l

PHYSICAL AND GEOTECHNICAL

PROPERTIES OF SOILS

Second Edition

Joseph E. Bowles Consulcing EngineerfSoftware Consultane

Engineering Computer Software

INTERNATIONAL STUDENT EDITION

McGRAW-HILL BOOK COMPANY

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CONTENTS

Preface xi

Chapter l Introduction to Geotechnics, Statistics, and SI

1-1 Generai Introduction 1-2 The Study or Soil Mechanics 2 1-3 Text Objectives 4 1-4 Some Typical Soil Problems 4 1-5 Historical Development or So il Mechanics 5 1-6 Soil Failures 9 1-7 Sources or Inrormation for Geotechnical Engineers 13 1-8 Elements of Statistics and Probability 16 1-9 SI Units 23

Chapter 2 Soil Proper ties- P hysical and Index 26

2-1 Introduction 26 2-2 Soil Composition and Terms - 26 2-3 Basic Defini tions and Mass-Volume Relationships 27 2-4 Noncohesive and Cohesive Soils 39 2-5 Atterberg (or Consistency) Limits _40 2-6 Soil Moisture 41 2-7 Indices of Soil Consistency 42 2-8 Specific Surface A3 2-9 Specific Gravity 44

2-10 Soil Texture 46 2- 11 Soil Phases 46 -- 2-12 Grain Size 48 2-13 Uni t Weight of Soils (Dry, W et, and Submerged) 50 2- 14 Effective or Intergranular Pressures 52 2- 15 Intergranular Pressures in Partially Saturated Soils 59 2-16 Summary 60

v

,. vi CONTE-;TS COI'TEI'TS vii

Cbapter 3 Geologie Propertie:;, Formations of 6-4 Determining Subsurface Conditions 174

Natura! Soil Deposits, and Groundwater 64 6-5 Location, Spacing. and Depth of Borings 177

3-1 Introduction 64 6-6 Sampling 179

3-2 The Earth 65 6-7 Water Table 184

3-3 Physìcal Properties of Minerals 66 6-8 Sample Quality and Engineering Practice 184

3-4 The Rock and Soil Cycle 9 67 6-9 The Standard Penetration Test (SPT) ...___-- 185

3-5 Igneous Rocks 70 6-10 SPT Correlations 186

3-6 Sedìmentary Rocks 74 6- 11 Boring Logs 188

3-7 Metamorphic Rocks 79 6-12 Cone Penetration Test (C PT) 189

3-8 Crustal Movements 80 6-13 Rock Drilling 192

3-9 Rock Weatheringand Soil Formation -- 85 6-14 Seismic Exploration 194

3-10 Generai Considerations in Rock Weathering 92 6-15 Resistivity Exploration 199

3-1 1 Soil Formations Produced by Weathering,...t- 92 6-16 The Total Stress Cell and Dilatometer 200

,3-12 Running Water and Alluvial Deposits 96 6-1 7 Summary 202 _. 3-13 Glacial Deposits 100

Compaction and Soil Stabilization 3-14 Wind Deposits 106 Chapter 7 204

3-15 Gravity Deposits 109 7-1 Generai Concept of Soil Stabilization _ \\_, 204

3-16 Subsurface Water~ 109 7-2 Soil as a Construction Materia!--------------- 205

3-17 Sources of Geologie Information 116 7-3 Soil Stabi1ization o-.._ 205

3-1 8 Summary 117 7-4 Soil Compaction -- 207 :208 7-5 Tbeory of Compaction Cbapter 4 Soil Classification Tests and

7-6 Compaction of Cobesionless Soils 212 Common Systems 119 7-7 Structure and Properties of Compacted

4-1 Generai 119 Cohesive Soils 213

4-2 Soil Tests for Classification.L.., 121 7-8 Stabilization of Expansive Clays · - . 215

4-3 The Unified Soil Classification System v 128 7-9 OtherCommentsonSoilCompactio~216 4-4 The AASHTO Soil Classification System 135 7-10 Excavation and Compaction Equipment 217

4-5 Generai Description of AASHTO Soil 7-11 Compaction Specifications 223

Classification Subgroups 137 7-12 Fie! d Contro! of Compaction 225

4-6 The AASHTO Group Index 138 7-13 Statistica! Field Unit Weight Contro! 230

4-7 Field Identification Tests 140 7-14 Deep Compaction of In Si tu Soils 232

4-8 Summary 141 7-15 Static Stabilization 234

7-16 Fabric Stabilization 234 Ch~pter 5 Soil Structure and Clay Minerals _g__ 145 7-17 Soil-Cement and Lime-Fly-Ash Soil Stabilization 236

