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Theses and Dissertations
1966-08-01
The Japanese Attempt to Solve the Mongol Question in The Japanese Attempt to Solve the Mongol Question in
Manchuria, 1931-1945 Manchuria, 1931-1945
Richard D. S. Kwak Brigham Young University - Provo
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BYU ScholarsArchive Citation BYU ScholarsArchive Citation Kwak, Richard D. S., "The Japanese Attempt to Solve the Mongol Question in Manchuria, 1931-1945" (1966). Theses and Dissertations. 4861. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/4861
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JAPANESE ATTEMPT SOLVE
MONGOL QUESTION MANCHURIA 9
193119451931 1945
thesis
presented
department history
brigham young university
partial fulfillment
requirements degree
master arts
richard D kwak
august 1966
acknowledgementsACKNOWLEDGE MENTS
author wishes express sincere gratitude adviser
dr paul V hyer chairman asian studies program brigham
young university guidance help inspiration
appreciation extended dr lee W farnsworth
professor russell N horiuchi helpful suggestions
assisting work translationstranslationst appreciation
extended professor hocHorhoriuchiiuchituchiluchi tatsui sato japanese portion
conrad kramer german
warm appreciation extended kerstin kramer typing
thesis final form
wife mildred encouragement kind assistance
many hours spent preparation thesis author extends
deepest appreciation
errors interpretation representation facts
may found work author alone responsible
illlii
TABLE CONTENTS
acknowledgementsACKNOWLEDGE MENTS illiiiliiLIST TABLES illustration v
CHAPTER
I1 introduction 1
II11 historical background 5
manchu mongol relationschinese mongol relations
colonializationcolonializafcionnationalisnvationalismrationalism
autonomous movementmanchurian incidentcreation manchulcuomanchukuoManchukuo
motive objectivecentral governmentprovincial local administrative units
conclusion
III111ili EXTERNAL PROBLEMS RELATED MONGOL QUESTION 35panyepan lemongolmongolismlongolismismborder incidentshanchulimanchuliManHan chullchuli conferenceling sheng incident
manhan battle
IV INTERNAL PROBLEMS TRELATEDRELATED trieTHIEtre MONGOL QUESTION 58creation II1 sinan provincesoffice hainanhsinan affairs
provincial administrationtkb4ii1stri aitionitionletonnetonbanner administrationjapanese moncolmonrol program
lamaismeducationconcordia associationeconomy industry
V SUMMARY conclusion 89
bibliography 949
appendices 102
IV1vav
LIST TABLES illustration
page
1 government manchukuoManchukuo 30
2 map nomonhanmonhan garswartgacswargargac 1939 & 51
3 forces 55comparison 0 & 0 0 0 0 0 0 & & 0 0
4 administrative structure hsinfanhsinganmsingan provinces 0 0 62
5 banner administration 680 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
v
CHAPTER I1
introduction
1930s1930ts 19401st1940s essentially three mongomongollasMon gollaslas
outer Mongomongoliailagliagilas inner mongolia eastern mongolia soviet dussiasrussiasRussiaspreeminencepre eminence outer mongoliaMongollaslat chinascainas inner mongolia japans
eastern mongolia
clarity area barga hsinfanhslnganhsingan region referred
eastern mongolia western manchuria people re-
ferred manchurianManchurlan mongolsmongelsMongols eastern mongelsmongolsMongols hslnganhsinganhsinfan mongolsmongolstmongelsMonMonggolsolstgoisoist
distinguished western inner mongolsmongels inner mongolia
outer mongolsmongels outer mongolia
following successful manchurianManc hurlan incident september 18 1931t1931
japanese kwantungKwantung army commenced sustained drive north north-
western manchuria early part following year japanese
found themselves occupying vast expanse eastern Monmongoliagoliat principally
inhabited indigenous eastern mongelsmongolsMongols covered 200000 square miles
compared 3600000 square miles whole manchuria according
lattimore 5000000 mongolsmongels three mongollasmongoliasmongolianMongollasgolias2
estimates number 1500000 mongolsmongels eastern mongolia
ino reference made bulyatburyat mongolsmongels siberiamongolsmongels within soviet russiarussians sphere influence except those
outer mongolia since do occupy significant role study
boven2oven5 owen Lattilattimoretlatfclmoremoret studies frontier history londonLondontdoni oxford uni-versityversity 1962 p 327 lattimore reliable figuresmongol population
2
evidently japanese intervention 1932 eastern mongolia
boosted morale eastern western mongol nationalist leaders
example soviet chinese exploitation mongol lands suppression
pan mongolismmongol ism provided japanese problem resolved self3
determination undoubtedly deep seated mongol aspiration 1932
then creation hsinfanhsingan province attempt solve im-
portant phase mongol question
although appearance japanese troops eastern mongolia
disturbing factor soviet russia china encouraging ones
far mongolsmongels concerned analysis situation in-
cluding significance hsinganhsinfan province given lattimore
recognition regional mongol interestcreation hsinfanhsingan province important meansinstead two nationsnationsl each treating mongol subjectsauxiliaries victims seemed expedient three nations
now bidding power turn means mongols longer disposed arbitrarily mustcourted thus once become certainextent agents own destiny until year ago
choice extinction under chinese ruledrastic social revolution under outer mongolia affiliated
soviet russia now least mar-gin bargaining power concerted action even
action minority profoundly effect policiesstrategic positions russia china japan 4
effort promote pan mongolismmongol ism japanese soon
learn soviet russia major obstacle
past pan mongolismmongol ism neither positive russian
nor chinese policy japanese earlier attempts
33sincesince fall manchu dynasty 1911 subsequentrise chinese republic mongolsmongelsMongols whole imbued
idea independence japanese evidently awareintended capitalize deep seated national spirit
4lattimore op cit p 329
3
direction made japanese militaristsmilitarisms buddhist scholars
name pan buddhism tsarist soviet russian intervention ended
scheme shall discussed later
reality ideal pan mongolian state realized
long soviet power left unchallenged outer mongolia chinaschinalschanas
power inner mongolia both japan soviet russia ambitiously m-
obilized respective mongol forces including own troops within
spheres influence japanese soviet confrontation along outer
mongolian border 1935 demonstrated japanese promotion
aspiration pan mongol movement dream nomonhanmonhan war
1939 proved
inner mongolia however japanese succeeded establishing
inner mongol autonomous government counterpart autonomous
hsinganhsinfan provinces fulfillment mongol
dream pan mongolian state
internally japanese tried solve many facets mon-
gol question mere possession eastern mongolia did simply solve
mongol question neither did establishment autonomous
region therefore japanese noted pragmatism realized
perhaps people steeped tradition influenced growing na-
tionalism hardly useful tools promotion japanese alms
asia therefore institution reforms areas lamalsmlamaismLamallamai sm
educationnedicaleducation nedleal services economy etc became expediency
like government manchukuoManchu kuo hsinganhsinfan provinces staffed
mainly local people ordinarily leaders assigned various
key positions japanese advisors holding secondary positions
again like manchukuoManchukuo autonomous hsinfanhsingan provincial administrations
merely facades japanese imperialism
4
purpose paper then study evaluate
japanese program relative mongol question questions con-
sider what relationship between hsinfanhsingan provinces
manchukuoManchukuo government why what specific mongol programs did
japanese promote why what results how did mongolsmongels
react what designs did japanese outer mongolia inner
mongolia relative key position eastern mongolia why how did
china russia react japans plans what results how did
mongol react three asiatic powers period overall
view what successes failures japanese attempt
solve mongol question
CHAPTER 11II
historical background
brief study manchu mongol chinese mongol relations in-
cluding mongol autonomous movement manchurian incident
establishment manchukuoManchukuo should helpheiphellyheliy reader comprehend mon-
gol question japanese confrontconfrontededgedt particularly
l930s1930s l940s1940s
very fact japanese chosen former manchu monarch
emperor manchukuoManchukuo mongelsmongols hsinganhsinfan suggested
japanese knowledge manchu mongol relations shall soon
observe reader reminded references manchu mongol relations
generally applicable both eastern western mongelsmongolsMongols perhaps
exception bagordagor mongelsmongols nonni river Valvaivalleyleyo lat-ter group did hereditary nobility priesthood
common among western eastern mongolsmongelsMongols
chinese mongol relations unlike those manchu mongol
record bitter experiences chinese colonization policy suppression
mongol aspiration self government large part responsible1rise mongol question therefore following manchuria
incident creation manchukuoManchukuo vasveswes significant move
1644 manchusdanchus conquered china aid mongelsmongols
aa1a regional handbook inner mongolia region compiled fareastern russian institute university washington seattle new havenHRAF 19519566 t p 10
5
6
manchuria manchu sovereignty mongolsmongels accomplished conces-
sions alliances made various tribal groups manchuria
retain loyalty mongolsmongels manchu dynasty extended
privileges example mongol princes given manchu princesses
wives result princes tended increasingly take manchu
dynastic rather mongol tribal point view
aspired inevitably same kind career position appealed2rich highly born manchu however danchusmanchus took precaution-
ary measures thing although steps taken preserve
mongol tribal system 3 danchusmanchus did hesitate prevent resur-
gence tribal leadership call semblance racial
national unity being case
mongol princes nobles therefore barred politi-cal civil careers within china restricted mili-tary administrative careers within own regions
frontier given important honors subsi-dies career mongol became too creative
power among mongolsmongels too constructivepromoted supervisory position peking kepthim contact court away main current
tribal affairs heirs grew social ideaspeking manchusdanchusManchus growth coordination among
mongolsmongels inhibited 4
although dynasty mainly interested securing mongol loyal-
ties centrally left problem autonomy local level largely5
hands nobility regard chinese policy during
republic generally same except creating separate provinces
bowen2owenowen lattimore mongolsmonaolsmongels manchurian london george allenalienailenunion 1934 pop 69
3aisobaisoaiso during japanese occupation 193119451931 1945 mongoltribal system generally preserved
4lattimorejlattimore op012017 cit DO 707170 71
aa5a regional 1landbookhandbook1Tand book tho inner mongolia autonomous region op
eitsiteltcit p 3
7
inhibit political integration japanese policy 19308
1940s somewhat line selfseif seeking policy manchu dynasty
went step further granted mongolsmongels autonomous governments
however primary objective manchu policy directed
against political coalition between mongelsmongols chinese between mon
gols themselves during peak manchu dynasty period chinese
prevented mingling mongolsmongels steppes de-
clining years dynasty manchusdanchus able control m-
igration chinese colonists especially western manchuria fact
dynasty undertook encourage I1 despite earlier edict
outlawed transfer mongol land titles chinese manchu
edict 1801 forbidding intermarriage became dead lettersince local differences became problem soon territorial
ties assumed great importance given area disparate groups join
together cause league become powerful political unit
situation imperial government weaken league6
become suprasuprisupralocalri local organization
however important exceptions manchu mongol relations7
generally mutual relations perhaps reason ja-panese desired manchu emperor received mongelsmongols
overlord
chinese monmongolcrolgrol relationsrelaforelafc i ons
during chinese period trend primarily offset
likelihood secessionist movement assimilate mongolsmongels econoacono
bibid6ibidid ppap 343 4
7owenbowenowen Lattilatellattimorellatfcimoremoresmorel studies frontier history london oxforduniversity press 1962 p 334
mically culturally politically
however failure chinese republic satisfy mongolian
aspiration autonomy led movements barga region western
manchuria inner mongolia mongolsmongels manchuria jurisdiction-
ally under chinese provincial governments mongelsmongols inner
mongolia 1928 partitioned chinese provinces ningshiaNingshia
suiyuansulyuansulymanSuiSulyuan chahar therefore made difficultfordifficult mongolsmongels
organize themselves unified political group nonetheless set
gave provincial governments headed chinese warlordswar lords power
nanking government liked them besides
made lot mongolsmongels unbearable under unscrupulous provincial
governors
during peak chinese colonization 192919301929 1930 railroad de-
velopment increased misery mongolsmongels manchuria thus further
intensifyingC mongelsmongolsMongols hatred chinese overlords
colonization
attitude republic toward right claim mongol terri-tories expressed lattimore
tendency assert definite principle sub-ordination mongol chinese interestsbeganinterests began appearearly 1914 1915 chinese authorities estab-lished precedents theory mongol land belongedneither mongol prince nor mongol tribe chi-nese nation theory applied meant mongelsmongols
allowed divide own tribal landsettle down private ownership farmersfanners 8
however beset internal external strifesstrafesstri fes unstable chinese
government unable control exploitation mongol lands among un-
scrupulous government officials warlordswar lords land speculators merchants
80wenvenwen Lattilattimoremocelmorelmorer mongol destiny manchoukuo asia XXIVapril 1934 210
9
collaborating mongol nobles
two land booms increased demand mongolsmongels land
thereby aggravated manchurianManchurlan Monmongelsmongols1mongolsgoisgols plight those 1916181916 18
1926281926 28 first land boom need manchurian
foodstuffs warring nations world war 1I pastoral lands con-
verted farmlands second land boom order counteract
competitive economic position russia japan manchuria
9republic undertook reclamation mongol lands
twenties complexion toward chinese colcoieolcolonialontal penetration
took modern character belated adoption railway construc-
tion western powers chinese able penetrate further
mongol lands indubitably mongolsmongelsMongols accustomed primitive ways
helpless moreover expropriation mongol lands facilitated con-
structionst railways influx chinese farmers western ma-
nchuria effect
0 construction peking mukden railwaymanchuria pekinspeking suiyuansulyuansulyman railway western innermongolia followed immediately swarms chinesefarmers stakedstakeostakee lands within jurisdictionmongol leagues north chinese eastern railwaycrossed hsinfanhsingan mountains areas occupiedbarga tribes line pushing northwestward tao nan
well Ccheng chia tunt1untaun line thrust landjerimgerim league further colonization chinese
launched great hsinfanhsingan reclamation project 1929 em-
ploying reclamation army spearhead extendline raovaoao nan solun eventually waysouthern hsinfanhsingan mountains link chinese easternrailway hailar fall 1931
forty miles railway built 10japanese seizure manchuria brought end project
thus during period larladgelargelangege scale migration newly
constructed railway pressed mongol frontier almost hsinfanhsingan
91bidbid pop 210
10 regional handbook inner mongolia autonomous region opcitowcitopciccit p 44
10
mountains formerly mongol perimeter extended central
plain far Hs inklinginking ssupingkai part deholjehol how-
ever barga west hsinganhsinfan range escaped full impact chinese
colonization remoteness russian interests chi-
nese eastern railway relative less number railway lines
running through region
brief then chinese railway construction colonization pro-
ject became alienating factors mongol chinese relations probably
never suitable time japanese imperialism capitalize
situation did 1931
nationalism
mongol nationalism budding political factor even
before establishment chinese republic 1911 however
essential roots found mongol self identity mongelsmongols
thought themselves world conquerors great warriors bril-
liant 11organizers short superior people usually spoke
12terms Cgood11yood1 old days chingchingghisghis khan great leader
extended power influence far gates vienna
twelfth century robert rupen
memory chingghisChingghis khan continues politicalfactor throughout mongolia represents glorious past
mongolia unified mongolian influencespread through world day capturedimagination mongelsmongolsMongols many westerners well
name continually reappears mongolian nationalist move-ments mongolian areas represents truly
ilpaulaul E eckel far east since 1500 new york harcourt brace1947 p 319
i y120wenowen lattimore studies frontier history london oxforduniversity 1962 p 336
11
131 0universal mongolian symbol
peter hume comments idealization chingghisChingghis khan hsinfanhsingan
mongelsmongols 1931 remind them past glory hope another
still idea uniting themselvesbecombecomingbecomngbecomingng once great nation you see enormous number
mongolsmongels wearing buttons genghis khantskhasehas head themsymbol fond belief day
attain those thirteenth centicenturycen&uryury heights again 14
concepts political nationalism uneducated mongol
vague however during 1930s1930ts under japanese educational program
exposure them made available him 153 tho chinese government
hand undertook far ambitious educational program
probably encourage development mongolian nationalism acceptable
present regime 16
ironically prior 1931 deterrents mongol nationalism came
largely ruling mongol high lamas preferred luxurious
life high chinese officials nomadic life co-mpatriots life made easy collaborating warlordswar lords during
period chinese colonization example lattimore cites de-
plorableplorable situation twentiespower passed princes manipulated
tribaitrimaitribal 0ownershipwnershipenship land chinese officials con-trolled railways powerful these officialsbecame regular barons general controlled striprailway corps troops do likedmongol hinterland best even relatively strongprince help prevent tribesmen organizing
roberh13robert13robert rupen knonkMonmongelsmongolskmongolszolsgolszois twentieth CentcenturyurzurX part I1bloomington indiana university 1964 p 86
14peterteter bumerumehume mongelsmongols under new orders journalroyal central asian society XXVIIIXXVITI july 1941 249
15a regional Handhandbookboolbooi inner mongolia autonomous Repregiondonjon020op sitgitelbciteib p 342
