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TRANSCRIPT
A STUDY OF THE RELATIVE EFFECTIVENESS AND COSTS
OF COMPUTERIZED INFORMATION RETRIEVAL
IN THE INTERACTIVE MODE
by
Frederick O. SmetanaMary Ann FurnissT. Robert Potter
WN S JECT TO E( 'X
NOVEMBER- 1974
(NASA-CR-142206) A STUDY OF THE RELATIVE N75-18116EFFECTIVENESS AND COST OF COMPUTERIZEDINFORMATION RETRIEVAL IN THE INTERACTIVEMODE (North Carolina Science and Technology UnclasResearch) CSCL _05B G.3/82 17567 _
Reproduced by
NATIONAL TECHNICALINFORMATION SERVICE
US Department of CommerceSpringfield, VA. 22151
STR - 505
REEAC TRANL PAK NORT CARLIA 2770
https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19750010044 2020-04-23T08:39:34+00:00Z
NOTICE
THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRODUCED FROM THE
BEST COPY FURNISHED US BY THE SPONSORING
AGENCY. ALTHOUGH IT IS RECOGNIZED THAT CER-
TAIN PORTIONS ARE ILLEGIBLE, IT IS BEING RE-
LEASED IN THE INTEREST OF MAKING AVAILABLE
AS MUCH INFORMATION AS POSSIBLE.
A STUDY OF THE RELATIVE EFFECTIVENESS AND COSTS
OF COMPUTERIZED INFORMATION RETRIEVAL
IN THE INTERACTIVE MODE
by
Frederick 0. SmetanaMary Ann FurnissT. Robert Potter
North Carolina Science and Technology Research CenterResearch Triangle Park, N.C.
ABSTRACT
Results of a number of experiments to Illuminate the relative effective-ness and costs of computerized Information retrieval In the Interactive modeare reported. It was found that for equal time spent In preparing the searchstrategy, the batch and Interactive modes gave approximately equal recall andrelevance. The Interactive mode however encourages the searcher to devotemore time to the task and therefore usually yields improved output, EngineerIng costs as a result are higher In this model Estimates of associated hard-ware costs also Indicate that operation In this mode Is more expenslve,Skilled RECON users like the rapid feedback and additional features offeredby this mode If they are not constrained by considerations of cost,
i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I
RESEARCH METHODS . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . I
SEARCH QUESTION. ................... . . . 3
RESULTS OF THE FIRST SEARCH PROBLEM. .............. 5
LOGICAL PROCESSES EMPLOYED BY SEARCHER WWSAS DEDUCED FROM HIS SEARCH . ........... . 6
SECOND SEARCH LOGIC EMPLOYED BY WWS . ......... 20
LOGICAL PROCESSES EMPLOYED BY SEARCHER MRN. . ..... . 21
LOGICAL PROCESSES EMPLOYED BY SEARCHER TRP. ... .... . 32
LOGICAL PROCESSES EMPLOYED BY SEARCHER SRW. . ..... 39
LOGICAL PROCESSES EMPLOYED BY SEARCHER AWL. . ...... . 44
LOGICAL PROCESSES EMPLOYED BY SEARCHER PJC. . ...... . 56
LOGICAL PROCESSES EMPLOYED BY SEARCHER SFS. . . . . ... .. 63
LOGICAL PROCESSES EMPLOYED BY SEARCHER CLN. . .. .. . . 69
CORRELATION OF SEARCH RESULTS WITH SEARCHER'SBACKGROUND. .......... .. . . . . . ...... 79
CORRELATION OF SEARCH LOGIC WITH RECALL ACHIEVED. . . . 80
RELATIVE EFFECTIVENESS OF INTERACTIVE AND BATCH SEARCHMODES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. .. 81
RELATIVE COSTS OF BATCH AND INTERACTIVE SEARCH MODES .... 84
SUBJECTIVE USER EXPERIENCE . ... .......... . . . . 88
APPENDIX
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
Upon acquisition of a RECON terminal, the North Carolina Science andTechnology Research Center undertook a series of experiments designed toilluminate
I. The effectiveness (as measured by recall and relevance) ofthe Interactive search mode as compared with the batch searchmode.
2. The differences in costs between searches performed inter-actively and those performed in batch processes.
3. The search methods employed and results achieved by searchersof varying background and searching experience.
RESEARCH METHODS
The last objective was attacked first. Each searcher was put beforethe cathode ray tube display and typewriter keyboard. A printer alongsidewas rigged to record the entire "conversation," including clock time, be-tween the searcher and RECON. The searcher was handed a statement of theproblem and asked to go to work. The room was semi-sealed against distur-bance. Only If the searcher had trouble making himself understood to thesystem (which sometimes happened with inexperienced searchers) or encoun-tered technical difficulty (which occurs at random times) did he emergeand ask assistance of monitoring personnel.
The search problem selected was one received during the normal courseof business at the North Carolina Science and Technology Research Center.It had proven to be particularly troublesome because the 400 or so rele-vant documents in the collection suffered from indexing vagaries that madetheir retrieval difficult without, at the same time, retrieving a largequantity of extraneous material. In such a problem, it was felt, asearcher could really demonstrate his skill and knowledge. The searchproblem statement is reproduced at the end of this section. The printedrecord of the "conversation" with the computer was given to the experimentdirector along with the "hit" list the searcher felt was his best effort.Abstracts for all of those "hits" were examined by the experiment directorwho decided which of the hits were relevant. This was done to determinewhat portion of the searcher's hit list was pertinent and how many of thepertinent documents in the entire collection the search identified.
The printed records of the "conversations" with the system were thenprepared in the form of a standardized flow chart to facilitate identifyingthe approach and results of each searcher. In the process of preparation,mistakes which elicited responses from the system such as "Invalid CommandProceed" were eliminated as were garbled conversations resulting from sys-tem failures. Reproduced as Figure I (see end of this section) is the flow
chart for a search performed by an undergraduate engineering student witha fair knowledge of the scientific fundamentals involved and a better knowl-edge of system operation and indexing problems. The search shown in Figure Irequired the searcher to remain at the terminal approximately three hours.Figures 2-8 present flow charts depicting the search procedure used in theother seven searches made on this same question.
Several approaches were tried in order to develop data toward thefirst objective. The same individual was asked to make his search first bythe batch process and then, before the results of his efforts were known,do it again on RECON. The outputs and strategies were then compared by theexperiment director. A limited number of searches, done by one person onRECON and another by batch process, were tried but the results there seemedmore dependent on individual approaches than on the differences betweenRECON and the NC/STRC batch search procedure. This approach was thereforediscontinued.
Costs differences between a batch process search and an interactivesearch were also very difficult to evaluate for a number of reasons:
I. The line charges and computer charges per search on RECONare not directly known because of the way the system andits accounting are set up;
2. An individual usually does not perform a search exactlythe same way on the two systems.
3. RECON experiences occasional shutdowns and frequent over-loadings of the system which result in long response timesto questions and instructions.
4. An engineer can and usually does obtain intermediate outputduring a RECON search which he uses to phrase his remainingquestions.
Although discussing the cost differences between the batch and inter-active search approaches was judged to be a difficult task for the reasonsmentioned above, it was felt that STRC had enough specific accounting dataon the batch system and could obtain enough data on the other RECON-typeon-line search systems to make a worthwhile cost comparison between the twomodes of searching. In addition, the experimental RECON searches providedsufficient data on the amount of human effort involved in the interactivesearch mode and STRC cost accounting reports provided the same informationfor batch searches. The resultant cost comparison can be found in anothersection of this report entitled "Relative Costs of Batch and InteractiveSearch Modes."
In addition to these tests, members of the technical staff of NC/STRCused RECON as they wished during normal Center operations. As their skillsand knowledge of the system improved, various members began to make in-creasing use of it. Included herein is a report of one subjective reac-tion to RECON - what he liked, what he did not like, and how he liked touse it.
2
SEARCH QUESTION
"Airborne Thermal Mapping of Water Surfaces"
A consulting firm is bidding on a contract tomap the water temperature in lakes which are usedto cool thermal power plants. The mapping will bedone by flying over in an airplane (3000' - 6000'above lake surface), observing the lake with aradiometer, recording the radiometer output, andthen processing the data so as to be able to drawlines of constant temperature on an accurate out-line of the take. The purpose, of course, is tomake it possible to check compliance with thermalpollution standards easily and quickly.
Specifications call for measuring accuraciesof 0.5 0 F. The consulting firm thinks that 1oF isabout all that they can do realistically. So,they would like to know (a) does any responsiblegroup claim 0.50F. accuracy? (b) If so, what,
1. sensor technology2. mathematical modeling techniques3. data reduction methods4. computerized data processing techniques
do they employ?
NOTE: A radiometer is a device which senses theheat radiated from the surface of a body. It canbe focused so that it "looks" at a relativelysmall area. The atmosphere absorbs some of thisradiation, the absorption being dependent uponair temperature, density, and distance the radia-tion travels. Therefore, the angle at which theradiometer looks at the surface from the airplanedetermines how much air the heat waves have to gothrough, what its density is, and how it's "layered."
From this knowledge and a mathematical modelof the absorption and dispersion of infrared radi-ation by a variable density atmosphere, one canarrive at an estimate of the surface temperaturein terms of the radiometer indication. Also, alake is only a semi-opaque body, which means thatall of the radiation that one detects is from thelayer immediately below the surface. These effectsare also included in the mathematical model.
3
The radiometer output is an electrical signalproportional to the intensity of the thermal radi-ation and its spectral distribution (how much energyis radiated at each wavelength). One must there-fore have a procedure for converting this signalto temperature. Ideally, the whole process couldbe one in which the user merely submits a magnetictape recording of radiometer output looking at agiven part of the lake to a computer program. Theprogram reduces the data from this and other passesover the lake, and from these maps the lake surfacetemperatures.
4
RESULTS OF THE FIRST SEARCH PROBLEM
The search question posed was first performed by FOS as a batch search.Several reruns and considerable expense were required to obtain a sufficientquantity of relevant output. Center management felt that it would there-fore be a good question on which to compare the effectiveness of variousapproaches to the question and the backgrounds of the searchers. The capa-bility of recording the dialog which the searcher had with the system madeit possible to study in detail the logic used by each individual. Fromthis dialog, more formalized flow charts were prepared. The seven flowcharts are discussed in detail below. Following this is a correlation ofthe relevancy and recall of the various searches with search logic andsearcher's background. Completing the data assembled from this experimentis Table I (see Appendix). This lists the documents recovered from allsearches which theexperiment director called pertinent, the searchesidentifying that document, the number of pertinent documents identifiedby each search as a percentage of the total pertinent documents (recall)and as a percentage of the hits found by that search (relevance). Alsoshown in Table I are 10 additional pertinent documents found by theexperiment director by constructing a search from the index terms appear-ing most often in the highly pertinent documents. This post experimentsearch had 103 hits of which 45 were pertinent. Thirty-five of these hadbeen recovered during the experiment.
In passing, it may be noted that manual review of each search outputin sequence will usually lead to some inconsistencies in identifying docu-ments which had been identified as pertinent in one search, but were notso identified by the experiment director in his review of the search indi-cated. Between 6% and 30% of the pertinent hits in each search were soaffected. In a topic of this nature many documents will be of at leastperipheral interest to a broadly-trained, innovative researcher. However,as one moves further and further from the central thrust of the subject,discrimination becomes fuzzy. Whereas today a particular document with atenuous relation to the subject might seem of possible interest, tomorrow,it may not. As a result of this ambiguity, in subsequent comparisons ofsearcher effectiveness a master hit list was compiled by keypunching theoutput of each search - along with an identifying code to indicate thesource search - and then sorting. Only the abstracts from the master hitlist were then examined to select the relevant documents. The relevantdocument accession numbers were then keypunched and inserted in a computerprogram which gives the recall and.relevance for each individual search.
5
LOGICAL PROCESSES EMPLOYED BY SEARCHER WWS ASDEDUCED FROM HIS SEARCH
In order to follow the logical processes depicted in Figure I, oneshould note that the following symbolism is employed:
(I) A rectangle indicates the term which was the basis fora following operation.
(2) In the upper left corner of the rectangle is a symboldenoting the source of the term:
m from his minde from a previous expansiont from a thesaurus expansionc from a document's bibliographic citation
(3) A rectangle with curved sides attached indicates whatthe searcher saw on the CRT screen, e.g., a "display."
(4) The elongated hexagon denotes an operation, e.g., expand"thermal ."
(5) The diamond indicates a decision which can be answeredyes or no.
(6) The circle indicates premature termination of an operation.
(7) Operations, display, etc., are arranged in chronologicalorder with arrows leading from the proper antecedents andto the point in the search where subsequentioperations areperformed.
(8) Where it is necessary to break a line at the bottom of acolumn an identifying letter is inserted so that when thereader again sees that letter he knows the line of whichit is a continuation.
(9) Lines to the right of terms in a display indicate thatthe searcher selected those terms to form sets.
The searcher began by requesting an expansion about the term he con-sidered to be basic to the whole search, the term "thermal." On the basisof the first display+ he selected two terms and felt that these weresufficiently pertinent for him to continue the displays until the displaylimit was reached. From this expansion he selected a total of 9 terms
Display refers to the material presented at a given time on the faceof the cathode ray tube viewing device.
++ Approximately 14 additional terms are displayed on the CRT each timethe command "more" is given until the limit of 41 terms has been reached.
6
and formed 8 sets. Note that he is assured of a large number of documentsupon which he could perform further logical operations by the fact thatthe term "thermal" is posted to 10,954 documents.
One of the terms displayed in the expansion, "thermal emission,"seemed, on the basis of the problem statement and his general knowledge ofthe subject area, to be worth examining further. The searcher thereforerequested a thesaurus expansion from which he selected three terms. Hethen combined these to form set 9.
To get another start on the problem, the searcher went back to thecentral idea and selected a broad but related term, "temperature," on whichto request an expansion. He knew from previous experience that asking thesame question in several ways is often necessary to assure that documentsdealing with a particular subject (but indexed by different individualsusing similar but not identical terms) are retrieved. Unfortunately, hemisspelled it "temperture." The display indicated no postings under thisterm. The searcher nevertheless did find what he considered to be a use-ful term in this display. He then decided to overcome his spelling defi-ciency by using first the root of the term, "tempera." This produced thedesired result and he again displayed all the terms up to the limit,selecting 12 to form 10 additional sets.
Next, he chose to perform a thesaurus expansion on one of the termswhich appeared during the previous display, "temperature measurement."This term, of course, is specifically what the search is about. Sincethe measurement was to be carried out by observing the radiation, hechose "radiation pyrometer" as a set.
Since the search statement had contained the term "radiometer," hethen decided to see what useful terms might be alphabetically related tothis. The expansion was reasonably productive but he decided on viewingthe first display that a thesaurus expansion would be more appropriate.From this he selected seven terms.
IHe then went back to the general concept of "measurement" and per-formed a thesaurus expansion which yielded a number of useful terms.
In the general sense the concepts of "temperature" and "heat" areclosely related. Seeking to formulate the idea of "temperature measure-ment by detection of radiant heat flux" in other terms, he chose to expandthe general term "heat." Only three of the terms displayed, he felt,added significantly to those he had already selected.
He then approached the idea of measuring the temperature distributionover a surface as a form of mapping and sought to determine whether anyof the ielated terms would be useful. From the thesaurus expansion heselected only three.
He then tried a different approach on the idea of measurement byusing the term "sensing." This appeared to be quite productive. At thispoint he decided to winnow down the number of documents to those morepertinent. He combined those sets dealing with temperature measurement
7
to get a single set, number 39. He also combined sets dealing with radi-ometers to obtain set 40 and sets dealing with mapping and sensing to obtainset 41. The sets dealing with temperature in a general way were inter-sected with set 41 to give a new set, 42, which contained 465 documents;idexed under both the idea of temperature and that of mapping. Thegeneral idea of measurement was then combined with set 41. The new set,number 43, was intersected with sets on heat and radiation measurement toobtain 1443 documents dealing specifically with radiation mapping. Set 43was also intersected with sets 39 and 40. The result was a set of 1473documents dealing with mapping by radiometer.
In this process, one term with only two postings caught his eye:"sensor for airborne terrain analysis." He decided therefore to displaythe two citations to see how relevant they were. They were not.
Up to this point he had established that the documents in sets 39, 4042, 44, and 45 with some 9000 postings seemed to bear on the problem ofmeasuring or mapping radiation fluxes over large areas. Since he was speci-fically interested in the emission from water he developed some expansionsabout the idea of liquids. Except for the general terms themselves, theresults did not appear to him to be particularly promising. He then beganto explore the idea of surfaces and assembled all the documents (495)dealing with 'the idea of liquid surfaces.
Backtracking for a moment, he intersected the idea of radiometers(set 40) with the concepts of temperature measurement, temperature mapping,and radiation mapping (sets 39, 42, and 44). This produced set 53 with347 accessions. Ultimately, he decided that set 53 represented his besteffort on the question, but at the time, he decided to try one more tackto see if some useful documents might show up.
He had not yet investigated the possibilities of approaching thequestion from the point of view of sensing from an aerial platform, whichis how this job was to be done in the field. He began to travel this pathby asking for an expansion on airborne. Although he selected one term,the expansion did not appear to be too fruitful. He then made a thesaurusexpansion on the selected term without gaining what he considered to beadditional insight. At this point he tried an expansion on a general, butrelated, term, "aerial." Again he got only one term which he felt mightbe useful, so that he decided not to continue the expansion.
The two terms selected from this effort he combined to create set 56.He was obviously undecided as to what to do with it at the moment becausehe then intersected set 53 with set 52 (dealing with liquid surfaces) andgot only 4 documents (set 57). This of course is too few, so he then triedsearching the 2956 accessions in set 56 for index terms also in set 53(by performing a logical intersection or "and"). This gave set 58 with31 documents.
To see if he were in the right area in his selections, he asked fortwo of the citations from set 57. These looked to be very pertinent, sohe intersected set 57 with set 58. Since three of the four documents in
8
set 57 also appeared in set 58, he felt that set 58 was probably also quitepertinent. He therefore asked that complete bibliographic information onthe documents in 57 and 58 be printed. Since both were subsets of 53, hefelt that 53 would probably also contain a large amount of relevant data.Finally, then, he asked that all the accession numbers in set 53 be printed.
As a matter of interest it may be noted that ultimately 388 separaterelevant documents were found in the system through a total of eightsearches by different individuals. The particular search discussed herefound 121 or 31.2% of these. Of the 347 hits designated by the searcheras constituting his search results, 34.9% were relevant. This is verygood performance for this type of question (i.e., one without highly spe-cific indexing).
Of particular note also is the fact that this search found 55 rele-vant documents turned up by no other search. The additional 66 relevantdocuments were found in one or more of the other searches. Only 15 ofthe 388 relevant documents appeared in 5 or more searches. Only 5 rele-vant documents appeared in 6 or more of the searches and of these, 3appeared in 7 searches. No document appeared in more than 7 searches.
9
FIGURE I
BEGIN
SEARCH
I THERMAL DECOMPOSITION 202 II THERMAL DEFOCUSING 0
I THERMAL DEGRADATION 302 I
I THERMAL DIFFUSION 75 5 THERMAL EFFECT 200
SI THERMAL DIFFUSIVITY 72 I 6 THERMAL EMISSION 607
Im I I THERMAL DISSOCIATION 65 I 7 THERMAL ENERGY 605
I I THERMAL EFFECT 200
THERMAL I THERMAL EFFECTS 1I THERMAL EFFICIENCY 29 1
THERMAL EMISSION 607STHERMAL ENERGY 605
I THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE 29I
DISPLAY
EXPANSION
DISPLAY* ADDITIONAL
* TERMSI * * * * * * *
THEORETICAL 1,304 I
THEORETICAL PHYSICS 2,057 I * * YES
I THEORIES 47 I
THEORY 13,36 1 THERMAL 10,954 *
THERAPY 257 .2 THERMAL ABSORP-
THERMAL 10, 954 TION 139 *
THERMAL ABSORPTION 139 * I E
THERMAL ACCOMODATION I THERMAL ENVIRONMENT 105COEFFICIENT 27 1 THERMAL ENVIRONMENTS 278 -.