5-1 Soils and Soil Formation .-. 145 7-1 8 Special Problems in Soil Compaction 238

5-2 Soìl Structure and Fabric 146 7-19 Summary 239

5-3 Soìl Cohesion and Friction ~ 146 5-4 Granular Soil Structure 147 Chapter 8 Soil Hydraulics, Permeability, 5-5 Other Considerations of Granular Soil Structure; Capillarity, and Shrinkage 24 1

Relative Density ~ 149 8-1 Water in Soil ~ 241 5-6 Structure of Cohesive Soìls q/ 154 8-2 Permeabilìty L 242 5-7 Clay and Clay Minerai' 158 8-3 Soil Water Flow and the Bernoulli Energy Equatìon 245

l 5-8 Generai Clay Minerai Properties 163 8-4 Determination of the Coefficient of Permeability < 249 5-9 Summary 167 8-5 Lìmitations and Other Considerations in Determìning k 252

Chapter 6 Soil Exploration and Sampling 170 8-6 Effective Coefficient of Permeabilìty of 4.-

Stratified Soils 254 6-1 Introduction 170 8-7 Capìllarity and Capillary Effects in Soìl 257 6-2 Site Investigation 171 8-8 Seepage Forces and Quick Conditions 267 6-3 Site Geology 172 8-9 Summary 274

,. COl'TEl'TS ix

viii COKTE:-:TS

Preconsolidation and Estimation of the 11 -5 Seepage and Flow Net Theory 277 Preconsolidation Pressure 365 Chapter 9

9-1 Introduction 277 11-6 The Compression Parameters 367 9-2 Seepage Flow through Soil- The LaPlace Equation 278 11-7 Compression Parameters fo r Arithmetic Plots 369 9-3 Flow Nets 280 11 -8 Empirica! Approximations for C, and C~ 370 9-4 Fio w ets for Sheet-Pile C ut-Oif Walls 282 11-9 Soil Structure and Consoliaation <! 372 9-5 Flow Nets fo r Ea rth Dams 286 11- 10 Settlement Computations 373 9-6 Methods for Obtaining the Phreatic Line !l - li Secondary Compression (Creep) Senlemems 374

for Earth Dams 289 ll -12 Illustrative Examples 376 9-7 Flo w Net Construction 293 ll - 13 Controlling Consolidation Settlements 382 9-8. Direct Computation of Seepage Quantity 296 11- 14 Reliability of Consolidation Settlement Computations 382

11- 15 Summary 383 9-9 The Flow Net When kx f k, 297 9-10 Contro) ofSeepage through Dams 299

Rate of Consolidation 387 9-11 Sudden Drawdown and Seepage Forces 301 Chapter l2 9- 12 Piping and Contro! of Piping 302 12-l The Coefficient of Consolidation ~ 387 9-13 Other Methods fo r Seepage Quantities 304 12-2 Percent Consolidation 391 9-14 Elements of W eli Hydrau lics 305 12-3 Methods of Obtaining the Ti me of < 9-15 Summary 307 Interest for Computing c,. 393

12-4 Rate of Consolidation Based o n Strain 396 Chapter 10 Stresses, Strains, and Rheological Concepts 310 12-5 Illustrative Examples 402 ~ 310 12-6 Consolidation Rates for Layered Media 410 IO-l Generai Considerations

Three-Dimensional Consolidation 411 10-2 Generai Stresses and Strains at a Point ~ 312 12-7

411 10-3 Theory of Elasticity Concepts Used in 12-8 Summary Soil Mechanics Problems 313 -< 10-4 Octahedral Stresses 31 4 Chapter 13 Shear Strength of Soils 414