16jbidibid
12
rebelling though did always succeedreceive chinese backing commission land deals
rest mongelsmongols got nothing herdedtogether diminished part t sir tribal territorycondition worse american indians reservations i17
profit then aristocratic class slow collusion
provincial leaders speculators arrangement
difficult mongolian aristocracy vanguard
mongol nationalist movement everything gain protesting
vested interests 18 reason lesser nobility deprived
former power privileges face chinese exploitation
provided leadership early rebellions western manchuria how-
ever these rebellions characterized lack concerted movement
ended abortively result mongelsmongols treated severely
warlordswar lords lands subjected further expropriation
outburst local rebellions
really nationalistic though pro mongolianalmost impossible determine whether these
rebel leaders those mongolsmongels followed them re-bellion motivated aspirations mongolian politi-cal unity incidents supsunsuppliedpliedpiled foundationlater development nationalism19nationalismnational ism 3919
however manchurian incident positive action toward
mongol autonomy became stronger japanese promoted mongol nationalism
order counteract chinese national aspirations manchuria rus-
sian imperialism outer mongolia moreover japanese sponsored mongol
170wenowen latlattimoretiroref phantom mengkukuo pacific affairs X
december 1937 42021420 2118during181 0during manchu dynasty practice regime
solicit support ruling princes administration mongolaffairs enforcement imperial decrees return ruling princes
subsidized territorial hegemony guaranteed governmentobject prevent national unity see regional handbook
inner moncMontmongoliafolia autonomous region op cit p 342
19ibidibid
13
nationalism foster pan mongolianmongolisnmongol ism device extend japanese hege-
mony asian continent
chinese colonialism major factor alienation
mongelsmongolsMongols bred deep animosity between chinese mongolsmongelsMongols
numerous local rebellions expressions animosity course
oppression unjustice collusions unscrupulous profit seekers com-
pounded problem
essentially lack positive chinese policy alleviate
mongol plight made necessary mongolsmongels turn japanese
support inability nanking government restrain exploitations
provincial authorities further worsened chinese mongol relations sim-
ply china failed solve realistically mongol problem attempt
guarantee mongoldmongoljMongo lJ immunity further colonization too late 20
besides provincial authorities object strongly generous
policy toward mongelsmongolsMongols 21
essential stress juncture many years
japanese familiar mongolianmon ollan social life developing na-
tional aspirations lattimore asserts
japanese policy toward mongelsmongols influencedy small body japanese experts them mili-
tary officers travelled lived amongmongelsmongols years knew language knew tribaldivisions leading personalities minutelyinformed cross influences tribal religiouspolitics among mongolsmongelsMon gols provincial cen-tral government politics among chineseprevented theoretical mongol nationalism cohering
Cgenuine national movement 222
having thus understood mongol aspirations japanese militaristsmilitarisms
200 o20lattimorelattimore mionnionmonpmonagoolsois1 J vnchuriacinclhuriaVnchuriachurla op cit p 30
21 ibid22lattimore studies frontier history1 op cit 9 t0 418
14
ready promote pan mongol movement discussed next
section
autonomous movement
before fall manchu dynasty 1911 growing feeling
self determination felt among segments mongolian leader-
ship although inner mongolia genesis mongol unrest against
chinese sovereigntyC outer mongolia independence move-
ment sprouted
inner mongolia movement autonomy
barga region eastern mongolia circumstance related follows
since 1906 chinese troops gradually introduceintroduceddtnew taxes customs dues instituted landset aside settlement chinese general provin-cial system administrative divisions post taotaitao taital
introduced lastly 1911 decided insti-tute number schools bargussbargutstaught chinese september barbutbargut national congresscalled chinese withdraw troops stop colonizacolonize
0 3
tion recognize local ausautautonomylonomyconomy 23
thus january 2 1912 spurred chinese takeover manchu
dynasty barga mongelsmongols revolted resulted removal chi-
nese officials soldiers holunbierHolunbier barga joining
barga new autonomous government urga rebellions barga
inner mongolia ended abortively unconcerted planning
leadership besides russian japanese self interests frustrated bar
gut plans pan mongol movement outer mongolia 1912 tsaristrussia concluded secret agreement japan reaffirming formers ex
24elusive sphere influence outer mongolia latlatterslatteriatterbattersters manchuria
23robertroberc23robert rupen mongelsmongols twentieth century part I1bloomington indiana university 1964196tl op 727372 73
24gerard M friters euterouter mongoliapron14on olia international positionbaltimore johns hopkinshonkins 199 p0 21821321 3
15
meridian set peking line demarcation corresponding
vaguely outer mongol hsinfanhsinganHs ingan border become bone
contention 19303
following fall manchunanchu empire 1911 jebtsundamba
xhutukhtukhutukhtu politico religious leader khalkha mongelsmongols outer9525mongolia appointed sheng fu bargutbarbut leader emissary hallar
however russia inclined support union between barga
autonomous government urga tsarist russiasrussiatsrussialRussiassiatsslasslatsslays opposition
barga mongelsmongols decided solicit japanese intervention
1915 babojabBabo jab respected inner mongolian prince told russia
uncertain terms refusal support mongolian aspiration
inner mongolia barga union urga make necessary
him seek japans aid 26 show strength babojab
7900 well armed men before end october babojab barga
ten japanese meantime tasa shubushebu lieuten27ants sent tokyo negotiate armed assistance moreover
russian vice consul altattalb hailar conjectured babojab together
princes aiming revolt tin apparently japanese
participarticaparticipate28participatepate 28
november 1915 china regained influence barabargadaradarga mon
gols russia treaty concluded china awarded barga cen-
tral government republic apparent russia desired
exercise sovereignty chinese eastern railway
25 rupen apppop 04citt I1 p 72
261bid26 ibidt i
271bidibid280
friters op cicitt p 225
16
tereststeresta north mlanYlanmianmanchuriachurla
babojab relentless opposing chinese death
1916 separatist movement continued ultimately merged
29japanese sponsored semenov neisse gegen pan mongol movement
like tsarist russia soviet russiasrussiadussiasRussiasslas aimsalms 1920 frus-
trate kind pan mongol movement particularly japans japan
ese backing semenov ambitious white russian leader made manchullmanchulimatchullManchullchuli
near border outer mongolia base operations
launched drive chita february 1918 driven back
bolshevik offensive meanwhile zhevchenkoshevchenko semenovssemenovfssemenovaSemenovs deputy
30sent japan successful negotiation support military arms
then newnow offensive april setSeisemonovseirenovrenov able proclaim may
31provisional governCoverngovernmentment transbaikaltransbalkal territory near chita semenovssemenovaSemenovsspecial manchurian detachment officered mainly russians com-
prised inner mongelsmongolsMongols bargutsbargussBarguts buryatsburyattsburcatsBurbunBuryyatsactsattsachs scattered nationality
groups april 1918 detachment strength 2000 men Includedincluded32includedi332
officers 350cossacks 350russians 300serbsgerbs 250buryatsburcats 50
mongolsmongels 600chinese 50koreans 50
semenov vanguard japanese hoped fulfillpan mongolian aspiration
throuthroughh semenovsenteSensenov japanese broached appeal
29rupen29rupen opop cit30rupen op cit p 132
311bidibid32 ibid
17
mongelsmongols thought win mo-ngolian groups effectively sepalseparateaceate burcatsburyats russiasimultaneously furthering larger japanese aimsalms influ-ence asian mainland pan monmongoliaolielloliall becameslogan movement crystallized dauria con-ference february 1919 JJ33
february 25 1919 preparatory meeting chita siberiasemenov japanese major suzuki six buryatsburcatsBuryats five bargussbargutsBarguts three
inner mongolsmongelsMongols attendance34attendance 34 then february 28 great mong-
olian state proposed embrace mongol territories baikal35tibet manchuria eastern turkestanTurkestan state
nominally headed neisse gegan influential khutukhtu inner mo-
ngolia hailarhallarballar barga capital
movement end failure admiral kolchak
anti bolshevik assumed leadership siberia refused support
semenovSemenovs idea pan mongolian state moreover kolchak symp-
athetic toward autonomous movement burcatsburyats russian occupied
bulyatburyat mongolia however december 1919 two leading buryatbulyat buddhists
did support him opposing national revolutionary socialist movement
36E f 375 7among buryatsburcatsBuryats earlier apriladril dauria government through
delegation paris peace conference appealed international
recognition accordance principle self determination
people however kolchak protested strenouslystrenuously characterizing move-
ment japanese inspired led instrument japanese aggression
331bidibid34ibid
351bid351 bidhid36 ibid37rupen does indicate geographic location dauriaidauriall nor
reason appellation dauria government see ibid ppap 1329132135 160 479
18
east asia I1 kolchaksKolchaks agentsC parisparts managedC1 sidetrackside track propoapropo
38sal 0 result dauria government recognized besides
jebtsundamba khutukhtu panchen lama perhaps suspicious sem
enovsenois motive dared support dauria government eventually japan-
ese seeing futility movement withdrew support reper-
cussionscussions following japanese nonsupportnon support given rupen
failure gain international recognition versaillesfailure obtain substantial indegenousindigenousindegenous support due
outer mongolianmongoliasMongolias participationnonparticipationnon led japanese dis-avow connection neisse gegen those surroundinghim claim japanese army officers semenovsenois forces undertaken whole thing own
initiative without knowledge superlosuperiorssuperkojapanese government withdrawal japanese support
caused barely suppressed opposing tendencies withinmovement quickly break violence inner mongolsmongels
buryatsburcats fought openly manchu leader fusenggeFusenggemurdered whole affair ended ignominouslyominouslyignominiouslyignchinese garrison maimaichengMaimai cheng captured special ma-nchurian detachment OMO01410 january 1920 chinese im-mediately shot neisse gegen twelve brigade commanders
sent 200 prisoners urga do forced laborsemenov himself escaped 397
barga too 1920 troubled chinese government cancelled
autonomy barga moved jurisdiction heilungkianghellungkiang province
coerced bargussbarguts requesting 1 incorporation chinese
provincial system 404 august 19281923 young barga party yearning
revive barga autonomy probably another attempt affiliatemongolian peopledpeoples party past revolted against chinese suzerainty
however revolt soon suppressed better equipped chinese troops
1921 japanese lost prestige promoters pan mongolisinmongol ism
inner asia japan among foreign powers demonstrated
381bid381bidibid p 132
391bid391ibidbid p 136
40 regional handbook innerylongollainner mongolia autonomous region odop
eitlitsitcit p 47
19L
intInIinterestterestberest mongol autonomy before inner mongol barga mongol
leaders turned urga base pan mongolismmongol ism Rusrussiaslatssiatsintervention shattered dream then too china traditional obstacle
form mongol autonomy saw mongolsmongels turning japan
hope
1920s active mongol affiliateskuomintang looked forward kuomintang guided regional ra-
cial autonomy under principles laid down san min chu 1I
41even hope failed until manchurian incident
another opportunity mongol autonomous rule favorably con-
sideredsi
manchurianmanchurimanchuriaManchurichurl incident
victory russorusgo japanese war 1904051904 05 secured japans entry
manchuria relegated russiasdussiasRussias sphere influence barga region
moreover japans foothold south manchuria established sino
japanese treaty may 25 1915 treaty extended japan leased
territory liaoningLiaoning peninsula ninety nine year lease finalized
possession south manchurian railway well aftungantung mukden
railways addition sino japanese commercial treaties granted
japanese subjects rights residence trade treaty ports ma-
nchuria china itself short japan given advantages mili-
tary administration jurisdictional rights south manchuria
therefore secure position south manchuria japanese
military launch attack thus threaten chinascainas russiasdussiasRus sias in-
terest north manchuria taking advantage confused politico
military situation tokyo kwantungKwan tung army without consent
41lattimore studies frontier history op cit p 417
20
civilian government instigated incidentncidentff mukden night
september 18 1931 resulted immediate invasion northkorth ma-
nchuria 1932 vestige chinese forces overcome
doubt factors chinese nationalist attempt incorporate ma-
nchuria integral part china prompted I1 KwkwantnakwantungKwanantnatengtung army act
moreover economic conditions worsened japan ultranationalistsnationalistsultra
found receptive audience grandiose plans conquest
promised prestige wealth power 110r empire 424 brief
incident itself reflected
schismatic character japanese governmentfear uncertainty paralysis gripped top branches
government cabinet helpless preventinitiation independent foreign policy smalloverseas clique aided various forces home exhorted
counseled high officials surrounding thronegiven moral support emperor himself cabinet
still find solution 434
thus under conditions kwantungKwan tung army came prominence
dominant force external internal affairs manchuria
creation manchukuoManchukuo
motivemoriyemotiye aru objectivej0016basic reasons creation government manchukuoManchukuo
traced period before manchurian incident fundamentally
manchuria considered important sphere interest first manchuria
vital interest rich natural resources essential japans
survival world power since taking Rusrussiansrussiarussiatsslatssiats position south
manchuria 1905 japan lost time exploiting resources
42r hugh borton japansja2ansjapansjaoans miodmodernern centumcentury new york ronald press1955 p 321
43robert scalapino democracy party movement prewarjapan berkeley university california press 1953 p 240
21
area by19311931 considerable headway made heavy industrindustryy 44 thusriasriusalasylas
accelerating japarsjapantsjapard threat another world power second manchuria
strategic area commanded vast perimeter confronting siberia outer
mongolia inner mongolia thus serving ideally natural barrier
against possible invasion doubt regard manchuria serve
excellent buffer russia growing stronger month month
japanese militarismsmilitarists felt japan lack adequate security unless45completely dominated manchuriaManchurLall finally tremendous loss
lives wealth manchurian soisoilll11 result sino japanese war
1894051894 05 even russo japanese trectrenIwaritartarwacrecren 19041904051904051051 perhaps
aroused false assumption japan right ofmanchuriamanchuria46blood treasure region cost them
since manchurian incident vast region soon become in-
creasinglycreasingly vital concern japanese militaristsmilitarisms acquisition
HsinhsinfanhsinganhsinloanHs insaningancoanloan easternmongoliaeastorneastern mongolia here another opportunity renew
effort another attempt pan mongolismmongol ism hsinfanhsingan base
operations politico military significance region
discussed later however important state japan recognized
sovietized outer mongmongoliaotlaotiaolla menace newly acquired sphere
influence hsinfanhsingan stumblingc11 block territorial47
aims inner asia moreover japan apprehensive communism
possible shut off outer mongolia bulwark russian communism
44david N rowe modern china negnenee 7 jersey D van nostrand 1959p 50
45 ben dorman manchurianmanclwrian incident 1931 11 harpers CLXICLXT
september 1934 450
461bidibid47MT aziz janantsjapan colonialismcoloni aliail sm indonesia hague
1martinue11artiartlantinue nijhoffnnijhoffniehoff 1955t1955 p 30
22
asia having thus forcefully acquired manchuria kwantungKwan tung army chose
retain possession therefore facade independence move-
ment soon undertaken
under auspices kwantungKwan tung army headquarters selfgovernment guiding board following occupation mukden set
foster independence movement headed yu chunghanchungchanChun ghan chinese
board members comprising japanese officials actually directed48activities board soon japanese able get
foothold throughout manchuria local boards established pro-
vinces february 161716 17 conference mukden attended chi mo
te salsai mu peipetpel lo kuefukuehu mongol princes representing barga mongelsmongols
49jerimgerim legganleggau respectively present pro japanese50governors three northeastern provinces mayor mukden
apparentlyApparentlyslyt support mongelsmongols important creation
independent manchukuoManchu kuo february 18 1932 convention
chenchlatungchenchiatung telteiteikatontelkatonTeiTel katon representatives eastern mongolian banners met
51time general expression autonomous rule
stage mongol leaders hoped japanese unlike chinese
grant them autonomy february 18 northeastern supreme
council organized meeting mukden issued declara52
tion independence china next day agreed establish
republic changchun later renamed inkinghsinkingheinkingHs new capital
48f C jones manchuria since 1931 london royal instituteinternational affairs 1949 p 21
49Qlbldtibid ppap 21 63 moko balkantaikantalkan tokyo kalzoshaKalzosha 1938 p 241
50jones op cit p 21
51moko taikantalkanbalkan op cit
52jones op02 cit
23
pu yi manchu emperor chief executive following
customary initial refurefusalsalssaltsais puplu yi residing port arthur53time accepted Itheheaditheadtedtadtedg new state
inauguration puptuatu yi chief executive republic
march 111 1932 timed coincide exact anniversary
establishment manchu dynasty peking 11544541154416443954 however two
years later same month day kwantungKwan tung army elevated chief
executive pu yi status emperor
W G woodhead comments ittherethene little doubt con-
siderablesiderable numbers mongolsmongelsMon gols especially barga region favored
55reinstatement pu yi merely chief executive butas emperor
formal precedent legal aspect demonstrated 1635
time
mongolsmongels living south gobi desert ac-cepted suzerainty manchu ruler gave him stateseal former yuan mongol emperors actrecognized him legitimate heir overlordship
genghis khan 56
overthrow ming dynasty 1644 accomplished princi-
pally through alliance manchusdanchus mongolsmongels western manchuria
reason latter never considered themselves inferiors
mutual partners owen lattimore comments traditional manchu mongol
