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Regional Conference:‘Fighting Corruption in Education in Eastern Europe and Central Asia’

Bratislava, 24‐25 November 2011

Measuring corruption: the potentials of quantitative surveys

Jacques Hallak and Muriel Poisson

© IIEP‐UNESCO

Monitoring corrupt practicesMonitoring corrupt practices

Combining different approaches :

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Combining different approaches :

Objective: public expenditure tracking surveys (PETS) and quantitative service delivery surveys (QSDS)

Subjective: perception of service delivery (report cards)

Hallak & Poisson © IIEP‐UNESCO

)

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FactFact findingfinding versus perceptionversus perception 3

I. Fact finding

Objective data (MoE/

Institutions)

PETS

II. ‘Perception’

Subjective data

(T h /S d )

• Organizational (management, central & local level)

• Human resources (‘ghost’ teachers, absenteeism, recruitment)

• Financing (financial statements of an activity/entity, budget, fund raising)


(Teachers/Student)

Participatory assessment

• Procurement (tendering)

1. Definition of Public Expenditure 1. Definition of Public Expenditure Tracking Surveys (PETS)Tracking Surveys (PETS)

Objective:

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j

To locate and measure leakages and identify causes to propose remedies

Initiated in Uganda in 1996

Since then, several dozens of PETS implemented


worldwide: Albania, Cambodia, Ghana, Macedonia, Mongolia, Namibia, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Tanzania, Zambia, etc.

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PETS: leakage of nonPETS: leakage of non‐‐wage fundswage funds

Country Year Fund Sample Leakage

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Country Year Fund Sample Leakage

Peru 2001 Utilities 100 30 %

Vietnam 2005 Non wage 4 prov. 13‐19%

Zambia 2001 Discr. grt 182 76 %

Source: World Bank.


2. 2. Definition of Quantitative Definition of Quantitative Service Delivery Surveys (QSDS)Service Delivery Surveys (QSDS)

Objectives:

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To examine the efficiency of public spending in education; e.g. availability of textbooks per pupil in the classroom

To analyze the various dimensions of service delivery on the frontline (schools); e.g. number of teaching hours per week


Implemented in Bangladesh, Ecuador, India, Indonesia, Peru, etc., often in combination with a PETS

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Nber of countriesCorr. + Corr. ‐

Age 2 0

QSDS: correlation of teacher QSDS: correlation of teacher absenteeism in 5 countriesabsenteeism in 5 countries 1 1

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Salaries Age 2 0Education level 2 0School director 2 0

Control and disciplineSupervision 0 3Involvment in PTA 1 2

Working conditionsInfrastructure quality 1 4Isolation 1 1Multigrade classes 1 1Local recruitment 0 0


Intrinsic motivationLocal recruitment 0 0Tenure 0 0Continuous training 1 1

Contractual status Teacher contract 2 (sur 4) 0

1 Bangladesh, Ecuador, India, Indonesia, Peru

3. Definition of report cards3. Definition of report cards

Objectives:

To provide quantitative feedback on user

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perceptions and knowledge on the quality, adequacy and efficiency of public services

To exact public accountability through the extensive media coverage and civil society advocacy that accompanies the process

Implemented in countries worldwide


Implemented in countries worldwide (Latin America, USA, Bangladesh, etc.)

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Report card: comparative study Report card: comparative study by PREALby PREAL

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4. Key issues: Who can do it?4. Key issues: Who can do it?

Roles of MOE officials and of entities in charge of data collection

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data collection

Universities, research centres?

National institute of statistics?

NGOs?

Local or international consultants?


Capacity building objectives?

Who does the analysis?

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ConclusionConclusion

To get a reliable diagnosis of supply, need to combine different types of surveys:

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• PETS• QSDS• Report cards• Perception surveys• Others

Need to combine the results of various surveys


y(households, tests, etc.)

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