THERMAL ACCOMODATION I I THERMAL EXPANSIONS 83I
COEFFICIENTS O I _THERMAL ENVIRONMENT
I THERMAL AGITATION I I THERMAL ENVIRONMENTS
THERMAL BATTERIES 23 I
THERMAL BATTERY 7 I 308
THERMAL BLOOMING 23 I
THERMAL BOUNDARY LAYER 316 I
DISPLAY
I * LIMIT
REACHED
DISPLAYADDITIONAL
TERMS
*YES te
THERMAL
I EMISSION
THERMAL BUCKLING 125 ITHERMAL COMFORT 48 ITHERMAL CONDUCTIVITY 2,474 I v
THERMAL CONDUCTOR 104 COATINGS 104 * DISPLAY
THERMAL CONDUCTORS 42 I THERMAL CYCLING * THESAURUS
THERMAL CONTROL COATINGS 104 TESTS 557 * EXPANSIONTHERMAL CONVECTION 137THERMAL CURRENT 24 *
THERMAL CURRENTS 0 ITHERMAL CYCLING 96 ITHERMAL CYCLING TESTS 557 _
I I t
I THERMAL EMISSION 663I THERMAL RADIOEMISSION 23I THERMIONIC EMISSION 30 T AL EMS
H I DECAY 3.037 I THERMAL RADIOEMISSION
I EMISSION 9.315 THERMIONIC EMISSION IN-
EI LECTROM EMISSION 1,095 CANDESCENCE
I INCADESCENCE 109
DISPLAY * I EMISSIVITY 1,160 I 459ADDITIONAL *
TERMS *
* * * * * * *
SYES Im
I TEMPERTURE
10I0
I c I
I b
TEMPERATURE SCALES 83TEMPERATURE SENSORS 224 * 10 * DISPLAY
TEMPERATURE TRANSDUCERS 0 I * ADDITIONAL
TEMPERATURE TRANSDUCER 30 TEMPERATURE SENSORS * TERMS *
TEMPERING 269 ITEMPERTURE 0 * 226
TEMPLATE 22 * * YES
TEMPLATES 12 I * *
TEMPORARY 40 I
TENDENCY 8 I
TENDON 5 ITENDONS IS I I •
TENITE 2 I I TEMPERATURE INSTRUMENTS 0 I
TENNESSEE 27 I TEMPERATURE INVERSIONS 148 ITEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT 4,08
I TEMPERATURE MEASURING INSTRU8 18 TEMPERATURE MEASURE *
I MENTS 345 I MENT 4.04I TEMPERATURE PIHOTOMETER I 19 TEMPERATURE MEASU-
v I TEMPERATURE PHOTOMETERS 0 I RING INSTRUMENTS 348 *
I TEMPERATURE PROBE 74 1 20 TEMPERATURE PRO-
I TEMPERATURE PROBES 84 I * FILE 1,469
I TEMPERATURE PROFILE D07
DISPLAY *NO TERMINATEADDITIONAL .. *
TERMS DISPLAY
DISPLAYADDITIONAL
Im TERMS
TEMPERA II I YES
I TEMPERATURE PROFILES 1,144
* DISPLAY I TEMPERATURE SCALES 83
I TEMPERATURE SENSORS 224SEXPANSION * I TEMPERATURE TRANSDUCER 30
I TEMPERATURE TRANSDUCERS II TEMPERING 269
1 TEMPLATE 22 II TEMPLATES 12 I
I TEMPORARY 401
I I. I TENDENCY 8
TELSTAR SATELLITE 171 I
TELSTAR SATELLITES 10
TELSTAR I SATELLITE 3 I
TEMPER 67 I 11 TEMPERATURE 21,816
TEMPER (METALLURGY} 40I 12 TEMPERATURE
I TEMPERA I DIFFERENCE 79
I TEMPERATE 0 ITEMPERATE REGIONS 223 I
I TEMPERATURE 217,816 * DISPLAY *
TEMPERATURE COMPENSATION 153 1I TEMPERATURE CONTROL .593 I LIMIT
I TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE 79I I * REACHED
DISPLAY * I TEMPERATURE I
ADDITIONALTERMS * I MEASUREMENT I
SYES
I I
I DISPLAY
iI * ** * * THESAURUS
TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCES 0 * EXPANSION
TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION 5,21
TEMPERATURE EFFECT 1,869TEMPERATURE EFECTS 1502 1 TEMPERATURE DISTRI-TEMPERATURE EFFECTS 13,8S9 TRI
I TEMPERATURE FIELD 285 * BUTION 5,280
STEMPERATURE FIELDS 2 V
I TEMPERATURE GRADIENT 232 14 TEMPERATURE EFFECT I t
TEMPERATURE GRADIENTS 1.984 TEMPERATURE EF- TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT 4,916 I
I TEMPERATURE INDICATOR 31 * FECTS 15,567 I PRYOMETRY 58 I * 21
TEMPERATURE INDICATORS o THERMOMETRY 108 I
I 16 TEMPERATURE I ANAMALOUS TEMPERATURE ZONES 2 RADIATION PYROMETERFIELD 785 IBOLOMETERS Z2I
STEMPERATURE BRIGHTNESS TEMPERATURE 3702 28it - 15 TEMPERATURE GRADIENT I CRAYONS Z
* TEMPERATURE GRADI- I GAS TEMPERATURE 314
I c I ENTS 2,236 I HIGH TEMPERATURE 10.188
MEASUREMENT 26,62917 TEMPERATURE INDICA- NOISE TEPERPTURE 892 I
S TOR 31 1 PYROMETERS 110
I RADIATION PYROMETERS 45
I RESISTANCE THERMOMETERS 180
ORItGWM,1 pAGE I
OF pOO, Qt AWI I
I dI
I I
I RADIOMETERS 1,422 II DICKE RADIOMETERS 34 *
DISPLAY I INFRARED DETECTORS 1.901
ADDITIONAL I INFRARED SCANNERS S38 * 28 DICKE RADIOMETERS
TERMS * MICROWAVE RADIOMETERS 334 INFRARED DETECTORSI PASSIVE L-BAND RADIOMETERS 0 * INFRARED SCANNERS *
I SPECTRORADIOMETERS 144 * MICROWAVE RADIOMETERS*
YES I ACTINOMETERS 103 I PASSIVE I-BAND RADIO- *
I MEASURING INSTRUMENTS 3,304 I METERS
I RADIATION MEASURING INSTRU- I SPECTRORADIOMETERSI MENTS 810 * 1,269 *
Y I BOLOMETERS 228
It I FOREST FIRE DETECTION 23 25 RADIATION MEASU-
I SATELLITE TEMPERATURE 42 I * RING INSTRUMENTS 641
I TEMPERATURE MEASURING INSTRU- I
MENTS 469 I
I TEMPERATURE SCALES 105 II THERMOCOUPLE PYROMETERS 43 V
I THERMOMETERS 218WIND TUNNEL CALIBRATION 169 I
DISPLAY *
ADDITIONAL *C TERMS *
Im I
I RADIOMETER I * YES
II t
v I HORIZON SCANNERS 193 1INFRARED PHOTOGRAPHY 617
C DISPLAY * INFRARED TRACKING 279 II KNUDSEN GAGES 73
C EXPANSION * I PHOTOMETERS 915I PYRANOMETERS 3 II SPECTROPHOTOMETER 345 II THERMISTORS 330 I
II
RADIOISOTOPE BATTERIES 187
RADIOLOGY 351 I * * It
I RADIOLYSIS 371I I I
I RADIOMETEOROGRAPH 12 2 RADIOMETER C MEASUREMENT I
I RADIOMETEOROGRAPHS 11 C RADIOMETERS 1,601 *
I RADIOMETER 641 I I
RADIOMETERS 948 23 RADIOMETRY 325 C
I RADIOMETRY 325I RADIONUCLIDE 98 I
I RADIONUCLIDES 0 I CI RADIOPATHOLOGY 78 CC C
I RADIOPHOSPHOR 4 I * DISPLAY *
I RADIOPHOSPHORS 2 I * THESAURUS *
SRADIOPHYSICS 160 I EXPANSION
I RADIOPROTECTIVE AGENTS 0 II RADIOSENSITIVITY 62 I
I I
V I MEASUREMENT 26,629 *SDETERMINATION 2,505I * 26
S* I MEASURANDS 0I MEASURING 1,851 MEASUREMENT
C DISPLAY *NO * TERMINATE * I QOANTIZATION 205 MEASURING
C ADDITIONAL * I RIOMETRY 31 ITERMS * DISPLAY * I ACCURACY 3,952 1 18,876
I ACOUSTIC MEASUREMENTS 1,663C C C C I AIRBORNE RANGE AND ORBIT * * * * * * *
DETERMINATION 42I AIRCRAFT INSTRUMENTS 981 1I ANALOG DATA 59
ASTROMETRY 332 I
I AUDIOMETRY 263
le I I CHEMICAL ANALYSIS 2,777 I
I CONFIDENCE LIMITS 504 IRADIOMETERS I I
S DISPLAY 3 DISPLAY
S THESAURUS C ADDITIONALS EXPANSION C TERMS
S CYES
Vv
OI GTNAL PAcSOF toOt)
12
I f I I g I
V It I *
CONSISTENCY 87 I I MONITORS 1,279 ICOUNTING 379 I I OPTICAL MEASUREMENT 2,029 * 29
DATA 17.041 1 I PNEUMOGRAPHY 68DEFINITION 479 I I PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS 1,923 RADIATION MEASUREMENT
DENSITY MEASUREMENT 1229 I I PROVING 246
DEPTH MEASUREMENT 209 I I PUPILLOMETRY 33 * 2,180
DETECTION 5,886 I I RADAR MEASUREMENT 937DILATOMETRY 173 I I RADIATION MEASUREMENT 2,535
DIMENSIONAL MEASUREMENT 222 I I RADIOACTIVE AGE DETERMINA- IDOWNRANGE ANTIMISSILE I I TION 341 I
MEASUREMENT PROGRAM 40 I RANGE FINDING 514 I
DOWN RANGE MEASUREMENT 29 I I SIGNAL MEASUREMENT 876 I
DRAG MEASUREMENT 373 I I OPTOMETRY 42 I
ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENT 1,570 I I PHOTOGRAPHIC MEASUREMENT 231 I
V V
DISPLAY DISPLAY
ADDITIONAL ADDITIONALTERMS * TERMS
*YES ;YES
I I I
ELECTROMAGNETIC I * * I SIZE DETERMINATION 394 I
MEASUREMENT 7T5 I I SOUNDING 2.823
ELECTROMAGNETIC NOISE I I SPHYGMOGRAPHY 28 I
MEASUREMENT 22 I 27 NEAT MEASURE- I STANDARDS 1,298ESTIMATING 774 MENT 618 I SYNODTIC MEASUREMENT 229 I
EVALUATION 5.700 I 28 HIGH ALT TARGET I TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT 4,916 I
EXAMINATION 337 AND BACKGROUND I THRUST MEASUREMENT 34 I
FLOW MEASUREMENT 1,594 MEASUREMENT I TIME MEASUREMENT 1.114 1FREQUENCY MEASUREMENT 834 I TRAJECTORY MEASUREMENT 206 1
FRICTION MEASUREMENT 389 I I UNITS OF MEASUREMENT 18 I
GEOMETRY 5,367 I VELOCITY MEASUREMENT 2,195
GRAVIMETRY 755 * * * * * * *I
HEAT MEASUREMENT 777
HIGH ALT TARGET ANDBACKGROUND MEASUREMENT 11 I
S* DISPLAY
ADDITIONALTERMS
DISPLAYADDITIONAL *YES
TERMS
*YES VIt
I VIBRATION MEASUREMENT 866I WEIGHT MEASUREMENT 122 1
• I WIND MEASUREMENT 1,094StI
HUMIDITY MEASUREMENT 260IDENTIFYING 570
NTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OFUNITS 25 Im I
LATITUDE MEASUREMENT 166LONGITUDE MEASUREMENT 60 I HEAT
MACROSCOPIC EQUATIONS 105 IMAGNETIC MEASUREMENT 1,127 IMEASURING INSTRUMENTS 3.304 IMECHANICAL MEASUREMENTS 201 1METROLOGY 388 I
DISPLAY
DISPLAYADDITIONAL vTERMS * e * * * * * * *
I HEART MINUTE VOLUME 57 1HEART HATE 816 1
SYES HEART VALVES 13 1I HEARTH 11 I 30 HEAT 10,375I HEARTHS 3 i 31 HEAT CONTENT 31I HEAT
10.374 I 3a3
v I HEAT ACCLIMATIZATION I
I I I HEAT BALANCE 466 II HEAT BUDGET 61 I *
I HEAT CAPACITY 152I HEAT CONDUCTION 41I HEAT CONTENT 31I HEAT DISSIPATION B6 II HEAT DISSIPATION CHILLING 0 II HEAT EFFECT 91 ISHEAT EFFECTS 0 I
ORIGINAL PAGE ISOF POOR QUALITY
13
V III
MAPPING 3,858I CARTOGRAPHY 201 33
* DISPLAY * FLUX MAPPING 28 IADDITIONAL I CADASTRAL MAPPING 17 MAPPING
TERMS I ICE MAPPINGC 80I PHOTOMAPPING 48 * 2,200I SOIL MAPPING 154 I
SYES I THEMATIC MAPPING 16 * * * * * * *I ASTROGRAPHY 108 II CONTOURS 473 1I DECLINATION 344 I
T I FIXED POINTS (MATHEMATICS) 247E I FUNCTIONS (MATHEMATICS) 2,148 IHEAT ENGINE I * I GEOGRAPHIC APPLICATIONSI EAT ENGINES 13 I 3 I PROGRAM 1IHEAT EQUATION 232 I GEOGRAPHY 876
I HEAT EQUATIONS 0 EAT MEASUREMENT HI YPSOGRAPHY 0I HEAT EXCHANGER 253 II HEAT EXCHANGERS 610 * 618I HEAT FLOW 183 II HEAT FLUX 2,198 * * * * * * *
I HEAT GAIN 41I HEAT GENERATION 300
I EAT MEASUREMENT 609HEAT OF COMBUSTION 92
I HEAT OF DISSOCIATION 13 * DISPLAYI HEAT OF FORMATION 187 I ADDITIONALI HEAT OF SOLUTION 60 TERIS *I HEAT OF VAPORIZATION 147 1
*YES
I I• ADIPNAL * ORTHOPHOTOGRAPHY 1I 34
TERMS * I PHOENIX QUADRANGLE (AZ) 3 IPHOTOGRAMMETRY 1,266 AP
I PHOTOGRAPHY 4,E3 I MAPSYES I SCALE (RATIO) 197 I
I SURVEYS 748 1 3,19I TERRAIN ANALYSIS 946 I
I TOPOGRAPHY 1,743 * * * * * * *
I TOPOLOGY 1,767TRIANGULATION 956
I HEAT PUMP 414I HEAT PUMP IISHEAT PUMPS 33 II HEAT RADIATOR 142 II HEAT REGULATION 56 I II HEAT REJECTION DEVICE 50 I SENSINGI HEAT REJECTION DEVICES II HEAT RESISTANCE 356 I II HEAT RESISTANT ALLOYS 1,245 I
* DISPLAY
* EXPANSION
DISPLAY
LIMIT
REACHED I I
I SENSATIONS o ISENSE 79 ISENSE ORGANS 35 I
I SENSES 0 1 35 ROOT/SENSOR 3,527I SENSIBILITY 13 I 36 SENSOR 1,873
I I SENSING 366 I 37 SENSORS 420SI I SENSITIVITY 3,257 1 3 SENSOR FOR AIR-
MAPPING I SENSITIZATION 34I BORNE TERRAINI MPI I ISENSITIZER 2R I ANALYSIS 2
I I SENSITIZING 39IISENSOR 1.873
I SENSOR FOR AIRBORNEI TERRAIN ANALYSIS 2
I SENSOR-AIRBORNE TERRAINI ANALYSIS 0
DISPLAY I SENSORIMOTOR PERFORMANCE 285
THESAURUS * SENSORS 420
EXPANSION
I I
DISPLAYADDITIONAL
TERMS
* YES
ORIGINAL PAGE IS '. '
OF POc QAL
14
i * I k I
I eSENSORY 28 * INTERSECTSENSORY AID 7 * 41 WITH I2+R+7+89SENSORY DEPRIVATION 114 - 11+12+13+115+16SENSORY DISCRIMINATION 102 1 THERMAL 1095S4SENSORY FEEDBACK 81 2 THERMAL ABSORP-SENSORY PERCEPTION 287 1 * TION 141SENSORY STIMULATION 14 T 141SENSORY STIMULATION 36 6 THERMAL EMISSION 614SENTENCEv 17 I7 THERMAL ENERGY 610SENTENCES 14 ISENTINEL SYSTEM I I 8 THERMAL ENVIRON-
SERATED FLOW SYSTEM 1 I MENT//THERMAL 488SEPARATED FLOW 9 I42 9 THERMAL (RELATED)266SEPARATION 2,290 I 11 TEMPERATURE 21,816SEPARATOR 234 I (TEMPERATURE MAPPING) 12 TEMPERATURE DIF-SEPARATORS 226 1 FERENCE 79SEPTUM 18 I 13 TEMPERATURE DIS-
465 * TRIBUTION 5,280
14 TEMPERATURE E//* * * * * * * * * * * * TEMPERAT 15,567
* I TEMPERATURE C//TEMPERAT 2,236
16 TEMPERATURE
FIELD 285
DISPLAY *NO * ERMINATEADDITIONALTERMS DISPLAY
COMBINE
41+26•* * MEASUREMENT
COMBINE I
I * 18.876St0+17+18+19+27
18,876
10 TEMPERATURE SEN-SORS 226
17 TEMPERATURE INDI-CATORS 31 43
V 18 TEMPERATURE MEASURE-MENT 4,0 4 * (MAP/MEASURINGC
19 TEMPERATURE MEASU-
39 * RING 348
TEMPERTURE EASUREMENT 27 HEAT MEASUREMENT 618 + * 24,28(TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT)
•* *
5, 34 * *
INTERSECT
S* * * * * * 43 WITH 20+2125+ *
20 TEMPERATURE P//
22+2 2 I + TEMPERAT 1.46421 RADIATION PYRO-
2 3*2 RADIOMETER/S 1.601 2 METERS 2823 RADIOMETRY 325 *RADIOMETE 2 25 RADIATION MEASU-
24 RADIOMETERS (RE- * * RING 641LATED) 1,269 * * * 29 RADIATION MEASURE-
• + 44* MENT 2,18030 HEAT 10,375
40 * * * * * * * * (RADIATION MAPPINGI + * 31 HEAT CONTENT 314 32 HEAT MEASUREMENT 618
(RADIOMETERS) * 1,443
3,107
+ INTERSECT +43 WITH
COMBIN 34
COINE 9 (TEMPERATURE MEASURE-:I + MENT) 134
333+ 33 I MAPPING 2,6* 0 (RADIOMETERS) 3,107 *• 3_ MAPPING 2,10O
38 MAP/S .3,599 ++ 6 SENSOR 1.873S31 SENSORS 420
+*45
41 (MAPPING WITH RADIOMETERS)
(MAP/SENSING) + *,473
+ 5, 8S7
* DISPLAYS CITATION
SF ROM SET 38
15
67A40 3 6 7
Agricultural sensing from orbiting sa- *tellites (Multispectral remote sensing I
I techniques for agricultural surveys * D L * NO TRITE
I from orbiting stellites,. discussing in- ADDITIONAL [===flight signal processing) TERMSLOWE, D.S.; SHAY. J.R. (MICHIGAN, I
I U., ANN ARBOR PURDUE U. LAFAY- II ETTE, IND.) IN-SYMPOSIUM OF ELEC-I TROMAGNETIC SENSING OF THE EARTH I
FROM SATELLITES, U. OF FLORIDA, ICORAL GABLES, FLA., NOV. 22-24, I1 965, PROCEEDINGS. /A67-40350/ SYM- I
I POSIUM SPONSORED BY THE U. OF I ImMIAMI, THE AMERICAN GEOPHYSICAL I IUNION, THE I I LIQUIDS
I I
0 DISPLAY
CONTINUE * NO TERMINATE EXPANSIONDISPLAY =.--.-.= .-- EXPANSION
? DISPLAY
le
I LIQUID-SOLID INTERFACE 59I LIQUID-SOLID INTERFACES 16
I LIQUID-VAPOR EQUILIBRIUM 1230 DISPLAY * I LIQUID-VAPOR INTERFACE 1012
0 CITATION * I LIQUID-VAPOR INTERFACES 369
0 FROM SET 38 -- LIQUIDS 9 II LIQUIDUS 60
ILIQUOR 7I LISP (PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE) 1 II LIST 128
V I LISTS 2ILITERATURE 521
63A11628
(Study of terrain factors for military Ioperations using airborne sensors)VAN LOPIK, J.R. OPTIMUM UTILIZA- ISTION OF AIRBORNE SENSORS IN MILl- I
I TARY GEOGRAPHY. J.R. VAN LOPIK/ II TEXAS INSTRUMENTS, INC., GEOSCI- II ENCES DEPT., AREA EVALUATION SEC- II TION DALLAS, TEX.//ASSOCIATION OF I * DISPLAY *NO TERMNATEI AMERICAN GEOGRAPHERS. ANNUAL I 0 ADDITIONAL 0 = = 0 *
I MEETING, MIAMI BEACH, FLA., APR. I TERMS * DISPLAY1962/PHOTOGRAPHIC ENGINEERING, I
I VOL. 28, NOV. 1962, P. 773-778 21 1I REFS. /*SENSOR FOR AIRBORNE TER- II RAIN ANALYSIS/ TERRAIN/AIRBORNE/I ANALYSIS/GEOGRAPHY/MILITARY/OPER- I
ATION/RADAR/SENSOR I
LIQUIDS IImI I I
LIQUID
I I
* DISPLAY *p 0 THESAURUS *
SEXPANSION
0 DISPLAY
EXPANSION
I LIQUIDS 707 0 *V I AEROZINE 102 * 6
Ie I CRYOGENIC FLUIDS 367 0LIPOPROTEINS 17 I I CRYOGENIC ROCKET PROPELLANTSS33 (LIQUIDS)LIPS (ANATOMY) 2 I I FERMI LIQUIDS 9 *
I LIPSCHITE CONDITION 134 I FLOX 368 4,250I LIQUEFICATION 82 i I GELLED ROCKED PROPELLANTS 78I LIQUEFIED GASES 189 I I HYDRAULIC FLUIDS 333
I LIQUID 6,924 I I HYPERGOLIC ROCKED PROPEL-I LIQUID AIR 7 I I LANTS 233I LIQUID AIR CYCLE ENGINE/LACE/ 1 I I LIQUIFIED GASES 339
I LIQUID ALLOYS I I LIQUID AMMONIA 118I LIQUID AMMONIA 84 LIQUID HELIUM 743I LIQUID ATOMIZATION 57 I I LIQUID HYDROGEN 1,687
I LIQUID HEARINGS I I LIQUID METALS 1.263I LIDUID BREATHING 71 I LIQUID NEON 22
LIOUID COOLED REACTOR 9 I I LIQUID NITROGEN 786
V V
16
V V
* DISPLAY * DISPLAYADDITIONAL ADDITIONAL
TERMS * TERMS
*YES *YES
It I * * * * * * It *
LIQUID OXIDIZERS 182 * * I SURFACE PROPERTIES 4,600 - *
LIQUID OXYGEN 734 -- 47 * I TAIL SURFACES 34 51
LIQUID POTASSIUM 175 -I I TWO DIMENSIONAL BODIES 295
LIQUID ROCKET PROPELLANTS 1.786 1 (LIQUIDS) 0 I WEAR 1,201 (SURFACES)
LIQUID SODIUM 380 *
MERCURY (METAL) 819 * 2,552 * * 3,886
MERCURY VAPOR 35S
MONOPROPELLANTS 250* * * * * * * * * * * * *
ORGANIC LIQUIDS 152ROTATING LIQUIDS 95 ,-
RP-I ROCKET PROPELLANTS 34SKYDROL (TRADEMARK) 1
SLURRY PROPELLANTS 117 COMBINE *
FLUIDS 1GCLOBULES 24 5051
L LS * 0+ * * 50 (SURFACES) 5.755 *
S51 (SURFACES) 3.886
DISPLAYS ADDITIONAL * * * * * *
TERMS * * COMBINE *
* 46+47.48
* YES 0 0 * 46 (LIQUIDS) 4.250 *047 (LIQUIDS) 2,552
48 LIQUIDS) 9,360 *
I t
GLYCEROLS 136LIQUID PHASES 636 48 0
PHASE DIAGRAMS 1,361POTABLE LIQUIDS 2 (LIQUIDS)VAPOR PHASES 1.032 *WATER 10,485 9,360 INTERSECT *
I 0- 4 6+47+048* * * * * * * * WITH 50+51
Im
SURFACES I v
I * COMBINE *49
WITH 49I * LIQUID SURFACES
186S DISPLAY
THESAURUS * * * * * * *
* EXPANSION * * * * * * * * * * * *
52
I (LIQUID SURFACES)
It I *00* 000 0
SURFACES 178 J- - 495
CURVED SURFACES 0 * 50
LIFTING SURFACES 0 * * * * * * * * * * *
AREA 1,452 (SURFACES)
COLD SURFACES 43
CONTROL SURFACES 432 -- 5,755
COSSERAT SURFACES 65 * * * * * * * *
CRYSTAL SURFACES 325 I00 0 * INTERSECTEARTH SURFACE 1,422 * * * * 40 WITH
FERMI SURFACES 521 0 39+42+44
FLAT SURFACES 204 9 40 (RADIOMETERS 3107
HOT SURFACES o 39 (TEMPERATUREINTERFACES 399 -- LIQUID SURFACES I EASUREMENT) 5.134
LIQUID SURFACES 211 42 (TEMPERATURE
MENISCI 33 0 186 MAPPING) 4065
METAL SURFACES 14 * I v I 44 (RADIATION MAP-
PLANETARY SURFACES 592 - * * * * * * * PING 1,443 *
SOLID SURFACES 309
I1
I o I
17
+ Im I
AERIAL
53
DISPLAY(MAPPING TEMPERATURES WITH RADI-
OMETERS) I EXPANSION
347
3e7 . I
I AEOLIAN TONES 4 II AEDLOSPRERE 55
AR N I AEOLTROPISM 31 IAIRBORNE I AEPS 2 I * (AERIAL RECONNAISSANCE)
I AERATION 38I AERIAL 522 983
SI AERIAL EXPLOSIANS 79 II AERIAL IMAGERY 0 II AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY 1.960SAERIAL RADIOLOGICAL
