A. How does the academic discipline influence the history of Industrial SystemDunlop theory There are various theories on explaining and practice the industrial relation, one of the theories is Dunlop theory. This theory is created by John Dunlop in the 1950s. the theory explain the industrial relation by using three aspect which is management organizations, worker and formal/informal ways they are organized and government agencies. This actor will work or produce production in the environment contain technology, labour, product market and the distribution power. The actor will used all the aspect to interact with each other, negotiate and use political power to determine the rules and regulation of industrial. John Dunlop presents three parties in his theory which is employers, labor unions, and government. The parties are a fundamental to the modern industrial relation according to the Dunlop theory. There are no dominant or autonomous powers in the parties but they must shaped together. This theory bring the union at least a third of the work force and it assume will continues grow. The relation industrial theory will deal with wages and other terms of employment and also bargaining and conflict resolution. The theory is focus on promote industrial relation research is more toward systematically comparative. It not just see the system in a macro view but also in micro view of the system relation labour. According to the elvender(2002), Dunlop has present two-well-documented example of the shaping of the rule systems that contain sector in different countries. The example presented on coal and building industry produce same rule systems focus on wage formation, general term of employment and industrial safety and the rule of conflict resolution is determined by national level. Dunlop theory identified three key influences in conducting an analysis of the management-labour relationship. The first is environment or external economic, technological, political, legal and social force that impact employment relationships. The second is characteristics and interaction of the key factor in the employment relationship and lastly rules that derived from these interactions that govern the employment relationship. The effect Dunlop theory will create rules of the workplace.

Marxist TheoryThe radical theory of industrial relation or Marxist theory is disagree to capitalistic source of power, namely, ownership and control extends beyond the corporate limits to market labour. The Marxian though objects the right of labour, union and collective bargaining. The theory objects the power of unionism because the union have intentions to overcome the power state. The state helps in the consolidation of power for employers and managers. Policies of economics growth and programs to counter the business cycles in the capitalistic system have increase government intervention in labour-management relations. The radical theory of industrial relations takes a macro or societal approach which focus into a concept of social control, exploitation and radical class awareness with an main goal to eliminating capitalism. The theory is also argue on weakness and contradiction in the capitalist system can born in revolution and the power of socialism overcome the capitalism. The theory also argues that wages must be minimized to subsistence level.

Pluralism TheoryThe legislation and public policy, from 1850 onward, assisted western capitalism in recovery with the corporate and property laws, ownership and collective bargaining. The concept of pluralism become relevant for the analysis of social process in the broader of social as well as in the industrial relation. The collective bargaining become new process for resolving conflict between buyers and sellers, landlords and tenants, money lenders and borrowers, labour and management. The pluralist arrangement of the society make the society pursue their goals within limits, proper checks and balances there emerges a safeguard against abuse of power. This make the government and market processes to make sure the voluntary accommodation, freedom and stability in the society. The pluralism created equal balance power between interest group. The pluralism demolishes the group of a ruling class or elites that dominate society and the state on the right and wealth. Pluralism is a macro society which provided analytical tools for the understanding of fundamental western value that same as liberal democratic political system and free market system of production. The function structure and philosophy of the trade union movement give support to a system of free collective bargaining. The bilateral and trilateral system of conflict resolution and variations of industrial democracy is not prohibited in the pluralism. The concept of pluralism cause the industrial relation variable expand such as theory of the labour movement, collective bargaining and industrial conflict, wage determination and theory of society. The conclusion, the academic discipline society cause the industrial relation systems expand and touch every aspect in the society. Dunlop theory, Marxist, and pluralism is the evidence academic discipline influence the development of the industrial relation system. All of the theory has one main objective which is to see the industrial have a similarities service and right among all class in the society and not barrier when come to collective bargaining.

