monitoring(heavy(metals(in(river(water(receiving( mine ...riversymposium.com › ... › uploads ›...

25
Monitoring Heavy Metals in River Water Receiving Mine Water Discharge using the Diffusive Gradients in Thinfilm technique (DGT) Trang HUYNH and Sue VINK The University of Queensland, Australia

Upload: others

Post on 31-May-2020

2 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Monitoring(Heavy(Metals(in(River(Water(Receiving( Mine ...riversymposium.com › ... › uploads › 2015 › 10 › Trang-Huynh.pdf · Monitoring(Heavy(Metals(in(River(Water(Receiving(Mine(Water(Discharge(using(the(Diffusive(Gradients(inThinfilm(technique((DGT)

Monitoring  Heavy  Metals  in  River  Water  Receiving  Mine  Water  Discharge  using  the  Diffusive  Gradients  

in  Thin-­‐film  technique  (DGT)  

Trang  HUYNH  and  Sue  VINK  The  University  of  Queensland,  Australia    

Page 2: Monitoring(Heavy(Metals(in(River(Water(Receiving( Mine ...riversymposium.com › ... › uploads › 2015 › 10 › Trang-Huynh.pdf · Monitoring(Heavy(Metals(in(River(Water(Receiving(Mine(Water(Discharge(using(the(Diffusive(Gradients(inThinfilm(technique((DGT)

-­‐   The  Fitzroy  River  Basin  (FRB)  is  the  home  to  QLD’s  major  mining  acKvity  -­‐   Since  2008-­‐2009  wet  season,  the  FRB  catchment  was  subject  to  prolonged  and  intense  periods  of  rainfall.    

-­‐   In  order  for  the  mines  to  operate  water  needs  to  be  released  from  the  mine-­‐sites  into  the  rivers.  

-­‐   Mining  are  permiUed  to  discharge  mine  water  under  condi2ons  specified  in  EA  issued  under  the  EP  Act  1994.      

-­‐   Water  quality  needs  to  be  assessed  based  on  QLD  guidelines  to  protect  the  aqua2c  biota  of  FRB.  

-­‐   Mul2ple  grab  samples  analyses  are  required  during  and  a@er  mine  water  releases,  this  costly  in  term  of  both  analyses  and  personnel  Kme.  

Background  

Page 3: Monitoring(Heavy(Metals(in(River(Water(Receiving( Mine ...riversymposium.com › ... › uploads › 2015 › 10 › Trang-Huynh.pdf · Monitoring(Heavy(Metals(in(River(Water(Receiving(Mine(Water(Discharge(using(the(Diffusive(Gradients(inThinfilm(technique((DGT)

Research  QuesDon:  DGTs  vs  Grab  samples  

Can  the  in-­‐situ  and  Kme-­‐integrated  Diffusive  Gradients  in  Thin  Films  technique  (DGT)  replace  the  series  gab  samples  to  determine  metal    concentraKons  in  river  water  receiving  mine  water  discharge?  

(Modified  from  Lorax,  2002)  

Page 4: Monitoring(Heavy(Metals(in(River(Water(Receiving( Mine ...riversymposium.com › ... › uploads › 2015 › 10 › Trang-Huynh.pdf · Monitoring(Heavy(Metals(in(River(Water(Receiving(Mine(Water(Discharge(using(the(Diffusive(Gradients(inThinfilm(technique((DGT)

tADgMC

d

DGTΔ

=Diffu

sive  

gel  

Res  in  gel  

Δg

C

water M2+ diffusion

1 2 mm

CSOL  

Filter  Piston  holder  

M:  measured  mass      

Δg:  diffusive  layer    thickness  

A:  area  of  the  exposure  window    

t:  deployment    Dme  

D:  diffusion  coefficient  

Principles  of  the  DGT  

ML

L M2+ M2+

M2+

M2+

M2+

M2+

M2+

M2+

M2+

M2+

(Zhang  and  Davison,  1995)  

Page 5: Monitoring(Heavy(Metals(in(River(Water(Receiving( Mine ...riversymposium.com › ... › uploads › 2015 › 10 › Trang-Huynh.pdf · Monitoring(Heavy(Metals(in(River(Water(Receiving(Mine(Water(Discharge(using(the(Diffusive(Gradients(inThinfilm(technique((DGT)

•   Allow  solutes  to  pass  easily  •   No  reacKon  with  solutes  •   Defined  thickness  •   Hydrophilic  •   Diffusion  of  metals  similar  to  water  

Diffusive  Layer  

ü Time  integrated    

ü   Independent  of  pH,  ionic  strength  

ü   SpeciaKon                      (diffusion,  reacKons)  