I MEASUR SURVEYS PROGRAMS DISPLY I AERIAL RECONNAISSANCE 413
EXPANSION I AERIAL RUDDERSEXPANSION AEROBE 3 I
I AEROBEE ROCKET 265 I
I AIR TO SURFACE MISSILES 26I AIR TRAFFIC 467 54
AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL 2,353
AIRBORNE EQUIPMENT 1,994 TERMS
I ARBOR NE INFECTION 13 I
I AIRBORNE RANGE AND
5 TH 54 AIRBORNE EQUIP
NO TERMINATE NT 2,020
S TERMS DISPLAY * ** *98
(AERIAL RECONNAISSANCE EQUIP-
I I AIRBORNE I * 2,956
S EQUIPMENT I
DISPLAY 53RT ARIRBOE EI N D IIC WITH 53*R
EXPANSION I 53 MA PING TEMPERA-
A ION* TURES WITH RADI-
-NOMETERS) 047
57
I AIRBORNE EQUIPMENT 3.33
I AIRBORNE LSPACEBORNE ( IMAPPING LIQUD SURFACES WITH
I COMPUTERS 998 IRADIOMETERSI ONBOARD EQUIPMENT 1,141 I
I AIRCRAFT COMMUNICATION 41 I
I AIRCRAFT EQUIPMENT 1,107 II AUTOMATIC LANDING CONTROL 171 I
153WI3I 53 (MAPPING TEMPERA-
STURES WITH RADI
OMETERSI 3407*56 (AERIAL RECONNAIS-
v SAN CE EQOIPMENT)2,956
DISPLAY * NO TERMINATE
ADDITIONAL* TERMS DISPLAY
A **
18
18I
I* NTERSECT
S57 WITH 5857 (MAPPING LIQUID SUR-
I * FACES WITH RADI-OMETERS) 4 *
58 (AERIAL MAPPING58 ' * WITH RADIOMETERS) 31
(AERIAL MAPPING WITH RADIOMETERS) *
31 * (AERIAL MAPPING OF LIQUID SUR-FACES WITH RADIOMETERS)
DISPLAYCITATION
FROM SET 57*PRINT (REMOTE)
ALL CITATIONSSCOMPLETE (1)
I
Aerial measurement of radiation tempera-Itures over Mt. Fuji and Tokyo areas I * PRNT (REMOTE) *and their application to the determina- I ALL CITATIONStion of ground and water surface tern- I COMPLETE 31peratures. (aerial radiation tempera- Iture measurement, damping factor of Iatmosphere and determination of ground Iwater surfac temperatures by radi-ometry) BARALT, G.and FUJITA, T.; ITSUCHIYA, K. (CHICAGO, U.., CHICA- IGO, ILL. and JAPAN METEOROLOGICAL I PRINT (REMOTE) *
AGENCY, TOKYO, JAPAN.) JOURNAL I ALL ACCESSION
OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY, VOL 7 1 NUMBERS (347) *
P. 801-816. 12 REFS JSPS SUPPORTED I
* CONTINUE * NO * TERMINATE * END
DISPLAY EA=RC=DP? * C DISPLAY * SEARCH
* DISPLAY *CITATION
FROM SET 57
Temperature measurement of ground Iand water surfaces by aircraft.IGround and water surface tempera-
ture measurements using IR radiometers Ion board airraft.) LORENZ D. (BUN- IDESMINISTERIUM FUER VERKEHR,DEUTSCHER WETTERDIENST METEOR-LOGISCHES OBSERVATORIUM, HOHEN- IPREISSENBERG, WEST GERMANY)PURE AND APPLIED GEOPHYSICS, VOL.67, NO. 2 1967 P. 197-220 6 REFS INGERMAN *EARTH SURFACE/*INFRARED IINSTRUMENT/*RADJOMETER/*SEAWATER/*SURFACE TEMPERA
I
CONTINUE * NO * TERMINATEDISPLAY ..... ==*
S * DISPLAY
19
SECOND SFARCH LOGIC EMPLOYED BY WWS
After completing his assigned search, searcher WWS felt that the taskcould probably have been done more simply by employing a single inter-section between two groups of very general terms. Accordingly, he beganby selecting "thermal" (12,557 postings), "temperature" (25,518 postings),"temperature gradient" and "temperature gradients" (2,428 postings), "maps,;"map, " and "mapping" (4,226 postings). He then intersected the last groupwith the union of the first three to obtain 205 hits. Interestinglyenough, this search produced only 8 good hits, half of which were notfound in any other search.
20
LOGICAL PROCESSES EMPLOYED BY SEARCHER MRN
The searcher is a trained literature chemist with specialization inthe medical and biological areas. He had relatively low familiarity withRECON and its capabilities at the time the experiment was conducted. Inaddition, his thought processes were somewhat disturbed by several shortbut annoying systems failures during the course of his search.
He began (Figure 2) by asking for an expansion on the name of theinstrument cited in the problem statement as being the one used to measuretemperature. From this he selected three terms which he combined to formset I. It also became obvious from examining this display that a simplealphabetical listing of the terms in the neighborhood of "radiometer"would not give him a clue as to terms functionally related to radiometers.He therefore asked for a thesaurus expansion on "radiometers." This hedeemed more productive because he combined nine of the 20 related termsdisplayed to create set 2.
He next tried the idea of pollution, reasoning that because the radi-ometer was used to investigate thermal pollution, he might find a connection.The dictionary expansion seemed fruitless, so he tried a thesaurus expan-sion. Even though he looked at all the terms in this expansion, he decidedthat none was really suitable. He apparently did not regard the term"thermal pollution" as being sufficiently descriptive of measurementproblems in thermal pollution to choose it.
Following this tack, he examined an expansion about the term "airplane,"the vehicle on which the sensor is mounted during measurement. Since thereare no postings under this term, it was obvious that a different term isused by the indexers to describe flying machines. He therefore tried "air-craft" and found some 10,000 postings. In an attempt to be a little morespecific, he requested a thesaurus expansion on the term. The phlethoraof types displayed'caused him to settle for the general term as set 3.
He then tried the idea of "sensor," a concept taken from the problemstatement. From the expansion he selected only the general term for set 4.He also tried a thesaurus expansion on "sensors," selecting the general termas set 5 and "remote sensors" as set 6. To clean things up a bit he com-bined sets 4, 5, and 6 in set 7.
Water, being the medium whose temperature is to be monitored, thenseemed worth checking out. A dictionary expansion was performed with theresult that three of the terms - "water," "water temperature," and "waterpollution" - were selected as sets 8, 9, and 10. On the hunch that some-thing very specific might turn up on the intersection of "water pollution"and "remote sensors," the operation was performed (set II) and some of thecitations examined. At that time, the citations did not appear to beparticularly relevant so the searcher tried another but similar tack com-bining sets 2, 4, and 5 dealing with sensors and radiometers to form set12 and intersecting this with "water pollution" (set 10). The resultingset (13) had 36 hits, but an examination of one citation suggested thatthe proper connection had not yet been made. The citation did suggestanother term which seemed to be related to the problem, "aerialreconnaissance" (set 14).
21
An index term from set II - "thermal pollution" - was then used as thebasis for an expansion without yielding anything of great interest exceptthe term itself (set 15).
The searcher then combined set 6 and 14 to collect documents dealingwith aerial reconnaissance and remote sensing and searched these for thosedocuments also indexed under "water temperature,' "water pollution," and"thermal pollution." The resulting set (16) contained 126 documents.Apparently he had some second thoughts about the utility of such an inter-section because the results were left to lie while he attempted a differentapproach: combining radiometers and sensors (sets 2, 4, and 5) and inter-secting these with 'water" to create set 17 with 86 hits. This he inter-sected with set 3, "aircraft." Only one document was recovered in thisset (18). Since the number of hits was insufficient, he tried the idea ofintersecting the water and thermal pollution terms with "aircraft" tocreate set 19 with 142 hits.
At this point he decided to look to some of the citations in sets 17,18, and 19. Apparently set 19 appeared to stray from the subject. Theothers, however, seemed reasonably pertinent. He therefore combined thesewith 16 to create set 20 with 211 hits.
His next step was to combine sets 6 and 14 dealing with remote sensorsand aerial reconnaissance and intersect the result with sets 9, 10, and 15which had been used earlier intersected with aircraft to obtain low rele-vancy set 19. He seemed to hope that by employing more specific termsthan aircraft he might obtain more pertinent citations. The new set, 21,contained 126 items. Apparently forgetting his history in creating set 17,he repeated the procedure to create set 22. He also repeated the creationof set 18 to form set 23. Sets 21, 22, and 23 were combined to form set24 of 211 items and the results declared the final hit list. This listis substantially the same as set 20. 39 documents in the final hit listwere regarded by the experiment director as relevant. 9 of these werenot found by any other searcher. Recall was 10% of the total relevantdocuments in the file and 18.5% of the final hit list was relevant.
22
FIGURE 2
BEGIN
SEARCH
a DISPLAYa ADDITIONAL
* TERMS *
Im I * YES
I RADIOMETERS II II
II
I HORIZON SCANNERS 193I INFRARED PHOTOGRAPHY 617 I
" I INFRARED TRACKING 279 II KNUDSEN GAGES 73 I
* DISPLAY I PHOTOMETERS 915I PYRANOMETERS 38
* EXPANSION I SPECTROPHOTOMETERS 35II THERMISTORS 330 I
II
RADIOISOTOPE BATTERIES 21,320RADIOLOGY 5 IRADIOLYSTS 468 1RADIOMETEROGRAPH 13 IRADIOMETEROGRAPHS 11 IRADIOMETER 719 * * * * * * *
RADIOMETERS 1,093 *RADIOMETRY 373 1 * Im IIRADIONCLIOE 134 II
RADIONUCLIDES 0 RADIOMETER I POLLUTIONRADIOPATHOLOGY 86 I RADIOMETERSRADIOPHOSPHOR 5 I * RADIOMETY I I
RADIOPHOSPHORS 2 I
RADIOPHYSICS 185 I * 2,193RADOPROTECTIVE AGENTS o *
RADIOSENSITIVITY 74 I* * V
* DISPLAY
* EXPANSION
DISPLAY * NO TERMINATE aS ADDITIONAL e.... I.
* TERMS * DISPLAY I POLISHING 278? * a a I POLITICS 178
* * I POLLEN 20 II POLLUTANT 18I POLLUTANTS o
POLLUTION 357 II POLLUX 1
I POLONIUM 113le II POLONIUM COMPOUND I
I I I POLONIUM COMPOUNDS 3 IRADIOMETERS I I POLONIUM ISOTOPES 18 I
SPOLONIUM 208 9I I POLONIUM 209 8 I
I POLONIUM 210 146I POLYACRYLATES 0
I POLYADICS 3 IISI POLYAMIOE I81
I POLYAMIDE RESINS 212S DISPLAY a
THESAURUS ** EXPANSION *
*I
II I aaaaa a a * DISPLAY * NO a TERMINATERADIOMETERS 1,422 1- a ADDITIONAL =====*
DICKE RADIOMETERS 34 * 2 * TERMS * * DISPLAYINFRARED DETECTORS 1,901
INFRARED SCANNERS 583 * RADIOMETERS
MICROWAVE RADIOMETERS 334 * DICKE RADIOMETERS
PASSIVE L-BAND I * INFRARED DETECTORSRADIOMETERS 0o * INFRARED SCANNERS
SPECTRORADIOMETERS 114 * MICROWAVE RADIOMETERS
ACTINOMETERS 103 1 PASSIVE L-BANDMEASURING INSTRUMENTS 3,304 I * RADIOMETERS le
RADIATION MEASURING I * SPECTRORADIOMETERS IINSTRUMENTS 8101 I BOLOMETERS a POLLUTION I
BOLOMETERS 228 a FOREST FIRE PROTECTION I
FOREST FIRE DETECTION 23 I I
I ,597 1
* DISPLAYV THESAURUS *
Sa * EXPANSION *
23
Ib I
I I
le
I AIRLINER 11V I AIRLINERS 0
It I AIRLOCK MODULES 14 I
POLLUTION 428 I I AIRMAIL I
AIR POLLUTION 2,368 I I AIRMAT 8I
ENVIRONMENTAL I I AIRPLANE 0 I
POLLUTION 331 I I AIRPLANE PRODUCTION COSTS 851
I NOISE POLLUTION 159 I I AIRPORT 531
I THERMAL POLLUTION 49 I I AIRPORT BEACON 4
I WATER POLLUTION 423 I I AIRPORT BEACONS 21
I CONTAMINANTS 509 I I AIRPORT LIGHT 30 I
I CONTAMINATION 2,575 I I AIRPORT LIGHTS 36 I
DEBRIS 474 1 I AIRPORT MEDICAL SERVICE
I DECONTAMINATION 613 I I AIRPORT MOBILE LOUNGE 2 1I DISSIPATION 1,542 I I AIRPORT MOBILE LOUNGES 0I ELIMINATION 482 1I ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS 115 II ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION 41 II ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 44 I
I * *
I * DISPLAY *ADDITIONAL
TERMS *
DISPLAYADDITIONAL YES
* TERMS *
* YES _I eI AIRPORT PLANNING 913 II AIRPORT SURFACE
SI DETECTION EQUIPMENT 21It II AIRPORT SURFACE
ENVIRONMENTAL SURVEYS 51 I DETECTION EQUIPMENT
I HUMAN WASTES 191 I I /ASDE/ 4I METABOLIC WASTES 111 I I AIRPORT TOWERS 52I MICROCYSTIS 2 I I AIRPORTS 803 I
I MICROORGANISMS 745 I I AIRSHIPS 33 IOIL SLICKS 18 I I AIRSPACE 158
POISONS 23 I I AIRSPEED 184
I PREVENTION 671 1 AIRWORTHINESS 4I PURITY 80 I AIRWORTHINESS REQUIREMENT 25 I
I QUALITY 2,734 I I AIRWORTHINESS REQUIREMENTS 0I RADIOACTIVE WASTES 22 9 I AIRY FUNCTION 115
I SMOKE ABATEMENT 38 1 I AIRY PHASE 17
I TOXICOLOGY 376 II WASTE DISPOSAL 565 II WASTES 59 II WATER 10,485 II WATER RECLAMATION I V
I*
* DISPLAY *V * ADDITIONAL *
TERMS *
* DISPLAY * YESADDITIONAL C
TERMS *
* v* YES
I AIRYS STRESS FUNCTION 28
I AJ-10 ENGINE 3I AJ lO 0 ENGINE o
v I AKERMANITE 3It I I ALABAMA 26 II WATER TREATMENT 191 I I ALAD I
I _I ALADIN 2 AIRCRAFT II ALAIS METEROITE 6
I ALANE I
I ALANINE 52m II ALARM 71
I I ALARM PROJECT IAIRPLANE I I ALARMS I
* DISPLAY *DISPLAY
EXPANSIONS LIMIT
C REACHED
24
24
I I I *
AIRCRAFT
I ASTRO AIRCRAFT
EXPANSION I ATTACT AIRCRAFT 9-IN 2 AIR FTFT 22 I
I BAC AIRCRAFT 35I BALLOONS 83
I BEAGLE AIRCRAFT 3II BEECHCRAFT AIRCRAFT 14
SI BELL AIRCRAFT 2
AIRBORNE EQUIPMENT 2,110 I I BIPLANES I
AIRBORNE INFECTION 1 BOEING 2707 AIRCRAFT 16
AIRBURNE RANGE AND ORBIT I BOEING 747 AIRCRAFT 18 I
I OETERMINATION 3 IBOLOW AIRCRAFT 2
AIRBORNE TERRAIN
A ALYSISAIRBORNE/SPACEBORNE
COMPUTERS 813 IAIRCRAFT 10.06 IAIRCRAFT ACCIDENT 188 IAIRCRAFT ACCIDENT
INVESTIGATION 525
AIRCRAFT ACCIDENTS 823 I DISPLAY
AIRCRAFT ANTENNA 30 1 ADDITIONAL
AIRCRAFT ANTENNAS 182 1 TERMS
I YES
I
DISPLAY *NO * TERMINATE I
ADDITIONAL :=.-..- I BOOSTGLIDE VEHICLES 27
TERMS DISPLAY I BREQOUET AIRCRAFT I
I C-119 AIRCRAFT 5
C11AIRCRAFT 13
I C-5 AIRCRAFT 280 II C-9 AIRCRAFT 3I CANADAIR AIRCRAFT 6
I CARGO AIRCRAFT 146I CESSNA AIRCRAFT 53
le I CHANCEVOUGHT AIRCRAFT 1I I COMMERCIAL AIRCRAFT 1,089
AIRCRAFT I COMPOUND HELICOPTERS 3
I CURTISS-WRIGHT AIRCRAFT 1I
I I I ASSAULT AIRCRAFT 23
I I
• DISPLAYTIESAURUSEXPANSION
DISPLAY *NO * TERMINATE
I ADDITIONAL *===== *
TERMS DISPLAY
I I
AIRCRAFT 13,969 *
AERODYNAMIC VEHICLES 0 3 *
H-54 HELICOPTER 1 IA-300 AIRCRAFT 15 I AIRCRAFT
A-37 AIRCRAFT 10 1 Im
AERODYNAMICS 5.589 I 10,069
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING 730 1 I SENSOR
AEROSPACE ENGINEERING 1692 * * * * * *
AEROSPACE INDUSTRY 647
AEROSPACE VEHICLES 358 IAEROSPACEPLANES 28 IAIRCRAFT INSTRUMENTS 981 II AIRSHIPS 37 1
* DISPLAY
I EXPANSION
DISPLAY *'ADDITIONAL Ie * * * * * * *
TERMS I SENSING 417
I SENSITIVITY 4 037 II SENSITIZATION 51 I
*YES I SENSITIZER 32 SENSORI I SENSOR 2,106
I SENSOR FOR AIRBORNE I 2106I TERRAIN ANALYSIS 2
I SENSOR-AIRBORNEI TERRAIN ANALYSIS 0 II SENSORIMOTOR PERFORMANCE 315
I d" J - SENSORS 502
I SENSORY 683 II SENSORY AID 7
I SENSORY DEPRIVATION 2 I
I
25
SI e ii
DISPLAY * DISPLAYADDITIONAL ADDITIONAL
TERMS * TERMS
*YES YES
It D M O
SENSORY DISCRIMINATION 159 I I MEASURING INSTRUMENTS 3,304 1SENSORY FEEDBACK 100 I I MICROWAVE SENSORS 39 I 6SENSORY PERCEPTION 410 I I REMOTE SENSORS 3,028 6-SENSORY STIMULATION 4I7SERVOMOTORS 220 I REMOTE SENSORSSENTENCE 1 I I TRANSDUCERS 1,251 ISENTENCES 20I I 2,777SENTINEL SYSTEM I
SEPARATED FLOW 1,014 II SEPARATION 2,262
SEPARATOR 266 1SEPARATORS 266
I SEPTUM 21I*****
SEQUENCE 1,319 * COMBINEI SEQUENCING 90 I
SEQUENTIAL ANALYSIS 697 I 4+5+61 4SENSC 2,106
I SENSORS 5116 REMOTE SENSORS 2,777
DISPLAY *NO * TERMINATEADDITIONAL * (SENSORSI
SENSORS I I WATER
DISPLAY DISPLAY THESAURUSSEXPANSION * EXPANSION
I I
SENSORS 659P:I OFFS I WASTE DISPOSAL 0475
PICKOPS D I WASTE UTILIZATION 203 a
ANALYSIS 0I I-IR T I ES N IIAE
BIOINSTRUENTATION 1,046 511 I WATER 8,539 8,570SCHARACTER RECOGNITION 266 WATER BALANCE sSCROP IDENTIFICATION 5 I I WATER CIRCULATION 2
DATA ACQISITION 9 I WATER COLOR 12SELECTRONIC TRANDUCERS 193 I I WATER CONSUMPTION 97 ISGAS DETECTORS 131 I I WATER CONTENT 89 I
GUIDANCE SNESORS 27 I WATER COOLED REACTOR 4IMAGE VELOCITY SENSORS a6 I I WATER COOLED REACTORS 221
WATTER CURRENTS 19
I ATER DEPRIVATION 28WATER DEPTH 1 I
I ATER EROSION 130 1
DISPLAY IADDITIONAL
TERMS
YES DISPLAYI ADDITIONAL
TERMS
* YES
26
i g
WATER FLOW 646 * DISPLAYWATER HAMMER 22 * 10 CITATIONWATER HAMMER EQUATION 6 FROM SET IWATER INJECTION 57 WATER POLLUTION IWATER INTAKE 63 IWATER INTAKES 3 428WATER JET 20 IWATER JETS 0 I * * * VWATER LANDING 102 I I 72B10566, CATEGORY 4 ARC-10648WATER LOSS 111 I I 2/10/ 0 UNCLASSIFIED DOCUMENTWATER MANAGEMENT 201 I DOMESTICWATER MODERATED REACTOR 61 Assessment of water pollution by air- IWATER MODERATED REACTORS 120 borne measurement of chlorophyll IWATER POLLUTION 390 I (Remote measurement of sclorophyll IWATER PRESSURE 69 I concentrations to determine extent of I
I water polution is discussed. Con-I truction and operation of radiometer ISto provide measurement capability areI explained. Diagram of equipment is
pI rovided.)I A/ARVESEN, J.C.; B/WEAVER, E.C.:I C/MILLAND, J.P.