10-5 Stress-Strai n Modulus and Hooke's Law 320 13-1 Introduction ~ 414 10-6 Anisotropie Soil 325 13-2 Shear Strength Parameters c and <P 41 6 10-7 Two-Dimensional Stresses a t a Poi m <::--"' 326 13-3 Soil Failure, Criticai Void Ratio, .c_ 10-8 Mohr's Stress Circle 328 and Resid ua! Strength 4 18 10-9 Mohr's Circle for lnclined Principal Axes 332 13-4 Soil Tests to Determine Shear Strength Parameters 420 10-10 Boussinesq Stresses in an Elastic Half Space 333 13-5 Stress Paths 435 10-11 Boussinesq Solution for Round Plates 335 13-6 Shear Strength of Cohesionless Soil 440 10-12 Numerica! Integratio n of the Bo ussinesq Equations 336 13-7 Shear Strength of Cohesive Soils 442 10-13 O ther Solutions fo r the Boussinesq Equations 337

13-8 Pore Pressure Elfects in Consolidated-Drained Tests '- 455 10-14 Pressure Bulbs and Stress Concentration Factors 341 13-9 Sensitivity of Cohesive Soils 455 10-15 The Vertical Pressure Profile 342 13-10 Empirica] Methods for Shear Strength ~ 456 10-16 The A verage Pressure 344

13-11 In-Si tu Direct Measurement of Shear Strength "<' 459 10-17 T he Newmark Influence Chart 345 13-12 Factors Alfecting Shear Strength <( 462 10-18 Westergaard's Stress 348 13-13 Normalized Soil Parameters 463· 10-19 Soil Deformation or Settlement 349 13-14 The sJp. Ratio ~ 464 10-20 Rheological Models 351 13-15 Pore Pressure Parameters 466 10-21 Summary 353 13-16 Summary 47 1 .L

l Chapter Il Consolidation and Consolidation Chapter 14 Static and Dynamic Stress-Strain Settlemen ts 356 Characteristics 476

Il - l Soil Consolidation and Settlement Problems ~ 356 14-1 Stress-Strain Data 476 11-2 Soil Consolidation ~ 358 14-2 The Stress-Strain Modulus 476 11-3 Interpreting the Consolidation Test t- 360 14-3 Poisson's Ratio 479 11-4 Correction of the Compression Curve for Disturbance j,-- 365

,. X CONTENTS

14-4 Factors Affecting the Stress-Strain Modulus and Approximations 482

14-5 Resilient Modulus 482 14-6 Dynamic Soil Stress-Strain Modulus 483 14-7 Cyclic Modulus o f Deformation and Liquefaction 486 14-8 Summary 496

Chapter 15 Latera! Pressures, Bearing Capacity, and Settlement 498

15-1 Introduction 498 15-2 Soi l Stresses at a Point-K. Conditions 498 15-3 Active and Passive Earth Pressures 501 15-4 Pressures against Walls 506 15-5 Inclined Cohesionless Ground 507 15-6 Latera! Earth Pressure for Cohesive Soils 510 15-7 The T riai Wedge Solution 513 15-8 Logarithmic Spirai and tP-Circle Methods for

Passive Pressure in Cohesionless Soil 514 15-9 Bearing Capacity-Theoretical 517

15-10 Bearing Capacity by Empirica! Methods 522 15-11 Other Bearing Capacity Problems 524 15-12 Deep Fountlations 525 15-13 Immediate Settlement Computations 529 15-14 Summary 533

Chapter 16 Stability of Slopes 536

16-1 Generai Considerations in Stability of Slopes 536 16-2 Infinite Slo pes 537 16-3 Stability of Infin ite Cohesive Slopes 539 16-4 Circular Are Analysis 540 16-5 The tP-Circle Method 542 16-6 S1ope Stability Charts 544 16-7 Slope Ana1ysis by Method of Slices 551 16-8 Wedge Block Analysis 555 16-9 Validity of S1ope Stability Analyses 558

16-10 Summary 559

Bibliography 563

Indexes 571 Name Index Subject lndex

l

BIBLIOGRAPHY

The following abbreviations are used t o simplify the reference list:

HRB

HRR

ASCE JGED JSMFD

PSC

ASTM STP

CGJ

Highway Research Board [presently Transportation Research Board (TRB), Washington, D.C.]. Publications available from TRB if in print

Highway Research Record. Publications available from TRB if in print

America n Society of Civ il Engineers

Journal of Geotechnical Engineering Division, ASCE (1974-­Journal of Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division ASCE (1956-1973)

Proceedings ASCE Specialty Conferences 1st PSC: Shear Strength of Cohesive Soils (1960)

3d PSC: Placement and Improvement of Soil to Suppor! Struc­tures (1968)

5th PSC: Performance of Earth and Earth Supported Structures (1972)

6th PSC: In Si tu Measurement of Soil Properties (1975) American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, Pa. Special Technical Publication published by ASTM. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Ottawa, Canada.

