Dr.G.David RathinaveluAssistant Professor

Department of PhysicsDepartment of PhysicsSt. Xavier’s College

Palayamkottai

Why Satellite Mission….

Evolutionary demand !!

Do we have surplus money?

Are we singing the SOLO?

Search for new habitation?

Major Space AgenciesMajor Space Agencies

ISRO (Indian Space Research Organization)

NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration)Administration)

ESA (European Space Agency) ESA (European Space Agency)

Indian Space Research Indian Space Research Onganisation (ISRO)Onganisation (ISRO) Established in 1969 Established in 1969 Headquartered in Bangalore Under Department of Space, Govt. of India It built India's first satellite, Aryabhata in 1975. First own launching vehicle SLV-3, launched Rohini in

1980.1980. Later developed PSLV, GSLV

ISRO chairmen

Dr.K.Radha Krishnan (2009-till date)Shri G.Madhavan Nair(2003-2009) Shri G.Madhavan Nair(2003-2009)

Dr. K Kasturirangan (1994-2003) Prof. U.R Rao (1984-1994) Prof. U.R Rao (1984-1994) Prof. Satish Dhawan (1972-1984) Prof. M G K Menon (Jan - Sep 1972) Prof. M G K Menon (Jan - Sep 1972) Dr.Vikram Sarabhai (1963-1971)

ISRO Centers

•Research facilities

•Test facilities

•Construction and launch facilitieslaunch facilities

•Spacecraft trackingand control facilitiesand control facilities

•Human resource developmentdevelopment

•Commercial wing

•Remote Sensing Service Centre

Indian Satellite typesIndian Satellite types Experimental/small satellite Earth observation satellite Geostationary /meteorological satellite Geostationary /meteorological satellite Communication satellite Navigation satellite Navigation satellite Space mission

Launching vehiclesLaunching vehicles SLV - 3 ASLV PSLV – (D1-D3, C1-C25) (Four stage) PSLV – (D1-D3, C1-C25) (Four stage) GSLV - (D1-D5, F01-F06) (Three stage) Arianne 1, 3, 4 series, 5 series Arianne 1, 3, 4 series, 5 series

Geocentric orbitGeocentric orbit

Any object orbiting the Eartheg. Moon and artificial satelliteseg. Moon and artificial satellites

As of 2008 NASA estimated approx. 13000 artificial satellite payloads orbiting the Earth

8000 pieces of space debris as tracked by GSFC Over 16,291 objects have decayed into the Earth's

atmosphere.atmosphere.

Special cases: Special cases:Geosynchronous and Geostationary orbits

Geosynchronous orbits and Geosynchronous orbits and Geostationary orbitsGeostationary orbits Follows the direction of the Earth's rotation

Circular orbit, 35,786 kms above the Earth's equator Circular orbit, 35,786 kms above the Earth's equator Orbital period is equal to one side real day

(Earth’s rotational period, approx. 23 h 56 m and 4 s)(Earth’s rotational period, approx. 23 h 56 m and 4 s) Object in geosynchronous orbit returns to same position

in the sky after a period of one sidereal day Object in geostationary orbit appear motionless Communication and weather satellites

Geostationary orbitGeostationary orbit

Polar circular orbitPolar circular orbit Altitude is approximately 1000 km Satellite passes above or nearly above both poles Inclination of 90 degrees to the equator Inclination of 90 degrees to the equator No spot on the Earth's surface can be continuously

sensed-Disadvantagesensed-Disadvantage

Used for earth-mapping, earth observation Used for earth-mapping, earth observation Weather satellites

Polar circular orbitPolar circular orbit

Inclined highly elliptical orbitInclined highly elliptical orbit low-altitude (often under1,000 km and a high-altitude

often over 35,786 km. 'highly elliptical' term refers the shape of the ellipse 'highly elliptical' term refers the shape of the ellipse

Graveyard orbitGraveyard orbit junk orbit or disposal orbit Lies above synchronous orbit To avoid collisions, satellites at the end of their

operational life placed in graveyard orbit For satellites in geostationary and geosynchronous For satellites in geostationary and geosynchronous

orbits, the graveyard orbit is a few hundred kms above the operational orbit.

Operational satellites

Satellite communication

Video clip

INSAT SatellitesINSAT Satellites The Indian National Satellite (INSAT) system TV broadcast and domestic telecommunications Operated in geostationary orbit Operated in geostationary orbit Established in 1983 with commissioning of INSAT-1B INSAT space segment consists of 24 satellites out of INSAT space segment consists of 24 satellites out of

which 10 are in service

(INSAT-3A, INSAT-4B, INSAT-3C, INSAT-3E, KALPANA-1, INSAT-4A, INSAT-4CR, GSAT-8, GSAT-12 and GSAT-10)

Kalpana-1 First dedicated meteorological satellite launched by

PSLV in 2002PSLV in 2002 First satellite launched into the geostationary orbit Originally known as MetSat-1 2003 it was renamed to Kalpana-1, after Kalpana

Chawla, A NASA Astronaut Died during Space Shuttle Columbia disaster Died during Space Shuttle Columbia disaster

Earth Observation SatellitesEarth Observation Satellites Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) satellite system commissioned with the launch of IRS-1A, in 1988 provides imageries in various spatial resolutions and spectral provides imageries in various spatial resolutions and spectral

bands 11 satellites in operation. Largest civilian remote sensing

satellite constellation in the world.satellite constellation in the world. Applications

Agriculture, water resources, urban development, mineral prospecting, environment, forestry, drought and flood forecasting, ocean resources and environment, forestry, drought and flood forecasting, ocean resources and disaster management

Bhaskara I&II, RS, IRS, IMS, CARTOSAT, RISAT, OCEANSAT, SARAL, RESOURCE SAT, Megha-Tropiques, TES, SROSS.SARAL, RESOURCE SAT, Megha-Tropiques, TES, SROSS.