mutual relations
manchusdanchus mongelsmongolsMongols equal statuslineage obvious leaders right
531bidibid
541abideibidebid pop 40
55H G woodhead visit manchuria shanghaishanghaisShanghais mercury press
1932 p 89
56jones op cit
24
birth Alleailealieallegianceglancebiance alliance under manchu emperorsolve problem under manchu empire mon
gols never regarded themselves conquered subjectpeople allies true manchusdanchus made impossi-ble rise independent mongol power yetgranted mongol privileges honors degree tri-bal autonomy made them own estimation peers
manchusdanchus superior chinese 57
charles bells interview prince te wang mongol leader
inner mongolia gives different view regarding pu yl emperor
bell writes
I1 asked him whether welcome emperormanchoukuomanchoukub emperor mongolsmongelsMongols maybe somewhatshadowy sovereign interfere pro-grams self government de wang repliedgood Empeemperoremperorsrort emperor should mongol
connected very closely manchusdanchusManchus f58t 8
however following reinstatement emperor manchukuoManchukuo pu yi kept
touch mongol princes resultsresultresuit many them sent tributes59letters expressing devotion loyalty him
proclamation manchukuoManchu kuo manchu empire march 1 1934t1934
pu yi emperor kang testevte undertaken kwantungKwan tung army experts
keen awareness east asian historical experience instead adopting
korean experience japan forcefully implemented annex-
ation korea kwantungKwan tung army realized dynastic form govern-
ment preferable acceptable danchusmanchus mongelsmongols
manchuria historical orientation toward monarchism
elucidating dynastic form decreed manchukuoManchukuo demise
dynasty lattimore makes observation
57lattimore57clattimore studies frontier historytorzstorystorzy op clcit t ppap 334335334 335
58KQcharles bell struggle mongolia reprinted
journal royal central asian societsochetsociety XXIV january 193701937 54
59hsiao hsin chen developmentthedevelopment transition public ad-ministration inner mongoliamong ia kengchiangmengchiangmengchlangMeng chiengchiang 1930 1945 mastersthesis bridribrighamahamgham young university 1966 p 58
25
careful resurrection imperial forms modeledold dynastic ideas china turn
closely related ideas empire dynastyjapan indicates deliberate genuineintention follow korean precedent korea
time annexation japan necessitydeal fact genuine korean dynastyalready existence long survived
focus resistance against japanese policy 606
thussthustthus kwantungKwantung army endeavored conceal true design manchukuoManchukuo
order accomplish dream extension japanese empire
wangtaowan&taotyangtaoWangtao imperial way device designed encourage
manchurianmongolsmanchurian mongolsmongelsMongolsgois chinese minority groups rendering alle-giance loyalty manchu emperor kang te pyupluP yi thereby bet-
tering manchukuo japan relations concept tImpgimpimperialtimperialerial way ex-
tracted confucian classics
0 represents confucian ideal upright sagerules force persuasive effect gra-cious benevolence within realm wayrightoright contrasted pa taoyao way might 61
transference principle confirm fl imperialflimperial waywayt status em-
peror kang te t1thetothe virtuous ruler governs accordance
62frheaven f v suited grand design kwantungKwantung army
obvious reasons kwantungKwan tung army never attempted reveal
facet confucian political philosophy cenciusmencius theory
right revolt virtually empowered subjects prerogative
overthrow tyrannical ruler political philosophy foreign ja-panese dynastic concept undoubtedly challenge therefore threaten
kwantungKwantung armysardys dream expansionism
600wenowenoven lattlattimoreimaretimoret cradle conflict rev ed new york ma-cmillan 1933 p 307
61T bisson japan china new york macmillan 1938 p 372
621bidibid
26
concordia association nyowakyowa kaikatkal unofficial propaganda
organ government whose primary role ease execution663governments plans smoothing relations among several racesraeesracestf
promoted program imperial way
central government
two protocols effected machinery government
least outward appearance first march 1lt 1932
second september 15 1932 firstsfirst japan recognized manchukuoManchukuo
independent state organized accordance free64inhabitantsInhabitantst reciprocation manchukuoManchu kuo recognized japanese in-
terests rights within jurisdiction second protocol m-
utual agreement national defense stipulation japan-
ese forces may necessary purpose shall stationed man
choulcuochoukuolf 6503 thus position power japan able extend
influence continent
transition manchukuoManchu kuo republic prototype
japanese imperial system intended stabilize government en-
hance japans hegemony analysis seen examine
nature governmental structure
under organic law manchu empire 193419349 state66completely centralized throne manchu emperorsemperor entourage
aides imperial household committee imperial house
631bid63ibid
64quoted64quoted aziz cp02 citeiteltcidotcitot ppo 32
65quoted65quoted hugh byas rift war clouds asiasasiatasiaasla XXXIV
september 1934 521
66southsouth manchurian railway sixth report progress manchuria1939 tokyo herald press 1939 p 8
27
hold law office privy seal office aidesaldes ddedecampcampecam
privy council ministers ofthesethese officers invariably non
japanese officials emperors vested powers executiveexecutives legisla-
tive judicial like emperor japan did nothing without
advice ministers turn controlled japanese vice
ministers 67 kwantungKwan tung army made certain manchu emperor
serve usefulness puppet
addition emperor entourage
state council legislative council courts Justjusticeiceyicet su-
pervisorypervi sory council state council virtually cabinet charge
administrative afaffairsfairst headed prime minister controlled
ministerstheministers following nine departments civil affairs foreign
affairs defense finance industry communications justice education
department mongolian affairs 68
1937 complete reorganization national administrative
organ effected 669 four independent branches state council
executive council courts justice supervisory council
latter eliminated leaving three then too number nine
departments reduced six theserhese public peace peoples welfare
industry finance commerce communications justice however
department industry abolished june 1940 same time
department agricultural development established 1937
offices foreign affairs hsinganhsinfan affairs created latterreplaced department mongolian affairs created coordicoorde
67aziz OP02 cit P 31
68manchoukuo year book 1942 inkinghsinkingheinkingHs manchoukuo year book
1942t1942 ppap 156157156 157
69ibid p 157
28
nate matters concerning administration mongolsmongelsMongols 70
purpose reorganization july 1937 follows
1 subject political administration under supervision
prime minister 2 merge abolish administrative departments
order consolidate administrative structure 3 unify military
police organizations order improve public peace order 4
facilitate communication between central local governments
5 expand consolidate functions local governments 6
eradicate evils standardization 7 facilitate plans economic
industrial development 8 improve plans attaining racialharmony71harmony 71
study operation government respect authority
control revealing surveillance nature
japanese officials without question masters exampleexamples
director generalgenerals key administrator general affairs board under
state councilecouncilqcouncilCouncilq invariably held japanese then too heads
respective bureau heads under general affairs board japanese72
officials
reality director general
real director policy controllergovernmental activities appointed dismissed officialsofficialprepared budget constituted what japanese offi-cer kwantungKwan tung armysardys general staff termed steelframoframeframp holding together whole regime general affairsboard stronghold japanese internal controlmanchukuoManchukuo government make assurance doubly sure
each ministries departments japanese viceminister each own general affairs bureau
70ibid p 159
71ib1dbid
72jones72jones 080020obeop cit pop 25
29
secretariat controlling personnel includingbureaux heads japanese73Japanese 73
thus observed unquestionable administrative author-
ity hands director general general affairs board
theory responsible prime minister japanese puppet
practice responsible xwantungkwantungKwancungtung army department heads minis-
ters invariably chinese governed respective japan-
ese advisers vice ministers puplu yi former role puppet
emperor gave testimony before tokyo war crimes regard what
already said
paper order fool people worldmanchukuoManchukuo made look like independent statefact administered kwantungKwan tung army nominally
ministers vice ministers chargevarious departments government practically every
vice ministers japanese ministerschinese surface chinese put chargeunderneath japanese ran show fourthsection kwantungKwantung army control manchurian af-fairs ordinances enactments preferred
vice minister japanese thenapproved kwantungKwan tung army74admayarrayacray 74
foregoing testimony indicates 1 distinction mi-nister exercised chinese official facade government
manchukuoManchukuo itself 2 subordinating office vice minister
held Japanjapaneseoseoeseooses policymakingpolicy making administrative control
3 kwantungKwan tung army decision maker inasmuch poli-
cies created vice ministers subjected approval
chapter IV shall observe what ordinarily case
under manchukuoManchukuo administration conclusions enumerated above
likewise said hsinfanhsingan provinces under japanese administra
73ibid74
quoted I1 n azizaciz op02 cit p 45
GOVERIgovernmentTZIENT CF MANCHUKUO
unounofficialfalcialfflcial transkonTranshonzhonskonimperial household dept
Ddept pubspubpubx I1LI1 advisers pt bur imu 0 G nialni al sastaflslafl7committee orioniorl imperial house law peacepescepesca
aurelibureliburellBu rellreLi mili y affairsff rsoffice tat1t r- zZ privy s-alsaigealseal bjr&iu pocpuc alaffairsfaisfai0 e ai de codconcad jpL d ii acurcu aniluLinilun tiueilu bulunculuncu l r-in czachkzachkeachreachj dedeptp t 0pyi y courcycourcuc11cid pegPCGpeoPCpecpspecesG Yssqaq earntebrnt vclfare bureaubereau uducfduc ionlonddnidn
1 bureaudureauB ireaubireau sccioscci0cc 1 afisafiaftaffairsbureaudureaudereau pupulcpuicbuiclj FI laihluihkuthruih
i E j audit health eauequipsequiprn rtntr t dptprptaptQ c dad1dcoraccorac iici3cc cunialccnial eou1oc3l obrieobrve ry 0 cf
embassyemoassy 11 jaynjaanja3n socialI1trdard 2 cos 0 la gcrinanygcmanygomanybureaudureau asncul uraiural aff rs mu-
r
r consulsconzulsus D- Ddral bleuBbieule u cf rispisg- ofcac2 hj sry eu u cf cc yidir idiidlajijjiCK G
ai r37cfpoc eoicsepics bi cc c0 li I1 ans r i rtC T vc 7 n con neuceniucetc e
T al 11 icuicioCucuicilicil pinfin il irompro i ci t hychhyclhsehT 0 eliiecflecliecbieccc lrisitsiij I pover coicorortlonsrtlon poixhlPoixfoiw hl
t i govngoanbureaubiubludiu cfjcej ffare nntantP n tro staftpstp e cc cil gcicral barlbnrl au accaaccc comiconimitnimitittceiticeice en denteprcpr general monopcy 0 cs 003kesces
afaii5 Cculture rd aliancefliance ni I1 scrbcr taintbolij Bbtofpcnnl Eeducationoc 0 1 1commerce bleauiu 01 Conrconrcucu aff rsHrueaujueauU caa stastai5tc3 duleau revenue polcepoirelilircaup ureume U oi T
13l 3 i r dureaubureau fina i ce DbrdardcardcitalC italcorcncoran dureaubureaudereau cf supplies d repairs gvnoral postal adnwstraiiji cornccooncn c-
uonsc 03 dureaubureau bureauT Ddeptc taintidoldiin accnyaccoy p
r scietritre r i tcomncoann r iunijuni bureau P icviyvvayveyays3jr suliinsuliieI1 c scientincScien tinc research cationscanions1
I1 llurcbureaulu 0 3
bureau 0 f1 vl tnoicaoicc01co iiollo110 i screanatScreanrc n Z
affairs bu cf antrnt screalscreakscreai tdureaubureau rvisiruisi dept cfspp j bureau civil affairsairscirsjusticejus liceilce buaizbuaiutauvau 0 ciiininl afiaff 1
CY0 ikniiani affairs bureaudureau1
11zeelseel 1
111 pea a- u raticnrationratica
C
1 I lccrlccy os 0 c
south manchurian railway sixth rekortreportre2ortraport progress manchuria 1939 tokyo heraldpress 1939
31
tion
provincial local administrative units
thorough program reorganization provincial local
administrative units local administrative research commission ap-
pointed february 1934 subdivided three provinces liaoningLiaoning kirinhellunachiangheilungchiang fourteen new provinces number increased
nineteen five added during years 1937451937 45 nine-
teen four autonomous mongol provinces east hsinganhsinfanHs ingan west hsinfanhsinganHs ingan
75north msinganingan south HsihsinfanhsinganhsinaanHs ingannaan technically underlying principle
reorganization ensure complete subordinationsordinationssub local76governmental bodies central government Hsheinkinghsinklnghsinkinginking
provincial government theoretically administered af-
fairs province highest administrative unit state
each province subdividedsub divided hsien districts77districts 77 turn
subdivided chu counties turn tsun villages dis-
tricts essence fundamental local units nation
counties villages lower administrative units
differences leadership composition pro-
vincial administration evidently based population development
ethnic status provinces each well populated developed
provinces governor vice governor secretariat fol-
lowing boards police affairs public welfare industry public works
75a75 discussion these provinces especially east hsinfanhsinganHs ingandiscussed chapter IV
76jones76jones op02 cit p 26
77however hsinfanhsingan provinces banner system retained
banner roughly equivalent chinese hsien
32
lasttwotvotwodvo named boards eliminated less developed provinces
felhoheihohelho province sparsely populated northern frontier special
administrative system general affairs police public welfare
sections well hsien district offices serving branches787provincial government
according lattimore highest officials hsihsinfanhsinganngan pro-
vinces given favored position terms communication dealt
directly privy council inkinghsinkingheinkingHs bypassingpassing ministries
privilege extended provinces 797 hsinganhsinfan
provinces under direct contrcontrol01 office hsinfanhsingan affairsdepartment civil affairs case others
readily understood since hsinfanhsingan provinces strategi-
cally vital far japanese militaristsmilitarisms concerned judi-
ciously extending certain amount privileges mongelsmongolsMongols japan-
ese hoped eventually penetrate inner mongolia same time
undermine therussianrussianrusslan position outer mongolia then promote
plans territorial expansion asian continent
provinces including HsinhsinfanhsinganhsingantHs ingangansgant troops finance ju-
diciary controlled central government example man
chukuochukuro troops posted provinces under jurisdiction
manchukuotmanchukuollManchukuo national army whose commanding officers appointees
central government revenue officials assigned provinces collected
taxes administrative expenditures defrayed Hsheinkinghsinlcinghsinkinginkinggovernment treasury lifetimelife time appointees central govern-
ment judges heldholdheidhoid prerogative exercise judicial office
78jones78jones op citacitoelteit p 27
79lattimore797 lattimore cradle conflictC onf1ionfri c t op02 cit ppap 14142141 42
33
80provinces
aside tche nineteen provinces two special minici
palitiespolitiespali ties capital city Hs inking harbin
each having mayor appointed echeethe government city council hand
picked since both municipalities under control central
government independent provincial jurisdiction however
july 1 1937 special municipality harbin abolished har-
bin 81assimilated unit special municipality inkinghsinkingheinkingHs
latter under jurisdiction prime minister
hand ordinary municipality under super-
vision provincial governor turn responsible prime
minister municipal system affected fourteen cities outside
hsinfanhsingan perimeter since mongolsmongels yerevere given autonomous status
apart chinese local administrative system councilor system
later established local governmentst82governments0governments 0 describing system
japanese writer 1938 said
state manchouluomanchouruo politically divided manylocal administrative units called counties ban-ners every office thobhobhe county magistrate bannerchief attached japanese councillor whose duty
give counsel manchu unit administrator ren-der assistance every possible way83
conclusion
short establishment government manchoukuo
80OAjones 2op cit p 27
81spimoM roR 0top citfcitcief p 0 6
82rnofionno
reirelregionalonalonai handbook northeast china compiled farparferrecfecredeastern russian institute university washington seattle new haventhavenshavenHRAF 1956f1956 p 328
8383mdibid P 338
34
merely facade although nominally constitutional monarchy fol-
lowing short period experimentation representative government
real manipulators behind scenes men kwantungKwantung army
switch monarchical system suited japanese design winning
collaboration manchusdanchus mongelsmongolsMongols since both
historical orientation toward chinese monarchism
actual practice central provincial local powers
hands authorized japanese officials act regardless
how insignificant considered valid without countersignaturecounter signature84appropriate japanese adviser
841bidogibid ppap 33638336 38
CHAPTERCHIAPTER III111lititt
EXTERNALEKTERNAL PROBLEMS RELATED MONGOLMONIGOL QUESTION
1930s1930ts 1940s19401s power perhaps directly
frustrated humiliated japans imperialistic aims inner asia
soviet russia china impotent militarily stem tide
japanese aggression inner mongolia soviet russia did along outer
mongol hsinfanhsingan border thus japans attempt solve mongol question
military confrontation soviet russia serious mistake
pan mongolmongolismism
apparently japanese cognizant advantages promotpramot
ing pan mongol movement tanaka memorandum 1915 although con-
sidered forgery japanese statements sino japanese agreement
same year illustrates japanese attempt use mongolsmongels
1basis frustratingfrustratinfrustration chinese russian aims asia
dismissing possibility concerted japanese effort toward
pan mongol movement however japanese officers feltpan mongolian state supported japan effect exclusion
bolshevism outer mongolianmongolia2Mongolia 2 according chamberlain japanese
military authorities gone far
willing consent detachment ganchoumanchouManchou
1franzfranz H michaeimichaellillii111 chael george E taylor far east modemmodernworld new york henry holt 1956 p 312
2william 11 chamberlain japan asia boston little brown
1939 p 61
35
36
kuo oftheodthe mongolian provinces lying west hsinfanhsinganmountains provided course japanese influence
new state Emonjtmongoljemongollgoilgoll assured unchallenged 3
nonetheless 1931 japanese favorable position use
mongelsmongols allies against future confrontation china soviet russia
perhaps takeover manchuria september 18 1931 sub-
