marinal ,ost (8)
he ,onition are assume 7
1 he e,ision +ill 9e ,om/letel rational in the means ens sense
2 here is a ,om/lete an ,onsistent sstem o. /re.eren,es +hi,h allo+ a
,hoi,e amon the alternatives
! here is ,om/lete a+areness o. all the ,om/utations that ,an 9e /re.erne
to etermine the 9est alternative
4 Pro/a9ilit ,al,ulation are either .ihtenin non msterions
DESIGNING EFFECTIVE ORGANIZATIONS
1
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;),CD?>I),I,E# )E#E#
Bete$ti&e de&i$e
;ompan de&i$eBe$ise de&i$e
?espon me$hani$
,e/ beha&e
)rgani$ beha&e
C. ENTREPENEURSHIP CREATIVITY ORGANIZATION
C"%!$&/% P%"'(,
#//enes to e6/erien,e* o9server,e@sein thin in anusual +as* ,uriosit*
a,,e/tin an re,on,ilin a//atent o//osites* toleran,e o.am9init*
ine/enen,e in inment* thouht an a,tion* neein an assumin antonom*
sel.@relian,e* not 9ein su9je,t to rou/ stanar an ,ontrol* +illinness to ta$e
,al,ulate ris$* /ersisten,e
Sensi9ilit to /ro9lems* .luen,@the a9ilit to enerate a lare num9er o. ieas*.le6i9ilit* oriinalit* res/onsiveness to .eelin* o/enness to un,on,ions to
,on,entrate* thin$in in imaes* sele,tivit
%oi, +ithout /assions is sterile* +hile ins/iration +ithout analsis is o.ten an
9itnar or mis3uie
Someone +ho is res/onsive to o//ortunit an has a sense o. .reeom 9oth in
/ersonal an in oranizational terms to a,t on that o//ortunit im/lies a vision /.
+hat is /ossi9le an translate that ,reativension into a,tion* into a human vision
+hi,h uies the +or$ o. rou/ o. /eo/le
&9le to re,onize an ta$e avantae o. the ,reativit o. theirs
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%orbeing$reati
&e
;reati&eperson
organitational $onte(t
$reati&e tas.
en&ironment
reativit Stae &,tivit Ps,holoi,al stle-nterest
Pre/aration
-n,u9ation
-llumination
Ceri.i,ation
E6/loitation
Environmental s,annin
Pre/arin the e6/eition
8ultin thins e6/eition
E6/erien,e
8ar$et resear,h
a/tain o. inustr
-ntuitionIemotion
Details /lannin
-ntuition
-ntuition
DetailsIrationalit
DetailsIrationalit
For 9ein reativit7
Person 7 &//re,iatin the ,reative /ersons /ro,ess an the manae* ,reative
/erson relationshi/
as$ 7Devinin the ,reative tas$ +ithout sti.lin ,reativit
#ranizational 7 reatinIin.luen,in the oranization in terms o. stru,ture an,ulture to ma6imize the ,reative atmos/here
Environment 7 Re,onizin ,reativit as resour,e in.luen,e 9 ,om/etitive
.a,tor
M!,!%"&!+ "%'3(,'&&+&$&%' &, ! #"%!$&/% ("!,&4!$&(,
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8 reatin an sharin vision
8 ommuni,atin ,learl an .le6i9le
8 Proviin inter/ersonal su//ort
8 heerleain an ,oa,hin
8 Praisin a ,om/lishment /roviin a//lanes8 sin ,on.li,t resolution s$ills
8 >no+in +hen to o/en the /ro,,es u/ an +hen to ,lose it o+n
8 ;alan,in oriinalit +ith resour,e ,onstrainins
8 ;alan,in vision +ith attention to etail
D. ;))?D?@#I), @,B ;)MD#I#I), I, HEM@, @,B @,IM@L
Be'nition bet/een $oorperation and $ompetition.
;oorperation
;ooperation is the pro$ess o% groups o% organisms /oring or
a$ting together %or their $ommon=mutual bene't" as opposed to
/oring in $ompetition %or sel'sh bene't. Man animal and plant
spe$ies $ooperate both /ith other members o% their o/n spe$ies
and /ith members o% other spe$ies smbiosis or mutualism.