DISPLAY * I /*AERIAL RECONNAISSANCE/*ALGAE/* I
ADDITIONAL CHLOROPHYLLS/*GROUND WATER/* ITERMS * I HYOROLOGY/*OPTICAL EQUIPMENT/*
I DRAIOMETERS/*REMOTE SENSORS/ ITELESCOPES/ WATER POLLUTION
YES
V e DISPLAYSI ** ** * CITATION
WATER PURIFICATION 37 I * * FROM SET 11 *WATER QUALITY 28 I * 9WATER RECLAMATION 194 IWATER RECOVERY 114 I \ WATER TEMPERATUREWATER RESOURCES 94IWATER RUNOFF 14I 107WATER T .LES AIWATER TAKEOFF* * * * * * 73W709 160-7-22
LAND AIRCRAFT I Remote Sensing of Water and LandWATER TEMPERATURE 99 Pollution
I CLAYBOURNE, J.P. 301-867-6132I National Aeronautics and Space Ad- I
ministration. John F. Kennedy SpaceI Center, Cocoa Beach, Fla.
The purpose of this work is toa ost effective remote sen sing tech-
I nique to obtain large area sea waterSthermal data adequate for realtime
DISPLAY * control of the dispersion of power plant II thermal effluent in a manner as to t I
LIMIT adversely effect the ecology of South II Biscayne Bay and Card Sound, Florida. I
REACHED 1 A specific technial apprach has not ISbeen selected. A selection of per-I forming organ
INTERSECT
6 OWITH 10___ SE__ T 6 REMOTE SENSORS 2 777 * CONTINUE
I 10 WATER POLLUTION 422 * DISPLAY
* * * *YES
(DETECTING WATER POLLUTION CWITH REMOTE SENSORS)
SI ation will be based in part on the109 I technical approach proposed.
I /ECOLOGY/POWER PLANTS/REMOTEI SENSORS/THERMAL POLLUTION/
WATER POLLUTION/WATER TEMPERA-I TURE
I 27
27
* COMBINE
2+4+5SRADIOMETERS
DICKE RADIOMETERSSINFA RED DETECTORS P
INFRARED SCANNERS e * * * * * * *
y * MICROWAVE RADIOMETERS I THERMAL NEUTRON 207 I
* PASSIVE L-BAND RADIO- I THERMAL NEUTRONS 776 I 5
METERS I TUERMAL NOISE 412 I12 * SPECTRORADIOMETERS THERMAL PLASMA I12 I THERAL POLLUTION
OL OMETERS I THERMAL PLASMAS 88 I(SENSORS AND RADIOMETERS) * FOREST FIRE PROTECTION I THERMAL POLLUTION 7 * 54
I THERMAL POWER 26 1
.,597 I THERMAL PROPERTIES I * * * * * * *
7,179 *I * THERMAL PROPERTY 269 II THERMAL PROTECTION 910I THERMAL RADIATION 1,87 II THERMAL RADIO EMISSION 2II THERMAL REACTORS 86 II THERMAL RESISTANCE 915 I
SSENSR 2,106 * I THERMAL SHIELDING 0 I
* 5 SENSORS 511 *
DISPLAY * NO TERMINATE
S INTERSECT ADDITIONAL ==-=*TERMS DISPLAY
12 WITH 10t2 (SENORS AND
RADIOMETERS 7,17910 WATER POLLUTION 428
13 * COMBINE
(SENSING WATER POLLUTION WITH 6'14
RADIOMETERS) * * *_ 6 REMOTE SENSORS 2,77711* 1 AERIAL RECON-
36 * * NAISSANCE 481
DISPLAY *CITATION * * COMBINE
SFROM SET 13* 9+10+15
9 WATER TEMPERA-TURE 107
to WATER POLLUTION 428P 6 ~15 THERMAL POLLU-
SI 6666 6 V 6 TION 59
72810566* Category 4 ARC-10648 * * * * *
72/10/00 UNCLASSIFIED DOCUMENT I * 14 6 INTERSECT *
DOMESTIC I - 6+14 WITH
orne masurement of chlorophytllt *I(RDeote measurement of chlorophyllconcentrations to determine extent of I6I the water pollution is discussed. Con- I 81 1
truction and operation to provide I *
measurement capability are explained. I * * * * * * * * * * *
Diagram of equipment provided.)IA/ARVESEN, J.C; B/WEAVER,E.C. * 16
C/MILLAND. J.P. I/*AERIAL RECONNAISSANCE/*ALGAE/- 6 (AERIAL RECONNAISSANCE OF
CHLOROPHYLLS/GROUND WATER/* I * THERMAL WATER POLLUTION)
I YDROLOGY/*OPTICAL EQUIPMENT/* I
IRADIOMETERS/*REMOTE SENSORS/*
I 126TELESCOPES/*WATER POLLUTION
II I 6 6666666
I THERMAL I 6 COMBINEPOLLUTION I - 2
i * RADIOMETERS6DICKE RADIOMETERS
INFRARED DETECTORSI INFRARED SCANNERS
SMICROWAVE RADIOMETERS* PASSIVE L-BAND RADIO-
* DISPLAY * 6 METERS *
* SPECTRORADIOMETERS
* EXPANSION * 6 ROLOMETERS 6SFOREST FIRE PROTECTION
4, 597
* SENSOR 2,106* 5 SENSORS 511
28
INTERSECT I j
2+4+5 * 8
WITH 8 WATER
8, 570
17 *CONTINUEDISPLAY
(SENSING WATER)
86 YES
SINTERSECT I THE OCEANS SURVEYS OF WATER I
I QUALITY FOLLOWING POLLUTION I
S 17 WITH 3 ABATEMENT ACTION, DETERMINATION I
3 AIRCRAFT W 10.769 I OF PRESENCE AND EXTENT OF A SUR- I
17 (SENSING WATER) 86 * I FACE FILM AS A TOXIC AGENT AND II TIDAL INTRUSIONS, CURRENTS, AND II WATER BODY BOUNDARIES. AIRBORNE II MEASUREMENTS WILL BE PERFORMED I
S* * * TO EVALUATE INSTRUMENTATION SUCH II AS RECENTLY DEVELOPED DIFFEREN- I
18 I TIAL FADIOMETER SYSTEM (DRS FOR II OPERATIONAL USE IN DETERMINING I
(SENSING WATER WITH AIRCRAFT I CHLOROPHYLL TURBUDITY AND SUR- IFACE FILMS THROUGH UNIQUE REFLEC- ITANCE OR POLARIZATION CHARAC-
I TERISTICS. LABORATORY STUDIESWILL BE CONDUCTED, FOR EXAMPLE, IU. F THIN FILMS ON THE SURFACE OF IWATER UTILIZING ELLIPSOMETRY (PO- I
I LARIZATION SPECTROSCOPYI TECH- I
NIQUES TO THE REMOTE IDENTIFICA- I******TION OF COMPLEX POLLUTANT FILMS
* COMBINE I ON THE
S8+9010+15o WATER 8,S70
9 WATER TEMPERA- t
TURE 107 V
10 WATER POLLUTION 2 *
15 THERMAL POLLU-TION 5B
* CONTINUEDISPLAY
SYES
S INTERSECT
8910t5 - * 3 V
WITH 3AIRCRAFT I SURFACE OF REAL BODIES OF WATER I
I WILL BE INVESTIGATED.
10,069 I /EARTH RESOURCES/OCEANOGRAPHY/ II RADIOMETERS/REMOTE SENSORS/TOXI- I
S* * * * * * I CITY/TRANSPARENCE/TURBIDITY/. . . . . I WATER
19
(AIRCRAFT AND THERMAL WATER
POLLUTIONI * DISPLAY
142 CITATIONFROM SET 18
DISPLAY S
CITATIONFROM SET 17 I 67A10315 ISSUE I PAGE 108 CATEGORY I
I 0 66/00/00 12 PAGES UNCLASSIFIED I
I DOCUMENT I I
I Double bolomeer measuremets of the II effects of amospehric ardiators. (Air- I
v I borne double bolometer tehnique for I
deriving atmospheric water vapor pro- I
71W70817 160-75-78 I files by olyving radiative transfer qua I
DEVELOPMENT OF REMOTE-SENSING I I tions.)
TECHNIQUES TO DETERMINE WATER I I A/KUHN. P.M.; B/MENNON, V.K.: I
QUALITY. Goodin, G. 15-971-1111 1 I C/RACOTZKIE., H.A. IAA/ESSA, AT- I
National Aeronautics and Space Adminl- MOSPHERIC ANALYSIS LAB., MADISON. I
stralon. Ames Research Center. I I WIS/. AB/WISCONSIN, U, DEPT. OF
Moffett Field, Calf. I METEROLOGY, MADISON, WIS./ IN I
THE PURPOSE IS TO DEVELOP REMOTE SYMPOSIUM OF REMOTE SENSING OF
SENSING TECHNISIUES WHICH CAN BE I ENVIRONMENT 4TH. U. OF MICHIGAN, I
USED TO STUDY THE PRODUCTIVITY. I I ANN ARBOR. MICHIGAN, APR. 12-1.,
TOXICITY AND TURBUDITY OF WATER I I 966 PROCEEDINCS. A67-10307 0-13
BODIES. THE STUDIES WILL PROVIDE I I SYMPOSIUM SPONS
I A DATA BASE FROM WHICH TO EVALU- I
ATE LOCAL AND GLOBAL EFFECTS ON I
MARINE ECOLOGY DUE TO MAN MADE I
AND NATURAL POLLUTANTS. APPLI- I
t CATIONS WILL INCLUDE RAPID DETER- I
MINATION OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS-INDU- I I k 1
t CEO PRODUCTIVITY OVER LARGE RE- I
IONS OF I
29
I I
I 67A8039 66(06/00 28 PAGESI in ITALIAN UNCLASSIFIED DOCUMFNT I
CONTINUE I Characteristics of liquid oxygen of IDISPLAY n-board inhalators le caratterisiche
I a el'ossigeno liquido per respiratoriS dl bordo. [Impurities n liouid oxy- II gen used for breathing-toxicity levels
*YES and hazards)
I A/KARAGONI, C.; R/ROSSI, E. +II RIVISTA Dl MEDICINA AFRONAUTICA II E SPAZIALE, VOL. 29. APR-JUN 1966,
SI P. 229-256. 28 REFS, IN ITALIAN.S/*CONTAPINANT/*LIUID OXYGEN/
ORED BY THE U.S. NAVY, OFFICE OF I LOX//TOXICIT AND SAFETY HAZARD
NAVAL RESEARCH AND THE U.S. AIR I /ACETYLENE/AIRCRAFT/ASPHYXIA/FORCE. CAMBRIDGE RESEARCH LABS. I BREATING/UTAF/CARBON DIOXIDE
I ANN ARBOR. MICH.. U. OF MICHIGAN. I I /CARRON TETRACHLORIOE/ETHA
I INST. OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY. I
I WILLOW RUN LABS.. INFRARED PHYSICSISLAB., 1966, P. 293-304 9 REFS.I /*AIRBORNE EQUIPMENT/*BOLOM ETER/I I
HUMIDITY/*RADIATION TRANSFER/* IWATER VAPOR/
I AEROSOL/AIRBORNE/AIRCRAFT/ATMO- I
I SPEREIC/CONFERENCE/EQUIPMENT/ II INFRARED/MOISTURE/POWER/RADIANCE/I * CONTINUE
I RADIOMETER/RANGE/SENSOR/SPECTRAL I CISPLAY
I /TRANSFER/VAPOR/WATER I
*YES
* DISPLAYS CITATION
FROM SET 19 *
I NE/ETHYLENF/EXPLOSfON/FIRE/FPEON/I HAZARD/LFVEL/LIOUID/METHANF/SOXYGEN/OZONE/PENTANE/POISONING I
A /PROPANE/PROPYLENE/SAFETY/STO II RAGE/TOXICITY/TRICHLORFTHYLENE/ I
72B10421* CATEGORY 4 ARC-10571 I WATER
72/08100 UNCLASSIFIED DOCUMENT IDOMESTIC
I Solid mine compounds as sorbents for I
I carn dioxide: A concept (Solid amine * *
I compounds were examined as pssible COMBINEI absorbents for removal of carbon diox- I
I Ide in life support systems of a type I 117+18which may be eployed in high alti- I16 (AERAL RCONNA
I tude aircraft spacecraft or submarines. I SSANCE OF THERMALMany solid amne compounds release POLLUTON)absorbed carbon dioxide when heated 1 17 (SENSING WATERI 86
in vacuum, therefore, when properly 18 (SENSING WATERI packaged spent amne compounds can * * * * * * * * * * WIT AIRCRAFT
be readily rSenerated and put back I
into service.) *0A/SUTTON, J.G.; B/HEIMLICH, P.F.; IC/TEPPER, E.H. A/ (Hamilton Std ); (AFRIAL SENSING OF THFRIIALB/(HamiltRo Std; C/ (Hamilto Std.) I WATER POLLUTIONI)
I /*ABSORBENTS/*ABSORBERS (MATE- II RIAL5)/*AIRCRAFT/*AMINES/-CARBON 211
DI IOXIDE/*CHEMIC
COMBINE *
* CONTINUE * DOISPLA e C6 REMOTE SENSORS 2.777D A 14 AERIAL RFCONNAI-
SSANCE 481
YES
COMBINE
AL COMPoiNDS/*HEM ICAL REACTIONS I 9-10+15I /*DEHUMCIFICATION/LIFE SUPPORT I 9 WATFR TEMPERA-SYSTEMS/*SPACECRAFT/*SUBMARINES I TURF 107
/*WATER/*WATER VAPOR 10 WATER POLLUTION 428
15 THEPMAL POLLU-TION 54
S DISPLAYS CITATION
FROM SET 19
4
30
IWATER POLLUTION)
OMPLEE NTERSECT1
1262
-PRINT IREMOT)
5,- 6+14 WITHC9+10+15
SCOMBINEAIRBORNE SENSING OF THERMALWATER POLLUTEONI
I
INFRARED DETECTORS(REMOT(REMOTE SENSING OF THERMAL
MICROWAVEWATER POLLTIONDIMETERS COMPLETE 211
'PRINT (REMOTE)ALL ACCESSION
COMINE NUMBERS (211SENSORS 5
2++5
. RADIOMETERS
OICE OIOMETERS ** INFRARED DETECTORS V
MICROWAVE RADIOMETERS
SPASSIVE L-BAND RADIO-
BOLOMETERS
* FOREST FIRE PROTECTION * END
4.57 SEARCH
A SENSOR 2,106
S5SENSORS 511
* INTERSECT
22 WITH (WATER SENSING
23
(IWATER SENSING DEVICES
80
* INTERSECT*
22OMBINETH22 (WATER SENSING
+ DEVICES) 86*S23 AIRCRAFT WATER9
S(AIRCRAFT WSENSINATER SENSING DEVICES DEVICES
* COMBINE + +
21+222321 (REMOTE SENSING OF
+ THERMAL WATER
POLLUTION 12 *
+ 22 (WATER SENSING *
V ' DEVICES) 86I I3 (AIRCRAFT WATER
+ +*+ SENSING DEVICES) I *
31
LOGICAL PROCESSES EMPLOYED BY SEARCHER TRP
Searcher TRP is a graduate electrical engineer with many years experi-ence in component and device manufacturing industry. At NC/STRC his
specialization has been in biomedical equipment. He is familiar with theNASA file and with RECON.
This searcher began his search, Figure 3, by selecting a term associated
with the central thrust of the question, "thermal pollution." He then per-formed a dictionary expansion on the term to see if there was related materialof interest, but found none. He then performed a thesaurus expansion on"oceans," and apparently with the idea that since oceans are larger than lakesmore reports and papers deal with them. Much of the results, however, wouldbe applicable in either case. From this expansion he selected 24 terms witha total of 4,293 postings to be set 2.
Following this, he asked for a dictionary expansion on the root"thermogr" which relates to the practice of recording temperature measure-
ments. The expansion suggested to him that he make a thesaurus expansionon "thermographs." He decided against using any terms from this expansion,however. From a thesaurus expansion on water he selected 7 terms fromwhich to create set 3. He then moved on to request a dictionary expansionon "remote s-" from which he decided to examine a thesaurus expansion on"remote sensors." This, however, did not seem to be particularly useful.
He next called for a thesaurus expansion on "radiometers" from which
he selected II terms in order to create set 4 with 3,300 postings. At thispoint he also decided to select "thermograms" as set 5 and "remote sensors"
as set 6, probably because he felt that the terms he had now seen underradiometers were no more pertinent than "thermographs" and "remote sensors."He then intersected the union of terms 4 and 6 with the union of terms I,2, 3, and 5. This produced set 7 with 626 hits, a respectable body ofdocuments upon which one could probably perform further sorting advanta-geously. He attempted this by removing ocean radiometry (the intersectionof set 4 with the union of sets 2 and 3) from set 7. This left him with438 hits (set 9). Examination of the first two citations in set 9 indi-cated that this set was not highly responsive to the question.
The searcher then felt that he should probably attack the problem along
the lines of "temperature measurement." This expansion was not fruitful sohe fell back to the base term "temperature." From this expansion he selected14 terms with 43,078 postings as set 10 and another 14 terms with 6,332postings as set II. He had some second thoughts, however, about operatingon such a large group of postings and recreated a display centered about"temperature field" from which he selected what he considered to be the mostpertinent terms (8 with 13,146 postings) in order to form set 13. He thenintersected this with set 6 (remote sensors) and added to this result theitems deleted from set 9 dealing with radiometry of oceans (set 8). Theresulting set of 319 documents he called his final hit list. Of the 319hits, 97 or 30.4% were relevant. These 97 constituted 25% of the relevantdocuments found by all searches. Fourteen of the 97 relevant hits wereunique to this search.
