Download - “Soft” Shoreline Stabilization OptionsHudson River Estuary Hudson River Estuary Alternatives
-
8/11/2019 Soft Shoreline Stabilization OptionsHudson River Estuary Hudson River Estuary Alternatives
1/12
Soft Shoreline Stabilization OptionsSoft Shoreline Stabilization Options
Hudson River EstuaryHudson River EstuaryAlternativesAlternatives
Literature review of softLiterature review of softstabilization techniquesstabilization techniques
Qualitative assessment ofQualitative assessment ofavailable soft stabilizationavailable soft stabilizationtechniquestechniques
RecommendedRecommendedtechniques applicable totechniques applicable tothe Hudson River Estuarythe Hudson River Estuary
Project Objectives
Literature ReviewLiterature Review
Databases accessed:Databases accessed:
IngentaIngenta
EBSCOHostEBSCOHost
Scientific ResearchScientific Research
IlluminaIllumina
Engineering VillageEngineering Village
USACEUSACE
ASCEASCE
NRCSNRCS
References sources:References sources: InternetInternet
University ofUniversity ofMassachusetts,Massachusetts,
AmherstAmherst
Pennsylvania StatePennsylvania StateUniversityUniversity
Literature ReviewLiterature Review
Keywords for database searches:Keywords for database searches:
River restorationRiver restoration
River bioengineeringRiver bioengineering
Soil bioengineeringSoil bioengineering
StreambankStreambank stabilizationstabilization
BiotechnicalBiotechnical streambankstreambank stabilizationstabilization
Ecological river restorationEcological river restoration
Estuarine river restorationEstuarine river restoration
-
8/11/2019 Soft Shoreline Stabilization OptionsHudson River Estuary Hudson River Estuary Alternatives
2/12
Literature ReviewLiterature ReviewSubstantial information found from:Substantial information found from:
FISRWG 1998FISRWG 1998 -- Stream Corridor Restoration: Principles,Stream Corridor Restoration: Principles,Processes and PracticesProcesses and Practices. The Federal Interagency Stream. The Federal Interagency StreamRestoration Working Group, ISBNRestoration Working Group, ISBN--00--934213934213--5959--3.3.
USDA NRCS 1996USDA NRCS 1996 -- Chapter 16,Chapter 16, StreambankStreambank and Shorelineand ShorelineProtection.Protection. Engineering Field Handbook, USDA Natural ResourcesEngineering Field Handbook, USDA Natural ResourcesConservation Service, Aberdeen, ID.Conservation Service, Aberdeen, ID.
GSWCC 2000GSWCC 2000 -- Guidelines forGuidelines for StreambankStreambank Restoration.Restoration. (Revised(RevisedMarch/2000). Georgia Soil and Water Conservation Commission.March/2000). Georgia Soil and Water Conservation Commission.
Allen and Leech 1997Allen and Leech 1997 -- Bioengineering forBioengineering for StreambankStreambank ErosionErosionControlControl -- Report 1, Guidelines,Report 1, Guidelines, Technical Report ELTechnical Report EL--9797--8. U.S.8. U.S.Army Engineer Waterways Experimental Station, Vicksburg, MS.Army Engineer Waterways Experimental Station, Vicksburg, MS.
Literature ReviewLiterature Review Gray andGray and SotirSotir19961996 -- Biotechnical and soil bioengineering slopeBiotechnical and soil bioengineering slope
stabilization: A practical guide for erosion controlstabilization: A practical guide for erosion control. A Wiley. A Wiley--InterscienceInterscience Publication, New York, New York.Publication, New York, New York.
SchiechtlSchiechtl 19801980 -- Bioengineering for Land Reclamation andBioengineering for Land Reclamation andConservation.Conservation. The University of Alberta Press, Alberta, Canada.The University of Alberta Press, Alberta, Canada.
