Transcript
Page 1: Monitoring(Heavy(Metals(in(River(Water(Receiving( Mine ...riversymposium.com › ... › uploads › 2015 › 10 › Trang-Huynh.pdf · Monitoring(Heavy(Metals(in(River(Water(Receiving(Mine(Water(Discharge(using(the(Diffusive(Gradients(inThinfilm(technique((DGT)

Monitoring  Heavy  Metals  in  River  Water  Receiving  Mine  Water  Discharge  using  the  Diffusive  Gradients  

in  Thin-­‐film  technique  (DGT)  

Trang  HUYNH  and  Sue  VINK  The  University  of  Queensland,  Australia    

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-­‐   The  Fitzroy  River  Basin  (FRB)  is  the  home  to  QLD’s  major  mining  acKvity  -­‐   Since  2008-­‐2009  wet  season,  the  FRB  catchment  was  subject  to  prolonged  and  intense  periods  of  rainfall.    

-­‐   In  order  for  the  mines  to  operate  water  needs  to  be  released  from  the  mine-­‐sites  into  the  rivers.  

-­‐   Mining  are  permiUed  to  discharge  mine  water  under  condi2ons  specified  in  EA  issued  under  the  EP  Act  1994.      

-­‐   Water  quality  needs  to  be  assessed  based  on  QLD  guidelines  to  protect  the  aqua2c  biota  of  FRB.  

-­‐   Mul2ple  grab  samples  analyses  are  required  during  and  a@er  mine  water  releases,  this  costly  in  term  of  both  analyses  and  personnel  Kme.  

Background  

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Research  QuesDon:  DGTs  vs  Grab  samples  

Can  the  in-­‐situ  and  Kme-­‐integrated  Diffusive  Gradients  in  Thin  Films  technique  (DGT)  replace  the  series  gab  samples  to  determine  metal    concentraKons  in  river  water  receiving  mine  water  discharge?  

(Modified  from  Lorax,  2002)  

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tADgMC

d

DGTΔ

=Diffu

sive  

gel  

Res  in  gel  

Δg

C

water M2+ diffusion

1 2 mm

CSOL  

Filter  Piston  holder  

M:  measured  mass      

Δg:  diffusive  layer    thickness  

A:  area  of  the  exposure  window    

t:  deployment    Dme  

D:  diffusion  coefficient  

Principles  of  the  DGT  

ML

L M2+ M2+

M2+

M2+

M2+

M2+

M2+

M2+

M2+

M2+

(Zhang  and  Davison,  1995)  

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•   Allow  solutes  to  pass  easily  •   No  reacKon  with  solutes  •   Defined  thickness  •   Hydrophilic  •   Diffusion  of  metals  similar  to  water  

Diffusive  Layer  

ü Time  integrated    

ü   Independent  of  pH,  ionic  strength  

ü   SpeciaKon                      (diffusion,  reacKons)  

ü   Simple  field  deployment    

ü   MulKmedia  

Key  ProperDes  of  DGT  

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Trials   Purposes  Laboratory  trial  (5-­‐15/1  2015)  

•   High  fluctuaDon  of  metal  concentraKons  in  the  water  

•   Simulated  changes  in  concentraKons  to  mimic  water  condiKon  fluctuaKon  when  river  receiving  mine  water  

Isaac  River    (29/1-­‐13/2  2015)  

•   InsensiKve  DGT  trial:  before,  during  and  a@er  the  mine  water  released  program  at  upstream  and  downstream  of  mine  release  points  during  release  events  

•   Coincident  with  mine  site  water  quality  monitoring  Recycle  water  dams  (24/4-­‐  8/5  2015)  

•   This  trial  is  represenKng  a  lower  fluctuaDon  condiKon  in  mine  water  chemistry  and  metal  concentraKons  

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Review  of  Metal/loid  ConcentraDons    monitoring  data  of  river  water  (2/2010  to  5/2013)  

Dissolved  conc.  (µg/L)     Al   As   Cd   Cr   Cu   Pb   Ni   Zn   Mn   Se  

Min   1   0.001   0.0001   0.001   0.01   0.002   0.006   0.01   0   0.002  Max   127,000   76   232   331   537   820   31,000   4,670   7,730   5,000  Median   5,200   2   0.1   11   7   3   11   17   130   2.5  N   834   806   811   850   875   806   831   873   771   865  TV95%   55   24   0.2   10   1.4   3.4   11   8   1,900   11  N  of    Exceedance   785   1   338   432   824   331   394   646   5   54  

%  Exceedance   94   0   42   51   94   41   47   74   1   6  

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Laboratory  ValidaDon  Experiment  

Sample  RaDonale  and  Experimental  Design  -­‐   River  water  (the  Mackenzie)  were  spiked  with  different  levels  of  metals  (As,  Cd,  Cu,  Ni,  Pb  &  Zn)  to  create  5  test  waters  

-­‐   Water  columns  were  diluted  (by  simulated  rain  waters)    -­‐   12  grab  samples  per  test  water  were  collected  for  analysis  -­‐   3  replicates  per  treatment  and  7  replicates  for  in-­‐house  QA/QC  

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Chemical  ProperDes  of  Test  Waters  Parameters! Ranges!pH! 7.7  -­‐  8.2!EC  (mS/cm)! 0.4  -­‐  0.5!TDS  (mg/L)! 284  –  300!WH  (mg/L  CaCO3)!