563

564 PHYSIC"AL Al' . .0 GEOTEC"H'IICAL PROPERTIES OF SOILS

ICSMFE

ISSS

on Soil Mechanics and Proceedings of International Conference Foundation Engineering S Proceedings of InternatiOna . 1 Symposium on Soil tructure, Gothenberg, Sweden

Geotec ntque 1 h . ·s published by the Institution of Civil Engineers, London.

Abbot. M. B. (1960): One-D1mens10na on . . l C solidation of Multilayered Soils, Geotechnique, vol. IO, no.

4 pp. 151- 165. . . 1 Consolidation ofClay, 5th ICSMFE, vol. l, Aboshi, H., and H. Monden (1961): Three-Dlmenslona

pp. 550-562. . S d f the Vane Shear, 6th PSC, vol. l , pp. 93- 120. Arman, A., J . K. Poplin, and N. Ahmad _(1975~. ~~e:ri~ " Proceedings of a Specialty Conference," ASCE 0982): Grouting in Geotechmcal ng g,

published by ASCE. . 1 C ife ence proceedings published by ASCE, 2 vols., --- (1980): Expansive Soils, 4rh lnternaiJOna on r •

917 pages. . m osium published by ASCE. (1978)· Symposium on Earth Rernforcemenr, sy p S t es 3d PSC ASCE 440 pages. --- · · 1 of Soilto Suppor! truc ur • ' ' --- (1968): Placement and lmprovemen S ., d Rock · Building Stones ; Peats," vol. 4.08, ASTM (1983): " Annua! Book o_f Standards: 01 an •

ASTM, Philadelphia, Pa. (pnor to 1983 P~. 19). d its Role in Geotechnical Projects lnvolving --- (1973): " Evaluation of Relallve Denslty an

Cohesionless Soils," STP no. 523, 510 pa~es(.l976) · Regression Analysis of Soil Compressibility, A S R J Krizek and R. B. Corot1s · Azzouz, · ·• · · . ' 1 !6 n 2 pp. 19-29. . · ·

Soils and Foundauons, Tokyo, vo · • o. '. . . A le of Internai Friction w1th Confìmng N M 1 r (1969) · " Vanat1on m ng M"

30 Banks, D. C., and B. . ac ve . Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, lss, Pressure," Mise. Paper S-69-12, U.S. Army

pages. M D Il (1965): Use of Free Ends in Triaxial Testing of Clays, JSMFD, Barden, L., and R. J. c ermo

ASCE, vol. 91, SM 6, pp. 1-23. . l d Western Europe, Proc., Conference on Penetralion H (1974): Generai Report. Centra an Begemann, . 29

_39

.

T estil1g Stockholm, Vol. 2.1, pp. · . f CI nd the Supportmg Power of Clay ' 1 p and Res1stance o ay a

Beli, A. L. (1915): The Latera ressurSe "l M h n"cs" lnstitution of Civil Engineers, Loodon, pp. Foundalions, in "A Century of Ol ec a l •

93-134. W"lk" (1969)· The Radiai Consolidation of Clay Soils, Geotechnique, vol. Berry, P . L., and w. B.. 1 mson ·

19, no. 2, pp. 253-284. . . l l estigation of Protective Filters," publication of tbe E ( !940)· "An Expenmenta nv Bertram, G. · · . . Harvard University, no. 267. . l

Graduate School of Engmeenng, . . 1 . h Stability Analysis of Slopes, Geotechnique, vo B. h A W (1955)· The Use of the Shp Clrc e m t e m~.. . .

5, no. l , pp. 7-17. H d r Triaxial Apparatus for Controlled Stress Palh TcstJD& d L D Wesley (1975): A Y rau lC -- an · · be 657-670.

Geotechnique, vol. 25, no. 4• Decem r, pp. rh PSC voi 2, pp. l- 54. .

Bjerrum, L. (1972): Embankments on SoftGrou~~h:;;~t~ength èhar~cteristics of Normally Consoli---- and N . E. Simons (1960): Compamon o .

dated Clays Proc. Isr PSC, pp. 711- 726· (!960

)· .. From Theory to Practice in Soil ' R B p k and A W Skempton · Ncw York. ___ A. Casagrande, · · ec • .. · · T hi .. John Wiley and Sons, Inc,

Mechanics : Selections from the wnlmgs of K. erzag • .