32
FIGURE 3
E I
BEGIN
SEARCH
I t
I OCEANS 495I ARCTIC OCEAN 179
I ATLANTIC OCEAN 655
I INDIAN OCEAN 142 1-
I PACIFIC OCEAN 707
' I COASTAL CURRENTS 12
Im I I COASTAL WATER 52 1-I THERMAL I I COASTS 298
I POLLUTION I I EARTH HYDROSPHERE 142 1
I I GOECRAPHY 876
I I I KEYS (ISLANDS) 0 "I NEARSHORE WATER 2 -
I OCEAN CURRENTS 502 -I* * * * * * *I OCEANOGRAPHY 2,737 -'-
V I SEAS 224
S1I SEAWEEDS U " OCEANS
SELECT I SHALLOW WATER 10 1-- ARCTIC OCEAN
TERM *.======= THERMAL POLLUTION I SOUNDS (TOPOGRAPHIC FEATURES) 1 - ATLANTIC OCEANI I INDIAN OCEAN
41 I PACIFIC OCEAN* COASTAL CURRENTS
* * * * * * * COASTAL WATER
V * COASTSEARTH HYDROSPHERE
I I * GEOGRAPHY
I THERMAL KEYS (ISLANDS)
I POL- I DISPLAY * NEARSHORE WATER
SADDITIONAL * OCEAN CURRENTS
S* TERMS * OCEANOGRAPHYSEAS
* SEAWEEDS
*YES SHALLOW WATER
i SOUNDS (TOPOGRAPHICFEATURES)
* DISPLAY * THERMAL POLLUTION
EXPANSION * * TIDE POWERED GENERA-
II I RTORS
I THERMAL POLLUTION 49 -- WATER COLOR
II TIDE POWERED GENERATORS 0 1 WATER DEPTH
IWATER COLOR 12 t WATER RESOURCES
I WATER DEPTH 14 WATERWAVE ENERGY
- I WATER RESOURCES 100 CONVERSION
I WATERWAVE ENERGY CONVERSION 0
THERMAL NEUTRON 207 1 I ,293
THERMAL NEUTRONS 618
THERMAL NOISE 393THERMAL PLASMA 182 1
THERMAL PLASMAS 367 ITHERMAL POL- 0
THERMAL POLLUTION 341 I I
THERMAL POWER 26 1THERMAL PROPERTIES 0 I I THERMOCR- I
THERMAL PROPERTY 269 I I
THERMAL PROTECTION 5 I I I
THERMAL RADIATION 1,738
THERMAL RADIO EMISSION 24 ITHERMAL REACTORS 66 I
DISPLAYI EXPANSION
DISPLAY *NO TERMINATE
ADDITIONAL -
TERMS DISPLAY IeS * THERMOELECTRIC SPACECRAFT 0
STHERMOELECTRICITY 784 I
I THERMOELEMENT 26 1I THERMOELEMENT AMMETERS 3I
THERMOGALVANIC SI
THERMOGR- 0
THERMOCRAM 20 I
Im I I THERMOGRAMS I
I ( I THERMOCRAPH 24 I
OCEANS I 4 THERMOGRAPHS - 0
SI I THERMOGCRAVIMETRY 68 I
I I I THERMOHYDRODYNAMICS 13
I THERMOLAC 5
I THERMOLUMINESCENCE 414 I
II
DISPLAY *THESAURUS *
* EXPANSION
DISPLAY *NO * TERMINATEADDITIONAL * -#
V * TERMS DISPLAY
I A I *
33
I m
O THERMOGRAPHS
I I
I VI
DISPLAY * DISPLAY
THESAURUS * ADDITIONAL
EXPANSION TERMS
SYES
II
THERMOGRAPHS 0 II RECORDING INSTRUMENTS 1,210 I I
TEMPERATURE MEASURING I I MOISTURE CONTENT 589
INSTRUMENTS 69 I I MUSKEGS 0
I OXIDES 1,0 IPENINSULAS 0 I
I POLLUTION 428
1 PRECIPITATION IMETEOROLOGY) 1,510
Im I I RUNWAY CONDITIONS 293
5I LUSH 1621
WATER I I SOUNDS (TOPOGRAPHIC FEATURES) II STEAM 879
SI I STRAITS 5 II WATER POLLUTION 42 I
I WATER PRESSURE 80
I WATER QUALITY 29
SI WATER RESOURCES 100
IWATER TREATMENT 191
DISPLAY I WATER VAPOR 2,132 I
THESAURUS *EXPANSION
II
WATER 10,405 I DISPLAY * NO * TERMINATE
COASTAL WATER 52 - ADDITIONAL ==*
COLD WATER 30 -- * TERMS DISPLAY
I GROUND WATER 81 I
I HEAVY WATER 195 I
I NEARSHORE WATER 2
I POLYWATER IIt
I POTABLE WATER 121 I * 3
I SEA WATER 1.321 I * COASTAL WATER
I SHALLOW WATER 10 I * COLD WATER
I SPRINGS (WATER) 0 I * NEARSHORE WATER Im I
I SURFACE WATER 0 1-- * SEA WATER I REMOTE
VADOSE WATER II I * SHALLOW WATER I 5-
SAQUIFERS 0 I SURFACE WATER I
I ARROYOS . 2 I * FIORDS II
I RAYICE I I
I BODY FLUIDS 181 I 3,081
I CAVITATION FLOW 9717
I FIORDS 1 v
I DISPLAY *
EXPANSION
S DISPLAY * p
ADDITIONAL Ie
TERMS I REMOTE 5 I
I REMOTE CONSOLES 48
I REMOTE CONTROL 84 I
YES I REMOTE HANDLING 97
I REMOTE REGIONS I
I REMOTE S- I
REMOTE SENSORS 2,351 I
V I REMOTELY PILOTED VEHICLES 2
I I REMOVAL 502 I
HUMIDITY 2,792 I I REMS 0HYDRATES 127 I I RENAL 53 I
HYDRAULICS 643 I I RENAL CALCULI 0 I
HYDRODYNAMICS 4,083 I I RENAL FUNCTION 146
HYDROGEN COMPOUNDS 182 I I RENDEZVOUS 637 II HYDROLOGY 7 I RENOEZVOUS GUIDANCE 93
HYDROMECHANICS 116 I I RENDEZVOUS GUIDANCE SYSTEM 80
I HYDROSTATICS 609 I
I ICE 1,386 II ISTHMUSES 0 I
I LAKE ICE I8 II LATERITES 0 I V
I LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEMS 1,390 II LIMNOLOGY 18 I
LIQUIDS 707
MODERATORS 1I7 * DISPLAY NO TERMINATE
I MOISTURE 1,266 I ADDITIONAL =-==>
I TERMS DISPLAY
I * I
34
le I I C I * * * * *
I REMOTE ISENSORS I * 4
I I * RADIOMETERSDICKE RADIOMETERS
I * INFRARED DETECTORS
It I * INFRARED SCANNERSSI HORIZON SCANNERS 193 * MICROWAVE RADIOMETERS *
I INFRARED PHOTOGRAPHY 6171 * PASSIVE L-BAND RADIOM-DISPLAY * I INFRARED TRACKING 279 I ETERS
THESAURUS I KNUDSEN GAGES 73 I * SPECTRORADIOMETERS
EXPANSION * I PHOTOMETERS 915 I ACTINOMETERSI PYRANOMETERS 38 1 * RADIATION MEASURINGI SPECTROPHOTOMETERS 345S * INSTRUMENTSI THERMISTORS 330 I BOLOMETERS
II * SPECTROPHOTOMETERS
It 3, 3.300
REMOTE SENSORS 3,028 ICROP IDENTIFICATION 56 * * * *
DATA ACQUISITION 5,093 IDATA COLLECTION PLATFORMS 42 I Is
DETECTORS 486 IEARTH RESOURCES 1,316 -- THERMOGRAM IEROS (SATELLITES) 16I I
GEOGRAPHIC APPLICATIONS IIPROGRAM 15 I
HAZE DETECTION 6 I
MEASURING INSTRUMENTS 3,30 I * * * * * * *
PROBES 150 I *
SATELUTE-BORNE INSTRUMENTS 393 * 5
SENSORS 659 * SELECT *
TRANSDUCERS 1,251 I * TERM *-= . =-==-- THERMOGRAM
1 20II
REMOTE I
* DISPLAY * SENSORS IADDITIONAL I I
TERMS *
*YES I * * * * * * *
* SELECT
V TERM *= =====* REMOTE SENSORSIt
WILDLIFE RADIOLOCATION 8 2,548
Im I
RADIOMETERS I THERMAL POLLUTION
41
INTERSECT . * * * * * *
* (1+5+2+3
* ITH * . . *
* DISPLAY * ITHESAURUS
* EXPANSION ( ALL TS/OCEANSRELATED TERMS )
I 4,.293
I
I
RADIOMETERS 1,.422 1DICKE RADIOMETERS 34
INFRARED DETECTORS 1.901INFRARED SCANNERS 563
MICROWAVE RADIOMETERS 334 --- COASTAL WATER
PASSIVE L-BAND RADIOMETERS 0 * COLD WATER
SPECTRORADIOMETERS 114-- I NEARSHORE WATER
ACTINOMETERS 103 I SEA WATER
MEASURING INSTRUMENTS 3,304 I * SHALLOW WATER
RADIATION MEASURING I * SURFACE WATER
INSTRUMENTS 8O0 I * FIORDS
BOLOMETERS 22FOREST FIRE DETECTION 23 I * 3,081
I * *
V * 7
(WATER BODY RADIOMETRY)
DISPLAY * 626
ADDITIONALTERMS
* YES
I35
35
I D I
* (ALL TS/OCEANSRELATED TERMS )
14,293
* INTERSECT * * . . . 73A38266 iSSUE 19 CATEGORY 34 I( 2 + 3 ) 73/07/00 5 PACES In GERMAN
WITH * * * * * * UNCLASSIFIED DOCUMENT
3 I Contributions of the DFVLR to mnir-ormental research and envmronment
COASTAL WATER 0 I protection. II - Noise control, water I
If 0 COLD WATER I environment protection, nature and ISNEARSHORE WATER aI lndscape. environmental protection
SEA WATER 0 I techniques
* a a* SHALLOW WATERSSURFACE WATER I A/PAFFRATH, D. A/(Deutsche
(OCEAN RADIOMETRY) a * FIORDS Forschungs- und Versuchnstal fuerI Luft- und Raumfahrt, Institut fuer
IS O 0 3S 1 Physik der Armosphaere, Oberpfaffen-hofen. West Germany)
DFVLR-Nachrichten., July 1973, p. 417-* * * * * *421. In German.I I/AIRCRAFT NOISE/*ENVIRONMENT
4 I POLLUTION/*ENVIRONMENT PROTEC-I TION/*NOISE POLLU
SRADIOMETERSDICKE RADIOMETERS I
* INFRARED DETECTORS 0INFRARED SCANNERS
* MICROWAVE RADIOMETERS 0* PASSIVE L-BAND RADIOM-
I ETERS
SSPECTRORADIOMETERS* ACTINOMETERS * 0 DISPLAY *
* RADIATION MEASURING * ADDITIONAL *
INSTRUMENTS C 0 TERMS
* BOLOMETERS ?
I 0SPECTROPHOTOMETERS0* * 0 YES
* 0 3,300
NEGATE * * * * * * * *
**0****** Ic
SI TION/*NOISE REDUCTION/*WATER I
7 * POLLUTION/ ACOUSTIC MEASUREMENTS I
I I / AIRPORT PLANNING/ EARTH SUR- I
V (WATER BODY RADIOM- I FACE/ ENERGY CONVERSION/ FLIGHT I* * * * * * * * * * * ETRY) I PATHS/ MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMIC GEN- I
I ERATORS/ PROPULSION SYSTEM CON-9 * 26 I FIGURATIONS/ REMOTE SENSORS/
SONIC BOOMS
* (WATER RADIOMETRY) * * * * * * * *
438
* DISPLAYTHIRD
S0 CITATION *
* DISPLAY *FIRST
* CITATION *
I cI 73A38240 ISSUE 19 CATEGORY 7I 73/04/00 9 PAGES
V UNCLASSIFIED DOCUMENT
73A38386 ISSUE 19 CATEGORY 3 I I Remote sensing of the ocean.73/00/00 1034 PAGESUNCLASSIFIED DOCUMENT I I A/MUNK, W. H.; B/WOODS, J. D.;
I C/BIRKEMEIR, W. P.; D/LITTLE, C. G.Intersociety Energy Conversion Engl- I I E/STEWART, R. H.; F/RICHTER, J.
r eering Conferenc., th, University of IPennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa., I (Inter-Union Commission on RadioI Agust 13-16, 1973, Proceedings and I Meteorology, Symposium on Waves andAddendum. MEMBERS, $50.; NON- I I Turbulence in Stable Layers and theirMEMBERS, $60 I Effects on EM Propagation, 3rd, La
SJoa, Calif., June 5-15, 1972.1Conference sponsored by AIAA. I I Boundary-Layer MeteorolOgy, vol. 5, I
AIChe, ANS, ASME, IEEE, SAE, and I I Apr. 1973, p. 201-109.ACS. New York, American Institute Iof Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc., I I /OCEAN SURFACE/*REMOTE SENSORS II1973. Proceedings, 854 p.; adden- I I /SEA WATER/ ACOUSTIC MEASURE-dum, 180 p. I I MENTS/ BACKSCATTERING/ EARTH
I HYDROSPHERE/ FLUID DYNAMICS/I GROUND WAVE PROPAGATION/ OPTICAL II RADAR
* DISPLAY *SECOND * E
0 CITATION
* DISPLAY * NO TERMINATE
I ADDITIONAL = ==>** TERMS * DISPLAY
I D I * *
36
Im I E II TEMPERATURE II M- I * 5
V
V*
DISPLAY * DISPLAYEXPANSION ADDITIONAL
TERMS
*YES
TEMPERATURE GRADIENTS 1,984 1TEMPERATURE INDICATOR 31 I le ITEMPERATURE INDICATORS o I I TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT 4,08 - *TEMPERATURE INSTRUMENTS 0 I I TEMPERATURE MEASURING I 11TEMPERATURE INVERSIONS 148 I I INSTRUMENTS 345TEMPERATURE M- 0 I I TEMPERATURE PHOTOMETER 5 - * TEMPERATURE INSTRU-TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT 4,098 I I TEMPERATURE PHOTOMETERS 0 --- * MENTSTEMPERATURE MEASURING I I TEMPERATURE PROBE 74 L-- * TEMPERATURE INVERSIONS
INSTRUMENTS 345 I I TEMPERATURE PROBES 84 t-- TEMPERATURE MEASURE-TEMPERATURE PHOTOMETER 5 I TEMPERATURE PROFILE 307 -- MENT
I TEMPERATURE PROFILES 1,144 - * TEMPERATURE MEASURINGI TEMPERATURE SCALES 13 -- INSTRUMENTS
I TEMPERATURE SENSORS 224 -- TEMPERATURE PHOTOM-I * ETER
SI I* TEMPERATURE PHOTOM-
ETERS* TEMPERATURE PROBE
V * TEMPERATURE PROBESDISPLAY *NO * TERMINATE * * TEMPERATURE PROFILE
ADDITIONAL t- * * TEMPERATURE PROFILESTERMS * DISPLAY * * * TEMPERATURE SCALES
* DISPLAY * ' TEMPERATURE SENSORSADDITIONAL I * TEMPERATURE TRANS-
TERMS * DUCERS ? * * TEMPERATURE TRANS-
S * DUCERS
SYES,.332
Im I
I TEMPERATURE I vI I le
I I TEMPERATURE TRANSDUCER 30I TEMPERATURE TRANSDUCERS 0I TEMPERING 269 II TEMPLATE 22 I
V I TEMPLATES 12II TEMPORARY 40 I
DISPLAY * I TENDENCY IEXPANSION *I TENDON 5I
I TENDONS 14 II TENITE 2 I
v
ITELSTAR 1 SATELLITE 3 ITEMPER 67 I * 10TEMPER (METALLURGY) 40 ITEMPERATE 40 * TEMPERATURE * DISPLAYTEMPERATE REGIONS 233 I TEMPERATURE COMPEN-
TEMPERATURE 21,810 SATION LIMITTEMPERATURE COMPENSATION 153 --- TEMPERATURE CONTROL
TEMPERATURE CONTROL 1,593 1 * TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE * REACHEDTEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE 79 --- TEMPERATURE DIFFER-TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCES 0--- * ENCES
TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION 5,201 ---- TEMPERATURE DISTRIB-
T A I E UTIONTEMPERATURE EFFECTTEMPERATURE EFFECTSTEMPERATURE FIELD Im
v TEMPERATURE FIELDS ITEMPERATURE GRADIENT
• TEMPERATURE GRADIENTS * ATEMPERATURE INDICATOR
DISPLAY * TEMPERATURE INDICATORSADDITIONAL
TERMS * * 43.078 * In
SYES
Sle
TEMPERATURE EFFECT 1,869
TEMPERATURE EFFECTS 13,502 RANGETEMPERATURE FIELD 285 SEARCHTEMPERATURE FIELDS 0TEMPERATURE GRADIENT 232TEMPERATURE GRADIENTS 1.984TEMPERATURE INDICATOR 31TEMPERATURE INDICATORS 0TEMPERATURE INSTRUMENTS 0 VTEMPERATURE INVERSIONS 148 I F I
6 V
37
12 DISPLAY * NO * TERMINATEADDITIONAL L .>
( A, ABIETIC I TERMS DISPLAY
1,062
TEMPERATURE IFIELD
FEDREMOTE SENSORS
INTERSECTV 6
WITHDISPLAY 3
EXPANSION 13
TEMPERATURE DISTRIB-V UTION
TEMPERATURE FIELDI TEMPERATURE GRADIENT
14 TEMPERATURE GRADIENTSSTEMPERATURE MEASURE-
TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE 79 I IREMOTE TEMPERATURESENSINGI MENTTEPERATURE DIFFERENCES 0 I 13 (REMOTE TEMPERATURE SENSING) URTEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION 5201 147 INSTRUMENTS
I TEMPERATURE EFFECT 1,869 I TEMPERATURE DISTRIB- TEMPERATURE PHOTOM-I TEMPERATURE EFFECTS 13.502 I UTION ETERI TEMPERATURE FIELD 285 1- * TEMPERATURE FIELD ITEMPERTURE PHOTOM-I TEMPERATURE FIELDS 0 I TEMPERATURE GRADIENT TERS
I MENT
ETER (OCEAN
DISPLAY * 13.146ADDITIONAL
TERMS *
•YES
is
v (REMOTE OCEAN TEMPERATURE
STEMPERATURE INDICATOR 31 I SENSING)
TEMPERATURE INDICATORS 0 I 319I TEMPERATURE INSTRUMENTS 0 I
I TEMPERATURE INVERSIONS 14 II TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT 4,04
I TEMPERATURE MEASURING II INSTRUMENTS 345
I TEMPERATURE PHOTOMETER 5 UI TEMPERATURE PHOTOMETERS 0 1R ERI TEMPERATURE PROBE 74 I * PRINTBEMOTE
ALL ACCESSIONNUMBERS
(319) *
DISPLAY
ADDITIONAL* TERMS
.END
YES * SEARCH
eTEMPERATURE PROBES 84 ITEMPERATURE PROFILE 307 I
I TEMPERATURE PROFILES 1.,14 II TEMPERATURE SCALES 83 II TEMPERATURE SENSORS 224I TEMPERATURE TRANSDUCER 30I TEMPERATURE TRANSDUCERS 0 II TEMPERING 269 II TEMPLATE 22 II TEMPLATES 10 II TEMPORARY 40 I
IC
38
LOGICAL PROCESSES EMPLOYED BY SEARCHER SRW
Searcher SRW is a graduate In English Education and is employed byNC/STRC In providing search service primarily to the education communityand in general marketing. He is familiar with search techniques andphilosophy and, to some extent, with the NASA file. He has no formalbackground, however.
He began his search, Figure 4, with a thesaurus expansion on mathe-matical models. This concept, of course, is related to the interpretationof the sensor output. It is a bit strange, however, to begin at this point.He continued the expansion to its end without finding any terms he feltwould be suitable. He then tried the idea of sensors. The thesaurus ex-pansion did not seem to him to be particularly fruitful and was terminatedafter the initial display. He then moved to the idea of data reduction.The dictionary expansion here did not appear to be useful nor did a sub-sequent expansion on "data processing."
After drawing a blank from this line of questioning, the searchermoved to the area of mapping. From the thesaurus expansion, he picked thegenerating term along with "surveys" as set I. A thesaurus expansion on"lakes" yielded three terms, "lakes," "surface water," and "thermalpollution" from which he formed set 2. Since thermal pollution was pre-cisely the thing whose measurement was sought, he also tried a dictionaryexpansion on that term. From this expansion he selected "thermal radiation"as set 3. He then combined sets 2 and 3 and i'ntersected this union withset I to obtain 26 items (set 4) dealing with mapping of lakes and thermalpollution.
Searcher SRW then examined the dictionary expansion on "remote sensors,"selecting only the generating term as set 6. One other expansion occurredto him: "temperature measurement." This became set 7. Combining sets I,5, 6, and 7, he intersected these with the union of sets.2 and 3. Notethat this is an expanded version of set 4. The 172 hits obtained from set8 were selected as the final hit list. Forty-eight of these were regardedas pertinent by the experiment director. Thus while 27,9% of the hits wererelevant, only 12.4% of those identified in the collection as being pertinentwere recovered. Fourteen of the pertinent hits (or almost 30%) were not re-covered by any other search.