;ompetition
;ompetition is the opposite o% $ooperation. It arises /hene&er at
least t/o parties stri&e %or a goal /hi$h $annot be shared or
/hi$h is desired indi&iduall but not in sharing and $ooperation.
;ompetition o$$urs naturall bet/een li&ing organisms /hi$h
e(ist in the same en&ironment.
>o" not onl human but also animal need to $oorperate and
$ompite in their li%e.
E. >FILL @,B D?>D;#ICD )? DGD;E#ICD >E;;D>>
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#heres some s$ale about sill and perspe$ti&e that /e ha&e to
remember %or e(e$uti&e su$$es" there are *
• e stronger in e&er situation
:e need to stand and %a$e the problem. Mae a strateg to
sol&e the problem" understand and /or e8e$ti&el.
• Boing /hate&er it taes
;an stand alone" sei!e opportunities" enthusiasti$ tae
$hange o% $areer
• uild a relationship
:or hard to understand others" get $oorperation in
$areer" negotiation /ell" get along /ith other
• >el% de&elopement
Bont blame others" lead b e(ample" $hallenge our sel%
• #eam orientation
o$us on others to a$$omplish tas
• Be$ision a/arness
e bra&e to tae a$tion and $al$ulated ris
• >el% a/arness
?e$ogni!e strenght and /eaness" see %eedba$
• @$ting /ith <e(ibilit
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;an be tough" $an lead and let others lead" sel% $on'den$e
needed
F. #HD ;?D@#ICD IBD@ ICD >)MD I,)C@#I), I, )E?
:)?F
)pen our sel% to a$ting $reati&el thrrough generating ne/
ideas" produ$ing something" spontaniousl e(pressing our sel%"
sharing" organi!ing 7uotes" and de&eloping relations b
e(er$ising our inner $reati&it.
KD&er %alse is an opportunit to learn and not the end o% the
/orld that 7uotes means that" /e ha&e to stand up again i% /e
%all do/n. Bo not easl gi&e up in situation or %alse that /e get.>o
/e need to /ae and generate our strenght lie *
• Mae a $reati&e ideas
• romotional inno&ati&e
• #op management is $ommmited to inno&ation
• >trong 'nan$ial
• >trong moti&ation and al/as de&elope sil
• Maret in%ormation is a&ailable
• @$$sessable
• @ good $ommuni$ation or build a good relationship
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:e need de&elope that strength so that %alse do not mean a
thing" /e better to '( all the problem and start a ne/
opportunities to be better.
G. ?)LDM >)LCI,
>teps that must /e do /hen /e get some problem *
• Bes$ribe the problem
Bes$ribe our situation ob5e$ti&ell" /hat happen" /hos
in&ol&ed" /hat are the saing
Be'ne
Betermine solution o% the problem
• @nal!e
Bes$ribe the /orst and the best
• Maing solution
athered all ideas to mae solution
• D&aluate and mae alternati&e solution
• Be$ide
;hoose our a$tion
• D&aluation ?esult
@%ter /e $hoose our a$tion" no/ /e ha&e to do /hat
solution that /e tae
>tle )% Leadership
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&//roa,h 7 Fou,in
#9je,tive 7 set our +a
=our /ositive 7 - $no+ +hats rihtDont 3uestions m jument
Su//ortin rational 7 its 9etter to vis$ ,ausin a ne+ har .eelins than a
/osition ou are ,ommitte
&//roa,h 7 &voiin
#9je,tive 7 avoi havin to eal +ith ,on.li,t
=our /osture 7 i am mentual on the issue let me thin$ a9out it
%i$el out,ome 7 inter/ersonal /ro9lems ont et vesolve
&//roa,h 7 &,,omoatin
#9je,tive 7 Dont u/ set the other /erson
=our /osture 7 Ho+ ,an i hel/ ou .eel ooa9out this en,ontent?