SchiechtlSchiechtl and Stern 1997and Stern 1997 -- Water Bioengineering Techniques forWater Bioengineering Techniques forWatercourse, Bank and Shoreline Protection.Watercourse, Bank and Shoreline Protection. Blackwell Science,Blackwell Science,KlosterneuburgKlosterneuburg, Austria, Austria
LandphairLandphairand Li 2002and Li 2002 -- Biotechnical engineering as an alternative toBiotechnical engineering as an alternative totraditional engineering methods, A biotechnicaltraditional engineering methods, A biotechnical streambankstreambankstabilization design approach.stabilization design approach. Landscape and Urban Planning 60Landscape and Urban Planning 60(2002) 225(2002) 225242. Texas Transportation Institute.242. Texas Transportation Institute.
Various U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development CenterVarious U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development CenterTechnical ReportsTechnical Reports
Available Soft ShorelineAvailable Soft ShorelineStabilization TechniquesStabilization Techniques
Live StakesLive Stakes
WattlingWattling or Live Fascinesor Live Fascines
Brush layeringBrush layering
Branch packingBranch packing
VegetatedVegetated GeogridsGeogrids
LiveLive CribwallCribwall
Live GratingLive Grating
Joint PlantingJoint Planting
Available Soft ShorelineAvailable Soft ShorelineStabilization TechniquesStabilization Techniques
Brush MattressBrush Mattress
Tree RevetmentTree Revetment
Log andLog and RootwadRootwad RevetmentRevetment
Dormant Post PlantingDormant Post Planting
Coconut Fiber Rolls, Jute Logs,Coconut Fiber Rolls, Jute Logs,
Coir RollsCoir Rolls
Vegetative Rock GabionsVegetative Rock Gabions
-
8/11/2019 Soft Shoreline Stabilization OptionsHudson River Estuary Hudson River Estuary Alternatives
3/12
Live StakesLive Stakes (source: Texas DOT)(source: Texas DOT) Live StakesLive Stakes(source USDA Engineering Field Handbook 1996)(source USDA Engineering Field Handbook 1996)
Live FascinesLive Fascines (source: Texas DOT)(source: Texas DOT) Live FascinesLive Fascines((source:source: SotirSotirandand FischenichFischenich 2001)2001)
-
8/11/2019 Soft Shoreline Stabilization OptionsHudson River Estuary Hudson River Estuary Alternatives
4/12
Brush LayeringBrush Layering (source: Texas DOT)(source: Texas DOT) Branch PackingBranch Packing (source: Texas DOT)(source: Texas DOT)
Branch PackingBranch Packing(source USDA Engineering Field Handbook 1996)(source USDA Engineering Field Handbook 1996)
VegetatedVegetated GeogridsGeogrids (source Texas DOT)(source Texas DOT)
-
8/11/2019 Soft Shoreline Stabilization OptionsHudson River Estuary Hudson River Estuary Alternatives
5/12
VegetatedVegetated GeogridsGeogrids(source:(source: SotirSotirandand FischenichFischenich 2003)2003)
Live Crib WallLive Crib Wall (source: Texas DOT)(source: Texas DOT)
Live Crib WallLive Crib Wall(source: USDA Engineering Field Handbook 1996)(source: USDA Engineering Field Handbook 1996)
Live GratingLive Grating(source: USDA Engineering Field Handbook 1996)(source: USDA Engineering Field Handbook 1996)
-
8/11/2019 Soft Shoreline Stabilization OptionsHudson River Estuary Hudson River Estuary Alternatives
6/12
Joint PlantingJoint Planting (source: Texas DOT)(source: Texas DOT) Joint PlantingJoint Planting(source: USDA Engineering Field Handbook 1996)(source: USDA Engineering Field Handbook 1996)
Naturally occurring along Hudson River Shoreline (source: D. MilNaturally occurring along Hudson River Shoreline (source: D. Mil ler)ler)
Brush MattressBrush Mattress (source: Texas DOT)(source: Texas DOT) Brush MattressBrush Mattress(source: USDA Engineering Field Handbook 1996)(source: USDA Engineering Field Handbook 1996)