100  –  112!SAR! 1.9  -­‐  2.0!Cl  (mg/L)! 62  –  67!SO4

2-­‐  (mg/L)! 14  –  22!TSS  (mg/L)! 6  -­‐  45!

Metal/  metalloids  

Ranges  (µg/L)  Total     Dissolved  

Al   44  –  380   1  –  26  As   0.5  –  81   2  –  71  Cd   1  –  56   1  –  45  Cr   0.1  -­‐  0.5   0.1  -­‐  0.12  Cu   2  –  195   2  –  102  Ni   3  –  42   3  –  23  Pb   0.2  –  71   5  –  8  Zn   43  –  94   2  –  37  

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Laboratory  ValidaDon  Results  

0  

20  

40  

60  

80  

100  

Cd  (µ

g/L)  

Grab  sample  dissolved  conc.   Labile  DGT  conc.   Mean  grab  samples  +SD   Mean  grab  samples  -­‐SD   Mean  grab  samples  

0  

40  

80  

120  

1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9   10   11   12  Zn

 (µg/L)  

Times  (12hrs  interval)  

0  

40  

80  

120  

1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9   10   11   12  

Cu  (µ

g/L)  

Times  (12hrs  interval)  

0  

50  

100  

150  

As  (µ

g/L)  

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Bioavailability  of  Copper  in  Water:    DGT  Measurements  and  MINTEQ  Modelling  

0  20  40  60  80  

100  120  140  

1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9   10   11   12  

Cu  (µ

g/L)  

Times  (12hrs  interval)  

Grab  sample  0.45um  

Mean  grab  samples  

Labile  DGT  conc.  

Modelling  Inorganic  Cu  

Mean  Modelling  Inorganic  Cu  

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Decision  tree  for  metal  specia2on  guideline  (ANZECC,  2000)  

Applica2on  of  DGT  in  ANZECC    

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Field  Trials  –  Isaac  River,  Central  QLD    

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Water  Chemistry  Isaac  River  Waters  

Sampling  sites/dates  

Cherwell  Creek  Bridge  (CCB)  

Isaac  River  upstream  Cherwell  Creek  (IRCC)  

Isaac  River  Down  Stream    (IRDS)  

Isaac  River  Highway  Bridge  (IRHB)  

29/01  to  12/02/15   29/01  to  19/02/15   29/01  to  19/02/15   29/01  to  12/02/15    

pH   7.8   7.7   8.1   7.9   8.0   8.1   7.9   8.0   8.1   8.1   8.0   7.5   7.8  

EC  (µS/cm)   553   995   613   442   373   404   445   2270   408   491   496   214   358  

TSS  (mg/L)   67   524   17   83   30   35   87   524   16   <1   103   784   <1  

WH  (mg/L  CaCO3)  

106   142   112   70   83   93   72   300   89   105   78   58   85  

SAR   2   5   3   3   2   2   3   9   2   2   3   1   2  

Cl  (mg/L)   105   168   82   73   49   53   67   390   58   62   116   31   40  

SO42-­‐(mg/L)   44   123   59   18   12   13   18   333   17   23   23   5   7  

DOC  (mg/L)   7.5   7.1   5.4   6.2   10.4   5.0   6.2   6.7   4.7   4.5   6.1   6.0   4.4  

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Field  Trial  Results:  DGT  vs  Grab  samples  (Copper)  

0.0  

1.0  

2.0  

3.0  

Cu  (µ

g/L)  

DGT  CCB   DGT-­‐IRCC   DGT-­‐IRDS   DGT-­‐IRHB  Grab  CCB   Grab  IRCC   Grab  IRDS   Grab  IRHB  Mean  Grab  CCB   Mean  Grab  IRCC   Mean  Grab  IRDS   Mean-­‐IRHB  

LOR  

0  1  2  3  4  5  

CCB   IRCC   IRDS   IRHB  Cu  (µ

g/L)  

Grab-­‐total   Grab  dissolved   DGT   ANZECC  (TV  95%)  

•   The  concentraDons  of  Cu  measured  by  the  DGT  were  significantly  lower  than  total  and  dissolved  Cu.  

•   The  bioavailable  Cu  concentraDons  at  4  sites  are  well  above  the  lower  of  report  value  (LOR)    

•   High  variaDon  in  total  &  dissolved  Cu  conc.  during  the  trial.  