39
FIGURE 4
BEGIN
SEARCH * B
* DISPLAYADDITIONAL
I TERMS
Im I * YESI MATHEMATICAL I
MODELS
I tI TWO DIMENSIONAL BODIES 295 I
SI VALIDITY 250 I4 I WAR GAMES 110 I
DISPLAYTHESAURUS *
EXPANSION *Im I
SENSORS
IIMATHEMATICAL MODELS 24,659 IISING MODEL 0 IMISSILE SIMULATION I
(MATH MODELS) 0 II PROPULSION CALCULATIONS 0 I DISPLAY *I ANALOG SIMULATION 984 I THESAURUS *
I DIGITAL SIMULATION 1,219 I * EXPANSION *I THOMAS FERMI MODEL 84 II VENEZIANO MODEL 65 II MODELS 1.026 II AIRCRAFT MODELS 434 II ANALOG SIMULATION 984 I 1I APPLICATION OF MATHEMATICS 1,601 I It
I SENSORS 659I PICKOFFS 0I PICKUPS 0I SENSOR-AIRBORNE
SI TERRAIN ANALYSIS 0 I
I BIOINSTRUMENTATION 1,046 II CHARACTER RECOGNITION 22 1I CROP IDENTIFICATION 56 I
DISPLAY * I DATA ACQUISITION 5,093 I* ADDITIONAL I ELECTRONIC TRANSDUCERS 193 I
TERMS * I GAS DETECTORS 131 I? * I GUIDANCE SENSORS 287
I IMAGE VELOCITY SENSORS 18 I* YES
I VI I
FUNCTIONS (MATHEMATICS) 2,148 II GAME THEORY 822 II [NVENTORY CONTROLS 186 I * DISPLAY * NO TERMINATEI LINEAR PREDICTION 380 I a ADDITIONAL aa=aa . .*
I LOFTING 7 I TERMS DISPLAYI MISSILE SIMULATORS 16 1I MONTE CARLO METHOD 2,993 II NUMERICAL WEATHER
FORECASTING 501 II OCEAN MODELS 2I OPERATIONS RESEARCH 1,647I PARAMETERIZATION 1,09 I1 QUEUEING THEORY 345 I I
I DATA
I REDUCTION I
* DISPLAY *ADDITIONAL * DISPLAY
TERMS,
* EXPANSION *
YES
V I
I I I DATA READOUT SYSTEM 39REGRESSION COEFFICIENTS 69 I I DATA READOUT SYSTEMS 0RISK 260 I DATA RECORDER 29 ISCHEDULING 1,056 I I DATA RECORDERS 130SIMILARITY THEOREM 407 I I DATA RECORDING 912SIMULATION 9,382 I I DATA REDUCTION 3,25 ISPACECRAFT MODELS 291 I I DATA RETRIEVAL 253
I STATISTICAL DISTRIBUTIONS 1.539 1 I DATA SAMPLING 745I STOCHASTIC PROCESSES 2,613 I I DATA SMOOTHING 330
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS 6,589 I I DATA STORAGE 1,192 II SYSTEMS ENGINEERING 16,635 I I DATA SYSTEMS 1,015 II TRAJECTORY ANALYSIS 3,220 I I DATA TRANSMISSION 2,53 I
I DATE 106 II DATING 88
I DATUM (ELEVAT:ONI 11I DAWN CHORUS 91I DAY 411
40
Y I
* . . * *
DISPLAY NO TERMINATE DISPLAYADDITIONAL ==-=* ADDITIONAL * MAPPING
TERMS * DISPLAY * * TERMS * SURVE'S
* * *3,029*YES
Im I ItDATA I I MAPS 997 I
SORTHOPHOTOGRAPHY 15 II PROCESSING I I PHOENIX QUADRANGLE (AZ) 3 I
SPHOTOGRAMMETRY 1.266 II PHOTOGRAPHY 9,643 I
I SCALE (RATIO) 197 II SURVEYS 744
V I TERRAIN ANALYSIS 9~ II TOPOGRAPHY 1,743 I
DISPLAY I TOPOLOGY 1.767 1I TRIANGULATION 956 I
EXPANSION I
nIV I
I LAKES IDATA HANDLING SYSTEM 2S0 IDATA HANDLING SYSTEMS 0 IDATA LINK 76 IDATA LINKS 5341DATA MANAGEMENT 1511DATA PROCESSING 6,75 IDATA PROCESSING
EQUIPMENT 730 * DISPLAYDATA PROCESSING THESAURUS
TERMINALS 111 I * EXPANSIONDATA PROCESSOR 75DATA PROCESSORS U IDATA READOUT SYSTEM 39 IDATA READOUT SYSTEMS 0 1
It II LAKES 195
BARRIER LAKES 0S. I CONSEQUENT LAKES 0
I FINGER LAKESI FROZEN LAKES 0I MORAINAL LAKES I
DISPLAY * NO * TERMINATE * I GREAT LAKESADDITIONAL I (NORTH AMERICA) 32 1
TERMS * ISPLAY I LAKE PONTCHARTRAIN (LA) 0 I?* *I LAKE TEXOMA (OK-TX) 1
I EARTH RESOURCES .15 IAQUIFERS 0 1BAYOUS OBEACHES ICOASTS 29 I
I EARTH HYDROSPHERE 142Im
I MAPPING I
v DISPLAYADDITIONAL LAKES
DISPLAY * TERMS * * SURFACE WATER* THESAURUS * * THERMAL POLLUTIONEXPANSION
* YES 191
V I
MAPPING 3,858 I EUTROPHICATION 4 1CARTOGRAPHY 201 I I KETTLES (GEOLOGY) 0 1FLUX MAPPING 34 I I LAGOONS I ICADASTRAL MAPPING 17 1 I LAKE CHAMPLAIN BASIN (NY-VT) 8 IICE MAPPING 80 1 1 LAKE ICEPHOTO MAPPING 48 I I LIMNOLOGY 18 ISOIL MAPPING 15: I I PLAYAS 1i ITHEMATIC MAPPING 16 I I PONDS 11 IASTROGRAPHY 108 I I REGIONAL PLANNING 49 ICONTOURS 173 I I RESERVOIRS 98 IDECLINATION 3.0 I I RIVER BASINS 27 IFIXED POINTS (MATHEMATICS) 247 I I SPRINGS (WATER) 0 IFUNCTIONS (MATHEMATICS) 2.148 I I STRAITS 5 IGEOGRAPHIC APPLICATIONS I I SURFACE WATER 0
(PROGRAM) 15 I THERMAL POLLUTION 9GEOGRAPHY 676 I I WATER CIRCULATION 2HYPSOGRAPHY 0 I I WATER COLOR 12
SWATER DEPTH . I
41
2 1 d.
INTERSECT
DISPLAY *NO TERMINATE * 2+3 WITH 1ADDITIONAL ==== MAPING
TERMS DISPLAY P SURVEYS
3,029
4
It THERMAL (THERMAL MAPPING OF WATERII THERMAL I
I POLLUTION * 26
IS DISPLAY ENVIRONMENTAL I
I TI ISEXPANSION * I SURVEY I
I THERMAL NEUTRON 207 I * DISPLAY *I THERMAL NEUTRONS 618 I 3I THERMAL NOISE 93 I * EXPANSION *I THERMAL PLASMA 182 I THERMAL RADIATION
THERMAL PLASMAS 367 I *I THERMAL POLLUTION 34 I 1,756
I THERMAL POWER 26 II THERMAL PROPERTIES 0 * * * * * * *
I THERMAL PROPERTY 269 eSTHERMAL PROTECTION E ONI HERMAL PROTECTION 13S II ENVIRONMENTAL LABORATORIES 103 *
I THERMAL RADIATION 1738 I ENVIRONMENTAL LABORATORY 23 II THERMAL RADIOCTMISION 2RS ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 3
TERMAL REACTRS 66 ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH I ENVIRONMENTAL SURVEYI THERMAL RESISTANCE 827 SATELLITES 21 1 'I THERMAL SHIELDING 0 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 88 40
SENVIRONMENTAL SURVEY 0ENVIRONMENTAL SURVEYS 50 I
I ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE 102I ENVIRONMENTAL TESTING 547 II
DISPLAY *ADDITIONAL
TERMS *
YES DISPLAY * NO * TERMINATE* ADDITIONAL
TERMS * DISPLAY
THERMAL SHOCK 326 ITHERMAL SIMULATION 312THERMAL STABILITY 1.321 1
1 THERMAL STRESS 170 II THERMAL STRESSES 1.5 I REMOTE II THERMAL VACUUM TESTS 182 I IREMOTE
I THERMALIZATION 73 I SENSORS II THERMALIZATION (ENERGY SENSORS
ABSORPTION) 95 11 THERMIONIC 1.060 II THERMIONIC CATHODES 42I THERMIONIC CONVERSION
SYSTEM s8 1
DISPLAY
I EXPANSION
DISPLAY *NO * TERMINATE IADDITIONAL * =-=* I REMOTE 620 ITERMS + DISPLAY REMOTE CONSOLES 6
?REMOTE CONSOLES 6*IREMOTE CONTROL 857 1I REMOTE HANDLING 116 REMOTE SENSORS
I REMOTE REGIONS 4I REMOTE SENSORS 2,602 2,418I REMOTELY PILOTED VEHICLES 2 II REMOVAL 615 I
*I REMS o
COMBINE I RENAL 10 I• O__I RENAL CALCULI 0
2,3 I RENAL CALCULUS 2ISRENAL FUNCTION 205+ 2 LAES 91RENDEZVOUS 714 I
S SURFACE WATER I RENDEZVOUS
S THERMAL POLLUTION I RENDEZVOUS GUIDANCE YST IRENDEZVOUS GUIDANCE SYSTEI 80
H 3 THERMAL RADIA-. I 2 TION 1,756
SI
42
I _I g I
DISPLAY * NO TERMINATE * (AIRBORNE THERMAL MEASUREMENTADDITIONAL . .- * OF WATER)
TERMS DISPLAY172
Im I * PRINT (REMOTE]I TEMPERATURE I * ALL CITATIONS
I * COMPLETE 1172)I MEASURE I
V* PRINT (LOCAL)ALL ACCESSION
* DISPLAY * * NUMBERS 172) *
EXPANSION
I
TMEPERATURE GRADIENTS 2,175 ITEMPERATURE INDICATOR 32 I * 7 ENDTEMPERATURE INDICATORS 0 ITEMPERATURE INSTRUMENTS 0 I TEMPERATURE MEASURE SEARCH
TEMPERATURE INVERSIONS 164 ITEMPERATURE MEASURE 0 I4,087TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT 4.393 ITEMPERATURE MEASURING I
INSTRUMENTS 403 ITEMPERATURE PHOTOMETER 5 I
DISPLAY *NO TERMINATEADDITIONAL =--...=*
* TERMS % DISPLAY
COMBINE
15+6+71 MAPPING 3,029
S SUIRVEYS
5 ENVIRONMENTALSURVEY 40 *
6 REMOTE SENSORS 2,4187 TEMPERATURE
• MEASURE 4,087 *
COMBINE
2+22LAKE 191
SURFACE WATER
THERMAL POLLUTION
3 THERMAL RADIA-* TION 1,756
INTERSECT
l-+4-'7WITH 2+3
I43
43
LOGICAL PROCESSES EMPLOYED BY SEARCHER AWL
This searcher is a graduate chemist with long research experience inthe textile industry and recent professional experience in textile infor-mation retrieval. The NASA file and RECON are relatively unfamiliar to hir
He began his search (Figure 5) with a dictionary expansion on "watertemperature." The disappointingly (to him) small number of postings andlack of related terms caused him to terminate the expansion after onedisplay and ask for a thesaurus expansion. What he saw then also did notappeal to him. It did, however, suggest another avenue of investigation(an expansion on "surface temperature"). Before pursuing that, however,he decided to determine the possibilities of the term "lake." The dic-tionary expansion yielded one set (set I). Then departing from the practiceof the other searchers, he asked for and printed locally thesaurus expan-sions on lakes, surface temperature, radiometer, dicke radiometers, andinfrared detectors as well as a dictionary expansion of radiometer withoutcreating any sets at the time of the individual displays. This fact is notevident from an examination of Figure 5.
From this printed list of terms, he then selected as set 2 "surfacetemperature." He intended to perform an intersection of I and 2 but per-formed a union instead. This became set 3. The intersection became set 4but had only 3 terms. He then consulted the printout again and selected"lakes" as set 5. This he intersected with 2 and got six hits, hardly betterthan "lake"*"surface temperature." Again he consulted the term printoutand selected "water temperature" as set 7. An intersection of set 5 withset 7 gave only one hit, however. These three tries at identifying veryspecific documents he recognized to be failures so he returned to thepractice of displaying and printing terms.
A dictionary and a thesaurus expansion on water were first. Fromthis he selected "water" as set 9. From the previous printout he selected"radiometer" as set 10. An intersection of these two items produced setII with 49 hits. He then consulted his printout and selected "temperature"as set 12. An intersection of this with set II produced 20 hits. He thenreturned to the printout and selected nine additional sets (14-22) "coastalwater," "sea water," "great lakes (North America)," "beaches," "coasts ""ponds," "reservoirs," "river basins," and "water resources." By this timehe had realized that if he were going to retrieve a large percentage of thepertinent documents in the file he would have to search through a largenumber of documents.
He continued making thesaurus expansions on water-related terms:"rivers," "coastal water," "sea water," "great lakes (North America),""ponds," and "reservoirs." In the process he also created sets 23, 24, 25,26, 27, and 28, "rivers," "estuaries," "streams," "oceans," "ponds," and"reservoirs." He also selected "river" (set 29) and "stream" (set 30).He then began combining terms putting together 9, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19,20, and 21 to make set 31; and 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, and 30 tomake set 32. In set 33 he combined sets 31 and 32. The total postingsin this set were 10,964.
44
Again he consulted his printout of terms. From this he selected 10additional sets dealing with radiometers. He summed them in set 44 toobtain 3,377 postings. He then tried intersecting set 44 with set 33 toyield set 45 with 151 postings. This set, he expected, would containdocuments dealing with radiometeric measurements of water. To see whatoutput would be generated by another water term "lake," he intersectedset 44 with set I and got only I hit. Set 5, "lakes," was also inter-sected with set 44 to give set 47 with 7 hits. He then added sets 45,46, and 47 to give a total of 157 hits (set 48). Departing slightlyfrom this line of attack, he intersected set 7 (water temperature) withset 44 and got 12 hits. These he then added to set 48 to get 164 hits(set 50). He then summed set 50 with the results of three previous inter-sections: lake*surface temperature, set 4; lakes*surface temperature, set8. The resulting set, set 51, had 172 hits.
Again consulting his term printouts, he selected "measuring instruments"as set 52 and "radiation measuring instruments" as set 53. Departing fromhis previous practice, he selected as sets directly without first viewingas expansions several synonyms for that portion of the measuring instrumentin contact with the phenomenon being observed: sensors (set 54), sensor(set 55), detectors (set 56), detector (set 57), scanners (set 58), scanner(set 59), probes (set 60), and probe (set 61). These 10 he summed to ob-tain set 62 with 12,471 postings.
Having decided that to insure high recall one must examine a largenumber of documents, he added to set 33 sets I (lake), 5 (lakes), and 7(water temperature) to create set 63. Although he had already used thesesets previously, he apparently decided to broaden the search somewhat byincluding in the investigation, at least for the time being, possiblerelevant documents which may have been eliminated during previous inter-sections. Set 63 had 11,155 postings compared with 10,964 in set 33 alone.An intersection of set 62 with set 63 yielded 292 hits. These hits shouldbe related to measuring things about water, though not specifically theradiation emitted. He added these 292 hits to the 172 he had obtainedpreviously (set 51) which he felt were reasonably specific with regard toradiation measurement of bodies of water, after first ascertaining thatintersecting either set 51 or set 64 with set 12 (temperature) would givea very small output. He then elected to print the hit list for the 447items in set 67. A disc overflow temporarily interrupted his search forthe final aspect of the search: mathematical models for interpretingradiometer indications.
When he was able to resume his search, he performed expansions on"mathematical models," "data reduction," and "computer program." Fromthese dictionary expansions he selected "mathematical logic" (set 68),"mathematical model" (set 69), "mathematical models" (set 72), "datareduction" (set 73), "computer program" (set 74), and "computer programs"(set 75). The numbers for sets 70 and 71 were unused. The six foregoingitems were summed to create set 76 with 34,935 items. This was intersectedwith the union of "thermal radiation" and "infrared radiation" to yield set80 with 223 postings. After seeing that an intersection of set 80 with theterm "temperature" only produced 3 hits, searcher AWL asked that the itemsin set 80 be printed and added to those previously printed (set 67). Thesetwo groups he called his final hit list.
45
Of this total of 670 documents, 87 or 13% were judged to be relevantby the experiment director. This search found 22.4% of the relevant docu-ments identified as being in the NASA collection. Ten of the 87 relevantdocuments were not found by any other search. It may be pointed out thatalthough this search utilized a large number of terms and a large number-f postings, comparatively few terms were in the area of temperaturemeasurement, radiant heat flux measurement, thermal emission,.heat trans-fer, etc. This apparently is the reason that this broad search failed toretrieve more relevant documents.