B. Based on Literature Review, write critique on Industrial Relation system theories and other theoriesCritique Of The System TheoryThe most fundamental criticism of the system theory is it concept of the ideology which effect to all actors. According to the hamee(1982), the ideology that the system theory can be hold out as acceptable by all the actors is in fact with the consistent managerial interest. In some event, the maintenance of industrial peace and promotion productivity are commonly also shared by the government. The worker interest which is distribution of income and power or industrial peace is different with both management and government. The Dunlop theory cannot handle the conflict and change the Dunlop theory is depand on the parsonian analysis. The parson is obsess toward the society together make him forget or not seen the disruptive or conflictive element in the society. This make the theory is not effective in the all-time. The theory is not cover the lack personality-behavioral, motives and interaction patterns, structured and unstructured workgroup relation. The theory also not covers the behavior of trade unions. The theory is not prepared well to deal with the future of industrial relation. This statement can be countered with the Blain and Gennard equation of Dunlops framework but the hierarchies of actor, complexities of technical, market and budgetary show we cannot generate simple and operational hypotheses (Hamee, 1982). Critique of Marxist Theory.The radical theory rightly interpret the empirical world which the actor does not have same ideology but the ideas of reconcilability, compromise and accommodation, between classes in the radical theory on behavioristic and evidently in search of empirical evidence. The author question on way the individual and group react when they are confronted with conflicting interest. The theory is maintain that a society struggle is cannot avoided because production is controlled by the capitalist. The reality show the stand of capitalistic system which made the worker gain economics as well as political gains in form of union that have a right to strike. The theory is faced up the flexibility of the capitalistic system which the union gives positive impact to the economy and the society welcome the union in their institution. The radical theory expended by the Hyman is overemphasized the gap between the rank-and-file and the union official. His statement on incorporated between capitalistic system and state but the official union are interested in maintaining the collective bargaining relationship. The author said the problem is not about the union but the membership which lack of interest about the issue and it not always about the vicious control of the union officials. The radical theory also fails to analyze the new social forces which have modified the laissez-faire capitalistic system to welfare state. It is a fact that the inequalities in distribution on wealth but the various social accommodation, economic policies, minimum wage is improved the socio-economic condition in the society. The radical theory based on the rank-and-files which defend and stood up increasing encroachment of the state and incorporation of the trade union. The author said it bias because there is evident misperception by radical theorists of all industrial conflict. Strikes, lockouts and sit-ins are interpreted as a political error or revolutionary socialism. The political sometimes make error management in the industrial but the intent of worker is misconstrued as being revolutionary or directed a virtual takeover of plant. A Critique Of PluralismPluralism is an economic theory of society who talks of pluralistic industrialism who seek the equality and greater avenues of liberty. The author critique that pluralism as a theory of society fails on three major which are as a political theory it assumes equality of power amongst various constituent group in the society which help the government in evolving a public policy based on mutuality and consensus, the theory not intercept the problem on economic society which is battle over scarce resources and liberty and freedom are coveted goals and important elements in the moralistic philosophy of pluralism and this will cause the ethical dilemma. This show the pluralism assumption is unrealistic, not cover the resources conflict and it show bas or an almost deliberate on the issue.The conceptual of pluralism is a collective bargaining model. In the real situation of industrial relations, the successful of the bargaining process between labour and management depends on an unconditional acceptance of particular broad societal values such as industrial control my minority. Issues will become serious when the unions begin to question the minority private property rights. This will make the pluralism theory of industrial relation begin to crack up. This issue will cause a negative effect to the economic sanctions. According to the Hamee(1982), the relationship between the changing societal environment and the bargaining arrangement makes the Pluralist theory broad to integrate different theoretical strands which can make research and analysis. Conclusion, the critiques show the industrial theories have a several weakness and not broadly cover the societal aspect. however, it impossible to cover all aspect in one theory because the event or the problem is not happen in that time and maybe happen in future which human being cannot predict 100% right. Individual cannot choose one the theory but must study and review all the theory. The theories have tendency to be perfect because it can cover the weakness and underplay of both theories. In future, the industrial relation theories should keep expands and develops for better and balance industrial relation.

ReferenceDunlop's Contribution to industrial relation. (2014, october 24). Retrieved March 8, 2015, from NaukriHub: make your career leap: http://www.naukrihub.com/industrialrelations/dunlop-model.htmlElvander, N. (2002). Indusrial relation: A Short History of ideas and Learning. Stockholm: Arbetsliv l Omvandling work life in Transition.Hameed, S. M. (1982). A critique of Industrial Relation Theory. Relation industrial, 15-31.Marxist Perspective. (2014, October 24). Retrieved March 8, 2015, from NaukriHub: http://www.naukrihub.com/industrialrelations/marxist-perspective.html

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