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DGT  vs  Grab  samples:  Zinc  

0  

1  

2  

3  

4  

Zn    (µg

/L)  

DGT  CCB   DGT-­‐IRCC   DGT-­‐IRDS   DGT-­‐IRHB  Grab  CCB   Grab  IRCC   Grab  IRDS   Grab  IRHB  Mean  Grab  CCB   Mean  Grab  IRCC   Mean  Grab  IRDS   Mean-­‐IRHB  

LOR  

0  

2  

4  

6  

8  

10  

CCB   IRCC   IRDS   IRHB  

Zn  (µ

g/L)  

Grab-­‐total   Grab-­‐dissolved   DGT   LOR  

•   Total  Zn  concentraDons  in  water  were  high,  however  most  of  dissolved  Zn  were  below  the  LOR  

•   The  bioavailable  Zn  measured  by  DGT  were  detected  and  well  above  the  lower  of  report  value  (LOR)    

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Water  Chemistry  of  Recycle  Water  Dams      

Sites   Ranges  pH   8.2  -­‐  9.2  EC  (µS/cm)   8,000  –  11,000  TDS  (mg/L)   5,450  -­‐  7,500  TSS  (mg/L)   3  –  20  WH    (as  mg/L  CaCO3)  

900  –  980  

SAR   20  –  35  Chloride  (mg/L)   1,640  –  2,020  SO4

2-­‐  (mg/L)   1,224  –  2,256  DOC  (mg/L)   4.5  -­‐  12  

Metal/  metalloids  

Ranges  Total  (µg/L)   Dissolved  (µg/L)  

Al   4    –  10   1  –  2  As   4  –  5     3  –  4  Cd   BDL   BDL  Cr   0.1  –  0.4   0.1  –  0.4  Cu   0.4  –  0.6   0.3  –  0.5  Fe   7  –  22   4  –  6  Ni   2  –  9     2  -­‐  8  Zn   BDL   BDL  

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Recycle  water  dams  (Al  &  As)  

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Recycle  water  dams  (Co  &  Cu)  

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EsDmated  Cost  Comparison*       ConvenKonal  grab  sampling       Unit   Per  Unit   Total  

Analysis  (AUD)   4   65   260  Deloyment/sampling   4   60   240  Total           500       Time-­‐integrated  DGT  sampling       Unit   Per  Unit   Total  DGT  unit  (AUD)   1   25   25  Analysis  (AUD)   1   65   65  Deloyment/sampling   2   120   240  Total           330  Cost  saving    (%)  for  4  days  deployment     34  *This  es<ma<on  based  on  4  days  water  release  and  grab  samples  are  taken  everyday  and  price  based  on  research  rate  

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Key  Findings:  Laboratory  trial    •   The  DGT  measurement  is  comparable  to  the  averaged  concentraKon  of  12  grab  samples  over  the  7  days  trial  (except  Cu).  

•   The  labile  concentraKons  measured  by  the  DGT  were  significantly  lower,  13%  and  23%  respecKvely,  than  the  measured  total  and  dissolved  Cu  concentraKons.    

•   The  bioavailable  concentraKons  of  other  metals  including  Cd,  Ni  and  Zn  ranged  from  60%  to  80%  of  the  measured  dissolved  concentraKons.  

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Key  Findings:  Field  trials  •   The  bioavailable  concentraKons  heavy  metals  in  Isaac  river  water  measured  by  the  DGT  were  significantly  lower  than  that  of  total  and  dissolved  concentraKons.    

•   Cd  in  water  at  4  study  sites  was  not  detected  by  both  DGT  and  grab  sampling.  

•   In  some  cases,  As  and  Zn  was  not  detected  by  grab  sampling  but  was  detected  by  the  DGT  at  a  low  concentraKon  and  well  above  LOR.  

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Mechanism  of  the  CollaboraDon  and  Partnership  

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Decision  tree  for  metal  specia2on  guideline  (ANZECC,  2000)  

Recommenda2on  and  Future  Work  DGT  measurement  will  replace  4  steps  for  assessing  metal/loid  toxicant  in  water  in  the  ANZECC  decision  tree    

Page 25: Monitoring(Heavy(Metals(in(River(Water(Receiving( Mine ...riversymposium.com › ... › uploads › 2015 › 10 › Trang-Huynh.pdf · Monitoring(Heavy(Metals(in(River(Water(Receiving(Mine(Water(Discharge(using(the(Diffusive(Gradients(inThinfilm(technique((DGT)

Thank You & Questions

Contact  details:  Dr.  Trang  Huynh  [email protected]  Dr.  Sue  Vink  [email protected]  

References:  Reducing  AnalyDcal  and  Water  Quality  Monitoring  Costs  using  Diffusive  Gradients  in  Thin  Films  (DGT)  Technique  (Project  C23027  ACARP)  


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