sequent occupation eastern mongolia following year Cgiven
militaristsmilitarisms another opportunity fulfill dream pan mongolian
state thus extend continental power beyond manchukuoManchu kuo obviously
japanese policy limit japans hegemony mongolsmongels east-
ern mongolia itself aim include mongolia give
them japanese enormous leverage policy toward either russia4china very fact japanese established autonomous
mongol provinces eastern mongolia suggestive idea pan
mongolian state under japanese control policy antithesis
russian aims besides china condone move however
possible japanese willingness surrender eastern mongolia pan
mongolian state reported fisher 1936
writer related heard near bordersinner mongolia rumors japanese agents ridingamong mongol tribes urging princes declare innermongolia independent fell project ac-cording tho rumors japanese sponsored state manchukuo ready make them handsome gift formnearly fourth own territory entire westernprovince Hs ingan where many mongelsmongols already live underjapanese domination tokyo official urmaCunruncunnamednameduimameisuimametsmeiSmees did much
merely confirm rumorrumo 5t
certainly 11manchukuo1anchulcuoManchu kuo stands readyreadly time hand
31bidbid ppap 616261 62
40wenowen lattimore mongolsmongelsiongolsIon rolsgolsrois manchuria london george allenalienailenunion 1934 p 139
5gerardlgerardgerard M friters outer mongolia international positionbaltimore johns hopkins 1949 p 234
37
hsinfanhsingan independent mongolia affirmed ob-serve government alonmlonmongolC ol provincesdrovincesDrovinces nevermade inteintegralrairal part government manchukuoManchu kuoadministration quite seseparateparatte under mongol prince
conveniently painlessly detachednecessary time
independent mongolian state ought includemuch inner mongolia should come
outer mongoliac buryatbulyat republic siberiathose Mmongol populations must inevitably drawn ma-gnetism independent regime inner mongolialiberated mongelsmongols now living manchukuoManchu kuo 6
lattimore asserts jadJaojapaneseanese created mengkukuo
independent mongol nation made eastern mongolia chinese inner
mongolia established mengkukuomlengkukuo training ground
7pan mongol movement aiming conquest outer mongolia however
kwantungKwan tung army overran inner mongolia 1937 did unite
region hsinfanhsingan area form mengkukuo basis pan
mongol empire mongelsmongols dreamed instead separate1180mengchiangkengchiangMengchiang inner Monlamongolianollan regime established inner
mongolsmongels soon learn counterparts hsinfanhsingan
autonomous government very much within terms japanese policy
short found merely puppets real power
hands japanese 9 result situation course
did encourage favorable image japanese charles bell gives
reaction mongelsmongols disillusionment matter
mongol position know high au-thoritythority gave me opinionorinion mongelsmongols manchoukuo
ah6hH E fisher russia faces jadanjapan vast asian front new yorktimes april 5 1936 p 5
70wenowenoven lattimore studies frontier history collected paperspabers 19281958 london oxford university press 1962 p 404
af8fpF C jones manchuriamancliurliarialla since 1931 london royal institute
international Affaaffairsirsil 1949 p 66
9ibidbibidbid
38
better off under 1japanese under tthe chi-nese receiving japanese what
led believe receive opinionputs position nutshell 10
nonetheless dream pan mongolian state part
japanese militaristsmilitarisms failed materialize japanese policy itselfshortsighted failed comprehend aspirations mongolsmongelsMongols
administration paternalistic bound arbitrary besides follow-
ing occurrences hampered seriously realization pan mongolian statestates1 serious border incidents between soviet outer mongelsmongols japanese
hsinfanhsingan mongolsmongels along outer mongolian border 193519361935 1936 2 japan-
ese invasion north china 1937 3 nomonhanmonhan battle between soviet
russia japan 4 demise kwantungKwan tung army 1945
border incidents
japanese eastern mongolia following occupationoccupa74 ma-
nchuria 1931 became vitally important strategicC3 area
past occupyingC vast mongol domain western manchuria
eastern mongolia favorably facilitate japanese imperialistic aims
inner asia first japanese kwantungKwantung army conveniently mili-
tarize rallarhailarhallar eastern mongolia 100 miles outer mongolian
border second prelude pan mongolian state japanese mili
tariststarista now establish autonomous mongol region eastern mo-
ngolia exception siberia eastern mongolia probably
aid deterring soviet threat important japanese industrial
military installations south manchuria
early 1930s19301s indicative military unreadiness soviet
russia did challenge kwartunkwantunKwewanKwankwantungantuntung armysarmyfsargys sweeping drive north
10charles bell struggleI1 mongolia reprintedjournal royal central asian society XXIV january 1937 59
39
manchuria followingJ incident mukden moreover 1935
sale chinese eastern railway japanese puppet regime man
chukuochukuro soviet russia abandoned north manchuria sphere influence 11
sovietized outer mongolia russia determined defend inter-
ests
following occupation eastern mongolia 1932 occasional
minor incidents along outer mongol border became serious problem
1935 result november 27 1934 gentlemangentlemantsgentlemants agreement con-
cluded between soviet russia mongolian peoples republic
amounted politically military alliance 12 again march 12 1936
increased border incidents soviet russia outer mongolia con-
cluded protocol mutual assistance both agreeing
event military attack contracting parties render each
131 0every assistance including military assistance unmistakably
meant soviet russia contrast previous retreating posi-
tion north manchuria longer tolerate actions
jeopardize interests outer mongolia
1936 noticeable indications rapid mobilization
military installations outer mongolia eastern mongolia 1936
T steele correspondent hailar made observation
hailar brief become mammoth military baseleast division japanese broonstroons quartered
highly mechanized prepared short notice move againstadjacent frontiers where occurred sanguinary
border incidents hivehcyverve source unending
inthisilthis done without securing consent china CER
partner1712friters op cit p 143
131biibid1id
40
14friction between manchoukuo neighbors
1936 edgaralzl snow made following report
while kwantungKwantung army extends roads rail-ways telegraphs frontier hailar buildsimmense base suitable mongolian operations leaders
ulan bator quiescent 0
mongol red army15army said well armed wellequipped fully equal asiatic troops motor roads
extended frontiers telegraphic radiocommunication bean much developed fortifications
erected probably largely russian flownmongol air force rumored comprise three hun-
dred 16planes based several modern airdromesairdromes
moreover increase soviet outer mongol troops estimated between 60000
ioos1001loos10000000017 military installations indicated gravity soviet
japanese relations 193519361935191935 19193636
january 1935 lake bulduldui nor located fringe oi1 outer
mongol hsinfanhsingan border central area dispute question border
demarcation claim each party follows
japanese considered lake bulduidul nor partmanchukuoManchukuo khalkha river natural boundary be-tween ttwo0 o countries f outer mongolian maps ap-parentlyparent ly soviet mapsnaps howeverhovhox raverrcver included khalkha
14 T steele mongol border asia XXVI august 1936 495
151930 former mongolian Peopeopledplets revolutionary army re-
named red army 1 see peter 11 tang russian soviet policymanchuria outer mongolia 2 1911911igi191119311 1 1931 durham duke university press
1959 p 395
16 edgar snow japan gates red mongolia asia XXXVI
january 1936 13
17 ibid correspondent sterling fisher gives overall comparisonsoviet japanese military preparedness asia russia unquestionably
larger trained land forces abundant supplied resourcesequipment stronger fortifications side standing army1300000 against japans 230000 air force 3500 planesjapans 1446 far sasesasteasldase said 250000 troopssiberian manchukuoan frontier protected elaboratenetwork small concrete forts like maginot1 line guarding francegermany likewise 600 700 tanks 800 900 airplanes eastlake baikal japan hand opposite 1manchukuofanchukuoilManchu1 kuo less
90000 japanese soldiers smaller number relatively raw na-tive troops few tanks airplanes border forts fisher op
cit
41
river lake dutbuiduidul nor within territory mongolianpeoples republic 18
short tche japanjapaneseese insisted area dispute within tche
hsinfanhsingan perimeter russians arcarguedYaedued otherwise
early border encounter january 1935 snow reports
first serious clash occurred january japanese led Manmanchuchurlchullchurr troops encountered red mongol patrolnear lake doir west bargaC district MancmanchuriahuriashsinfanhsinganHs ingan mongolI1 commandercominander soldier killedwhile slight casualties inflicted manchukuoManchukuo side
mutual protestsdrooro tests exchanged 190
number clashes 1935 alone reported sterling fisher
amounted 106 serious ones first three months 1936 twenty
20two several these seems apparent occasional
skirmishes between outercuter mongolsmongels hsinganhsinfan mongolsmongelsMongols dispatch
secretary state january 23 1936 tokyo ambassador joseph grew
reported alleged involvement hundred outer mongolsmongels
21manchurian mongelsmongols border clashes january 8 15 16 17
encounters between mongol troops outer mongol hsinfanhsingan11singan mongol
tended create animosity among blood brothers grew makes rele-
vant observation
cause these clashes clear apparentneither outer mongelsmongolsmionlgols nor manchurian mongelsmongols
hsinfanhsingan province each whom confident supportsoviets tche jenJanjepjapaneseanese respectively present
willing show sign veweaknessakness williwillingnesswillinanessnaness22cormcompromisepromise
18i pfriters op cit p 235
191 snow op cit p 11
20fisheryfisherfishet OP citcit21
foreign relations united states 1936 vol IVTV washing-ton
washin-ton government printing office 19519566 p 123
22ibid
4 2
perhaps peculiar situation take con-
sideration similar relationship existed between north koreans
south koreans following korean varwar 1950 even between
north south american civil war
sum border incidents symptomatic japanese terri-torial ambition overconfidentconfident initial victories north manchuria
jeholdehol japanese military january 1935 thought perhaps
provocation soviet outer mongol troops lake buirbair nor perimeter
might cause russia makesnakeinakemaremarq concessions them stiff russo outercuter
mongol troop resistance however gave themthenthed afterthoughtsthoughts closer coordina-
tion between russians outer mongolsmongels border defenses re-
sult addition 1936 chinese government preferred rus-
sian occupation outer mongolia japanese takeover offered239protest regarding in-fluxinflux russian troops country more-
over border incidents reflected Rusrussianssiasslas determination defend
preeminentpre eminent position outer mongolia siberia past
tolerated japans intrusions far chinese soil
manchuliManchuli conference
june 3 1935 result mounting seriousness bor-
der incidents conference held manchulimanchullmatchullManchulichull north lisilslisinganhsinganhsinfaningan province
near outer conlmonlmongoloi1 border soviet objective conference
settle immediately question boundary demarcation along outer
mongol hsinfanhsingan border japanese desired primarily
establish foothold outer Mlongmongoliaoliaoila means gaining concessions
russians leadleadingn delegate amonsamong hsinfanhsinganfsingan mongol officials
23lawrence K rosingfrrosingerRosingfr others state asia new yorkknopf 1953 p 10101loilott
43
ling sheng governor north hsinfanhsingan province japanese delegates
kanki saitosalto sakurai Kwankwantungkwanfcungtung army leading outer mongol
entourage sambowasambolaSambowa vice minister war accompanied russian offi-
cials 24
should emphasized here appearance outer mongol
hsinfanhsingan mongol delegates merely facade actual men behind
scenes respective russian japanese officials william H
chamberlain observer during manchuliyjanchullManchulichull conference
sessions makes following comment
I1 present short time during these con-ferencesferences carried away impression diplomaticpuppet show tokyo MOSCOW vigorously pullingstrings controlled manchoukuo outer mongoliandelegates delegates lived railway cars surrounded
watchful Russirussianzinfin advisers inaccessible un-communicative grand lama tibet japanese dip-lomat attached manchoukuo foreign officemoving spirit manchoukuo delegation 25
boundary delimitation concerning questionable vaguely marked
outer mongolC hsinhsinfanhsinganD border urgent1 issue far japanese
concerned japanese primarily interested open door
policy 1 open diplomatic relations between outer mongolia manchu
kuo 2 maintain manchukuoManchukuo military mission ulan bator 3
267 f
construct telegraph line between 0outerouneralterulter mongolia manchukuoManchu kuo obviously
japaneseJaDanese intention gazgalgain n foothold ulan bator far
setting espionage activities concerned however soviet outer mo-
ngolian refusal complyalyolyotynly vith vnanosejnanosetnnnnese proposal frustrated latlatterlattersiatterbatterstersaims outer mongolia
24f fsnow OP22 cit p 1111 see steele op02 cit p 494
25chamberlainchamberla5n op citc i t p 63
26 snow 2nop cit p J121 2
4441-1
indicative teheie futile attempts reconciliation manchuliManchuli
follofollowingwinIg russolusso outer nlmongol1 iol comunicomuniquescoirriuniquescommuniquesques recent events prove
manchukuoManchu kuo wishes avoid peaceful settlement border incidents27prepare way further occupation our territory japanese
militariammilitarisemilitarizemilitariamarise undertakes mormozmozemorge risky adventures may happen
however reckless investigators these adventures break28fnecks neenewN ew yorkYork timesT i lreirelne
responsible spokesmanspokesinnan japanese foreignoffice did conceal fact japanese government ap-proved efforts t open outer 1mongolia rI1 e repeated
manchukuoManchukuo now knockingknock ins outer MonmongolianmongoliansmongoliasMongomengogoliaslians doorjapans door 1858 implying same result in-evitable 29
reviewing issues led cessation
manchuliManchuli conference close 1935 ve find june 3rdard
session soviet outer Mionulonmongelsmongolsmionryolsryols priprimarilyairilyarily interested settlement
boundary dispute delimiting bordarborderbordsr however japanese
evidently trying evade question demanding matters30mutual interest should discussed referred course
japanese open door policy outer mongolia october 2
31open door policy again became issue
personal interview edgarsogarzogar snow chashichashlchaehi japanese vice
ministerinister manchukuomanclhukluoManchunanchukuo for1foriforaforeignn cfofficeficeficq stated candidly border
27newnevnew york ernestimesmrnesL july 7 1935 jyN
19.19 p 7
28quoted T Bdissonbissonasonsson annanjananjainnann cainachina new york macmillan 1936p 230
29new york times 1october1zeoberctober 22 1935 responsible spokesman
kanki official japanese 1nistryministry111
4bistry foreign affairs see davidJ dallin sovietovi ot Rrussassiayssiai 7farir eastgaszast t nevnovnewnow haven yale universitypress 1981948 0r 25
30newnevw york times june 15 1935935 Dp 6
31bisson citc i t p 231
45
question incidental issue wider implication regarded
manchuliManchuli conference tas merely preliminary determined attempt
pry open mongolia benefit world enforce open door32country much con-anoncoinmoncoincon our empire
stubborn soviet outercutereuler mongol resistance border revealed
futility japanese efforts conference table besides 1936
pointed earlier substantial soviet outer mongol mili-
tary buildupbuild outercuter mongolia kvantung4wantungKvankwan1 cungtung army experts aware
33 provocation war time unlikely
each side recognized among reasons potential might
shoshortrt manchuliManchuli conference november 1935 ended
stalemate neither solution question delimitation
frontier nor russo outer mongol1 acquiescence japanese flodenflopenopen
door proposals
adjournment july conference manchulimanchullmatchullMan chulichull terethene
alleged rumor referring bitter exchange words between outer
mongol hsinfanhsingan11singan mongol delegates euteroutercuter mongelsmongols bitterly denounced
hsinhsinfanhsingan mongol delegates JapanjapaneseGsa puppets T latter re345
plied calling thetthellr relative reded slaves perhaps
plausible consider charges counter charges north
south koreans conference table panmonjompanmoniom
ling sheng incident
april 193611935 consequence manchullmanchulimatchullMan chullchuli conference
kwantungKKwanwantunptung army arrested Pprncearncece L-Ilingn sheng mongol governor north
32 snowssnowlsnow 01op13 CLcittat9 p 12
33new york Ttimestimoses january 27 1935 p 8
34snow OP cit
46
hsinfanhsingan province several high 321111opimongol officials alleged charges
iviidlIvlplottingivlottingotting subversive movements against manclManchumancimanchukuoiukuoyukuokuo w1wavithj glgivingelney mili35tary information soviet russia governor ling srengstiens entouragentourage
among whom monmongol01ol armysarmyvsardysargys chief 0 J staff chief police
sent hailar 11sinkinginkingsinkingHs11 capital manchukuoManchulanc riukuoriukuo tried
court martial shortly thereafter accused including gov-
ernor armysarnrysaremys chief staff chief police brought
trial found 360guilty md executed
noted governorlingygovernor linsylingLingy sheng chief Ihsinfanhsingan11sinloanaan delegate
manchuliManchuli conference capacity assumed occasional
conversations russian outer leonavon1vonmongolol delegates might looked
upon much suspicion japanesejacvocjapanoseJacjapamosevocnosewogweg respect japanese37considered relations relsontreasonU reason gbravestgravestravest forms
among chargesC plotting secession barga
japanese further declared
ling sheng established connectionsconnextions USSR1929 soviet troops invarinvadedbedled hailar punitive ex-peditionpedi tion againstainstainest chanchanschang 1hseh 11llangliangriztizrig always
secretly workingC russians while professing38loyalty try111irlmanchukuoanchuzluollManchukuohuobuo
russians hovehowehowevervcr flflatlyitly ioniccloniclonic having affiliation ling3039sheng
T steele met ling sheng acknowledges him man
integrity does dismiss possibility played
35new york times april 13 1936 p 4
36david dallinda 1 lintin soviet rusrmsrussiasiaslaqia far east new haven yaleuniversity press 19481943 p 360350 jonesiones op cit p 67
37steelellSteesteeleleyllelllesl op cit pp 494
303 jones oo00 citct nnapodpo 6765755767 56
39aq3qibid9ibid p 68610
47
both sides however what terms steele does venture say not-
withstanding steele comments character mongol opportunism