ü   Simple  field  deployment    

ü   MulKmedia  

Key  ProperDes  of  DGT  

Page 6: Monitoring(Heavy(Metals(in(River(Water(Receiving( Mine ...riversymposium.com › ... › uploads › 2015 › 10 › Trang-Huynh.pdf · Monitoring(Heavy(Metals(in(River(Water(Receiving(Mine(Water(Discharge(using(the(Diffusive(Gradients(inThinfilm(technique((DGT)

Trials   Purposes  Laboratory  trial  (5-­‐15/1  2015)  

•   High  fluctuaDon  of  metal  concentraKons  in  the  water  

•   Simulated  changes  in  concentraKons  to  mimic  water  condiKon  fluctuaKon  when  river  receiving  mine  water  

Isaac  River    (29/1-­‐13/2  2015)  

•   InsensiKve  DGT  trial:  before,  during  and  a@er  the  mine  water  released  program  at  upstream  and  downstream  of  mine  release  points  during  release  events  

•   Coincident  with  mine  site  water  quality  monitoring  Recycle  water  dams  (24/4-­‐  8/5  2015)  

•   This  trial  is  represenKng  a  lower  fluctuaDon  condiKon  in  mine  water  chemistry  and  metal  concentraKons  

Page 7: Monitoring(Heavy(Metals(in(River(Water(Receiving( Mine ...riversymposium.com › ... › uploads › 2015 › 10 › Trang-Huynh.pdf · Monitoring(Heavy(Metals(in(River(Water(Receiving(Mine(Water(Discharge(using(the(Diffusive(Gradients(inThinfilm(technique((DGT)

Review  of  Metal/loid  ConcentraDons    monitoring  data  of  river  water  (2/2010  to  5/2013)  

Dissolved  conc.  (µg/L)     Al   As   Cd   Cr   Cu   Pb   Ni   Zn   Mn   Se  

Min   1   0.001   0.0001   0.001   0.01   0.002   0.006   0.01   0   0.002  Max   127,000   76   232   331   537   820   31,000   4,670   7,730   5,000  Median   5,200   2   0.1   11   7   3   11   17   130   2.5  N   834   806   811   850   875   806   831   873   771   865  TV95%   55   24   0.2   10   1.4   3.4   11   8   1,900   11  N  of    Exceedance   785   1   338   432   824   331   394   646   5   54  

%  Exceedance   94   0   42   51   94   41   47   74   1   6  

Page 8: Monitoring(Heavy(Metals(in(River(Water(Receiving( Mine ...riversymposium.com › ... › uploads › 2015 › 10 › Trang-Huynh.pdf · Monitoring(Heavy(Metals(in(River(Water(Receiving(Mine(Water(Discharge(using(the(Diffusive(Gradients(inThinfilm(technique((DGT)

Laboratory  ValidaDon  Experiment  

Sample  RaDonale  and  Experimental  Design  -­‐   River  water  (the  Mackenzie)  were  spiked  with  different  levels  of  metals  (As,  Cd,  Cu,  Ni,  Pb  &  Zn)  to  create  5  test  waters  

-­‐   Water  columns  were  diluted  (by  simulated  rain  waters)    -­‐   12  grab  samples  per  test  water  were  collected  for  analysis  -­‐   3  replicates  per  treatment  and  7  replicates  for  in-­‐house  QA/QC  

Page 9: Monitoring(Heavy(Metals(in(River(Water(Receiving( Mine ...riversymposium.com › ... › uploads › 2015 › 10 › Trang-Huynh.pdf · Monitoring(Heavy(Metals(in(River(Water(Receiving(Mine(Water(Discharge(using(the(Diffusive(Gradients(inThinfilm(technique((DGT)

Chemical  ProperDes  of  Test  Waters  Parameters! Ranges!pH! 7.7  -­‐  8.2!EC  (mS/cm)! 0.4  -­‐  0.5!TDS  (mg/L)! 284  –  300!WH  (mg/L  CaCO3)!

100  –  112!SAR! 1.9  -­‐  2.0!Cl  (mg/L)! 62  –  67!SO4

2-­‐  (mg/L)! 14  –  22!TSS  (mg/L)! 6  -­‐  45!

