next gen processors

8/7/2019 next gen processors

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Next-Generation Processor

Technologies

Submitted By:

Vishal

81/03


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Presentation Outline The companies involved

The basics and benefits of 64 bit technology Modern processors: Other technologies

The main competitors :AMD and Intel

The Future Bibliography


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Companies Involved

Apple - First to offer a 64-bit processor with the G5

system. AMD - Introduced 64 bit computing with its Athlon 64

processor.

Intel - Has its own 64 bit Itanium processors meant for

the server market.


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64-bit Processor BasicsFor approximately the last 10 years or so, 32-bit computing

has been used since the introduction of Intel's 386 platform.

So what does the bit count mean?

Size of registers extended to 64 bits

Integer and address data up to 64 bits in length can now be

operated on

264 = 1.8 x 1019 integers can be represented with 64 bits vs.232 = 4.3 x 109 with 32 bits


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64 Bit BasicsC

ontinued Stepping up from

32 to 64 bits does

not mean

doubling

performance

Certain

applications willbenefit, others

will not


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64 Bits and Memory Addressing

32-bit CPUs can only address up to 4GB of

memory

64-bit CPU can potentially address 18 million

terabytes (18 billion gigabytes)


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What Applications Can Benefit

Most From 64-bit?

Large databases

Business and scientific simulation and modeling

programs

Highly graphics-intensive software (CAD, 3-D

games) Cryptography


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Other Processor Improvements New & improved instruction set

architectures

More features available on-chip

Larger caches

Increased I/O and memory bandwidth

Improved chipsets/ chipset organizations


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The CPU As Part of a Larger

System

As CPUs get faster and faster, they canprocess more and more data in a givenamount of time

But can the rest of the system keep up?

System performance as a whole dependson more than just processor performance


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The CPU As Part of a Larger System


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The Current Spotlight: AMD Vs.

Intel The mainstream 64-bit processor battle is being

fought by AMD and Intel

Each company hopes to dominate the market witha different strategy

AMD has focused on compatibility and adding

new features to support the CPU core

Intels strategy is based on the creation of an

entirely new architecture


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AMDs Approach Provide a bridge between the 32-bit present

and the 64-bit future

Design processors for the server,

workstation, and personal computing

markets

Beyond 64 bits: improve interaction ofprocessor with memory and I/O


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Improving theC

hipset


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HyperTransport Designed to replace traditional

bus technology

Improves bus speed andbandwidth

Created to reduce bottlenecks,

improve system performance Up to 1600 MHz, 9.6 GB/s

per link


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Integrated DDR Memory

Controller Memory controlled directly by CPU

Point-to-point connection between the

processor and memory; No intermediate

hubs

Improves memory bandwidth, decreases

bottlenecks


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AMD Opteron


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AMD Opteron Designed for servers and workstations

Released April 2003

Up to 8-way configuration for servers and

4-way for workstations

Using HyperTransport, point-to-point

connections can be used in multiprocessor

systems no bus sharing


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AMD Opteron: The Numbers Available now: 1.4 GHz, 1.6 GHz, 1.8 GHz,

2.0 GHz

3 Hyper-Transport links - peak bandwidth =

19.2 GB/s

L1 caches: 128 KB, L2 cache: 1 MB

.13 micron process


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Athlon64 Architecture


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Athlon64 USP Designed for desktops and notebooks

Released September 2003

AMDs hope: noticing that the Athlon 64 is

comparable in price to existing 32-bit

processors, consumers will purchase the

processor to gain the added 64-bitfunctionality


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Athlon64: The Numbers Available now: 2.0 GHz

Bus frequency (Hyper-Transport): 1600

MHz

Peak processor-to-system bandwidth = 9.6

GB/s

L1 caches: 128 KB, L2 cache: 1 MB

.13 micron process


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Intels Approach to the Market Only producing a 64-bit processor for

servers and workstations: Itanium

Believe not currently enough market

demand for 64-bit in PCs

Will continue to improve Pentium 4 for

desktop customers


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Intels Itanium Intel and HP announced cooperation in

1994; Development began as early as 1988

Developed separately from Pentium

An entirely new processor

A lot of buzz created


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The Itanium Architecture Brand new, not based on x86

Old concepts newly implemented

Philosophically very different from AMD-

64

Significant departure from past mainstream

architectures


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The Itanium Architecture Huge number of registers (128 general

purpose)

10-stage pipeline

Advanced prediction


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Itanium Generation 1 Slated for 1998-1999 release

Not released until June 2001

When finally released, 1 to 2 billion dollars

had already been invested

This will end up being one of the worlds

worst investments, Im afraid

David House, former Intel Chief ofCorporate Strategy


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Itanium: The Verdict A failure

Hideously expensive

Slow

Poor performance

Itanic, Unobtanium Wait for McKinley (Itanium 2), Itanium is

simply a development platform.


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Itanium 2: The Numbers Available now: 1.5 GHz, 1.4 GHz, 1.3 GHz,

1 GHz

32KB level 1 caches, 256KB L2 cache, up

to 6MB L3 cache

System bus: 400 MHz, 6.4 GB/s peak

bandwidth


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The Pentium 4 Intel will continue to develop and improve

the P4

New features, technologies, and

improvements are being added

A P5 in the future?


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Hyper-Threading Can process two independent threads

simultaneously

The computer sees two processors, eventhough there is physically only one

Potential to significantly increase CPU

efficiency Will see more and more software written totake advantage of Hyper-Threading


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Hyper-Threading


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Hyper-Threading


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Current P4 Numbers

Up to 3.8 GHz

1000 MHz system bus, 6.4 GB/s peak

bandwidth

16 KB L1 cache, 1 MB L2 cache


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What About A P5?

Yamhill Intels Plan B

Rumored 64-bit extensions to x86

Release date unknown


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Other Developments

Both Intel and AMD are developing Dual-

Core CPUs.

Dual-Core means two processors effectively

packaged as one.

To be introduced by late 2006

Development of Multi-Core CPUs to follow


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The Future Opteron, Itanium, Athlon 64, and Pentium 4

will continue to be improved

90 nm process (.09 micron)

Larger caches

Faster clock rates

64-bit MicrosoftWindows

More 64-bit software


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C

ompetition Summary Opteron and Itanium 2 competing in server

and workstation markets

Athlon 64 and Pentium 4 competing in

desktop market

Pentium 4 may be extended to 64-bits in the

future


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W

hoW

illW

in the Battle? Will desktop consumers embrace 64-bit

processors?

Will corporations and labs be willing to

fully switch over to 64-bit?

Can AMD outmuscle a more powerful

company?


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Bibliography Main Sources :

www.intel.com

www.amd.com

Articles from

www.hardocp.com

www.anandtech.com

www.tomshardware.com

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