opportunism though reprehensible occidental stan-dards phenomenon tene MlongmongoliasmlongoliasmongolianMonoliasgolias where rulingprinces papalspawnsLs international intrigue since
collapse mighty empire erected genghis khan I1zustjustlust completed journey through hsinfanhsingan province
chinese inner mongolia hailarhallar northwestern manchouganchoukuo suiyuansuiyunnsuiyungsulSui yuanyunn northwestern china everywhere I1found mongol leaders much same mood 40
japanese military alleged ling sheng motivated
desire insure security hinishirishimselfelfeif ane people event
41war between outer Monmongoliayolla manchoukuomanchoulkuo powerful allies
interview japanese generals tokyo 1963 dr paul
V hyer student mongolian affairs asserts possibility
japanese officers kempertkempeitaikempeitKempeitaial secret military police ambitious
promotion always suspicious mongelsmongolsmonoolsMonoolsgolsgois sought use ling sheng
scapegoat related 111byorbyer1iyer russian agents concealed weapons
way give appearance ling sheng plotted coup whether
ling sheng actually framed difficult ascertain execution
outer mongol leaders shoreshortshortly1 y thereafterlreafterch ulan bator charges
having plotted bhehilebile 1hsinfanhsinganF1s 1enolsonols11onolsoisols pan mongol movement tends42absolve ling shensheng
reaction incident steelesheele makes folfoifollowinglowina conclusion
turning point ilskishsinfanhsinganwisinganwis ingan mongol1oro1 catanesejaranesejataneseJaraneseTanese relations
idaldatidingsidl ngs tilc event worevoreverevenevone soon every mongoltongue execlexecution1
1aonfon1on 070 fofourfout mongolsmtongolsmongels high rank poli-tical fonsetenseoffense againstdinstninst manchoukuomanchoulcuo government may bolstermongol respect r 0 o d rairnarn1 cledclod japanese guide
40ibid41 1ibidb d
429 personal intervieiinterview wlwihvithviehh dr paul V hyer july 19 1966
48
destinies young scarcely calculatedstimulate mongol affection 433
unusual reaction natural human chara-
cteristicte group people side own kind face
foreign occupation whether motives justified however
incident itself did generate serious anti japanese reaction
terms revolt particularly opportunity later defeat
nomonhanmonhan war made possible regard F C jones
points
commentators took event ling sheng in-dicationdi cation failure japans mongol policy
assuminassuming rather too muchch hostilities nomonhan 1939 culminated severe japanese defeat
hands soviet forces might opportu-nity large scale revolt manchurian mongelsmongolsMon golshowever did occur 44w
battledattledattieba ttieatie nomonhanmonhan
period 193119391931 1939 Rusrussianssiasslas position northeast asia vas
primarily defensive although able withhold japanese attacks
along outer 1mongoliviivl hsinfanhsingan border 193519361935 1936 embarrass japanese
changkufeng 1937 annihilate japanese forces nomonhanmonhan
193919391 1 defend outer 1 future bufferpolicy merely 1-0 o mongolia
prevent possible japanese invasion soviet union further-
more russia amanxiousKious extend perimeter influence mecne
borders china nor newly japanese acquired hsinfanhsinganHs ingan satis-
fied having inner myongMlongnyongmongoliaolia buffer against developing chinese
nationalism
japanese militaristsmilitaristmilitarisms hand plans own
43raibid44jones44jones op cit
49
remembered abortive attempt greater mongolian stacestate two
decades ago soviet russia stumbling block then doubt
mind militaristsmilitarisms extension japanese empire exten-
ded asian continent throughthrouph pan mongolJ strategy without firstcrushing soviets dominant position outer mongolia
recounted earlier mutual assistance pact signed be-
tween russia mongolian peoplespeopled republic 1936 though bi-
lateral agreement simply indicated uncertain terms russiacome defense outer mongolia event attack kwan
tung army took hint result fewer border incidents45thereafter
however 1937 japanese forces invading china russiaundergoing internal crisis great purge engineered stalindenuding soviet nation leading military leaders
marshal tukachevesky same year severe japanese attack
amur river encounter russians evacuated russian held islands
near juncture soviet korean border following
year russians defeated japanese forces led settlement
calling withdrawal troops both sides 46
relative difference between russiansDlusIussiasslas retreat 1937
victory 1938 attributed rather disappointing japanese
drive china opening full scale offensive against china
first source worry russians japanese failed47overrun adversaries reds considerably heartened
45 dallin op02 cit p 27
46meribeth cameron others china japan powers newyork ronald press 1952 p 407
47cameron op cit
50
spite set back japanese making preparations major
thrust outer mongolia
without question japanese years preparing
thrust direct railway line connecting inkinghsinkingheinkingHs halunarshanHalunarshan
traversing hsinfanhsingan mountain range completed 1936
48course facilitate deployment troops proximityinproximityunproximity nomonhanmonhan
moreover july 1938 japanese general staff made preliminary plans
invasion outer mongolia soviet baikal irkutsk ul-
timate goal 49 result japanese 23rd infantry division nor-
thern kyushu transferred rallarhailarhallar 100 mile distance north50nomonhanmonhan
past practice both sides post border
guards along disputed area disputed nomonhanmonhan area located
few miles southeast lake duir nor disputed area 193519361935 1936
east khalkha river russians insisted outer mongolian
border included area east khalkha river whereas japanese51thought otherwise reality disputed area vital signific-
ance visible fortifications aionalonalongatsalonggAts peripheriaperipheric ex
52captcept numerous border outposts however map sem-
iofficial japanese publication 1932 revealed disputed oasis area
48jones op cit p 111
49testimony49testimony ataman semenov cited larry moses battlenomonhan Khalikhallkhailkhalkhinkhalithinchinthin golgotgoi unpublished manuscript indianapolis indiana
university 1966 p 44
50cited moses op cit saburo hayashi alvin D coxscoxkogunxogunbogun japanese army pacipaclpaelpacificfic war virginia marine corpsassociation 1959
51mosessmoses op cit p 42
52ibid9ibid p 43
51
NOMONHAN warswartWAR 1939
py
ZI
ilairailk
0IA
r
david joJ dalllndallinoballino soviet russia far east new havenyale university press 19491948
52
tween nomonhanmonhan eastbankeastbank khalkha within border53mongolian Peopeoplesplets republic moreover mongol patrols both sides
taken liberty patrol oasis respective comrades
54posts observing routine unusualyunusually outer mongol
55border guards patrol area sizeable numbers
may 11 1939 japanese lisinganhsinganhsinfan calvary unit 200 men
crossed oasis attacked 50 man outer mongol patrol near khal-
kha eastsideeastside result outer mongelsmongols killed however
attackers soon retreated first large scale penetration56border japanese actually intended test import
soviet outer mongol mutual pact 1936 great
disappointment may 22 lieutenant rykov platoon orders57crossed khalkha soon repulsed japanese hsinganhsinfan cavalry
latter consequently occupied eastbankeastbank violation border
limitation set forth outer mongolia soviet russia mo-
ment challenge set forth soviet union keep promise
according mutual agreement russo outer mongol forces retaliated
few days later may 31 direct warning japanese
molotov made following declaration before supromesovietsupreme soviet
I1 give warning borders mongolianpeoplespeopled republic virtue mutual assistance treatyconcluded betweenbecsrmonmmon us defended USSR vigor
53citedcited abidogibidogibid Tp 42 japans rights manchuria japanhodaxtodaxT od ay tomorrowT omorrow 19311932193119 31 1932 osaka osaka malaichimalnichimainichlMalnichi publishing 1932
5454testlmonytestimony rippel ogiseogisu citedintedinciterincicited moses op02 cit55moses55moses apop cit561bidtibid p 45
57testimony57testimony major E bykov cited imiteimfte mosessmosesop0 P citaittcitt p 46
53
58cpouslybously shall defend our won borders
skirmishes may 11 22 soon developed full scale
modern war battle line extending fifty sixty kilo59meters depth twenty twentyfivetwenty five kilometerskilometerst much
crucial battles centered Momonhan perimeter
briefly battle monhan characterized these terms
initial drive until july 6 large scale offensive
generally japanese favorsfavor thereafter japanese began feelfeetfeol
growing strength soviet outer mongol forces finally
latter part august soviet outer mongol forces began tremendous drive60whichcompletelycompletely routed japanese manchukuoanmanchuruoan forces
besides use ground forces including tanks artilleryboth sides did shy aerial duels june combat overhead
61took major part action june 17 japanese admitted62fouter mongolian russian planes begancac3 series raids manchukuoManchukuo
each side reported incredible victories butic difficult rely
source what acknowledged howhowevereversevert both sides able
latest models 65636 5test efficiency
doubt soviet planes probably attempted bomb heavily
fortified ballarhallarhailar dispatch hailarhallar however discloses bombing
raids did occur vicinity hailarhallar through day soviet aircraft
58dallin op02 cifacifccippcitp p 39
59claude buss far east new york MacMilmacmillanlanglant 1955 p 335
60moses60moses op cit p 41
611bid461 ibid pop 48
62newnevnew york times june 25 1939t1939 p 28
63moses63moses 2jpop cit p 48
54
ranged eastward bombing communications centers near hallarhailar
least four fresh bomb createrscreators thirty five miles south hailar
five others near changmiaoChangmiao 640
reason russians unlike japanese trained outer
mongelsmongols pilots long before nomonhanmonhan incident japanese knew
outer mongolsmongels russian sponsored air force 65 august 22
11Hs sinkinginking dispatch disclosed forty outer mongol planes shot down
three battles border five halunarshanHalunarshan sixty miles66ffborder august 21
first week august japanese beginning geugetgot des-
perate reinforcements hurriedly deployed front compos-
ition reinforcements follows 23rd division part
7thath division whole manchurian mixed brigade koreans inner
mongelsmongolsMongols manchuriansManchurians three hsinganhsinfan regiments three heavy artillery regi-
ment entire antitankanti tank batteries ist infantry division 0767
time soviet forces far superior modern weaponry
chart 2
august 20 russians opened tremendous drive ended
68defeat japanese forces august 31 according moses
superb russian military stratestrategysy tactics including support su
64new york times july 14 1939 p 9
65tanglivans OP cit p 397
66new york T imestimes august 22 1939199 p 6
67testimony67testimony rippelrippeirimpei ogiseogisu 11IMFTEtuteTTTE cites moses op02 cit p 52
68according tokyo thotha japanese suffered 18000 casualtiesentire war russian casualties although unknown probably less
dallin 22op cit p 39
55
CHART 2
comparison FORCES
Jjapanesepane e manchukuo sovisovietet mongol
infantry battalion 25 35
cavalry squadrons 17 20
light medium machine guns 1283 2255
guns 75 mmranman above 135 266
guns 45 mm below 142 286
motors 60 40
tanks 120 498
armored cars data 346
attack planes 311
light bombers 181
heavy bombers 23
total planes 303 515
source N F kuisKusskuzmannian na nuraghesuraghesurazhe mirnogomltnogo truda 192119401921 1940cited moses op cit p 53
56
periorperipecipedi armored vehicles air power instrumental defeat69japanese forces CDgenerally vereworevorevoce employing world war I1 tactics
news shocking kwantungKwantung armyarmyo time japanese re-
treat late august soviet non agressionegression pact signed august
23rd moreover perhaps thought having face onslaught
soviet offensive manchukuoManchu kuo became ever depressing however
moscow truce signed september 15 togo molotov thus ending
monhan war following day perhaps welcomed news
both sides
japan soviet russia saw extending war
advantage despite aggressionnonaggressionnon pact germany stillapprehensive having fight two front war logistics
same problem spite victory nomonhanmonhan
japan too effect fighting two front war nomon
han china logistics distance
involved difficult task come learn soon japan
realized blunder militaristsmilitarisms made humiliating defeat
forces nomonhanmonhan convinced necessity negotiate
signing truce
conclusion nomonhanmonhan far mongelsmongols concerned
dimmed hope mongolia mongolsmongelsMon gols ended image
japan patron promoter mongol pan mongolmongolismism japan able
recapture spirit greater laonraon14onmongoliaolia crushing defeat
kwantung1twantungKwan tung army 1945 ended japans ereamdreamream greater mongolian state
further extension japanese empire asian continent
soviet russia nomonhanmonhan succeeded weepingkeeping outer mongolia isolated
69moses op cit p 59
57
70divided chinese inner mongolia manchurian mongolia moreover
authors opinion nomonhanmonhan revealed outer mongolia way
11Hs insaningan longer pathway japanese expansion thus relegat-
ing kwantungKwantung army secondary position far future japanese
strategy war concerned finally monhan made possible
border demarcation settlement along outer mongol hsinganhsinfan border move
japanese militaristsmilitarisms long delayed after preliminary meet-
ings elsewhere mixed border demarcation met harbin october 1941
71question boundary dispute settled however
72ratification agreement took place moscow may 1942
7cioreovermoreover granting outer mongolia status inde-pendent state yalta agreement 1945 made ever impracticable
hope pan mongol movement take place sovietizedsovietzedSoviet zed outermongolia never condone
71in preliminary meetings august 1941 chitafollowingC leading hsinfanhsingan11singanC mongolC japanese officials presentnobusadenobusadaNobu sade shimomura director political affairs bureau for-eign office manchukuoManchukuo po yen man tu councillor hsinfanhsingan office
later became governor east 1hsinfanhsingan11singan province manchoukuo yearbook1942book 19421942 Hs inking 1933 p 366
72rupen72rupen op02 cit1ciccitcitycita p 266
CHAPTER IV
INTERNAL PROBLEMS RELATED MONGOL QUESTION
unlike previous experience under chinese even russian
administration eastern mongolsmongels granted autonomy under modern
foreign power japanese realized order extend japans in-
fluence power mongol regions inner outer mongolia
collaboration facade mongol autonomy under beneficence
advantage
creation esinhsinhsinfanhsingan provinces office hsinfanhsingan affairs
following february 1932 meeting banner leaders chen
chiatungchia tung telteiteikatontelkatonTeiTel kaconkaton calling mongol autonomy japanese established
hsinfanhsingan bureau march 9 1932 1 hsingkingHsingking made responsi-
ble state council manchukuoManchu kuo government same year
august 3 bureau renamed hsinfanhsingan general office change
20name organization
takeover north manchuria 1932 japanese created
hsinfanhsingan province named hsinfanhsingan range3rangedrangecange eastern mongolia
shortly thereafter subdivided north south east provinces 4
lmokolaokomoko talkantaikanbalkan compiled zenrinkyokalzonrinkyokai chosabuchosaku tokyo Kaizraizralzkaizoshaxalzoshaosha1938 p 241
21bid21 bid
3walterawalter0kaiterwalter issigheissigbeissig derper mongolischeMongo lische kulturalculturalKul tural den hsinganprovinzen
mandschukuos unpublished doctoraldissertationdoctoral dissertation der universitat wien 1941 p 1
4F C jones manchuria since 1931 london royal institute in-
ternationalternational affairs 1954 p 64
58
59
then invasion jeholdehol 193319331 y japanese sought integrate
heavily populated mongol region northern jeholdehol within hsinfanhsingan
peclperipeniperimeterperlmetermeterneter therefore 1934 program reorganization northernnorthern
deholjehol detached renamed west hsinfanhsingan province 5 generally eastern
mongolia subdivided north hsinfanhsingan occupying barga region east
hsinfanhsinganHs ingan nonninoiminormi valley south esinHsinhsinfanhsinganhsingantHs inganganygantgeny jerimgerim league gestwestvest6hsinfanhsinganHs ingan jo oda league short uncolonized mongol areas set
apart constitute hsinfanhsingan provinces according beissigheissigheissigvissig bor-
ders these provinces did follow historical spreading mon
7golsbutgoisgols followed natural population borders dating 1932 1934
fact nominal parts mongol areas jerimgerim jo oda
josotojosato leagues stayed outside hsinfanhsingan11singan perimeter areas
chinese population outnumbered mongols141ongolsmongels included however
mongelsmongols chose remain interests protected local8tofficesofftoff ices mongol affairs
although mongelsmongols given limited autonomy status
province suggested japanese did intend mongolsmongels
should enjoy selfitselfseif determination fact time did japanese
form independent mongol government jurisdictionally inkinghsinkingheinkingHs seat
central government served mongol capital however
hsinfanhsingan provinces given greater freedom internal affairs9
Chichineseneset provinces spite japanese ran state
51bid9151bid p 327
6heissigbeissigheissigissig op cit see owen lattimoreolattiraoreLattimoceomoreomoresmmoreraore mongelsmongols ma-nchuria alienallenailenailon unwin 1934 p 142
7heissigbeissigheissigissig op cit8
Laltimorelatfcimoreattimoreatt imore op02 citci t pop 21
9 bidibid
60
affairs
end 1934 hsinfanhsingan general office changed
10department mongolian affairs jurisdiction extended
banner areas outside confines regular mongol provinces
hsinfanhsinganHs ingan 111 objectives change 1 improve admini-
stration mongelsmongols manchuria 2 improve develop cultural
economic needs mongolsmongelsMongols 3 promote national harmony
cooperation among mongolsmongelsMongols lz12 1937 part general reorgani
zationalrationalzat ional program central government department mongolian
affairs replaced office hsinganhsinfan affairs
departments office theoretically directly responsible prime
minister manchukuoManchukuo operated through office state council
additional responsibilities new office concerning mongolian affairs1 oversee management banner public finances 2 oversee
management tax system 3 effect measures regard lamaist
affairs reform 4 deal matters regarding nobility 5
facilitate better system control communication among various1311organs provincial government
provinciprovincialprovinceProvinci al administrationadminis craticratl
provincial government office highest local administra-
tive organ each four hsinfanhsingan provinces level authority
follows highest official course emperor manchu
10south manchurian railway sixth report progress manchuria1939 tokyo herald press 1939 pn 3
11mokomono taikantalkanbalkan op cit p 242
12ibid
13 ibid
61
kuo directly below him authority premier chinese
state council manchukuoManchu kuo through state council
office hsinganhsinfan affairs supervised directed mongol affairs con-