Su//ortin rational 7 maintainin harmoni relationshi/ shoul 9e one
/riorit
%i$el out,ome 7 other /erson is li$el to ta$e avantae o. ou
&//roa,h 7 ,ola99oratin
#9je,tive solve the /ro9lem
=our /osture his is m /osition*+hat is /our? im ,ommite to .inin
the 9est /ossi9le solutions
Su//ortin rational 7 he /osition o. 9oth harties are e3ualt
im/ortant*e3ual em/hasis shoul 9e /la,e on the 3ualit o. the out ,ome
an the .airness o. e,ision ma$in
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L* ?e$ogni!es /hat must do to attain designated out$omesL * ;lari'es is role * ;on'den$e in meeting role re7uirements sub5e$ti&e pro'tabilit o% su$$es
L * ?e$ogni!es /hat needsL * ;larri'es ho/ is need /ill be %ull'lled in e(ample $hange %or era$ting role to attain designated out$omes
* Moti&ation to attain desired out$omes $e( ne$ed e8e$ts
* &alen$e o% designated out$omes need %ull'lling &alue %or
%i$el out,ome 7 he /ro9lem is most li$el resolve also*9oth /artion
one ,ommite to the solutions an satis.ie that the have 9een treate
.airl
I. TRANSACTIONAL LEADERSHIP 9 L LEADER ; F
FOLLOWER <
-ntele,tual stimulation enoues in .ollo+ers the a++arnes o. /ro9lems an ho+
the ma 9e solveit /romotes the hiers o. loi, that is ,ome /lattin an
,ourin,in it stires the imaination an enerate thouhts an insihts
Su,,es.ull manaers ,ome +ith e/ensen,h o. others 9 9ein sensiti.e to it*9
elliminatin or avoiin unne,essar e/enen,e*an 9 estha9lishin /o+er over
those others
J. ESTHABLISHING POWER IN RELATIONSHIP 7
• reate a sense o. o9liations
• ;uilin re/utation an e6/erts in ,ertain matters
• Fostarrin others un,oun,ions inenti.i,ations
• Feein others 9elie.s that the are e/enent either .or hel/ others
• Formal anthorit
E=%"#&'&, 3(%" $( &,)+*%,#% ($%"'
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• Sta9ilit /ai .or in less innovation
L. SUCCESFULL COMMUNICATION FOR BUSINESS AND THE
PROFESSIONS
ommuni,ation7
Sharin o. in.ormation* attitues* ieas an unerstanin
Pro,ess 9 +hi,h one min in.luen,es another min to in.orm* to /ersuae* to
entertain
he 9est +a to eliminate or e,rease unesira9le e..e,ts o. the ra/evine is her
manaement to maintain an o/en /oli, o. ,ommuni,ation so that em/loees .eel
that the an 9ein* list in .orme an even 9etter that the have a /art in ma$in
e,isions that e..e,t their ,om/an an themselves
& ,oe o. ethi,s .or 9usiness ,ommuni,ation
& s,ien,e ,onvi,tion not /ersuation or mani/ulation (,onvin,in reaers that the
esire a,tion +ill 9e .or their o+n 9ene.it)
a loo$in .or jo97
@ i. ou have no +or$ e6/erien,e* ou shoul /arti,ular stress our
eu,ational /re/ration
@ +or$ e6/erien,e o. an $in* in,luin volunteer +or$* as lon as it is leal
an honora9le* is 9etter than e6/erien,e o. all &n+or$* even the most
menial* ini,ates that ou have the ener an initiative an hol a jo9
• &9ilit an rollinness to assume res/onsi9ilit
• &9ilit to aa/t to ,hanin situations• &9ilit to ,ommuni,ate in oral an +ritten .orm
• &//earan,e
• Sense o. human
• &9ilit to ma$e e,isions
• &9ilit an esire to +or$ +ith other /eo/le
• &9ilit to +or$ alone
• Emotional an /hsi,al health
• &m9ition an enthusiasm
9 S/ea$in to rou/s
;uilin ,on.ien,e
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1 r not to 9e a.rai in avan,e +orrin or 9ein a.rai +onAt ,hane
anthin .or the 9etter* 9ut onl ma$e matters +or$e
2 ;e ,om/letel an throuhl /re/are &.ten all that /re/aration* ou all 9e