425 pages. . Deformations-Mississippi River Delt~ ~ Blessey, W. E. (1970): Pile Foundauo~s L~:~/"~ ndations and Ce/lu/ar Srructures, Le#Ugh Um-

Proc. Conf. Design and Insta/lauon OJ t e ou versiry, pp. 1- 26.

BIBLIOGRAP!iy 56S

Bowles, J. E. (1982): "Foundation Analysis and Design," 3d ed., McGraw-Hill Book Company, New Y ork, 816 pages.

--- (1978) : " Engineering Propenies of Soils and Thcir Measurement," 2d ed., McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 213 pages.

- (1974): "Analytical and Computer Methods in Foundation Engineering," McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 519 pages.

Broms, B. B. (1980) : Soil Sampling in Europe; State-of-the-An, JGED, ASCE, vol. 106, GT 1, pp. 65-98.

Brooker, E. W., and H. O. Ireland (1965) : Earih Pressures at Rest Related to Stress History, CGJ, vol. 2, no. l, pp. 1- 15.

Campanella, R. G., and Y. P. Vaid (1972): A Simple K. Triaxial Celi, CGJ, vol. 9, no. 3, August, pp. 249-260.

Caquot, A., and J. Kerisel (1948): " Tables for the Calculation of Passive Pressure, Active Pressure, and Bearing Capacity of F oundations," tra ns. M. A. Bee, Gauthier-Villars, Paris.

Caroll, D. (1970): " Rock Weathering," Plenum Publishing Corporation, New York, 203 pages. Casagrande, A. (1965): Role of the "Calculated Risk" in Earthwork and Foundation Engineering,

JSMFD, ASCE, vol. 91, SM 4, pp. 1-40.

--- (1958): Notes on the Design of the Liquid Limi t Device, Georechnique, vol. 8, no.2, pp. 84-91. --- (1948): Classifìcation and ldentifìcation ofSoils, Trans. ASCE, vol. 113, pp. 901- 930. --- (1937): Seepage through Dams, in " Contributions to Soil Mechanics 1925-1940," Boston

Society of Ci vii Engineers, pp. 295-336.

--- (1936): The Determination of the Preconsolidation Load and lts Practical Signifìcance, lsr I CSMFE, vol. 3, pp. 60-64.

--- (1932): Research on the Atterberg Limits ofSoils, Public R oads vol. 13, no.8, pp. 121- 136. --- and R. E. Fadum (1944): Application of Soil Mechanics in Designing.Building Foundations,

Trans. ASCE, vol. 109, pp. 383-490.

Cedergren, H. (1977): "Seepage, Drainage and Flow Nets," 2d ed., John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 534 pages.

Chan, C. K., and J. P. Mulilis (1976): Pneumatic Sinusoidal Loading System, JGE/), ASCE, vol. 102, GT 3, pp. 277-282.

Chassie, R. G., and R. D. Goughnour (1976): States Intensifying Elforts to Reduce Highway Land­slides, Civi/ Engineering, Aprii, pp. 65-66. ·

Christian, J. T., and W. D. Carrier (1978) : Jan bu, Bjerrum and Kjaernsli's Chart Reinterpreted, CGJ, vol. 15, no. l , February, pp. 123- 128.

Clevenger, W. A. (1958): Experiences with Loess as a Foundation Materia!, Trans. ASCE, vol. 123, pp. 151- 194.

Ciuff, L. S. (1971): Peru Earthquake of May 31, 1970; Engineering Geology Observations, Seismol. Soc. Am. Bul/., vol. 61, no.3, lune, pp. 511-52 1.

Collins, K., and A. McGown (1974): The Form and Function of Microfabric Features in a Variety of Natura! Soils, Geotechnique, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 223-254.

Cousins, B. F. (1980): Stability Charts for Simple Earth Slopes Allowing for Tension Cracks. Proc. Jrd Australia-New Zea/and Conference on Geomechanics, pp. 1- 5.

- (1978): Stability Charts for Simple Earth Slopes, JGED, ASCE, vol. 104, GT 2, February, pp. 267- 279.

Coyle, H. M., and R. R. Castello (1981): New Design Correlations for Piles in Sand, JGED, ASCE. vol. 107, GT 7, Juiy, pp. 965-986.