sequently jurisdiction hsinfanhsingan provinces administrator14office hsinfanhsingan affairs member thestatethche stateeState council
mongol held title minister equivalent rank pres-
tige rest ministers government manchukuoManchukuo
like others too japanese advisadvisorort 15t provincial gover-
nor 16mongol likewise japanese advisor equal rank
vice governors non mongol provinces japanese advisor councillor
theoretitheoretictheoreticallyoreti callyeallyeaily assisted governor matters concerning proprieties17important matters provincial administration
1938 north hsinfanhsinganHs ingan south hsinfanhsinganHs ingan west hsinfanhsingan prov-
inces operated three cho department seven ka bureau system
departments police affairs civil administration general af-
fairs seven bureaus special affairs education police industry
local affairs accounting general affairs see chart 3
typical 11 heads11heads these bureaus mongolsmongels assisted
respective japanese advisors thosethese bureaus though shown
18chart divided divisions subdivided provincial
officers appointed governor well government
14a T steele mongol border asia XXVIXXVI august 1936p 495
15 ibid16david F aberle chahar damor mongol bureaucratic admini-
strationtra tion 191219451912 1945 2r2n oded now haven HRAF 1962 p 92
17vokomoko zalkan op cit p 247
i 018aberle op cit
62
administrative STRUCTURE
HSINGAN PROVINCES
prime minister
office hsinfanhsinganaffairs
heinanhsinganhsinanHs inanprovincialgovernor
councillor
department department departmentpolice affairs civil adminis 1 general
trationaration affairs
Jbureau bureau bureau bureau bureaueducation police general
affairs industry accounting affairs
bureau localspecial dereaubureaudeneauaffairs
agency police procuratorsprocuratorfprocuratoryProcuraProcuratorstorttorf prefectural bannenbannerdannenB annenannermunicipalmanagementvLanaviana gement headquartersvav1 carlCaricavi quarters office headquartersheadquarter pleadheadquartersquarters
moko taikanltaikantaigan op cit p 2.72724727
63
19manchukuoManchukuo
case east hsinfanhsingan province two cho six ka system
used principal three bureaus civil administration minselMinseisel
police affairs helmureirelkelmukei mu general affairs sonesoeykomusomusony east hsinfanhsingan province
without services police affairs bureau prescribed
others time civil administration bureau handling
7020functions police affairs byuBludureaubureaureau however police affairs bureau
7121added later1941 mongol governors four hsinfanhsingan provinces
po yen man tu east shou mingaming south ne la ko erh ch pu west
7722eh lu chin pa tuh north province
banner administration
obvious reasons early period occupation japan-
ese careful disrupt traditional banner system
mongelsmongolsMongols during manchu dynasty banner basic political
administrative unit verninggoverning authority hands of11the23hereditary mongol nobility appointed functionariesfunctionaries however
unlike mongolsmongels otharothrr hsinfanhsinganlsinganfi provinces dagoc mongolsmongels
east hsinganhsinfanHs ingan nobility reason alternative
19 ibid20
moko taiwantalktaik op cit221aberle op cit22manchoukuo year book 1942 Hs inking manchoukuo year book
1942 p 164 director general affairs state councilpa ta ma la pu tan
23 regional handbook inner mongolia autonomous recrelaelregionghionllonbioncompiled far eastern russian institute university washingtonseattle new hahavenven HRAF 1956 p 370
64
given aberle
fealty manchusdanchusManchus dagorsdagonsnobility received seven high ranks civil statuses
patents nobility called siraakasiranka jangincangin inheritedleader men received these titles transmitted them
eldest sons process continued until endmanchu empire stipend attached title 24
generally meritorious services dynasty granted pasture lands
mongol banners moreoveroveryoverl mongol banners wereancorporatedincorporated within
manchu army 25 following fall dynasty 1911 banner sys
26temterntermtemm loan degenerated oppression warlordswar lords
unlike chinese japanese granted mongolsmongels manchuria
272 7rights privileges self government
next province banner important administra-
tive unit during japanese occupation whole banner made
28apnp1 area 2 inhabitants 3 power govern itself
attempt change boundary reasons administration financefinances
judicatory reasons decided imperial decree manchukuoManchukuo
government 29 theoretically banner administrative judicial30powers
banner headquarter responsible hsinfanhslnganhsingan provincial
governor chief banner headquarters example equal
24aberlelaberle op cit Tp 74
25manchoukuomanchoukuo year book 1942 op02 cit p 153
261bidibidibjdIbJd p 153
21271bidibid p 382
28tokoloko Talktaiktaikantalkzintaiganainalnzin op cit Dp 247
29tbid29 ibid
301bidibid p 248
65
31rank ehe heads agencies procuratorscuratorsprocuratoryPro office po-
lice headquarters32total oftwentytwenty nine banners manchuria
twentyfivetwenty five them within hsinfanhsingan provinces
193219351932 193519 banners like provinces held measure
power thereafter mongolsmongels began sense increased curtail33mentnent power
discussion banner administration author depend
upon aberlesaberley brief study dagorbagor banner administration east hsinganhsinfanHs ingan
34gleaned mainly orgunge onon mongol informant
four banners east hsinfanhsingan province bayen aroon
35litawamolitawaMo morin dawaadawada botahaaBotahaa leader each these banners
usually appointed provincial governor confirmed cen
tf36trai government
since japanese anxious build mongol bureaucracy im-
mediately necessary mongol start bottom
order rise position banner leader however education
basic criterion selection typical banner leader usually
middle aged chinese educated although position carried
prestige honour salary offered sufficient sustain
31 ibid p 247
32manchoukuoylanchoukuo year boobook 194211942 op cit ppap 155156155 156
33aberle op cit p 93
34Q
readereader cautioned what might truecase east hsinfanhsingan province might same wescwestvestnorth south mongol provinces however pattern administration
generally similar35
ibid36
aberle op02 cit
66
man family banner leaders received formal training
occasional indoctrination lectures given provincial meetings fj37
banner headquarters never removed upon re-
lease banner leader neither ramagtamagtama 9 seal office
ever retained him kept provincial headquarters
level authority banner leader subjected whims
japanese councillor although theoretically calling
councillor presumably advise banner leader technically au-
thority above latter restricted authority ban-
ner
ban-
nor leader relationship advisor explained aberle
japanese advisor veto action leaderwithholding own seal official papers advisor
initiate independent action lines communic-ation rigidly bureaucratic banner leader comm-unicate province manchukuoManchu kuo govern-ment 38
0
unlike attitude toward former chinese officials mongolsmongels
regarded banner leader provincial governor due respect then
too people obviously ease mongol officials
chinese whom feared perhaps
chief reasons caused dagorsdagons generally
known being excessively docile lacking proper nationalist spirit
incite minor insurrection algainstagainst chinese during period39disorder imimmediatelyediatelymediatelyediaedlately prior japanese occupation avealtarealtareaadea
banner office like provincial level divided
three bureaus general affairs civil affairs police affairs
latter perhaps incorporated sometime 1938 apparently each
37aberle37aberle op cit p 93
38ibid38ibid ppap 939493 94
39 ibid p go90
67
40these bureaus responsible respective offices chalan tun
provincial headquarters provincial level each these
bureaus divided heads bureaus mongolsmongels nearly offi-
cials five banner offices staffed mongolsmongelsMongols
general banner offices dealt matters concerning educa-
tion public peace tax collection work levies banner offices
hand assisting administration japanese sponsored edu-
cationalcat ional system outlined mongolsmongelsMongols program
part nationally financed 41 banner level police court
level authority below nonognotog ononsokons banner
fiveve notogsr105rios hotopnotognotop refers territory within nomadic unit425pastures moves camps nonognotog leader chosen prominent
citizens notas confirmed banner selection
usually based local prestige office located
hotopnotognotop capital centrally situated larger village unit
although nocor given considerable authority littlelattitudelatti tude action officially received orders above trans-
mitted them lower elhelonsechelonselhel ons matters concerning draft registration
collection taxes etc unofficially act spokesman
villagers certain matters whenever japanese demands became too onerous
next unit authority below nonognotog macan
nature gacadgacaa given aberle
understand gacadgacaa must recall naturebagordagor settlements effective kinship administrative
40manchoukuo year book 1942 op cit p 156
41ibidtibid p 94
42 personal communication lattimore aberle aberle opeltlitsiteitcitelt p 96
68
BANNER administration
banner
councillor
chief
bureau police bureau civil bureauaffairs affairs general affairs
education taxation administraAdminis trationsection section section
public special police accounting generalpeace affairs affairs section affairssection section section section
moko Taltaitalkantalkanjbalkankanjmansrans 2opT cit p 249
69
unit mokonbokon give residential clusterappeared single village subareas oftenseries mokonbokon set contiguous mokonbokon co-nstituted gacaagacad each subdivision constituted ayi
particular village included unit part434gacadgacaa
duties gacadgacaa leader similar thealayi1leader below him however extent differences
clearly ascertained aberleaberlesaberley informant
PYayiaxi1 leader invariably young man perhaps thirty appointed
bv notognonogog leader unlike superiors received salary rank
low much work expected him
gacaagacad many functions ayisylsyi leader
responsible 1 keeping census draft purposes 2
sending draft registrations papers nonognotog 3 collecting taxes
grain fur etc tax apportioned local national functions
4 controlling travel permits latter perhaps technique44political control
moreover among above responsibilities ayisyi leader levied
labor railroad work supervised confiscation certain types
45arms distributed rationed goods enrolled children school etc
spite many functions ayilyleziexl leader neither office
space nor seal however call village meeting communicate
nonognotog under certain conditions banner
logging principal industry came under japanese control
goods subject rationing war time conditions aillsayllsayi
43 ibid p 97
44ibid POp 98
45 since hunting livelihood many dagonsdagors peopleonos area permitted retain guns
70
responsibility increased commensurately under conditions Mayi1
leader perhaps transmit japanese demands people46dared protest least considered andiantiandl japanese
lamaismlama ism
before delving japanese attempts fostering pan buddhism
necessary note briefly historical background lamaism
relationship tibet manchu dynasty chinese republic
soviet russia context japanese attempted pan
buddhist movement
unlike japanese notmanchunoc manchu nor chinese nor russian
policy further cause lamaism among mongolsmongelsMongols japanese
context useful japanese purposes promote pan buddhism
movement conform japanese imperialism
lamaism first introduced mongolia urga during
sixteenth century tibet mecca lamaism perhaps rea-
son charles bell prefers call lamaism mongoliasmongollasmongolianMongoliasgollas fltibetanfltibetan buddhismBuddhIsTWI
mongol buddhism asserts mongolsmongelsMongols like tibetansTibe tans
probably resent use t1termterm lamaism implying reli47
gion buddhism study however shall use
term lamaism reference tibetan buddhism mongol buddhism
seventeenth century manchusdanchus considered mongolsmongels
allies joint conquest china aware great
46ibid pop 99
477 charles bell struggle mongolia reprintjournal royal central asian society XXIV january 1937 p 51
71
ness yuan dynasty under mongolsmongelsMongols therefore restrictpossibility rise mongol power manchusdanchus supported power
great lamas against princes order split mongelsmongols
factions 011488
like manchusdanchusManchus chinese russian actions toward lamaism
exploitation during republic chinese officials collusion
lamaist monasteries exploited triballandsballandstritrltribal lands
just princes frequently sacrifice interestsspecial privileges fixed revenues monasteries pre-serve corporate existence privilegeshierarchy tend show influence side 49chinese theland passes under chinese administration
outer mongolia monasteries since beginning soviet take-
over 1921 subjected severe soviet oppression restrictions
lamaism institution de popularized divested power
50social political economic force early 1930s
soviet political purges destruction monasteries forced collec-
tivization hundreds mongol refugees including religious political51leaders fled eastern mongolia inner mongolia
1935 thirteenth dalai lama made following statement
present time five kinds degenera-tion countries worst class mannerworkingCD among red communist people do allowsearch made new incarnation grand lama
urga seized taken away sacred ob
48ftlattimore inner mongolia chinese japanese mongol pacificaffairs X march 1937 65
49lattimore manchuria cradle conflict new york macmillan1932 p 127
50gerard M friters outer moncmonrmongolia7 olla international positpositionionlonbaltimore johns hopkins 1949 ppap 299301299 301
51robert rupen mongelsmongolsmon olsois twentieth century part I1 bloom-
ington indiana university press 1964 ppap 227228227 228
72
jectsejects che monasteries made monks worksoldiers broken religion even
52name remains
therefore soviet well chinese blunder invitation
japanese militaristsmilitarisms implement positive approach mongolian
rereligiousI1 I1 gi ous quesquestiontijapanese idea pan buddhism did begin occupation
eastern mongolia during russo japanesewarjapanese warvar 1904051904 05 japan-
ese associated lamas monasteries war bhe
japanese invited thirty high lamas dignitaries japan discuss
priests hlgashihonghigashi hongwanjiwanjibanji buddhist leaders concerning ques
53tion pan buddhism since lamaist buddhism japanese buddhism
mahanayanaMahanayana school compatibility areas possible
hoped 1918 attendance seventeen lamas buddhist
association mongolia japan hichinichichiMomichimomichicoMi mo Bukkbuklcyokaibukkyokaizokalyokai organized
then 1919 association changed buddhist association
asia founding mukden agency promotion education
between japanese mongol students 54 190219211902 1921 kudo tetsusaburoTetsusaburo
ventured far Chingchinghaihalghaighaly western inner mongolia audience
living buddha labrang monastery objective
collect funds purpose financing troops restoring world
ching manchu dynasty55553days ching dynasty
during 1930s 1940s japan considered communism menace
52ibid quoted
53 reglregiregionalal handbook inner mongolia autonomous regloregioregion 02cit p 288
54ibid55ibidtibid ppap 288289288 289
73
imperialistic aims therefore lamaismLamaismt properly exploited
aid japanese combating communism ideologically during
advance inner mongolia 1937 japanese spread propaganda
renaissance buddhism tried organize actively na-
tionalistictionalistic church including declaration holy war against communism 11565
1930s1930ts japanese terms reform took steps solve
religious question lamaism education important facet
japajapanesenesenose imperialistic policy geared 1 raise standard
lamaist clergy respectable leveltlevellevei even risk relegating thou-
sands monksmonths status laymen 2 eradicate lamaism
shamanistic elements 3 perfect lamaism efficient corporate
structure 4 effecteffectaeffects harmony ethics philosophy between
57lamaist buddhism japanese buddhism
however attempt reform lamaist religion eastern mongolia
simple since seventeenth century custom having
young boys join celibate priesthood attributed removal 5058male population reproduction alsosalsotaiso promiscuousness among lower
5059monks especially spread syphilis became scourge during
japanese occupation medical relief parties time time sent60Nonmonmongoliangolian areas assist controlling epidemic doctors make
rugen5upentdupentrupen pj02 cit P 227
571bide571ibidbidebida pop 228
58beissigheissigissig p 59
59ibid59ibid see lattimore irinnerinnerifinner mongolia chinese japanesemonmongolol sopjopsod cit 65 lamas never worry vow celi-
bacy want women frequentlyfind them many places worst agencies spread-
ing syphilis serious factor low mongol birth ratehigh rateofrathofrate child mortality
60 anchoukuo1janchoukuoanchoukuo year book 1942 OTop cit p 686
74
61shift hospitals assisted treating mongol patients depopulation
decline traditional mongol aggressiveness generally attributed
these factors years many abuses corruption shamanistic
practices within lamaist institution made unpopular especially
among princes young intellectuals desired reform reli-gion shiro yoda 1936 vice minister mongolian ad-
ministration having jurisdiction mongolsmongels manchukuoManchukuo indicated
superstitious political nonreligiousnon religious elements mona-
steries devitalized mongolian people time interview
T steele yoda explained japanese attempt purify vital-
ise
vital-
ize Lamaislamaistfc institution
limited number mongolsmongels permittedenter priesthood those do required mai-ntain high standards learning line purificationprocess sent ten mongol lamas japan wherestudying japanese buddhism churches lamaistictrend others follow them 0
62
reform lamaist religion eastern mongolia difficult63AI
task 1936 example verewore 17876 monks 283 monasteries
since each family contributed two boys monkhood moreover
since people tere bound lamaist religion consolidated effort
implement reform futile reason among others
may 22 1938 department welfare 11singkinghsingkingHsingking called meeting
japanese buddhist representatives manchoukuo lama priests64counsel advice ft result buddhist national union organized
included lama priesthood four 11singanhsinganhsinfan provinces
61 Ilellelietletieileissiglleissigfleissigissig op cit p 65
62mej
steele op02 cit p 496
beissig63heissigheissigissig cmop cittaittct p 80
64ibid
75
auaugustwustvust 163091516153030930 1938 seventy young lamaist monks sent
Hs inking indoctrination later sent japan same65
purpose earlier 1934 japanese already sent thirty young
manchurian mongol lamas japan two year course study perhaps
indoctrination suitable term 1936 seven vere
sent these monimonks those inner mongolia11ronvon olia between ages twenty66thirty according japanese intelligence reports young men
67age group selected favored reform thus
acceptable japanese under program indoctrination
expenses chethobhobhe students paid japanese government
68aq&qsalary given them 1939 exchange progprogramramyramg fifty japanese