Metal/  metalloids  

Ranges  (µg/L)  Total     Dissolved  

Al   44  –  380   1  –  26  As   0.5  –  81   2  –  71  Cd   1  –  56   1  –  45  Cr   0.1  -­‐  0.5   0.1  -­‐  0.12  Cu   2  –  195   2  –  102  Ni   3  –  42   3  –  23  Pb   0.2  –  71   5  –  8  Zn   43  –  94   2  –  37  

Page 10: Monitoring(Heavy(Metals(in(River(Water(Receiving( Mine ...riversymposium.com › ... › uploads › 2015 › 10 › Trang-Huynh.pdf · Monitoring(Heavy(Metals(in(River(Water(Receiving(Mine(Water(Discharge(using(the(Diffusive(Gradients(inThinfilm(technique((DGT)

Laboratory  ValidaDon  Results  

0  

20  

40  

60  

80  

100  

Cd  (µ

g/L)  

Grab  sample  dissolved  conc.   Labile  DGT  conc.   Mean  grab  samples  +SD   Mean  grab  samples  -­‐SD   Mean  grab  samples  

0  

40  

80  

120  

1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9   10   11   12  Zn

 (µg/L)  

Times  (12hrs  interval)  

0  

40  

80  

120  

1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9   10   11   12  

Cu  (µ

g/L)  

Times  (12hrs  interval)  

0  

50  

100  

150  

As  (µ

g/L)  

Page 11: Monitoring(Heavy(Metals(in(River(Water(Receiving( Mine ...riversymposium.com › ... › uploads › 2015 › 10 › Trang-Huynh.pdf · Monitoring(Heavy(Metals(in(River(Water(Receiving(Mine(Water(Discharge(using(the(Diffusive(Gradients(inThinfilm(technique((DGT)

Bioavailability  of  Copper  in  Water:    DGT  Measurements  and  MINTEQ  Modelling  

0  20  40  60  80  

100  120  140  

1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9   10   11   12  

Cu  (µ

g/L)  

Times  (12hrs  interval)  

Grab  sample  0.45um  

Mean  grab  samples  

Labile  DGT  conc.  

Modelling  Inorganic  Cu  

Mean  Modelling  Inorganic  Cu  

Page 12: Monitoring(Heavy(Metals(in(River(Water(Receiving( Mine ...riversymposium.com › ... › uploads › 2015 › 10 › Trang-Huynh.pdf · Monitoring(Heavy(Metals(in(River(Water(Receiving(Mine(Water(Discharge(using(the(Diffusive(Gradients(inThinfilm(technique((DGT)

Decision  tree  for  metal  specia2on  guideline  (ANZECC,  2000)  

Applica2on  of  DGT  in  ANZECC    

Page 13: Monitoring(Heavy(Metals(in(River(Water(Receiving( Mine ...riversymposium.com › ... › uploads › 2015 › 10 › Trang-Huynh.pdf · Monitoring(Heavy(Metals(in(River(Water(Receiving(Mine(Water(Discharge(using(the(Diffusive(Gradients(inThinfilm(technique((DGT)

Field  Trials  –  Isaac  River,  Central  QLD    

Page 14: Monitoring(Heavy(Metals(in(River(Water(Receiving( Mine ...riversymposium.com › ... › uploads › 2015 › 10 › Trang-Huynh.pdf · Monitoring(Heavy(Metals(in(River(Water(Receiving(Mine(Water(Discharge(using(the(Diffusive(Gradients(inThinfilm(technique((DGT)

Water  Chemistry  Isaac  River  Waters  

Sampling  sites/dates  

Cherwell  Creek  Bridge  (CCB)  

Isaac  River  upstream  Cherwell  Creek  (IRCC)  

Isaac  River  Down  Stream    (IRDS)  

Isaac  River  Highway  Bridge  (IRHB)  

29/01  to  12/02/15   29/01  to  19/02/15   29/01  to  19/02/15   29/01  to  12/02/15    

pH   7.8   7.7   8.1   7.9   8.0   8.1   7.9   8.0   8.1   8.1   8.0   7.5   7.8  

EC  (µS/cm)   553   995   613   442   373   404   445   2270   408   491   496   214   358  

TSS  (mg/L)   67   524   17   83   30   35   87   524   16   <1   103   784   <1  

WH  (mg/L  CaCO3)  

106   142   112   70   83   93   72   300   89   105   78   58   85  

SAR   2   5   3   3   2   2   3   9   2   2   3   1   2  

Cl  (mg/L)   105   168   82   73   49   53   67   390   58   62   116   31   40  

SO42-­‐(mg/L)   44   123   59   18   12   13   18   333   17   23   23   5   7  

DOC  (mg/L)   7.5   7.1   5.4   6.2   10.4   5.0   6.2   6.7   4.7   4.5   6.1   6.0   4.4  

Page 15: Monitoring(Heavy(Metals(in(River(Water(Receiving( Mine ...riversymposium.com › ... › uploads › 2015 › 10 › Trang-Huynh.pdf · Monitoring(Heavy(Metals(in(River(Water(Receiving(Mine(Water(Discharge(using(the(Diffusive(Gradients(inThinfilm(technique((DGT)