46
FIGURE 5
BEGIN
SEARCH
He I
LAGRANGE MULTIPLIER 333 II LAGRANGE SIMILARITY HYPOTHESIS 58 1 1I LAGRANGIAN EQUILIBRIUM POINTS 9 II LAGUERRE FUNCTION 36 I LAKE
V I LAGUERRE FUNCTIONS 50 I
Im I I LAKE 48 48
WATER I I LAKE BEDS 0 II I LAKE CHAMPLAIN BASIN (NY-VT) I
I TEMPERATURE I ILAKE ICE 8 II I LAKES 6o
I LALLEMAND CAMERA 5 II LALLEMAND CAMERAS S I
S DISPLAY *
EXPANSION
* DISPLAY * NO * TERMINATE* ADDITIONAL *======*
* TERMS * DISPLAY
WATER RECLAMATION 172WATER RECOVERY 109 IWATER RESOURCES 89 IWATER RUNOFF 13 IWATER TAKEOFF AND LANDING
AIRCRAFT 14 IWATER TEMPERATURE 79 1 te
WATER TREATMENT l1 I IWATER TUNNEL N I LAKES I
WATER TUNNELS 0 IWATER VAPOR 1,781 I I
WATER VEHICLE 15 IWATER VEHICLES 44 IWATER WAVES 429 IWATER PROOFING 43 IWATERSHEDS 20 IWATSON TRANSFORMATION 8 * DISPLAY *
WATT 38 I THESAURUSEXPANSION
I II
I LAKES 195
* CONTINUE * NO * TERMINATE BI ARRIER LAKES 0
DISPLAY = I CONSEQUENT LAKES
? DISPLAY IFINGER LAKES LAKES 167 *
I FROZEN LAKES 0 16 GREAT LAKES. . MORAINA LAKES 0 (NORTH AMERICA) 43*
I PLAYA LAKES 0 I 7 BEACHES 48 *
GREAT LAKES (NORTH AMERICA) 32 1 COASTS 27 *LAKE PONCHARTRAIN (LA)
I LAKE TEXOMA (OK-TX) II EARTH RESOURCES 1,316 I
le I AQUIFERS * * * * * *
WATER I BI AYOUS 0 IIBEACHES 6
TEMPERATURE II ICOASTS 298I I EARTH HYDROSPHERE 12 I
DISPLAY
SISPLAY
ADDITIONALTERMS
II I* YES
WATER TEMPERATURE 103 1TEMPERATURE 31,621 1SURFACE TEMPERATURE 1,3973TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION 5,795 v
THERMAL POLLUTION 49 I t * * * * *I EUTPOPHICATION 4 I
IKETTLES (GEOLOGY) OLAGOONS 1 1
Im I LAKE CHAMPLAIN BASIN INY-VT) 8 I 19 PONDS 14lI I LAKE ICE 8 20 RESERVOIRS 77
I LAKE I I LIMNOLOGY 1I 21 RIVER BASINS 31I I PLAYAS 16
SPONDS 11I I REGIONAL PLANNING 49
I RESERVOIRS 98I RIVER BASINS 27
V I SPRINGS (WATER) 00 II STRAITS 5 I
DISPLAY * I SURFACE WATER o II THERMAL POLLUTION 49 I
* EXPANSION * I WATER CIRCULATION 2 II WATER COLOR 12 II WATER DEPTH l I
47
I b I
RADIOMETERS I
vI
CONTINUEDISPLAY * * DISPLAY
? THESAURUSEXPANSION
*YES
P II I
It I . . . . I RADIOMETERS 1,422WATER RESOURCES * DICKE RADIOMETERS 31*
I 22 * 4 INFRARED DETECTORS 1.0901I INFRARED SCANNERS 583 35 RADIOMFTERS 1,022
WATER RESOURCES * I MICROWAVE RADIOMETERS 334 -I 37 DICKE RADIO-I PASSIVE L-BAND RADIOMFTERS 0 I * METERS 32
154 1 SPECTRORADIOMETERS 114 38 INFRARED DETEC-I ACTINOMETERS 103 * TORS 672I MEASURING INSTRUMENTS 3,304 I 39 INFRARED SCAN-
RADIATION MEASURING I NERS 340
It I I INSTRUMENTS 810 I 40 MICROWAVE RADI-SURFACE I I BOLOMETERS 2281 OMETERS 298
I FOREST FIRE DETECTION 23 I 41 SPECTROPRDIO-TEMPERATURE I * METERS 88
I42 ACTINOMETERS 104
PV
DISPLAYTHESAURUS CONTINUEEXPANSION *DISPLAY
?* *
* YES
It ISURFACE TEMPERATURE 1,973SKIN TEMPERATURE (NON I *
BIOLOGICAL) 79
I RORIZON SCANNERS 193I WALL TEMPERATURE 1,13I 2 SURFACE TEMPERATURE *
SURFACE PROPERTIES 4,600 I 1,735I TSURFACEPROPERTIES 2 TEMPRATUR 2 I INFRARED PHOTOGRAPHY 617 I * 43TEMPERATERE 3.42 o-lt. 14TEMPERATURE I INFRARED TRACKIN 2
I COARSENESS 78 81 TEMPERATURE 2182 KNUDSEN GAGES INFRARED TRACKING
I THERMOCLINES 5o 1 7 WATER TEMPERA- KNUDSEN AGES 3 INFRARED TRACKINGI WATER TEMPERATURE 103 RE 93 * I PHOTOMETERS 915 I
SPYRANOMETERS 38 * 49SPECTROPHOTOMETERS 345 ITHERMSTORS 33 * * * * * *
Im I
S RADIOMETER I It II I I DICKE I
I RADIOMETERS
DISPLAY * I
EXPANSION * DISPLAYTHESAURUS
i EXPANSION
I
RADIOSCOPE BATTERIES 187 I * *RADIOLOGY 351 * * I RADIOLYSIS 371 * * I DICKE RADIOMETERS 34
I PRADIOMETEROGRAPH 12 - 10 RADIOMETER 641 * I DICKE TYPE RADIOMETERS 0
P ADIOMETEROGPAPHS 11 I 3 RADIOMETFR 641 I ACTINOMETERS 103
I RADIOMETER 641 36 PRADIOMETRY 325 * MEASURING INSTRUMENTS 3,30
4 RADIOMETERS 948 * RADIATION MEASURING
I RADIOKETRY 325 I INSTRUMENTS 810 I
PADIONUCLIDE 98 I * RADIOMETERS 1,422
I RADIONUCLIDES 0 I * * * * * * * BOLOMETERS 228
I RADIOPATHOLOCY 78 I I TPERMOPILES 81 II RADIOPHOSPHOR 4 II RADIOPHOSPHORS 2 II RADIOPHYSICS 160 II RADIOPROTECTWE AGENTS 0 II RADIOSENSITIVITY 62 1 It
I INFRARED
I DETECTORS
* CONTINUE * NO * TERMINATEDISPLAY *= * * * DISPLAY
* DISPLAY * THESAURUS* EXPANSION
48 I
48
t I * * * * * * WASTE DISPOSAL 312INFRARED DETECTORS 1,901 I * * I WASTE UTILIZATION 178ACTINOMETERS 19 * * I WASTES 24INFRARED INSTRUMENTS 395 I * H WATCH 4IMEASURING INSTRUMENTS 3,304 - 52 MEASURING INSTRU- :* WATCHES 0RADIATION MEASURING INSTRU- H MENTS 2,224 WATER 6,677
MENTS 810 53 RADIATION MEASURING WATER BALANCE 1SRDIOMETERS 1,1 22 * INSTRUMENTS 650 I WATER CIRCULATIONDETECTORS 86 I * I WATER COLOR 12ELECTROMAGNETIC MEASURE- I I WATER CONSUMPTION 714
MENT 715 I WATER CONTENT 84FOREST FIRE DETECTION 23 I * * * * * * WATER COOLED REACTOR H HINFRARED RADIATION 3,298 I WATER COOLED REACTORS 193
I WATERCURRENTS 19I WATER DEPRIVATION 17IH WATER DEPTH 14H WATER EROSION 1
I *NTERSECT
S 1 WITH 2 LAKE 8I LAKE 48
H * - 2 SURFACE TEMPERA-TURE 1,753 * * C
" C * * CONTINUE * NO * TERMINATE* * * * * * * * * * * DISPLAY == = ISPLAY
C CC*•C*• * 1 C * DISPLAY
(SURFACE TEMPERATURE OF LAKE) C
3
le I
SWATER I
C INTERSECT
5 WITH 2CC C 5 LAKES 167 *
H I2 SURFACE TEMPERA-TURE 1.753 * * DISPLAY *
C THESAURUS C
S C EXPANSION
C ISURFACE TEMPERATURE OF LAKES) "
I WATER o10,4 5e6 n COASTAL WATER 52 C
I COLD WATER 30I GROUND WATER I 9 WATER 6,917I HEAVY WATER 195 1 COASTAL WATER 83I NEARSHORE WATER 2 15 SEAWATER 832
•
POLYWATER 11S* * * * * POTABLE WATER 121
C INTERSECT * * SEAWATER .IH • SHALLOW WATER 10
S WITH 7 HSPRINGS (WATER) 0C5 LAKES 167 FACE WATER
I NC * 7 VIATER TEMPERA- C VALDOSE WATER 11TURE 93 1 H AQUlFERS o
I ARROYOS 2T CI BAY ICE 1
* *•**1* ODY FLUIDS 1I CAVITATION FLOW 181
8 * FIORDS 1
(WATER TEMPERATURE OF LAKES)
I I
C CONTINUE *• DISPLAY
Im I
WATER I
* YES
'V IC H
C DISPLAY •
C EXPANSION
49
SINTERSECT
S11 WITH 12 *
II (MEASURING WATERWATER PROPERTIES
v N* WITH RADIOMETERS 49It I 12 TEMPERATURE 21.826I HUMIDITY 2,792 I V
HYDRATES 127 *
I HYDRAULICS 643 1I HYDRODYNAMICS 4.083 1 13
I HYDROGEN COMPOUNDS 182I HYDROLOGY *P6 N (MEASURING WATER TEMPERATURE
I HYDROMECHANICS I166 I WITH RADIOMETERS)
I HYDROSTATICS 609I ICE 1.386 1 20I ISTHMUSES 0 II LAKE ICE 8 II LATERITES 0I LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEMS 1,340 II LIMNOLOGY 18
I LIQUIDS 707 I Im
I MODERATORS 167 1 II MOISTURE 1, 66 I I RIVERS
I I
V
DISPLAYCONTINUE * * THESAURUSDISPLAY * EXPANSION
SYES
I t 1 * * * * * * *
I RIVERS 245Y I AMAZON REGION (SOUTH I
It AMERICA) 0
MOISTURE CONTENT 589 EARTH RESOURCES 1,316 23 RIERS 212MUSKEGS 0 I I ALLUVIUM 2 I 24 ESTAURIES 60
I OXIDES 1.045 1 I BARITO RIVER BASIN (INDO-I PENINSULAS 0 1 I NESIA) 0I POLLUTION 428 1 1 BAYOUS DI PRECIPITATION (METEOROLOGY) 1.510 I I CANYONS * * * * * * *
I RUNAWAY CONDITIONS 293 I I DELAWARE RIVER BASIN (US) 0I SLUSH 162 1 I DELTAS 3II SOUNDS (TOPOGRAPHIC I I EROSION 1.907
FEATURES) 1 1 I ESTAURIES 64STEAM 879 I MEANDERS 2
1 STRAITS 5 I I MISSISSIPPI DELTA (LA) 11I WATER POLLUTION 423 1 I RAPIDS 0I WATER PRESSURE 80 I I RESERVOIRS 98I WATER QUALITY 29 II WATER RESOURCES 100 II WATER TREATMENT 191 I
WATER VAPOR 2.132 1
t * CONTINUEDISPAY
CONTINUEDISPLAY * YES
II IYES 11
I RHONE DELTA (FRANCE] 0 II RIVER BASINS 27 I * 25
N I SANTA RIVER BASIN (PERU) 0 IIt I SOUNDS (TOPOGRAPHIC FEATURES) 1 STREAMS
WATERSHEDS 23 STREAMS 60 -- JI WHARVES O I I SURFACE WATER 0 I 4WINDPOWERED PUMPS 0 I I SUSQUEHANNA RIVER BASIN
I (MD-NY-PA) 1I TRIBUTARIES 0I VALLEYS 66
WABASH RIVER BASIN (IL-IN-OH) 4*WIADIS I
• INTERSECT *I WATER COLOR 12I WATER RUNOFF 18 I
9 WITH 10 *I WATERSHEDS 23 I9 WATER 6,917 *
I * 10 RADIOMETER 641
II
• CONTINUE(MEASURING WATER PROPERTIES * DISPLAY
WITH RADIOMETERS)
*YES
50
50
I I I g
It It
I WHARVES G I I GREAT LAKES (NORTHAMERICA) 32
I LAKES 195I CANADA 807
I INTERNATIONAL FIELD YEARIt I I FOR GREAT LAKES 4 I
COASTAL I I UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 1,013
WATER
II
V PONDS I
DISPLAY I I
THESAURUS * IEXPANSION
* DISPLAY *_ THESAURUS
It I * * * * * * EXPANSIONCOASTAL WATER 52 I
I NEARSHORE WATER 2 I 26 *
WATER 10,485 II COASTAL EXOLOGY 89 OCEANS
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS 115 II OCEANS 495 353 It
SEAWATER 1,321 I I PONDS 11
VADOSE WATER 11 I * * * * * * I AQUIFERS 0
I WATER DEPTH 1N I I BASINS (CONTAINERS) 13 II WETLANDS 31 I I IRRIGATION 89 I
I LAGOONS 1ISLAKES 195 1
_ RESERVOIRS 98 IIt I I SURFACE WATER 0 II I I WASTE DISPOSAL 565 I
SEAWATER I I WATER RESOURCES 10I
I WATERSHEDS 23I I WINDPOWEREO PUMPS o
I
DISPLAY *THESAURUS * RESERVOIRS IEXPANSION
I t
SEA WATER 1,32t I DISPLAYWATER 10,485 I THESAURUSBRINES 39 1 EXPANSION
I COASTAL WATER 52 II NEARSHORE WATER 2 II OCEAN SURFACE 569 II OCEANOGRAPHY 2,737 II RED TIDE 1 I V
SALINITY 172 I ItSEAWEEDS 0 I I RESERVOIRS 98
I THERMOCLINES 50 1 I BASINS (CONTAINERS 13 IUNDERWATER PHOTOGRAPHY 46 I I DAMS 51 1
I WATER RESOURCES 100 I I EVAPORATION 2,154I LAGOONS 1I LAKE TEXOMA (OK-TX) 1II LAKES 195 I
I PONDS 11It I I RIVERS 245I GREAT LAKES I I STREAMS 60
I WATER RESOURCES 100I (NORTH AMERICA) I I WINDPOWERED PUMPS D I
I I
V lm I * * * * *
* DISPLAY * I RESERVOIR 28THESAURUS *
EXPANSION I_ I RESERVOIR
102
S*****
* * I
I * POND
8
I.,.I * INTERSECT
I RIVER * 29SI 33 WITH3*
I RIV E R IR IV ER *33 W IT H 4 33 (SO U R C ES O FWATER) 10.964
54 4I (RADIOMETERSAND INFRARED
V DEVICES) 3.317
mI * * * * * * * *
STREAM * 30 * * (DETECTING WATER WITH RADIO-S* METERS)I STREAM
1512,163
COMBINE . ..9+14+i1+16+l7+18+ * I NTERSECT
9 WATER 6,917 * 1 WITH 44SCOASTAL WATER 641 - \-- * I LAKE 4
15 SEAWATER 32 *I 44 [RADIOMETERS1 GREAT LAKES AND INFRARED
S* (NORTH AMERICA) 43 I DEVICES) 3,37717 REACHES 36 '1S COASTS 217
31 * 19 PONDS 1;20 RESERVOIRS 7 * * * * * * * * *
(WATER SOURCES) \ 21 RIVER BASINS 31
• (DETECTING LAKE WITH RADIO-METERS)
8,077
COMBINE23+22+2+225+26+ * * INTERSECT
27+28+29
* 2728+2 ~ 22 WATER RESOURCES 154 * S WITH 423 RIVERS 212 * * 3LAKES 1672 ESTUARIES 60 * I 44 (RADIOMETERS25 STREAMS 54 I AND INFRARED
3 *26 OCEANS 353 + DEVICES) 3.37727OND 828 RESERVOIR 102 * * * * * * * * * * *
32 29 RIVER 54 *747 * *******
(MORE WATER SOURCES)
• (DETECTING LAKES WITH RADIO-S * * * * * * METERS)
3,119
COMBINE *
31+32 * COMBINE31 (WATER SOURCES) 8,07732 (MORE WATER l5+6+*47
* SOURCES) 3,119* 4 5 (DETECTING WATERWITH RADIOMETERS) I 1
SI 46 (DETECTING LAKES WITH RADIOMETERS)
A ** 47 (DETECTING LAKES33* * * * * * * * * * * * WITH RADIOMETERS) 7
(SOURCES OF WATER) * * 48
* (WATER DETECTION WITH RADIO- * * * * * * *10,96 * * METERS)
S157
COMBINE
S34+35+36+37+3+ * * * * * * * * * *
39+40.1+2+63 * INTERSECT *
* * 34 RADIOMETER 641 *
35 RADIOMETERS 1,002 7 WITH 4 +S36 RADIOMETRY 325 7 WATER TEMPERATURE93
37 DICKE RADIOMETERS 32 I 4--- (RADIOMETERS
A3 INFRARED DETEC- * * AND INFRAREDS* * * * * * * * * * TORS 672 * * DEVICES) 3,377
39 INFRARED SCAN- V44 * * NERS 340 *
30 MICROWAVE RADIO-(RADIOMETERS AND INFRARED METERS 29 * 9 * * * * * * *
DEVICES) 41 SPECTRORADIO-* METERS 88 * (SENSING WATER TEMPERATURE WITH
3,377 ' 2 ACTINOMETER 104 * * RADIOMETERS)43 INFRARED TRACKING 49
52
COMBINE *I I
I PROBE 61
* 8+49 48 (WATER DETECTION I PROBE
WITH RADIOMETERS) 157 *
49 (SENSING WATER 3511
TEMPERATURE WITH *
P RADIOMETERS 12 *
50 * * .***.* . . . * COMBINE
(DETECTING WATER WITH RADIO- * 2++4+S5+ *
METERS) 56+57+58+9S+0.61 52 MEASURING INSTRU-
164 * MENTS 2,224
53 RADIATION MEASU-* * * * * * * * * * RING INSTRUMENTS 650
54 SENSORS 429
******* * * * 55 SENSOR 1,87356 DETECTORS 212
* * * * * * * * * 62 57 DETECTOR 3.360
* COMBINE * * 58 SCANNERS 395
* (SENSING AND MEASURING DEVICES) 59 SCANNER 199
4 1+6+8+50 60 PROBES 88
* 4 (SURFACE TEMPERA- * * 61 PROBE 3,511
S TURE OF LAKE) 3 12,4716 (SURFACE TEMPERA-
TURE OF LAKES) 6 * *V 8 (WATER TEMPERATURE *
* * * * * * * * * OF LAKES) I *
S50 (DETECTING WATER *51 * WITH RADIOMETERS) 164 *
* + * COMBINE( DETECTING WATER WITH RADIO- *
METERS AND SURFACE TEMPERATURE * * 1+5+7+33 *
SOF LAKES) + +* LAKE 48SLAKES 167
1 72 I7 WATER TEMPERA-I TURE 9
* * * * * * * * * * 33 (SOURCES OFSWATER) 10,964 *
* 63 *
Im * ***** *3
I * (WATER SOURCES AND WATER TEM- *
I SENSORS 54 * * PERATURE)
I I SENSORS * 11,155
429 * ****
Im *** * * *
I * INTERSECTSENSOR 62 WITH 63
I S I SENSOR * 2 (SENSING AND MEASU-* RING DEVICES) 12,471 *
1,873 63 (WATER SOURCES ANDS I WATER TEMPERA-
. . . . . * TURE) 11,155
Im *******
SI* 64I DETECTORS * 56
DI E * (MEASURING WATER TEMPERATURE)I I DETECTORS
212 292
Im *******
I DETECTOR -* 57
I I * INTERSECT *
I I DETECTOR * *3,30 *12 WITH 51
*360 + + + 12TEMPERATURE 21,826
I. 051 (DETECTING WATER* * * * * * * WITH RADIOMETERS
SAND SURFACE TEM-
Im * * * * * * PERATURE OF LAKES)172
I SCANNERS L* 58I1I* 65
,I SCANNERS *5
- I* (MEASURING WATER TEMPERATURE
395 * WITH RADIOMETERS)
I *
I SCANNER * 59
-I - SCANNER* INTERSECT * *
* + + 12WITH6 **
* * * * * * * * 12 TEMPERATURE 21,826" - - 64 (MEASURING WATER
Im I * * * * * I TEMPERATURE) 2192
I PROBES E POBE
I__ I + PROBES * * *
88
53
DISPLAY
* EXPANSION
* (MEASURING TEMPERATURE OFWATER)
5R
DATA READOUT SYSTEM 39 IDATA READOUT SYSTEMS 0 * 73
I DATA RECORDER 29 II DATA RECORDERS 130 I DATA REDUCTION
* COMBINE I DATA RECORDING 12I DATA REDUCTION 3.255 3.3985 DATA RETRIEVAL 253D6 I DATA SAMPLING 745
51 DETECTING WATER I DATA SMOOTHINIWITH RADIOMETERS I DATA STORAGE 192
SAND SURFACE TEM- * DATA SYSTEMS 1015SPERATURE OF LAKES) 172 I DATA TRANSMISSION 2.538
V R AMEASURING WATER I DATE 106** * T * *DTEMPERATURE) 292 I=DATING9
67 DATUM (ELEVATION) 11I DAWN CHORUS 411
(MEASURING WATER TEMPERATUREWITH RADIOMETERSI
DISPLAY NO TERMINATE*PRINT RE, .OTE) ADDITIONAL
ALL ACCESSION * * TERMS * DISPLAYNUMBERS (47t
Im I I II MATHEMATICAL I I COMPUTER I
I YI I II MODELS I I PROGRAM I
V
DISPLAY DSP *RDISPLAY *
EXPANSION
EEXPANSION
I I
V v
MATERIALS TESTING REACTORS 0 I * l e O CMOETI MATERIALS TESTS 1.748 I COMPUTER COMPONENTS 443I MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS 0 I COMPUTER DESIGN 1.311
MATHEMATICAL LOGIC 288 68 MATHEMATICAL I COMPUTER GRAPHICS 781 *MATHEATICAL MODEL 1516 LOGIC 29 COMPUTER METHODS 1, PROGRAM ,176ERMATHEMATICAL MODELS 17.808 6R MATHEMATICAL I COMPUTER PRORAM 76 COMPUTES ,
I MATHEMATICAL TSTATISICS 1 00 MODEL 1,516 I COMPUTER PROGRAMING 6I 7 PROGRAMS 3PUTE
I MATHEMATICAL TABLE 63 72 MATHEMATICAL I COMPUTER PROGRAMS 1. 677MATEATICAL TABLES 8 I MODELS 18.591 COMPUTER SIMULATION 55MATHEMATICS 89 COMPUTER SIMULATI
I MATHIEU EQUATION 27 I COMPUTERSTORAGE DEVICES 1,333I COMPUTER SYSTEMS DESIGN 7 1I COMPUTER SYSTEMS PROGRAMS 164 I
CONTINUE NO TERMINATEDISPLAY
DISPLAY DISPLAY NO TERMINATEADDITIONAL
* TERMS DISPLAY
* LOGIC 299
I DATA I * INTERSECT
I REDUCTION I 44*IT *1 44 (RADIOMETERS AND
INFRARED DEVICES) 3,37768 MAThEMATICAL
SILOGIC 799
54
I j I I k I
71 * * 82
* [MATHEMATICAL MODELS IN SENSING * (COMPUTER PROGRAMS AND MATHE-DEVICES) * MATICAL MODELS IN THERMAL RADIA-
* TION)20
COMBINE68+69+72+ * * PRINT (REMOTE)*73+74+75 +\ * * ALL ACCESSION
68 MATHEMATICAL * * NUMBERS (t) *6 LOGIC 299
S69 MATHEMATICAL* MODEL 1,516
V 72 MATHEMATICALMODELS 18,591 I V
7 3 DATA REDUCTION 3,39876 74 CO MPUTER PRO-
GRAM 2,176 ++ (MATHEMATICAL MODELS AND COM- * 75 COMPUTER PRO-+ PUTER PROGRAMS) * GRAMS 10,831 * END
31,935 + * SEARCH
THERMAL
I RADIATION I
THERMAL RADIATION
1,791
Im ** * ****
INFRARED 1
* 78I RADIATION
IIINFRARED RADIATION
2,132
COMBINE +
* 77+7877 THERMAL RADIA-
l + TION 1.79178 INFRARED RADIA-
STION 2,132 *
79 * *** * *
S(INFRARED AND THERMAL RADIA-+ TION)
3,823
+ INTERSECT
S 76 WITH 79S W 76 (MATHEMATICAL MODELS *
I + AND COMPUTER PRO- *
* GRAMS) 34,93S *I 79 (INFRARED AND THER-
V MAL RADIATION 1.823
80
(COMPUTER PROGRAMS AND MATHE- *MATICAL MODELS IN RADIATION)
233
+ INTERSECT
* 80 WITH I *0 (COMPUTER PROGRAMS
I AND MATHEMATICAL* MODELS IN RADIA +I TION) 233 *
V * 81 TEMPERATURE 21,826I k I+
55
LOGICAL PROCESSES EMPLOYED BY SEARCHER PJC
This searcher is an electrical engineer by training. He has had manyyears of industrial research, development, manufacturing, and managementexperience. His professional interests center on devices and systemsrather than searching specific technical questions.
He began his search (Figure 6) by requesting an expansion on tempera-ture. After reviewing all 41 terms, he constructed two sets, I dealing withtemperature measurement and 2 dealing with temperature transducers. Thefirst display of the expansion on "radiometer" indicated to him that thepertinent terms were just the three he used to create set 3 and he did notcontinue to display additional terms.