69buddhist scholars sent monasteries remote mongolian areas
another japanese objective bring lamaist liturgy closer ja-panese buddhist liturgy
prior march 1939 japanese militaristsmilitarisms unlike mongol
laymen made serious attempt conscript lama monicsmonies mili-
tary service during confrontation soviet outer mongol 1935-
1936 plans invasion outer mongolia 1939 japanese
militaristsmilitarisms might often though draw monasteries potenipoteni
tiai manpowerman power available dilemma whether take action
found lamaist beliefs four hsinfanhsingan11singan provinces possible
exception those tungusic tribes northern part gan
65651bidibid66bell op cit p 58
67paul V hyer lamaist buddhism japanese policy mongoliaunpublished M thesis university california 1953 p 68
deildelibell op cit69reissigissig op cit p 81
76
70river killing animals even insects taboo rea-
son shamanistic beliefs japanese hesitant call
conscription lamaist clergy result con-
scription until march 1 1939 official agreement reached
february meeting between representatives manchukuoManchukuo government
living buddha including ten subordinates representing
lamas according Japajapaneseneset agreed lamas re-
pented attitude evading conscription done here-
tofore 177171l71evil doctrine custom
primary objective japanese pan buddhism promote
education lamaist clereierelecclergycy particularly young therefore
I1governmentI1 sponsorship lamaist students japan trek japan-
ese scholars monasteries eastern mongolia inner mongolia
1 teach promote reform 2 set ground work lamaist
national church whose doctrines bo purified conform much
possible japanese buddhist theology rut program hampered
71japanese attempt simultaneously secularize many lamas
moreover japanese pan yelonlelonmongolgoigol movement japanese defeat
monhan 1939 decisive defeat 1945 kwantungKwan tung army ended
japanese dream successfully exploiting buddhism even though many
monks might resentment japanese attempts purify
religion subject them military conscription them especiaspeci73ally higher hierarchy regarded japanese protectors lamaism
70beissigheissigissig op02 cit ppap 798079 80
71lyerayer1 1yeryf OP cit p 88
72regional handbook inner mongolia autonomous region op
eltgitsit p 274
73rupon73rupenRupon op cit91cit p 228
77
education
japanese militaristsmilitarisms promoted secular education order
imimplementplementclement japanese imperialistic aimsalms japanese attempts re educate
lamaist monks respect religion step
direction hoping develop mongol military talent japanese estab-
lished 74ithe rsinganhsinganhsinfan military academy wangyehmiao july 1934 cap-
able 75mongol leaders recruited trained military discipline artsbackbone army graduates later serve mongolian
76corps manchukuoManchukuo army
effort educate mongelsmongols order raise socio-
economic status expressed shiro yoda mongolian administration
department inkinghsinkingheinkingHs 1936
iletle trying convert mongolsmongels nomadicsettled way life 6 making old feudal
system government ruling princes being re-placed qualified young magistrates princes provethemselves unfit hold office under manchoukuosmanchoukuots stringentcivil requirements 77
1936 314 schools hsinfanhsingan provinces mo-
ngolianolian established taught official language accordance
japanese tradition strict attendance enforced 7078 lamas
trained japan literate elders wore selected teachers edu79cation mongol pupils
74rapenupen op cit p 227 manchoukuo year book 1942 op cit pop 3383380
75moko balkantaikantalkanI1 op02 cit p 267
761bidibid
77steele77steele op02 cit p 496
78aaft7ft regional handbook inner mongolia autonomous region op
litciteideld p 275
79ibid
78
following japanese source shows number mongol
school children primary schools each hsinfanhsingan provinces
1938 west hsinfanhsinganHs ingan 111434 south hsinfanhsingannslnglanHs ingan 30312 east hsinfanhsinganllsinganHs insaningan 473580
north hsinfanhsinganHs ingan 4891 normal schools established
south hsinfanhsingan east hsinfanhsinganHs ingan agriculture schools81pi
provinces 1941 samesane year south hsinfanhsingan girls
higher national school established likewise provinces except
north hsinfanhsinganilsinganIlslis ingan boys vocational school south 11singanhsinganhsinfan girls82vocational school founded
what do above figures indicate mongolsmongels
first time opportunity mass education though extensive
freely given boast chinese republic never made
lifted fron illiteracy given opportunity educa-
tion mongol11 pupils according yoda quoting steele inter83OQ
viewer taken education vim enthusiastic reaction
similarly noted haslund
lads dressed sort cadet uniform facesconvince myself really mongelsmongols soon
lesson hflunglung themselves upon me
stream eager11 questions
similarly interview buryatbulyat mongol officer hailar 1935
charles bell quotes officers favorable comment
our condition under japan splendid hitherto our peo-ple lain darkness now foot
8 0manchoukuomanchoukuo year book 1942 op citjcitcitycita pop 655
kiblekibldibid p 659
821bid821bidibid p 660
3301steele op02 cit p 496
84quoted regional handbook inner mongolia autonomousregion op cigojcitojcit p 275
79
staircase beginning climb proper schoolsestablished learn taught first read
write our own language well arithmetic etc thenthose clever taught japanese manchouganchou lan-guage well chinese english 85
early phase japanese occupation definite problem
japanese bureaucrats find educated mongolsmongels fill national
provincial posts among educated though few number
those east south hsinhsinfanhsingan Droprovincevince north west hsinfanhsingan
provinces problem illiteracy acute since chinese edu-
cationalcat ional system inadequate therefore beginning
chinese scribes employed work official documents east
Hsinhsinfanhsinganhsintantanlan province administrative posts wereheldheld86educated dagdagorbagor 11llonilonfontonllongolszolsgolszoisolsois few by low ranking chinese officials
until 1941 civil service mongol officials apparently87begun
however under japanese educational system mongolsmongels hada8800range opportunities opened unknown since 1911
result effective establishment schools 1932 1945 many
trained younyoung men well older men job opportunities seen
japanese sponsoredsponsoroclocieci inner 1mongolian11 tonlongolian autonomous government especially
among ambitious ones went japan receive university train-
ing impact japanese sponsoredsponsorec education without doubt disrupted
traditional mongol society same time gave young mongolsmongels
new hope success
85bellbell op cit p 58
86aberle op cit p 929392 93
0787ibid p 92
88tbidibid p 100
80
spite japanese imperialistic ambitions important con-
tributivetribu tive factor helping japanese relations educational policy
mongol people perhaps too mongolsmongels understood clearly
depredations former undisciplined chinese masters contrasted
somewhat policies japanese
concordia association
following successful overthrow odtheoftheche manchu dynasty 1911
new chinese republic inaugurated five striped flag symbolizing
union five races MongmongolsmongolstmongelsMongolsolstbolsoist manchusmanchussjanchusManchusschus tibetansTibe tans moslems chi89tqaq
nese Howhovhoweverevert chinese nationalist party during peak
power 192719311927 1931
discarded five barred flag symbolizing union racettracestracesundertook impose chinese standards MongmongolsmongolstmongelsMongolsolstgoisoist
tibetansTibe tans moslems under control within reachpropaganda intention transforming them allsalltalisaliwhether liked chinese speaking chinese090thinking chinese
again profiting chinese lack insight japanese masterroaster
planned concordia association aptjptjp kyowakaiKyowakai ch kung ho hulhuihut 1932
symbolizing same chinese aim 1911 overall objective
integrate harmony five races chinesetChichineseneset manchusdanchusManchus mongelsmongolsMongols ja-panese koreans gain loyalty races
principles wangtaoyangtao kodo relation manchukuoManchukuo japan respec-
tively 91
special arm government manchukuoManchukuo concordia
association actively reorganized 1936 naoki Hoshroshhoshinoinosinot following
89lattimore mongolsmonglsmonges manchuria 020op citecitocitppcitooppeoppaoppe 1001011001010100loo loie1010lole101loi
901goi901bidibidbid p 103
91manchoukuo year book 1942 op cit p 759
81
japanese german anti comintern pact year then92director general general affairs board manchukuoManchu kuo nature
organization explained charles spinks
single state controlled political partystate employees must belong party members wear military
like uniform salute each drill generally carryfashion nazi party 933
besides aldingaimingalminaaidingad4d create racialharmonyracial harmonyhardony amongC races through concorcolcor
dia association kwantungKwan tung army sought maintain political party
rather several
concordia association body strives in-vest powers political parties parliamentary gov-ernmentsernments attack administrative politicsgovernment 94
then almaimeimelm concordia association bring racial groups
harmony political policy central government
concordia association nearly segments
nf95population persuaded join located capital city
Hs11 sinkinginking affiliated headquarters found each hsien prefecture96district banner equivalent chinese hsien city
92charlescharies92 charles nelson spinks man behind I1 n japan asiaamericasamerlamoriameri cagcas XLIII april 1943 p 218 capacity hoshino politico economic boss state superior being commander
kwantungKwan tung armyarny
930 ylliibid11111111. ppap 218219218 219 john stewart gives impression useuniform those join arc entitled wear uniform great many
do result manchuria swarms people military uniform justordinary khaki distinguishing11 steinrstinr ui shin marks buttons gives im-pression people newly comocome place overrun soldiers
overrun people find concordia association uni-form much cheaper ordinary chinese clothes doesdocs
way distindistinguishulsh them fellows extremely econ-omical saves ood dealclealdeaioealcleai time 11 see john stewart manchuria
1logaytodayloday2 intelinternationalnational affairs XX january 1944 7094
N anchoukuoanchoukuo year tlbookjookdooksooksooh 1942 op02 cit p 76395johnjohn stewart manchuria1114anchuria today international affairs op02 cit961nianchoukuomanchoukuo yearyoaccar dook 194211942 op cit p 759
82
among tht e concordia associationsAssociationts various educational functions
important youth traynintrainingtralnin program 1942
seventy yoyouthuth training schools 7000 graduates according97japanese limit training instruction purpose given
followsf
these schools students during period threemonths live under guidance teachers sent centralheadquarters receive roupgroupscoup spiritual militarytrainingC well academic instruction may
OPdevelop useful citizens 70
another youth program training camps established 1937
since then prior 1942 total fifty training camps
30000 997organized completing program object
program graduates these camps return towns
villages civic leadersloaders mightnight promote aimsalms
100looconcordia association
example japanese effort among mongolsmongels expe-
rience masamorimasanori aradaharadahatadaII japanese civilian manchuria
brief assignment eitwiteltwitlithewiththelithe concordia association central headquarters
Hsli sinkinginking september 16 1931939 I1laradalaradelaraevaadvaaera informed december 20
newnow assignment linhunglintunlincunLindinhungtunghuntun y west ai1iHssiningantyancyan remote region near inner
mongolian border uhen arrived lintunglindungLintung vereworevocevece thirty ja-
panese later hundred youth training center
vicinity banner headquarters called naga-
matsu head administrator following day reported con
971bidibid p 759
98ibid
99ibid p 764
100loomanchoulroVl anchou 0 o year bookook p 76764
83
cordia association banner headquarters replaced general ishihara101loitransferred csinkhsinkKs inkingY
Haharadaradasradesnades primaryTrltri mary responsibility organize youth training
program young mongelsmongolsMongols well chinese koreans
area helped train fifty yoxyotyoungnr men them mongelsmongolsMongols Haradasassignment organize youth groups taught how raise
level food production eeliveilwell how purge villages
criminal elements
besides work youth training program harada took time
between trainintraining sessions travel outlying villages help or-
ganize youth groups methods irrigation raising crops
planting trees 102
despite imperialistic aims concordiascordiasconcordialCon proprogramgramt
mongelsmongolsmonaols saw tanctangibleibleibie efforts foreign power striving better
standard living even risk disrupting traditional
way life 1941 however exigencies war disrupted whatever
further progress japanese i made experimentation
better mongolsmlonrolsfmongelsMongolsgois lot
economy industry
during occupation japanese 1930s1930ts economy
11ongolslongolsmoneonLonsolsgolssois manchuria basically pastoral semipastoralsemi pastoral
pastoral steppe economy common livelihood those mongol tribes
lived vast steppestoope land barga region these barga mongelsmongolsMongols
mixednixed group burcatsburyatsBuryats dadagonsdagorsors well eastern western mongelsmongols
mainly nomadic herdersgerders lived very muchmichaichalch like forefathers
101loimasanoriasanormor 171karedaharadalareda7 eagawagaaa kanmomannoranno 1711111nikki71 ki tokyo FrinKinAnsxinkinseishaanselshaeishaseishaelsha 1962 p 61
1021bid1021ibidbidbieble pn 62
848
raisindalsinraising breebreedincbreedingdinc cattle sheepsheepy horses cows camels
1031 03livelihood importance steppe nomadic lifemongelsmongols1ionaols shown follows
sheep provide meat milk skins wool steppesdeserts camelscanellscanelas hair used clothing combined
wool mahonakomakemabomabe felt yurtsburts monmongolol dwellingsmares milk important part 0 F 1mongol diet fer-mented used makemahe arakalarakhl mild alcoholic beverage
distilled1 potent forms horseessential 11mongelsmongolsMonlonkongoisgolsolsois ilfelifelifill herd animals hunt
fight go anywhere longest shortestdistance mongol111ongol rides horseback horse gaveImongelsmongolsiongols mobility necessary pastoral nomad life
made possible military calvary units organizedthese horsemen steppe wealth power mongolsociety estimated size animal herds es-peciallypeci ally number horses much greatereconomic military use required lora1011loda
hand bagordagor mongelsmongolsllonlgols nonni river area east
great 111hsinfanhsingan1singan1 mountains semipastoralsemi pastoral economy based
farming supplemented logging hunting herding small105amount fishing
since beginning twentieth century I1 discussed
earlier destructive effects chinese colonization railway con-
structionst affected adversely Imongol economy particularly
steppe nomadic area norther joholbohol besides encroachingencroachinl upon mongelsmongolsMongols
self sufficiency chinese criedtriedtric force mongolsmonpolsmongels becomebacome farmers 06uo
lattimoreLatti moro assertsassorts chinese farmers tradition
103 rejRefreflogalregionalreflonallonalionallonai handbook inner monmongoliaoliaoltaoita autonomous resirezireslregion0OTop cit PT ios101los10 32
ioa104loa10franz II11 Yllnichaelmichaelchael anoane george E taylor far east
modern orldtatorldorid mowmewnowcw york henry holt 1956 ppap 575857 58
105loo reregionallo10na 1 Jhandbook1 andibandia 0 ol01 1ehe1lneinqahe1he inner mongolia autonomous regionop cit9citcita p 10
charies106charlescharlos106logcharles buss tho far easttastpastE new york macmillan 1955 p 473
8535
107aptitude livestock raising typify unwise chinese ex-
ploitation mongol14ongol lands lattimore relates first rate pasture land
ploughedsloughedploughed under crops exhausted within few years blowing
away top soilsoll unproductive either farmingi103rqaq
pasture
although first japanese promised mongolsmongels
lands protected future chinese colonization japanese
themselves soon infringe upon self sufficiency mongelsmongolsMongols
T japanese saw possibilities increasing improving breeds
mongolian livestock therefore made ambititious plans them
kwantungKwantung armyarny especially interested procuring ample supply
109loggood horses mules military purposes however japanese
samesane time realizing livestock source wealth did
neglect provide mongolsmongels assistance pastoral indus-
try 110iloiiomeans improving flocks herds
mongoltongol areas barga region west hsinfanhsingan province
provided mongolianlonTongolian cattle holunbierholunblerHolunblerbier district chief supplier
horses accordinaccordingaccordia manchoukuo year book 1942
1800000 horses Mlanmanchuriachuriachurla included those non mongol areas
too number substantial comcomparedared 1448481 horses
III111lililiraised japan thich little half size manchuria
number goatsoats raised manchuriainnanchuria leading province jeholdehol fol
107 lattimore 11mongols1ongolsmongels Manmanchuriachurlachuria op02 cit p 22
iob100lob ibiblciI1 e
109tont109log0jonesTOnt op cit p 18
110iloiio
liimianchoukuovanchoukuo year book 1942 op02 cit Tp 452
86
ovedowed west hsihainanhsinanngan province4I1northorthnorehocth alidano 1hestvest170 t bisinbasinhsinfanhsingang pprovincesrov nc w r
chief producers camel less scale south nsinganhslngan jeholdehol
provinces however 12800 camels number
I1graduallyradually decreasing soaesonene 19651965900poo900moo head sheep chiefly raised112119four hsinfanhsingan provinces since wool mongolian sheep
inferior quality japanese made attempts improve breed
experimenting imported 11merino corriedale superior113strains object sufficiently supply japanese
woolen industry mongolianoti iol wool instead australian apparently
venture proved chimerichimericalcalicall ilg114
hith introduction brodermodernmrodern scientific methods including
work veterinary institutes combat animal deseasesdiseasesdes eases experimental
work sheep farms 514714iionolongoiongos pastoralistspastora lists received benefit
endeavors I1however1loveverwevervaver teach new improved techniques people
accustomed conservative time proven methods
easy task tynis tact persuasion necessary
tact patiencetience towardswardis peoples whom position dominate
115qualities chicwhic few japanese apt exhibit
forested area east IITssinaningan japanese interest
procurement woodbooctooc deecneecneededneecedcd especially railway ties telephone tele-
graphic poles did henderongendergenderbenderengenderen favornblfnvornbq1 dzitordzigordaor jajapanesepanes e relations
daorsdagorsdagons dideliddiodloolid protprolproducealicclicc surplus foor depended sale furs
forestlorest products tat1 livelihood eith incursion japanese
112bidl1121I1 bid11311
11lanchojanchochoir ttouotio year 1500do ok 1942 OT cit p 45555
jones cit9citacit tp 67067
15 ibid1 b i d
8737
lozlogloggingins enterprises losinglogging became dominant economic factor116ilgsustenance
corporation boodwoodjood procurement head office 11Hs inkingsinking