Field  Trial  Results:  DGT  vs  Grab  samples  (Copper)  

0.0  

1.0  

2.0  

3.0  

Cu  (µ

g/L)  

DGT  CCB   DGT-­‐IRCC   DGT-­‐IRDS   DGT-­‐IRHB  Grab  CCB   Grab  IRCC   Grab  IRDS   Grab  IRHB  Mean  Grab  CCB   Mean  Grab  IRCC   Mean  Grab  IRDS   Mean-­‐IRHB  

LOR  

0  1  2  3  4  5  

CCB   IRCC   IRDS   IRHB  Cu  (µ

g/L)  

Grab-­‐total   Grab  dissolved   DGT   ANZECC  (TV  95%)  

•   The  concentraDons  of  Cu  measured  by  the  DGT  were  significantly  lower  than  total  and  dissolved  Cu.  

•   The  bioavailable  Cu  concentraDons  at  4  sites  are  well  above  the  lower  of  report  value  (LOR)    

•   High  variaDon  in  total  &  dissolved  Cu  conc.  during  the  trial.  

Page 16: Monitoring(Heavy(Metals(in(River(Water(Receiving( Mine ...riversymposium.com › ... › uploads › 2015 › 10 › Trang-Huynh.pdf · Monitoring(Heavy(Metals(in(River(Water(Receiving(Mine(Water(Discharge(using(the(Diffusive(Gradients(inThinfilm(technique((DGT)

   

DGT  vs  Grab  samples:  Zinc  

0  

1  

2  

3  

4  

Zn    (µg

/L)  

DGT  CCB   DGT-­‐IRCC   DGT-­‐IRDS   DGT-­‐IRHB  Grab  CCB   Grab  IRCC   Grab  IRDS   Grab  IRHB  Mean  Grab  CCB   Mean  Grab  IRCC   Mean  Grab  IRDS   Mean-­‐IRHB  

LOR  

0  

2  

4  

6  

8  

10  

CCB   IRCC   IRDS   IRHB  

Zn  (µ

g/L)  

Grab-­‐total   Grab-­‐dissolved   DGT   LOR  

•   Total  Zn  concentraDons  in  water  were  high,  however  most  of  dissolved  Zn  were  below  the  LOR  

•   The  bioavailable  Zn  measured  by  DGT  were  detected  and  well  above  the  lower  of  report  value  (LOR)    

Page 17: Monitoring(Heavy(Metals(in(River(Water(Receiving( Mine ...riversymposium.com › ... › uploads › 2015 › 10 › Trang-Huynh.pdf · Monitoring(Heavy(Metals(in(River(Water(Receiving(Mine(Water(Discharge(using(the(Diffusive(Gradients(inThinfilm(technique((DGT)

Water  Chemistry  of  Recycle  Water  Dams      

Sites   Ranges  pH   8.2  -­‐  9.2  EC  (µS/cm)   8,000  –  11,000  TDS  (mg/L)   5,450  -­‐  7,500  TSS  (mg/L)   3  –  20  WH    (as  mg/L  CaCO3)  

900  –  980  

SAR   20  –  35  Chloride  (mg/L)   1,640  –  2,020  SO4

2-­‐  (mg/L)   1,224  –  2,256  DOC  (mg/L)   4.5  -­‐  12  

Metal/  metalloids  

Ranges  Total  (µg/L)   Dissolved  (µg/L)  

Al   4    –  10   1  –  2  As   4  –  5     3  –  4  Cd   BDL   BDL  Cr   0.1  –  0.4   0.1  –  0.4  Cu   0.4  –  0.6   0.3  –  0.5  Fe   7  –  22   4  –  6  Ni   2  –  9     2  -­‐  8  Zn   BDL   BDL  

Page 18: Monitoring(Heavy(Metals(in(River(Water(Receiving( Mine ...riversymposium.com › ... › uploads › 2015 › 10 › Trang-Huynh.pdf · Monitoring(Heavy(Metals(in(River(Water(Receiving(Mine(Water(Discharge(using(the(Diffusive(Gradients(inThinfilm(technique((DGT)

Recycle  water  dams  (Al  &  As)  

Page 19: Monitoring(Heavy(Metals(in(River(Water(Receiving( Mine ...riversymposium.com › ... › uploads › 2015 › 10 › Trang-Huynh.pdf · Monitoring(Heavy(Metals(in(River(Water(Receiving(Mine(Water(Discharge(using(the(Diffusive(Gradients(inThinfilm(technique((DGT)