Navigation SatelliteNavigation Satellite Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS) provides accurate position information IRNSS provides two types of services IRNSS provides two types of services Standard Positioning Service (SPS) and Restricted Service (RS) Restricted Service (RS) position accuracy of better than 20 m

IRNSS-1A, GAGAN (GPS Aided Geo Augmented Navigation )

Missions of ISRO In 21st CenturyMissions of ISRO In 21st Century

Totally 42 satellites launched by ISRO since 2001. (31 satellites in 20th century since 1975)

Chandrayaan – 1 (2008) Chandrayaan – 1 (2008)(Mission to Moon)

Mars Orbiter Mission (Mangalyaan) (2013)(Mission to Mars)(Mission to Mars)

Chandrayaan - 1Chandrayaan - 1 Lunar satellite mission

Why moon is special? Why moon is special?Our only natural satellite.Nearest celestial neighbour.Nearest celestial neighbour.Lot of myths.Presence of Helium-3 (fuel for next gen-reactors).Presence of Helium-3 (fuel for next gen-reactors).Debate over the presence of water ice in poles.

Only celestial body in which humans have set foot

Chandrayaan - 1Chandrayaan - 1

Launched on 22nd October 2008

Launched from Sathish Dhawan Space Center (SHAR), Sriharikotta, Andhra Pradesh

Rocket: Polar Satellite Launching Vehicle (PSLV-C11)

Operational period October 2008 to August 2009.

Scientist TeamScientist Team• G. Madhavan Nair – Chairman, ISRO• G. Madhavan Nair – Chairman, ISRO• Dr. T. K. Alex – Director, ISAC (ISRO Satellite Centre)• Dr. Mylswamy Annadurai – Project Director• S. K. Shivkumar – Director – Telemetry, Tracking and • S. K. Shivkumar – Director – Telemetry, Tracking and

Command Network• Mr. M.Pitchaimani – Operations Director• Mr. Leo Jackson John – Spacecraft Operations • Mr. Leo Jackson John – Spacecraft Operations

Manager• Dr. K. Radhakrishnan (scientist) – Director, VSSC• George Koshy – Mission Director, PSLV-C11• George Koshy – Mission Director, PSLV-C11• Srinivasa Hegde – Mission Director• Prof. J N Goswami – Director of Physical Research

Laboratory and Principal Scientific Investigator Laboratory and Principal Scientific Investigator

Mission profile

India’s first lunar mission5 altitude-raising orbital manoeuvrs over Earth (13 days) 5 altitude-raising orbital manoeuvrs over Earth (13 days)

4 altitude-lowering orbital manoeuvrs over moon (5 days) Reached lunar orbit on 12th November 2008 Reached lunar orbit on 12th November 2008 Moon Impact Probe hit the surface on 14th November

Objectives Objectives

To design, develop, launch and orbit a spacecraft around the Moon using an Indian-made launch-vehiclethe Moon using an Indian-made launch-vehicle

Expand scientific knowledge about the moon Provide challenging opportunities for young scientists Preparation of 3-D atlas of the lunar surface Chemical and mineralogical mapping of the lunar surface Understanding the Moon's origin and evolution Search for surface or sub-surface water-ice

Mission resultsMission results The mineral content on the lunar surface was mapped

with the Moon Minerology Mapper Mapping of the Apollo Moon Missions landing sites Mapping of the Apollo Moon Missions landing sites Six of the sites have been mapped including Apollo 11 Discovered a large cave below the lunar surface (2km) Discovered a large cave below the lunar surface (2km) Completed 3000 orbits acquired 70000 images The probe had operated for 312 days The probe had operated for 312 days Detected water on the Moon Completed 95% of its primary objectives

Lunar water discoveryLunar water discovery

Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM)Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM) Informal name: Mangalyaan

Meaning: In Sanskrit “ Mars Craft”Launched on 5th November 2013 Launched on 5th November 2013

Launched from “Sathish Dhawan Space Center (SHAR), Sriharikotta, Andhra PradeshSriharikotta, Andhra Pradesh

Rocket: Polar Satellite Launching Vehicle (PSLV-C25)

Why Mars?

Launch ProfileLaunch Profile India’s first interplanetary mission India’s first interplanetary mission Countdown started on 28th October 2013 30 days in Earth orbit 30 days in Earth orbit 7 altitude-raising orbital manoeuvrs b4 30th Nov. 2013 Cruise phase: 300 days Cruise phase: 300 days Possibly orbiting Mars on 24th September 2014 If successful, ISRO, India

– Fourth space agency to reach Mars Other successors: Soviet, NASA and ESA

Objectives of MOM

Demonstrate Indian Rocket launch systemShowcase spacecraft building & operation capabilities Showcase spacecraft building & operation capabilities

Develop technologies required Explore Mars surface features, Morphology, Minorology, Explore Mars surface features, Morphology, Minorology,

Martian Atmosphere…etc.

Scientist teamScientist team

Future MissionsFuture Missions

Chandrayaan-2 Orbiter and land rover 1n 2016-17 using GSLV-MkII Orbiter and land rover 1n 2016-17 using GSLV-MkII

Manned Mission to Mars Manned Mission to Mars Venus Exploration in 2015 Solar Exploration Solar Exploration Aditya-1 in 2015-16