Cullingford, G., A. K. Lashine, and G. B. Parr (1972): Servo-Controlled Equipment for Dynamic Testing of Soils, Geocechnique, vol. 22, no.3, pp. 526-529.

Cummings, A. E. (1936): Distribution of Stresses Under a Foundation, Trans. ASCE, vol. 101. pp. 1072- 1134.

Deere, D. U. (1968): Chap. l : Geologica! Considerations, in " Rock Mechanics in Engineering Prac­tice," K. G. Stagg and O. C. Zienkiewicz, eds., John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, pp. 1- 20.

De Leeuw, E. H. (1965): The Theory of Three-Dimensional Consolidation Applied to Cylindrical Bodies, 6th ICSMFE, vol. l, pp. 287-290.

566 PHYSICAL ANO GEOTECH:-JICA L PROPERTIES OF SOJLS

V F B (1971): The Standard Penetrauon Test, ta te-o - . . S f Art Repon Proc. 4th Panamerican De Mello, · · · 1 1 1- 86. . Conference on Soil Mech. and Foulld. Et~grg.~o h d~~Prentice-Hall Book Co., Englewood Chffs. Desai. C S. (1979): .. Elementary Fmne Element et o '

N.J., 434 pages. . . 1., U S Department or Transportation, Washington, DOT (1 976): .. Flyash: A Construcuon M atena' ..

D.C., 198 pages. K' , ( I980)· .. Fundamentals or Geotechnical Analysis," D l S L R. Anderson, and F. W. teoer . unn. · ·• · y k 414 pages

John Wiley and Sons, [ne., New or ' F' Id V . Test in Sensitive Clay, ASTM STP 399, pp. Eden, W. 1_ (!965): An Evaluatton or the te ane

8- 17. . . S · Elastic Foundations, 2d ICSMFE, vol. Fadum, R. E. (1948) : lnfluence Values ror Esumaung t ress m

3. pp. 77- 84. . . r SPT-N and Relative Density, JGED, ASCE, Fardis, M. N., and D. Veneziano (1981): Esumatton o

vol. 107, GT IO, October, pp. 1345-1359

· G 1

,. 1ohn Wiley and Sons, !ne., New York, 892 Flint, R. F. (1970): " Giacial and Quaternary eo ogy,

pages. . l S l t'on or Some P roblems in Consolidation or Clay, Gibson, R. E., and P. Lumb (1952): Numenca no o 2u ~arch pp. 182- 198.

Proc. lnst. Civil Engmeers, London, .~t. \· d G physics ror Engineers and Geologists," Perga-Griffiths, D. H., and R. F. Kmg (1965) : App te eo

mon Press, Ltd., Ox.ford, 223 pages:. M G aw-Hill Book Co., New York, 596 pages. Grimm, R. E. (1968): " Ciay Mmeralogy,_ 2d ed.,' c r ASCE vol. 100, GT 6, pp. 667-{,87. Gromko, G . 1. (1 974): Revtew or Expanstve S~tls, J~Eg,ata Fr~m a Comparat ive Laboratory Test Hammitt, G. M ry (1966): " StattstJ~I _Ana;siS oN 4-785 Waterways Experiment Station, Vicks-Program Sponsored by ACIL, Mtsc. aper o. '

burg, Miss., 62 pages. . F l ror Bearing Capacity, Danish Geotechnical Hansen, 1. B. (1970): A Revtsed and Extended ormu a

l llst. Bui/. 28, Copenhagen,21 pages .. Sh Mod l sand Damping in Soils: Design Equations H d' B 0 and V. P. Drnev1ch (1972) . ear 0 0

ar m, . ., D ASCE voi 98 SM 7, pp. 667-{,92. . . an d Curves, J SM F , • · · . . r S -1 Specimens During a Tnaxtal Test. --- and 1. Music (1965): Apparatus ror VtbratJOn o Ol

ASTM STP no. 392, PP- 55-73. V l. 't' · G ranular Soils JSMFD, ASCE, vol. --- and F. E. Richart 1r. (1963): Elastic W ave e oct tes m '

