Download - next gen processors
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Next-Generation Processor
Technologies
Submitted By:
Vishal
81/03
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Presentation Outline The companies involved
The basics and benefits of 64 bit technology Modern processors: Other technologies
The main competitors :AMD and Intel
The Future Bibliography
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Companies Involved
Apple - First to offer a 64-bit processor with the G5
system. AMD - Introduced 64 bit computing with its Athlon 64
processor.
Intel - Has its own 64 bit Itanium processors meant for
the server market.
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64-bit Processor BasicsFor approximately the last 10 years or so, 32-bit computing
has been used since the introduction of Intel's 386 platform.
So what does the bit count mean?
Size of registers extended to 64 bits
Integer and address data up to 64 bits in length can now be
operated on
264 = 1.8 x 1019 integers can be represented with 64 bits vs.232 = 4.3 x 109 with 32 bits
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64 Bit BasicsC
ontinued Stepping up from
32 to 64 bits does
not mean
doubling
performance
Certain
applications willbenefit, others
will not
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64 Bits and Memory Addressing
32-bit CPUs can only address up to 4GB of
memory
64-bit CPU can potentially address 18 million
terabytes (18 billion gigabytes)
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What Applications Can Benefit
Most From 64-bit?
Large databases
Business and scientific simulation and modeling
programs
Highly graphics-intensive software (CAD, 3-D
games) Cryptography
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Other Processor Improvements New & improved instruction set
architectures
More features available on-chip
Larger caches
Increased I/O and memory bandwidth
Improved chipsets/ chipset organizations
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The CPU As Part of a Larger
System
As CPUs get faster and faster, they canprocess more and more data in a givenamount of time
But can the rest of the system keep up?
System performance as a whole dependson more than just processor performance
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The CPU As Part of a Larger System
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The Current Spotlight: AMD Vs.
Intel The mainstream 64-bit processor battle is being
fought by AMD and Intel
Each company hopes to dominate the market witha different strategy
AMD has focused on compatibility and adding
new features to support the CPU core
Intels strategy is based on the creation of an
entirely new architecture
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AMDs Approach Provide a bridge between the 32-bit present
and the 64-bit future
Design processors for the server,
workstation, and personal computing
markets
Beyond 64 bits: improve interaction ofprocessor with memory and I/O
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Improving theC
hipset
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HyperTransport Designed to replace traditional
bus technology
Improves bus speed andbandwidth
Created to reduce bottlenecks,
improve system performance Up to 1600 MHz, 9.6 GB/s
per link
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Integrated DDR Memory
Controller Memory controlled directly by CPU
Point-to-point connection between the
processor and memory; No intermediate
hubs
Improves memory bandwidth, decreases
bottlenecks
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AMD Opteron
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AMD Opteron Designed for servers and workstations
Released April 2003
Up to 8-way configuration for servers and
4-way for workstations
Using HyperTransport, point-to-point
connections can be used in multiprocessor
systems no bus sharing
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AMD Opteron: The Numbers Available now: 1.4 GHz, 1.6 GHz, 1.8 GHz,
2.0 GHz
3 Hyper-Transport links - peak bandwidth =
19.2 GB/s
L1 caches: 128 KB, L2 cache: 1 MB
.13 micron process
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Athlon64 Architecture
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Athlon64 USP Designed for desktops and notebooks
Released September 2003
AMDs hope: noticing that the Athlon 64 is
comparable in price to existing 32-bit
processors, consumers will purchase the
processor to gain the added 64-bitfunctionality
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Athlon64: The Numbers Available now: 2.0 GHz
Bus frequency (Hyper-Transport): 1600
MHz
Peak processor-to-system bandwidth = 9.6
GB/s
L1 caches: 128 KB, L2 cache: 1 MB
.13 micron process
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Intels Approach to the Market Only producing a 64-bit processor for
servers and workstations: Itanium
Believe not currently enough market
demand for 64-bit in PCs
Will continue to improve Pentium 4 for
desktop customers
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Intels Itanium Intel and HP announced cooperation in
1994; Development began as early as 1988
Developed separately from Pentium
An entirely new processor
A lot of buzz created
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The Itanium Architecture Brand new, not based on x86
Old concepts newly implemented
Philosophically very different from AMD-
64
Significant departure from past mainstream
architectures
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The Itanium Architecture Huge number of registers (128 general
purpose)
10-stage pipeline
Advanced prediction
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Itanium Generation 1 Slated for 1998-1999 release
Not released until June 2001
When finally released, 1 to 2 billion dollars
had already been invested
This will end up being one of the worlds
worst investments, Im afraid
David House, former Intel Chief ofCorporate Strategy
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Itanium: The Verdict A failure
Hideously expensive
Slow
Poor performance
Itanic, Unobtanium Wait for McKinley (Itanium 2), Itanium is
simply a development platform.
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Itanium 2: The Numbers Available now: 1.5 GHz, 1.4 GHz, 1.3 GHz,
1 GHz
32KB level 1 caches, 256KB L2 cache, up
to 6MB L3 cache
System bus: 400 MHz, 6.4 GB/s peak
bandwidth
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The Pentium 4 Intel will continue to develop and improve
the P4
New features, technologies, and
improvements are being added
A P5 in the future?
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Hyper-Threading Can process two independent threads
simultaneously
The computer sees two processors, eventhough there is physically only one
Potential to significantly increase CPU
efficiency Will see more and more software written totake advantage of Hyper-Threading
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Hyper-Threading
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Hyper-Threading
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Current P4 Numbers
Up to 3.8 GHz
1000 MHz system bus, 6.4 GB/s peak
bandwidth
16 KB L1 cache, 1 MB L2 cache
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What About A P5?
Yamhill Intels Plan B
Rumored 64-bit extensions to x86
Release date unknown
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Other Developments
Both Intel and AMD are developing Dual-
Core CPUs.
Dual-Core means two processors effectively
packaged as one.
To be introduced by late 2006
Development of Multi-Core CPUs to follow
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The Future Opteron, Itanium, Athlon 64, and Pentium 4
will continue to be improved
90 nm process (.09 micron)
Larger caches
Faster clock rates
64-bit MicrosoftWindows
More 64-bit software
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C
ompetition Summary Opteron and Itanium 2 competing in server
and workstation markets
Athlon 64 and Pentium 4 competing in
desktop market
Pentium 4 may be extended to 64-bits in the
future
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W
hoW
illW
in the Battle? Will desktop consumers embrace 64-bit
processors?
Will corporations and labs be willing to
fully switch over to 64-bit?
Can AMD outmuscle a more powerful
company?
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Bibliography Main Sources :
www.intel.com
www.amd.com
Articles from
www.hardocp.com
www.anandtech.com
www.tomshardware.com