-
8/11/2019 Soft Shoreline Stabilization OptionsHudson River Estuary Hudson River Estuary Alternatives
7/12
-
8/11/2019 Soft Shoreline Stabilization OptionsHudson River Estuary Hudson River Estuary Alternatives
8/12
Dormant Post PlantingsDormant Post Plantings(source: Texas DOT)(source: Texas DOT)
Dormant Post PlantingsDormant Post Plantings
Source: USDA Engineering FieldSource: USDA Engineering Field
Handbook 1996Handbook 1996
Source: Hoag 2000Source: Hoag 2000
Coconut Fiber RollCoconut Fiber Roll(source: USDA Engineering Field Handbook 1996)(source: USDA Engineering Field Handbook 1996)
Coconut Fiber RollCoconut Fiber Roll(source: USDA Engineering Field Handbook 1996)(source: USDA Engineering Field Handbook 1996)
-
8/11/2019 Soft Shoreline Stabilization OptionsHudson River Estuary Hudson River Estuary Alternatives
9/12
Vegetative Rock GabionsVegetative Rock Gabions
source: USDA Engineering Fieldsource: USDA Engineering FieldHandbook 1996Handbook 1996
Vegetative Rock GabionsVegetative Rock Gabions
Source: Freeman andSource: Freeman and FischenichFischenich 20002000
source:source: FischenichFischenich and Allen 2000and Allen 2000
Criteria for Screening AlternativesCriteria for Screening Alternatives
Available stabilization techniques were reviewedAvailable stabilization techniques were reviewedfor applicability to the Hudson River Estuaryfor applicability to the Hudson River Estuary
Techniques with stabilization properties greaterTechniques with stabilization properties greaterthan 6 inch diameter riprap were selectedthan 6 inch diameter riprap were selectedpotential application.potential application.
Riprap size chosen to represent low end of existingRiprap size chosen to represent low end of existingstabilization measures on the Hudson River Estuarystabilization measures on the Hudson River Estuary
Stabilization qualities for 6 inch diameter riprap:Stabilization qualities for 6 inch diameter riprap:
Permissible shear stress =Permissible shear stress = 2.5 lb/ft2.5 lb/ft22
Permissible Velocity =Permissible Velocity = 55--10 ft/sec10 ft/sec
Qualitative Screening of OptionsQualitative Screening of Options(source:(source: FischenichFischenich 2001)2001)
8-218Fully vegetated
7.5-154.0-6.0Partially vegetated
5-73UnvegetatedNon-Degradable
RECPs
3-42.25Coconut fiber with net
1-31.5-1.65Straw net
1-2.50.45Jute netTemporary Rolled
Erosion Control
Products (RECPs)
N/A0.41-2.5Hardwood tree plantings
N/A0.1-0.6Reed plantings
Permissible
Velocity
(ft/sec)
Permissible
Shear Stress
(lb/ft2)Boundary TypeBoundary Category
-
8/11/2019 Soft Shoreline Stabilization OptionsHudson River Estuary Hudson River Estuary Alternatives
10/12
Qualitative Screening of OptionsQualitative Screening of Options(source:(source: FischenichFischenich 2001)2001)
>1812.5Concrete14-1910Gabions
Hard Surfacing
3-102.10-3.10Live willow stakes
6-81.25-3.10Live fascine
120.4-6.25Brush Layering (initial/grown)
123.90-8.2Live brush mattress
(grown)
40.4-4.1Live brush mattress (initial)
9.54-8Vegetated coir mat
83-5Coir roll
50.6-1.25Reed fascine
30.2-1.0WattlesSoil Bioengineering
12-167.618 inch D50
5-102.56 inch D50Riprap
Permissible
Velocity (ft/sec)
Permissible
Shear Stress
(lb/ft2)Boundary TypeBoundary Category
Qualitative Screening of OptionsQualitative Screening of Options
Based on information presented in the previousBased on information presented in the previoustable and other literature, soft stabilizationtable and other literature, soft stabilizationtechniques considered to be applicable fortechniques considered to be applicable forthe Hudson River Estuary are:the Hudson River Estuary are:
VegetativeVegetative GeogridsGeogrids
Live Crib WallLive Crib Wall
Joint PlantingsJoint Plantings
Brush MattressesBrush Mattresses
Vegetative Rock GabionsVegetative Rock Gabions
Vegetation for StabilizationVegetation for Stabilization
Most common and costMost common and cost--effective method toeffective method toestablish vegetation utilize dormant, nonestablish vegetation utilize dormant, non--rootedrootedcuttingscuttings
Benefits of cuttings:Benefits of cuttings:
Stability when exposed to high water velocitiesStability when exposed to high water velocities
Ability to plant where water table is deeper thanAbility to plant where water table is deeper than1 ft1 ft
Lower costs than traditional bare root orLower costs than traditional bare root orcontainer nursery stockcontainer nursery stock
Typical Vegetation for StabilizationTypical Vegetation for Stabilization
Woody plant families most commonly referencedWoody plant families most commonly referencedin the literature include:in the literature include:
WillowsWillows
Dogwoods andDogwoods and
ViburnumsViburnums
These species (especially willows) propagate rootsThese species (especially willows) propagate rootseasily from cuttingseasily from cuttings
Native species should be usedNative species should be used
-
8/11/2019 Soft Shoreline Stabilization OptionsHudson River Estuary Hudson River Estuary Alternatives
11/12
Planting CautionsPlanting Cautions
Monitoring after installing plantings should be doneMonitoring after installing plantings should be doneto control invasive plants.to control invasive plants.
Common invasive plants include:Common invasive plants include:
Purple loosestrife (Purple loosestrife (LythrumLythrum salicariasalicaria)) Japanese Knotweed (Japanese Knotweed (PolygonumPolygonum cuspidatumcuspidatum))
Invasive aquatic plants common to the HudsonInvasive aquatic plants common to the Hudsonare:are:
Common Reed (Common Reed (PhragmitesPhragmites australisaustralis)) Water chestnutWater chestnut ((TrapaTrapa natansnatans))
EurasianEurasian
watermilfoilwatermilfoil
((MyriophyllumMyriophyllum
spicatumspicatum
))
Other Invasive SpeciesOther Invasive Species
Tree-of-heaven(Ailanthus altissima)
Multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora)
Japanese barberry (Berberis thunbergii)
Honeysuckles (non-native shrub species)
Garlic mustard (Allaria petiolata)
Common buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica)
Black swallow-wort(Cynanchum nigram and
Cynanchum rossicum)
Asiactic bittersweet (Celastrus orbiculatus)
Vegetation SelectionVegetation Selection
Criteria:Criteria: Native plantsNative plants
Readily availableReadily available
Roots easily from cuttingRoots easily from cutting
Rapid growth rateRapid growth rate
Spread potentialSpread potential
Salinity tolerance (lower regions of the estuary)Salinity tolerance (lower regions of the estuary)
Flood toleranceFlood tolerance
CostCost
Low maintenanceLow maintenance
Published Cost DataPublished Cost Data
Freeman and
Fischenich 2000
$176 527 per cubic yard of
protection
Vegetated Rock
Gabions
Allen and Fischenich
2000$3 - 14 per square footBrush Mattress
Gray and Sotir 1996$1 5 per square foot2Joint Planting
Gray and Sotir 1996$13-33 per square footLive Cribwall
Sotir and Fischenich
2003$16 - 37 per square footVegetated Geogrids
ReferenceUnit Capital Costs
Stabilization
Techniques
Notes:
For comparison, costs were adjusted to 2005 present day $
Joint planting costs do not include riprap and assumes 4 cuttings/SY
-
8/11/2019 Soft Shoreline Stabilization OptionsHudson River Estuary Hudson River Estuary Alternatives
12/12