controlled wood cutting wood prices through banner procedure
result losslogglosingintiny enterprise administered banner office
experience aberleyaberles mongol informant follows
order go loggingQ Z 131171ury necessary Cget licensebanner inform corporation how many people
0goingolnoin nartiparticularcular lologgingac0c inf party leaderparty then recereceivedivolivelivos noneymoneymoncy least important clothesmatcmajcmatches1 es cicigarettesirettes hard getgot war-time toolsattoolsat low regulated price logs once cutcuc
brought dodomndonddowndonnnn river raft countedcorporationCorDoration office then tastalbakentakenbahenloonloenicon tsitsihartsitsilharTsitsihar two monthsilaterater payment governmentally regulated rate given
lologinloggingg party led individual familymeans transtransporttransoortdortoort fecifeedfeel tiletiie1 7workers during lo10loggingng
season profits wont 1halfalflaif tic organizeranizeragnizer andhalfloggers official rate paynayay logsC low comparedvithW L i black market rate tleliareelicrearoqro always black ma-rketingketing117117
exploitation possible mineral deposits sig
nigicant japanese accomplishment although japanese plan called
possible development resources reported john stewart118libtipIIPtin1940 doubtfulcoubtfful hechezheadwayrid1w ty made
notwithstandinnotwithstanding elexploitation mongol livestock logging
industry further own ends japanese unlike chinese triedmake compensation 1mongol111on ol losses lands example
achieve permanent settlement tinctine veveningvexingveringing conflicts land between
chinese mongelsmongolsylongolsMongoisgols Japajapanesenosoneso evacuated dagonsdagors east batahabatada
east nonnikonni river west however dolndoindoing japanese
116ilgaberle enaop cit P0 95
amslmsl
ll11ito110131
john R stclsteartstcartStcartaart7art manchoukuo announces lionilontionmongolol program fareastern surveyy IXZ1.1 february 28 1940 556060
88
119compensated them loss lands another example
194011940 f-riction between mongolsmongels chinese special
monmongolol areas jeholdehol anclanci chine h ow moreover rapid influx chi-
nese settlers due railway construction expansion coal mining
made necessary japaneseTadanesepanese liquidate mongolsimiongolsmongels lands began
120januaryT 1 1940 japanesejavanese plans compensate mongolsmongels com-
mented john stewart
where pressure mongolsmongelsionbor1or oisols resultedopening land public use 15 mionmongolol princes
eight bankbarkbantbarknessbannersbarknersnetsners receive bonds annual sub-sidiessidi1loslessos compensation loss privileges
report already paid 1116000000receive additional m2480000m294301100 121
sum notwithstanding japanese efforts compensate mongol
losses improve economyl22economy 22 anti japanese sentiment gradually rose
japanese economic demands became firmer 123 however never
124i f fseemed grown serious proportion
ilgII11 Q
aberle op cit pep 90
120stewart manchoukuoivianchoulcuo announces mongol procprogramyram op cit 59-60
121121bid1 bid p 60
122 tajtbjibio1
12 aberle3aberlegaberleabcrle 0 cit p 109
ir12 jones oo00op cit p 60
CHAPTER V
SUMMARYSUMIMARY conclusion
order reader better understand mongol question
during japanese period 193119451931 1945 author showed his-
torical precedents infinfluencediuenluenluencenluencedced japanese expansion
asian continent recounted following russo japanese war 1904-
1905 ambitious buddhist priests militant nicherencherenNi sect made
contacts eastern western mongolsmongels toward pan buddhist
idea
fall manchu dynasty 1911 self determination
became obsession eastern western outer mongol nationalist
leaders taking advantage situation russian chinese
suppression mongol autonomous aspirations japanese through semenov
atteattemptedmoted establish pan mongolian state 1919 however move-
ment unsuccessful mainly nonsupportnon support kolchaskolchakskonchaskoiKol chaschaks white
russian regime urga government jebtsundamba khutukhtu
1920s1920 unwise russian chinese policies alienated
mongelsmongolsMon gols religious political purges forced collectivization
forth outer 111ongoliamongolia under soviet rule led number refugees
flee inner eastern mongolia chinese aggrandizement mongol
lands economy system innermlongoliainner mongolia furthered mongol animosity
against chinese
result mongolian desire autonomy became intensified
courseycourselcourse rebellious course never ever tolerated either
89
90
russians chinese until 1932 following manchurian
incident mongol aspirations seriouslyitseriously considered ja-
panese realized formation fl autonomousautonomously mongol region
eastern mongolia advantage therefore 1932 ja-
panese created hsinfanhsingan province eastern mongolia later subdivided
north hsinhsinfanhsinganHs insaningan south hsinfanhsinganHs ingan west hsinfanhsinganHs ingan east hsinganhsinfan
provinces governors these provinces appointed manchukuoManchu kuo gov-
ernmenternment theoretically responsible emperor through office
hsinfanhsingan affairs government manchukuoManchu kuo office hsinfanhsingan
affairs headed11headee mongol directed mongol affairs hsinfanhsingan pro-
vinces mongol banners outside jurisdiction provinces
office served liaison between hsinfanhsingan11singan provinces
central government key positions central provincial
banner governments mongol heads advised japanese councillor
actual administration hands latterearly period japanese occupation eastern mongolia
JajapaneseDanese careful makenake drastic changes
traditional monmongol001011oilolioll society voldavoidavoldvoid losing support
maongMlongmongelsmongolsmlongolsMongoisgolsaoisolsois japanese permitted limlimitedleeiiteIleel autonomy manchu dynasty
traditionally done
whole japanese success bagor mongolsmongels
nonni river vaileyvalley those barga region former
eceere educated reasonsteasonreason tat1bhelie japanese depended latter
rulifullfiillruil administrative posts ehetho nc 71yly created mongol provinces
sisignificancenificance che J establishment manchukuoManchu kuo
republic 1932 constitutiolconstitutionconst aitiontitionti tion n1 l monarchy 1934 solicitsupport 01L
7 eastern Yaongmongelsmongolsyaongolsolsois whose traditional allegiance man
91
chu emperors known ideologically japanese patterned politi-
cal philosophy central governiriqntgovernrment conform concepts
waniyangtaowangtaovitao kodo advocated tradition loyalty emperor
stumbling blocks japanese promotion pan mongolismmongol ism
soviet russia formidable power china weak nevertheless
threat although sovetsoviet russia forced retreatsphere influence north mianchurmanchuria military drive
kwantungKwantung army early 1930s determined relin-quish preeminentpre eminent position outer mongolia far soviet russia
concerned outercuter mongolia111ongoilagolia buffer protect
eastern frontier japanese attack serve buffer against
towinggrowingrowing nationalism china moreover11oreover communized outer mongolia
base operations soviets future make power
influence feltfoilfeit northeast asia
far japanese wore concerned eastern mongolia base
operations basically important politically militarily japan-
ese agents penetrate inner mongolia outer mongolia
creation hsinganhsinfan mongol cavalry 1932 establishment
hsinfanhsingan mongol academy 1934 supestivesuPsucsurestCYestiveve future expansion
1936 hailar key military base mindful japanese military
buildupbuild soviet russia too mobilized soviet mongol forces
expanded combat readiness outer mongol air force
probing enemy defenses along17 outer mongol hsinfanhsingan border
early 1930s japanese soon faced soviet outer mongol
borderhorder patrols lnuinolnumerouswousrous minorninon skirmishes between japanese hsinfanhsingan
mongol soviet cuter mongol troops along outer mongolia border
common occurrence 1935 conference held menchManchmanchulimanchlullManchulilullchullquilquli border
92
town eastern mongolia settle dispute question border
demarcation since japanese russians differed objectives
conference ended abortively duringC conference hsinfanhsinganC mongol
delegates puppets tho japanese outer mongol delegates
russians
few months manchullmanchulimatchullMannanchulichull conference kwantungKwan tung army ar-
rested prominent finganhsingansingan1
1 mongol high officials alleged charges
conspiracy turn barga region russians noted although
full details execution iga19119366 mongolian governor ling
sheng compatriots cannot ascertained time
indications ling sheng framed result inci-
dent commentators speculated possibility soon
stir anti japanese movement alalthough mounting anti
japanese feeling defeat japanese nomonhannoroonhanmonhan did result
insurrections
unlieunlikeunile retreating11 defensive attitude early
middle 1019301301s soviet policy 1939 counteroffensivecounter offensive battle
nomonhannnomonhanmonhanNNo year superior soviet strategy tactics modern
weaponry overwhelmed japanese forces moreover soviet german
nonaggressionaggressionnon pact 1939 peak soviet offensive nomon
han shocked japanese thereafter japan position pro-
voke USSR russianstusZus siansslans although overjoyed defeat
japanese datedarodaredazo continue offensive possibility
having fight teotwo froncfront war europe asia
great distance moscow eastern asia serious logistic
probproblemlern russians besides stalin concerned consolidating
power within russia 1939 until surrender japanese
93
forces 1945 general condition along outer mongol hsinfanhsingan border
stalemate
1937 emergence autonomous government kengchiangmengchiangmengehlanoMengchiang
inner mongolia indicative furthering japanese expansion west-
ern Imongolia these objectives 1 propagandize mongol ideal
pan monmongololismholismism 2 use 1kengchiangmengchianglengehiangMengnengay1ylengechianghiang base future japanese ex-
pansion outer mongolialonionbiorior yoli
essentially 71asterneastern inner 1mongelsmongols111ongols merely puppets
japanese policy without doubt mongoldmongolsongolsgoisgols resented
realized real power hands japanese however
mongelsmongolsMongols noted earlier did instigate concerted anti japanese
demonstrations rebellions during defeat japanese nomonhanmonhan
n 1939 even before annihilation kwantungKwan tungC1Iarmy 1945 al-
though japanese rule became increasingly demanding harsh exi-
gencies war made japanese control restrictions apparent mon
gols general felt better off under japanese rule
under chinese rule likely felt under soviet regime
japanese attempt modernize traditional mongol society
intended aid japanese program expansion terms
exploiting monmongolol questionqueston extend japans hegemony asian
continent attempt ended miserable failure however
conclusion author modemmodern foreign power given
taken less mongelsmongolsmonvlsmonvle 0moranjnrsn7nranjarantoran mongolsmongels ma-
nchuria during japanese period
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february 1936 818581 85
ferrell robert H mukden incidentincidents september 18019 1931 journalmodem Histobistohistoryrysryt XXVII march 195591955 667266 72
field frederick V american far eastern policy 193119371931 1937 11 pacificaffairs X december 1937 377392377 392
friters gerard M prelude outer mongolian independence 911 pacific
affairs X june 1937 168189168 189
hanwell norman D japans inner mongolia wedge far eastern surveyssurveyVIII june 21 1939 147153147 153
hodges charles tin japan imperial way authorized interviewwar minister araki asia 34 february 1934 868786 87
hudson G F mongolia manchuria nineteenth centuryCXVII january june 1935 162171162 171
hume peter mongolsmongels under new orders journal royal asiansociety XXVIII july 1941 245255245 255
lattimore owen chinese colonization manchuria geographical reviewXXII april 1932 177195177 195
inner mongolia chinese japanese mongol pacific AfaffairsfairstX march 1937 647164 71
mongolia enters world affairs pacific affairs VII march1934 152815 28
99
lattimore owen wickedness being nomadstnomadsNomadnovadsmadsst asia XXXV octobersoctober1935 598605598 605
mongol destiny manchoukuo astagasiaasla XXXIV aprilaprils 1934208213208 213
outer mongolia frontiersfrontier forelforeignp Affairaffairssi XXIV july194611946 648660648 660
irrhearrhe phantom mengkukuo pacific Affairaffairsss X december 193701937419427419 427
cheittheatthe unknown frontier Mancmanchuriahurias foreign Afaffairsfairst II11january 1933 315327315 327
michael franz background fight mongolia contemporary reviewCLII september 1937 316324316 324
orchard dorothy J manchuria pattern new order eastasia asia XL january 1940 363936 39
ping shang chu spirit hsieh ho huihuthul concordia associationsassociation 111
pan pacific III111illtii october december 1939 283128 31
smallwood ii st C manchuriaManchurlaslag land promise japan society XXX
forty second session 1932331932 33 212721 27
snow edgar japan gates red Monmongoliagolias asia XXXVI Janujanuaryarys1936t1936 9139 13
spinks charles N man behind japan ysiayslaasiaastaasla Ameriamerlamericascass XLIIIapril 1914 218221218 221
steeleysteelesteeles T mongol border asia XXVI augustsaugust 1936 494502494 502
stewart john R manchoukuomanchoultuo announces mongol programprograms far easternsurvey IX february 28 1940t1940 586058 60
manchuria today international affairs XX january 1944688068 80
open door manchuria far eastern surveysurveys VI december1 1937q1937 271276271 276
timperley H F japan manchoukuo foreignaffairsforeign affairs XII Janujanuaryarys193411934 295305295 305
manchoukuo open door asia XXXV Janujanuaryarys 1935161816 18
walter ellery russia faces japan across manchoukuo asia XXXIV
june 1934 362365362 365
white oswald japanese administration korea manchuria journalroyal central asian society XXX january 1943 193619 36
100
yakhontoff victor mongolia target screenScreesereennV pacific affairs IXmarch 1936t1936 133313 33
documents
foreign relations united states 1931 vol illIII111liiili far eastwashington government printing officesofficeofflee 1946
foreign relations united states 1935 vol illIII111liiili washingtongovernment printing office 1953
foreign relations united states 1936 vol IV washingtongovernment printing office 1954
newspapers
ekins 11 E free mongolsmongels watch ponder new york times may 7
1933t1933 4
fisher sterling russia faces japan vast asian front newyork times april 5 1936 5
new york times august 6 1933
january 27 1935
april 19 1935
june 15 1935
july 7 1935
october 22122 1935
april 13 1936
april 15 1936
june 25 1939
july 14 1939
august 27 1939
unpublished materials
chen hsiaoeslao hsin development transition public administrationinner mongolia mengchiangmenlwhiangkengchiangMengchiang 1930 1945 unpublished MA
thesis department political science brigham young university1966
101
beissigheissigissig walter derper mongolischeMongolische kulturwandel den hsinfanhsingan provinzenprovindenmandschukuoamandschukuos unpublished doctoral dissertation der universitatwien 1941
hyer paul V lamaist buddhism japanese policy mongolia unpublishedMA thesis department history university california 1953
moses larry W battle nomonhan khalkhin golcolgoi unpublished man-uscript indiana university march 25925 1966
103
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JAPANESEJAPADESE ATTEMPT SOLVE
MONGOL QUESTION MANCHURIA
193119451931 1945
abstract thesis
presented
department history
brigham young university
partial fulfillment
requirements degree
master arts
richard D kwak
august 1966
abstract thesisqthesis richard D kwak accepted
present form department history brigham young
university satisfying thesis requirements degree
master arts
ftchairman advisadvisorwadvisory committee01
toutopt VLr wernermemberaemberaemmer advfsadvisadvfsorycommiyommiammi ateettee
fchaiiimancha iman major department f
typed kerstin H kramer
following manchurianManchurlan incident september 18 1931t1931
subsequent occupation eastern mongolia northwestern manchuria
japanese faced crucial mongol question question it-self complex dealt problem governing
150000011500000 mongelsmongols vast nomadic region problem
winning support promotion japanese expansion
1932 contact mongolsmongels new japanese
early february 1919 japanese through collaboration semenov
sponsored dauria government 11 anti bolshevik pan mongol movement
however january 1920 movement ended abortively after-
math manchurian incident another opportunity arose japan-
ese chenchiatungchenchlatung toltoitoikatonteikatonToiTei katon february 18 1932 mongol leaders
various banners eastern mongolia gathered express de-
sire autonomy japanese promise autonomy protection fur-
ther chinese colonization aided winning support eastern
mongelsmongolsMongols shortly thereafter autonomous hsinganhsinfan province crea-
ted eastern mongolia within few years subdivided
north hsinganhsinfanHs ingan west hsinfanhsinganHs ingan south hsinfanhsingan east hsinganhsinfan provinces
each headedbyhead edby mongol governor 10 advised10advised japanese cou-
ncillor like government manchukuoManchu kuo these autonomous mongol pro-
vinces merely facades real administrators japanese
office 11singanhsinganhsinfan affairs liaison between central govern-
ment provinces provincial banner level nominal head
office mongol official
japanese saw traditional mongol society frus-
trate ambitious aims eastern mongolia Thereforthereforeeq decided
2
decided modernize society program reform education
played major role young lamaist monks sent japan indo-
ctrinationtrination schools established programs sanita-
tion medical services stockbreedingstock breeding farmingfanning etc instituted
context then said japanese made con-
tributiontribution general wellbeingwell being mongelsmongols long1ongiongbong pro-
grams promote development japanese imperialistic almsaims
however events 1930ts1930s presaged eventual military con-
frontationfrontation between japan soviet union 193291932 japanese
permitted hsinfanhsingan mongolsmongels own army hsinganhsinfan mongol
academy established wangyehmiaowangyehmiaoin 1934 193611936 massive
japanese military buildupbuild hallarhailar mobilization japanese
iisingan11singan mongol troops area saw commensurate buildupbuild
outer mongol air force fortifications mobilization soviet
outer mongol troops outer mongolia
ideally occupation outer mongolia enhance japanese
image possible benefactor pan mongolismmongol ism Hohoweverwevers soviet russia
determined defend preeminencepre eminence outer mongolia spite
previous retreating policy north manchuria
short japanese plans extend hegemony outer
mongolia through eastern mongolia failed 1 japanese mi-
scalculated strength soviet power border skirmishes along
outer mongol hsinganhsinfan border 193519361935 1936 led defeat japan-
ese forces battle nomonhanmonhan 1939 final annihilation
kwantungKwantung army 1945 result japanese defeat
pacific 2 japanese policy shortsightedshort sighted failed comprehend