Recycle  water  dams  (Co  &  Cu)  

Page 20: Monitoring(Heavy(Metals(in(River(Water(Receiving( Mine ...riversymposium.com › ... › uploads › 2015 › 10 › Trang-Huynh.pdf · Monitoring(Heavy(Metals(in(River(Water(Receiving(Mine(Water(Discharge(using(the(Diffusive(Gradients(inThinfilm(technique((DGT)

   

EsDmated  Cost  Comparison*       ConvenKonal  grab  sampling       Unit   Per  Unit   Total  

Analysis  (AUD)   4   65   260  Deloyment/sampling   4   60   240  Total           500       Time-­‐integrated  DGT  sampling       Unit   Per  Unit   Total  DGT  unit  (AUD)   1   25   25  Analysis  (AUD)   1   65   65  Deloyment/sampling   2   120   240  Total           330  Cost  saving    (%)  for  4  days  deployment     34  *This  es<ma<on  based  on  4  days  water  release  and  grab  samples  are  taken  everyday  and  price  based  on  research  rate  

Page 21: Monitoring(Heavy(Metals(in(River(Water(Receiving( Mine ...riversymposium.com › ... › uploads › 2015 › 10 › Trang-Huynh.pdf · Monitoring(Heavy(Metals(in(River(Water(Receiving(Mine(Water(Discharge(using(the(Diffusive(Gradients(inThinfilm(technique((DGT)

Key  Findings:  Laboratory  trial    •   The  DGT  measurement  is  comparable  to  the  averaged  concentraKon  of  12  grab  samples  over  the  7  days  trial  (except  Cu).  

•   The  labile  concentraKons  measured  by  the  DGT  were  significantly  lower,  13%  and  23%  respecKvely,  than  the  measured  total  and  dissolved  Cu  concentraKons.    

•   The  bioavailable  concentraKons  of  other  metals  including  Cd,  Ni  and  Zn  ranged  from  60%  to  80%  of  the  measured  dissolved  concentraKons.  

Page 22: Monitoring(Heavy(Metals(in(River(Water(Receiving( Mine ...riversymposium.com › ... › uploads › 2015 › 10 › Trang-Huynh.pdf · Monitoring(Heavy(Metals(in(River(Water(Receiving(Mine(Water(Discharge(using(the(Diffusive(Gradients(inThinfilm(technique((DGT)

Key  Findings:  Field  trials  •   The  bioavailable  concentraKons  heavy  metals  in  Isaac  river  water  measured  by  the  DGT  were  significantly  lower  than  that  of  total  and  dissolved  concentraKons.    

•   Cd  in  water  at  4  study  sites  was  not  detected  by  both  DGT  and  grab  sampling.  

•   In  some  cases,  As  and  Zn  was  not  detected  by  grab  sampling  but  was  detected  by  the  DGT  at  a  low  concentraKon  and  well  above  LOR.  

Page 23: Monitoring(Heavy(Metals(in(River(Water(Receiving( Mine ...riversymposium.com › ... › uploads › 2015 › 10 › Trang-Huynh.pdf · Monitoring(Heavy(Metals(in(River(Water(Receiving(Mine(Water(Discharge(using(the(Diffusive(Gradients(inThinfilm(technique((DGT)

   

   

Mechanism  of  the  CollaboraDon  and  Partnership  

Page 24: Monitoring(Heavy(Metals(in(River(Water(Receiving( Mine ...riversymposium.com › ... › uploads › 2015 › 10 › Trang-Huynh.pdf · Monitoring(Heavy(Metals(in(River(Water(Receiving(Mine(Water(Discharge(using(the(Diffusive(Gradients(inThinfilm(technique((DGT)

Decision  tree  for  metal  specia2on  guideline  (ANZECC,  2000)  

Recommenda2on  and  Future  Work  DGT  measurement  will  replace  4  steps  for  assessing  metal/loid  toxicant  in  water  in  the  ANZECC  decision  tree    

Page 25: Monitoring(Heavy(Metals(in(River(Water(Receiving( Mine ...riversymposium.com › ... › uploads › 2015 › 10 › Trang-Huynh.pdf · Monitoring(Heavy(Metals(in(River(Water(Receiving(Mine(Water(Discharge(using(the(Diffusive(Gradients(inThinfilm(technique((DGT)

Thank You & Questions

Contact  details:  Dr.  Trang  Huynh  [email protected]  Dr.  Sue  Vink  [email protected]  

References:  Reducing  AnalyDcal  and  Water  Quality  Monitoring  Costs  using  Diffusive  Gradients  in  Thin  Films  (DGT)  Technique  (Project  C23027  ACARP)