89, SM l, pp. 33-65. d S " McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 315 Harr, M. E. (!962): " Groundwater an eepage,

pages. d F d t' ns Trans ASCE, vol. 73, p. 99. Hazen, A. (1911): Discussion: Dams on San oun ad t~ 'olded .Ciays 1st PSC ASCE pp. 533-553. Henkel, D. H. (1960): The Shear Strength or ~a~rat~ a~:n (erra ta) ;GED, ASCE, vol. 109, GT 10, Herrero, O. (1 983): Universal Compresston n ex qu '

p 1349. - ç ·n "Nabor Carillo Volume: Tbc Hiriart·, F., and R. 1. Marsal ( 1 ~69): The Subsiden;e ~r ~~x~~:et~~·a' de Hacienda Credito Publico

Subsidence or Mexico Cuy and Texcoco roJec '

Fiduciacia : Nacional Financiera, S.A., Mextco, P~- 109-;:7. k well Soils Proc. 4th lnt. Conf. on H l W G (1980): Public Awareness or Homes BUI t on nn - , o tz, . . . -{,38

Expansive Sotls, ASCE, vol. L PP- 617 · . . rE . Clays T rans. ASCE, vol. 121, --- and H. 1. Gibbs (1956): Engineering Properues o xpanstve '

pp. 641-{,77. . S r of Soils ror Civil Engineering Pur-Hvorslev, M. 1. (1949): "Subsurface Exp~orat~~nk a~d g,a:~s~n~avai lable from Engineering Founda·

poses," Waterways Experiment Statton, te s ur .

tion New York). 521 pages. h . S -15

.. P h D thesis translatcd and . . r R Id ed Co CS I ve 01 , . • • _ __ (1937): .. Physical Properttes o emo Ex riment Station, Vicksburg, MJSS.. published (1969) as Translation No. 69-5 by Waterways pe

165 pages. . f . . Hollow Cylinder Torsion under lrregular lshihara, K .. and S. Yasuda (1975): Sand Ltque actton m 45- 59. Excitation, Soils and Foundations, Tokyo, vol. 15, no. l, pp.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 567 Jaky, 1. (1948): Pressure in Silos. 2d ICS.\1 FE. vol. l, pp. 103-107.

Janbu, N. (1965): Consolidation or Clay Layers Based on Nonlinear Stress-Strain, 6th ICSMFE, vol. 2, pp. 83- 87.

Johnson, A. W .. and J. R. Sallberg (1960): Factors That lnHuence Field Compaction of Soils, HRB Bull. no. 272, 206 pages.

Jones. D. E., and W. G. Holtz (1973): Expansive Soils-The Hidden Disaster, Civi[ Engineering, ASCE, pp. 49-51.

Karlsson, R., and L Viberg (1 967): Ratio cjp' in Relation to Liquid Limit and Plasticity lndex, with Spectal Rererence !O Swedtsh Clays, Proc. Geotechnical Conf, Osio, Nonvay, vol. 1, pp. 43-47.

Kaufman, R. 1., and W. C Sherman, Jr. (1964): Engineering Measurements ror Pon Allen Lock JSMFD, ASCE, vol. 90, SM 5, September. pp. 221-247. '

Kiersch, G. A. (1964): Vaiont Reservoir Disaster, Civil Engineering, ASCE, vol. 34, no.3, March, pp. 32-39.

Kovacs, W. D., H. B. Seed, and C K. Chan (1971): Dynamic Moduli and Damping Ratios ror Soft Clay, JSMFD, ASCE, vol. 97, SM l , pp. 59-75.

Ladd. C C , et aL (1917): Stress-Derormation and Strength Characteristics, State-of-Art Report. 9th !CSM FE. vol. 2, pp. 421--494.

Lade, P. J., and K. L Lee (1 976): .. Engineering Properties of Soils," Soil Mech_ Laboratory, UCLA­Eng 7652, May, 145 pages.

Lambe, T. W. (1958): The Engineering Behavior of Compacted Clay, JSM FD, ASCE, vol. 84, SM 2, May, pp. 1655-1-35.

--- and R. V. Whitman (1 969): "Soil Mechanics," John Wiley and Sons, I nc., New York, 553 pages.

Lee, K. L (1 970): Comparison of Piane Strain and Triaxial Tests on Sand, JSMFD, ASCE, vol. 96. SM 3, May, pp. 901-923.

--- and 1. A. Focht, 1r. (1 975): Streng!h of Clay Subjected to Cyclic Loading, Marine Geotech­nology, New York, vol. l, no. 3.

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