an e6/ert on the su9je,t! %oo$ at /eo/le an noti,e their rea,tions
M. THE SOCIOLOGY OF ORGANIZATION
-nustrial oranization
ost* /ro.it te,hni,al e..i,ien,
Pro9lem7
1 E6ternal 9alan,e 7 e,onomi, 7 ,om/etition ,hanin /ri,e level et,
2 -nternal 9alan,e 7 main maintenan,e o. a $in o. so,ial oranization +hi,h
iniviualAs an rou/ throuh +or$in toether ,an satis. their o+n
esive
he loi, o. ,ost an e..i,ien, e6/ress the values o. the .ormal oranization
he loi, o. sentiments e6/ress the value o. in.ormal oranization
e,hni,al oranization
Human oranization7
@ -niviual
@ So,ial oranization7
Formal 7 @ /atterns o. intera,tion
@ Sstems o. ieas an 9elie.s (ieoloi,al oranization)
@ %oi, o. ,ost
@ %oi, o. e..i,ien,
-n.ormal 7 @ /attern o. intera,tion@ Sstem o. iea an 9elie.s
@ %oi, o. sentiment
he emon o. oranization7
@ ,ommuni,ation
@ +illinness to ,ontri9ute a,tion
@ ,onversion /ur/ose
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Real +ith7
@ E..e,tiveness 7 ,om/rise the relevan,e o. 9e /ur/ose to the environment
mental situation
@ E..i,ien, 7 ,om/rises into ,hane 9et+een the oranizations iniviual
Po+er 7 mani/ulate to su//lie the ave,tives in,lue /hsi,al material an
sm9oli, re+ars an e/irations
-m/ressive 3uantitie ma$e a /erson attra,tive an /romise that asso,iatin
+ith him +ill 9e re+arin
N. BEHAVIOURAL SCIENCES FOR MANAGERS
Fun7 the sheer /leasure o. manain Result7 the /rou,tion o. /ositive results
&9ilit to a,hieve rea,hin a /osition +here one has the resour,es an the
relationshi/s ne,essar 9ut no su..i,ient .or su,,ess
Dire,tion ensurin that t+o a,tivities are heain in a /ro.ita9le ire,tion
& /ersonAs o,,u/ation is hel to sa a reat eal a9out them as a /erson
8anaement in mar$etin ,hannels
; 7 %onAs + stern &el El &nsar <ames R ;ro+n
8ar$etin .lo+s in ,hannels
Calue is the ratio o. /er,eive /rou,t or servi,e 3ualit to its /er,eive total ,ost
2
Phsi,al
#+nershi/
Retailer onsumen'hole
sales
Possesion
Prou,es
-
D
E
8
-
D
E
8
Neotiation
Promotion
Ris$in
Finan,in
#rerin
8ar$et
in.ormatio
Pament
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& site evaluation ,he,$list
1 rain area /otential
@ Pu9li, utilit ,onne,tion (resiential)
@ Resiential 9uilin /ermits issue@ S,hool enrollment
@ Ne+ 9an$ a,,ounts o/ene
@ &vertisin imae in lo,al ne+s/a/erAs
@ Retail sales volume
@ Sales .a6 re,ei/t
@ Em/loement s/e,i.i,
@ Em/loement eneral
2 &,,essi9ilit
@ Pu9li, trans/ortation (servin site)
@ Private trans/ortation
@ Par$in .a,ilities@ rans/ortation .a,ilities
! :ro+th /otential
@ Lonin /attern
@ Lonin ,hanes
@ Lonin /otential
@ tilities tren
@ 'e ,anAt stan mar$et (lon zone .or resiential use)
@ %an are /attern (in a +as .or other than resiential)
@ Retail 9usiness $in use tren
@ Retail 9uilin min (9uilin /ermit issue .or ne+ retail 9usiness
,onstru,tion)
@ Retail im/rovement tren (/ermit issue .or remoelin e6/ansion)
@ Retail lo,ation tren (,haneAs in o,,u/an, o. retail 9usiness lo,ation)
@ -n,ome tren .or averae .amil unit
@ Plants an e3ui/ment e6/eniture tren
@ Pa roll tren
4 ;usiness inter,e/tion
%o,ation /attern ,om/ 9usinesses 9et+een site an trae area
5 omulative attra,tion /otential
Neih9orin 9usiness surve om/ati9ilit .a,tor
om/ hazar surve
@ om/ /attern ,om/etition +ithin mi$e o. site
@ om/ /attern /otential ,om/etition sites
G Site e,onomi,s
@ ost J ventur analsis
@ Site e..i,ien,
@ Natural es,ri/tion
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