Thinking that measurement precision would certainly be a crucial as-pect of the search, he selected "precision" as set 4 without first performingan expansion. He then returned to the earlier sets and performed an inter-section of the union of sets I and 2 with set 3. The resulting set, 5,dealing with radiometers for temperature measuring, contained 147 items.Fearing that this was too small a group to represent the real content ofthe file, he tried a slightly different tack. He intersected a union ofthe first three sets with set 4. The resulting set, 6, contains documentswhich should deal with the precision with which one can make temperaturemeasurements but only partially with radiometers. Only 19 citations wereso identified. Examination of the full citation for two of these indicatedthat they were not particularly pertinent. Nevertheless, he asked thatthese 19 citations be printed in full and considered part of the final hitlist. Moving then to the idea of the mathematical models by which theradiometer indications were interpreted, searcher PJC asked for an expan-sion on "mathematical model" and selected two terms from the first andfinal display to create set 7. He then selected set 8, "temperaturemeasurement," and set 9, "temperature distribution," without examiningan expansion. Performing an intersection of set 7 with the union of sets8 and 9, he obtained set 10 with 375 postings dealing with mathematicalmodels for temperature measurement.
He then selected the term "data reduction" (set II). Backing up forthe moment, he tried an intersection of set 7 with set 9 to obtain set 12,a somewhat more restrictive form of set 10 with 298 postings. Documentsin set 12 should deal with mathematical models for temperature distributions.Apparently searcher PJC reasoned that the restricted form contained suffi-cient data from which one could sift a suitable number of pertinent hitssince he used set 12 as the basis of further investigation and dropped set10 from further consideration. Before continuing in this vein, however,he intersected set II with set I to obtain 53 citations (set 13) dealingwith data reduction of temperature measurements. Examination of the firstthree citations revealed them to be of little or moderate interest. When,however, an intersection of set 12 with set 4 gave no hits, he decided toprint set 13 as part of his final hit list.
Taking one additional tack, he selected "remote sensors" and inter-sected this with the union of sets 1, 8, and 9, all dealing with tempera-ture measurement. This produced set 15 with 107 hits which he chose toadd to his final hit list.
56
Of the 44 good hits found (out of a total of 179) by this search,only two were not found in at least one other search. Despite the limitedpromise of the citations he examined, about 25% of the hits in the searchturned out to be relevant documents. Overall recall, however, was fairlylow.
57
FIGURE 6
BEGIN
SEARCH
I TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT 1,393 1I TEMPERATURE MEASURINGI INSTRUMENTS 03
I TEMPERATURE PHOTOMETER 5 * TEMPERATURE MEASURE-
TEMPERATURE PHOTOMETEPS 0 I MENT
V I TEMPERATURE PROBE 7 I TEMPERATURE MEASURING
Im I TEMPERATURE PROBES 92 * NSTRUMENTS
II TEMPERATURE PROFILE 307 * TEMPERATURE SENSORSI TEMPERATURE I TEMPERATURE PROFILES 1,237 I
STEMPERATURE SCALES 103 4,S967
I I TEMPERATURE SENSORS 252 -
* DISPLAY * VEXPANSION
ISPLAYI DISPLAY *ADDITIONAL
TERMS
TELSTAR 1 SATELLITE 3 * YES
TEMPER 75 1I TEMPER (METALLURGY)I 50
I TEMPERATE 53 II TEMPERATE REGIONS 247 1 I TEMPERATURE 25,512 * * * * * *
I TEMPERATURE COMPENSATION 17 I I TEMPERATURE TRANSDUCER 30 *
I TEMPERATURE CONTROL 1,799 I I TEMPERATURE TRANSDUCERS 0 *
I TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE 79 I I TEMPERING 99 II TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCES 0 I I TEMPLATE 27 I TEMPERATURE TRANS-
I TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION 5.474 I I TEMPLATES 27 I DUCERI TEMPORARY 72SI TENDENCY 10 1 30
I TENDON 10
I TENDONS 15 I * * * * * * *
I TENITE 2
*
DISPLAYADDITIONAL *
TERMS
*YES * DISPLAY
LIMIT
v REACHEDIeI TEMPERATURE EFFECT 1,884 II TEMPERATURE EFFECTS 1, 257I TEMPERATURE FIELD 286I TEMPERATURE FIELDS 0 II TEMPERATURE GRADIENT 232I TEMPERATURE GRADIENTS 2,175 I ImI TEMPERATURE INDICATOR 32 II TEMPERATURE INDICATORS I I RADIOMETER II TEMPERATURE INSTRUMENTS 4 II TEMPERATURE INVERSIONS 16(4II
DISPLAY* EXPANSION
DISPLAYADDITIONAL
TERMIS *
? I
I RADIOISOTOPE BATTERIES 213 I*YES RADIOLOGY 453 4 3
I RADIOLYSIS 4ERI RADIOMETEOROGRAPH 13 * RADIOMETER
I RADIOMETEOROGRAPHS 11 *
RADIOMETERS
I RADIOMETER 791 RADIOMETRY
I RADIOMETERS 1,093I RADIOMETRY 73 * 2,172
SAI I RADIONUCLIDE 134 I
I RADIONUCLIDES D II RADIOPATHOLOGY 86 II RADIOPHOSPHOR 5 I
I RADIOPHOSPHORS 2 II RADIOPHYSICS 1I5 11 RADIOPROTECTIVE AGENTS I
RADIOSENSITIVITY 74 I
58
I B I
I *
I 72A26457
DISPLAY NO TERMINATEADDITIONAL Digital precision measurement of ten- I
TERMS * DISPLAY *praturea a (Digital precision measurement of ther- I
I moouple thermal EMF at 200-100
C, I
I examining block diagraml
SEIDEL. L. R.; ALIEV, T. M.;I TER-KHACHATUROV. A. A.
I in: Automatic Monitoring and EletricalIm I Measurement Methods. Volume 2
PRECISION II (A72-26435-11-10), Novosibirsk,
I I Izdatel'Stvo Nauka, 1971. p.31-37.I I IN RUSSIAN.
I /*DIITAL SYSTEMS/*ELECTROMOTIVE I
SFORCES/*TEMPERATURE MEASIIREE II NTi/THERMOCOUPLES/ COMPENSATOR I
SI S/ DEMODULATORS/ PRECISION/ SHIFT I
* SELECT 1 RECISTERS/ THERMOSTATS
TERM a . . PRECISION I I
969
Sa DISPLAY
LIMIT
* TEMPERATURE MEASURE-
MENT a 0 REACHED
TEMPERATURE MEASURING* INSTRUMENTS* TEMPERATURE SENSORS *
40967
* DISPLAY *SECOND
az aCITATION
INTERSECT* ( 1 + 2 I - TEMPERATURE TRANS-
S WITH DUCER
30 1
* * * A22111
SI Native magntoresistance in carb I
S5 a 3 resistance termometers
(emperature measurement error due I
S(TEMPERATURE MEASURING DEVICES) RADIOMETER I o negative magnetoretane in carbon I
S RADIOMETERS resistane thermometers. Indicating
147 * RADIOMETRY a correction procedure where magneticI field is involved)
S 2.172* * HUDSON, W. R. (NASA, LEWIS
* * * * * * * RESEARCH CENTER. CLEVELAND.OHIO I
I Review of Scientific Instruments. vo.39,I
I p.253,254 .
INTERSECT I *CARBON/*INSTRUIENT ERRORS/*MAC I
* ( 1 + 2 ) 3I NETORESISTIVITYI*NEGAT[VE RESISTA
WITH NCE DEVICES/*RESISTANCE THFRMOM I
4 ETERS/*TEMPERATURE MEASURING INI STRUMENTS/ IAGNETIC FIFLDS/ AG I
I NETIC FLUX/ PRECISION/ TEMPERATUI RE EFFECTS
* (PRECISIDN TEMPERATURE MEASURE- *MENT)
19 0 DISPLAY
LIMIT
a PEACHED
DISPLAY *
FIRST
* CITATION a
I1
1C I
59
I D I E l I
* MATHEMATICAL MODELMATHEMATICAL MODELS
1 9 22,499
PRINT (REMOTE) * INTERSECTALL CITATIONS *
(COMPLETE) * WITH * * * . * * *
(19) * (8+9)
TEMPERATURE MEASURE-
m I R ENTI MATHEMATICAL I
MI EL I 4. 431
I I
FDISPLAY * TEMPERATURE DISTRIBU-EXPANSION TION
5,554
I* I
MATERIALS TESTING REACTOR 39 I * * * 10MATERIALS TESTING REACTORS 0 I 7
MATERIALS TESTS 1,647 I (TEMPERATURE MODELS)I MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS 0 1 MATHEMATICAL MODEL
I MATHEMATICAL LOGIC 415 MATHEMATICAL MODELS 375
I MATHEMATICAL MODEL 1.530I MATHEMATICAL MODELS 20.96 22,499** * * *I MATHEMATICAL STATISTICS 101 1I MATHEMATICAL TABLE 63 I
I MATHEMATICAL TABLES 111 I
I DATA
I REDUCTION
* I
DISPLAY *NO TERMINATE SELECT
ADDITIONAL _* TERM * DATA REDUCTIONTERMS DISPLAY TR D
• * * * * 3,657
le iNTERSECTI TEMPERATURE I 7*
I MEASUREMENT I * WITH9*1TI I ,,\
I I
TERM * TEMPERATURE MEASURE-
MENT (TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION
4.431 MODELSI
I I
I TEMPERATURE II DISTRIBUTION I
S M I TEMPERATURE MEASURE-I I MENT
TEMPERATURE MEASURINGINSTRUMENTS
INTERSECT TEPERATURE SENSORS
9 WITH 4,967SELECTTERM TEMPERATURE DISTRIBU-
5,554 V
I E M
(TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTIDATA REDUCTION
60
IIG *******
12
* (TEMPERATURE DISTRIB-I / UTION MODELS)
• * ***298D ISPLAYS DSPY * * INTERSECTFIRST * 12 a
CITATION WITH
* 4 . . . *...
v PRECISION
72B10716 72/12/00UNCLASSIFIEO DOCUMENT DOMESTIC [A multielement probe for coincident Itemperature and pressure matasurements. I(Small, multielement probes are de- ISscribed which measure total pressure Iand temperature coincidentally at one Ior several points in gas stream.) I NULLA/GLAWE, C. E.; B/DUDZ(NSKI, T. J.; I SETC/KRAUSE L. N./*DATA REDUCTION/*GAS STREAMS/* IPRESSURE MEASUREMENTS/*PROEES/* I
I TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT/*THER- II MOCOUPLES I
S C 13
* PRINT (REMOTE) *DISPLAY * ALL CITATIONS (TEMPERATURE MEASURE- *SECOND * (COMPLETE) * MENT/DATA REDUCTION)
• CITATION ( 53
I
w* PRINT (REMOTE)SI a ALL ACCESSION
1 7150792* 66/05/00 1 PACE I C NUMBERS *I FORTRAN 63 UNCLASSIFIED DOCUMENT I (53
SMD general thermocouple acquisition II (Theocouple data reduction) IA/FISHER
I NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE II ADMINISTRATION. LYNDON B. JOHNSONII SPACE CENTER. HOUSTON, TEX REMOTEI TOTAL COST- $2,575.00 N. A. SENSORS
MAN-MONTHS/MACHINE HOURS- 1.0/5.0 1MAY 1966 SHARING STATUS- YES I/*DATA REDUCTION/*TEMPERATU RE
I MEASUREMENT/CNERMOCOUPLS/ II CDC 3800 COMPUTER/ CONSTANTAN/ II DATA ACQUISITION/ FORTRAN
S SELECTTERM * REMOTE SENSORS
. aa* 2,657
S DISPLAYTHIRD
CITATION
IS* TEMPERATURE MEASURE-
Ic " MENT
I 73A33436 731/06/01 10 PAGESSUNCLASSIFIED DOCUMENT I 4 ,431
SErrors in ion and electron temperature I INTERSECT *measurements due to grid plane poten- 1I al nonunlformites In reaing poten- I WIHtial analyzers,
I A/COLDAN, P. D.; B/YADLOWSKY. I aI E. J.; C/WHIPPLE. E. C., JR.I C/(NOAA, AERONOMY LABORATORY, TEMPERTURE DISTRI-I BOULDER, COLO.)
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. I UTION
I VOL. 78, JUNE 1, 1973 P. 2907-2916, 5I /*ELECTRON ENERGY/*INSTRUMENT I 5.54
I ERRORS/*ION TEMPERATURE/*TEMPER- II ATURE MEASUREMENT/ DATA REDUC- II TION/ ION CURRENTS/ ION TRAPS II (INSTRUMENTATION)/PERTURBATION II THEORY/ RADAR MEASUREMENT/I SADDLE POINTS
I * TEMPERATURE MEASURE- *MENT
TEMPERATURE MEASURING *S a INSTRUMENTS
* TEMPERATURE SENSORS *
• 4 ,967
* CONTINUE * NO C TERMINATE *I HD IS P L A Y C * a * * C?
DISPLAY
I
61
(TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION/MEASUREMENT)
107
SPRINT (REMOTE)ALL ACCESSION
NUMBERS(107)
END
SEARCH
62
LOGICAL PROCESSES EMPLOYED BY SEARCHER SFS
Searcher SFS is a young, graduate industrial engineer with a special-ization in production but with no industrial experience. He is familiarwith searching procedures, the NASA data base, and with RECON.
As seen in Figure 7, he began by attempting a hierarchical (thesaurus)expansion on the basic instrument used to make the measurement of laketemperature from an overflying aircraft (radiometer). Since the term didnot appear in the singular in the dictionary, he asked for an expansion ofthat portion of the alphabetical dictionary. In this fashion he foundthat thesaurus expansions are generally made about plural forms. He selectedradiometers as a set and then went on to perform the expansion he had origi-nally set out to do, i.e.,on radiometers. From the resulting display of20 terms he grouped eight to create set 2.
Since the customer had been concerned about possible accuracy ofmeasurement, searcher SFS next asked for an expansion on the word "accuracy."Other than the term itself (set 3), nothing else in the display appeared tobe of interest. He then tried a thesaurus expansion on "accuracy." Fromthese displays he selected three terms from which he created set 4. Hethen intersected a union of set I and 2 (radiometers) with a union of sets3 and 4 (accuracy). This produced 132 hits. Upon display of the firstthree citations, he decided that the index term "calibrating" was respon-sible for retrieving these citations which were not directly pertinent. Hetherefore dropped calibrating from set 4 thereby creating set 6. He thenrepeated the intersection (this time with set 6 instead of set 4) to obtainset 7 with only 20 hits. The first three citations from set 7 were onlyslightly more pertinent than those from set 5. This indicated to him thatif he were to find a significant number of pertinent documents, a new tackwould be required.
He tried an expansion on sensor technology but was disappointed withthe neighboring terms and therefore discontinued the expansion. He thendecided to perform a thesaurus expansion on "technology" with the resultthat he learned the term does not appear in the thesaurus. A dictionaryexpansion on the same term showed it did appear in the pre-1968 file with2,556 postings and that "technologies" was the correct term for the post-1967 file. From these two terms, he created set 8. This he then inter-sected with set 2 (the thesaurus expansion on radiometers) and obtainedonly two hits which he displayed. They were not pertinent so he decidedto accept as his final hit list the 132 items from set 5, knowing of coursethat the relevance of at least the first three citations was not good.He later redid the search along essentially the same lines and got a totalof 160 hits. The latter items were the ones evaluated. Some 60 itemsfrom this group were regarded by the experiment director as pertinent.Thirty-one of these were not found by any other searcher. The 60 perti-nent items found in this search can be compared with the total number ofpertinent items found in all searches (388) to point out that while therelevance is high, the recall is only 15.5%.
63
FIGURE 7
I A
BEGIN
SEARCH
I tRADIOMETERS 1,422 IDICKE RADIOMETERS 34
I INFRARED DETECTORS 1,901F INFRARED SCANNERS 583
I MICROWAVE RADIOMETERS 334 1-v I PASSIVE L-BAND RADIOMETERS 0 1--
Im I I SPECTRORADIOMETERS 114 ----I ACTINOMETERS 103
I RADIOMETER I I MEASURING INSTRUMENTS 3,304I RADIATION MEASURING
I I INSTRUMENTS 810 II BOLOMETERS 228I FOREST FIRE DETECTION 23
TERM
DISPLAY * TERM I 2THESAURUS >* NOT IN EXPANSION * * * DICKE RADIOMETERS
DICTIONARY INFRARED DETECTORS** NFRARED SCANNERS
DISPLAY * * MICROWAVE RADIOMETERSADDITIONAL -- PASSIVE L-AND
TERMS * RADIOMETERSI * SPECTRORADIOMETERS
* * _INFRARED PHOTOGRAPHYIm I * YES * INFRARED TRACKING
I RADIOMETER I I * 1,731I I *
I t
I HORIZON SCANNERS 193I INFRARED PHOTOGRAPHY 517
v I INFRARED TRACKING 279I KNUDSEN GAGES 73 1
DISPLAY * I PHOTOMETERS 915 IEXPANSION I PYRANOMETERS 38 I
I SPECTROPHOTOMETERS 341 II THERMISTORS 330 1
I IRADIOISOTOPE BATTERIES 1I7 I * mRADIOLOGY 351 IRADIOLYSIS 371 I I ACCURACY IRADIOMETEOROGRAPH 12 RADIOMETERS
RADIOMETEOROGRAPHS 11 I IRADIOMETER 641 * 960RADIOMETERS 948 JRADIOMETRY 325 I * * * * * * *
RADIONUCLIDE 98 I VRADIONUCLIDES 0 IRADIOPATHOLOGY 7 I * DISPLAYRADIOPHOSPHOR I EXPANSIONRADIOPHOSPHORS 2 IRADIOPRYSICS 160 IRADIOPROTECTIYVE AGENTS 0 IRADIOSENSITIVITY 62 1
I ACCUMULATION 137 IV ACCUMULATIONS 41 3
IACCUMULATOR 45 II * * IACCMULATORS 1 I ACCURACYI ACCUMULATORS (COMPUTERS) 16t
DISPLAY * NO TERMINATE I ACCURACY 2,659 2,662
ADDITIONAL - I ACETAL 8 ITERMS * DISPLAY I ACETALDEHYDE 34 I
? I ACETALS 12 IS**I ACETANILIDE 4 I
I ACETATE 111 II ACETATES 84 II ACETATION 0 II ACETAZOLAMIDE 5I ACETIC 61 I
Ie I I ACETIC ACID 90 II I I ACETONE 169 I
RADIOMETERS I I ACETONITRILE 24I I
II"_
DISPLAY *THESAURUS * DISPLAY * NO TERMINATEEXPANSION * ADDITIONAL *C=======
S TERMS DISPLAY
I*
I A I
64
Im I
I ACCURACY II I
S73A29331 ISSUE 13 PAGE 1621* DISPLAY * I CATEGORY 14 NASS-11320 73/03/00 I
* THESAURUS I 33 PAGES UNCLASSIFIED DOCUMENT I
EXPANSIONSPerformance of optical surfaces in
I (ERTS-1 satellite-borne high reso- II lution mulispectrl radlometer scanner, I
SI discussing optical surface performance II during exposure to direct and refleced I
ACCURACY 3,952 I I sunlight)
ERROR ND 3 I A/HORAN, J. J.; B/SCHWARTZ,
ANGULAR RESOLUTION 184 I S.; C/LOVE . . B/G neral ICALBRATING 30 Electric Co.. Space Div., Valley Forge. I
CNSISTENCY I Pa.); C/{Hughes Aircraft Corp.,CONSISTENCY 87CORRECTION 2,9 El Sundo, Cali)
DEFINITION 79 AmeDRIFT (INSTRUMENTATION) 342 1 Optical Sncity of America. Spring
DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS 223 Meeting. Denver. Col.. Mar. 13-16,
ERRORS 1.235 1973, Paper. 33 p.
HIGH RESOLUTION 1,88 /*EARTH RESOURCES TECHNOLOGY
LINEARITY 1.36 I SATELLITES/*MULTISPECTRAL BAND I
MEASUREMENT 26,629 I SCANNERS/OPTICAL SCANNERS/* I
MISS DISTANCE 7 I I SATELLITE-ORNE INSTRUMENTS/ II SPECTRORADIOMETERS/ CALIBRATING I
/ HIGH RESOLUTION/ INFRARED SCAN- II NERS/ LIGHT VISIBLE RADIATION)/ I
6 0I NEAR INFRARED RADIATION/ RADIA- II TION EFFECTS/ SATELLITE ORBITS/ I
SCONSISTENCY I SOLAR RADIATION/ SYSTEM EFFEC-
0 PRECISION I TIVEESS
* DISPLAY a * 858* ADDITIONAL
* TERMS * * * * * * * *
YES* * * * * * * * * DISPLAY *SECOND
a * CITATION *
* CALIBRATING aV * CONSISTENCY
t I * PRECISIONPRECISION 1,240 I I
QUALITY 2,734 I 3.378RANGE ERRORS 109 IRELIABILITY 9,747 I I 73A27840* ISSUE 2 PAGE 1545
RESOLUTION 2,661 I I CATEGORY 30 73/02/00 10 PAGESSEQUENTIAL CONTROL 398 I I UNCLASSIFIED DOCUMENTSTANDARDS 1.298 ISURVEYS 744 A recalibration of the quiet un I
TESTS 605 I millimeter spectrum based on the moon I
TOLERANCES (MECHANICS) 723 I as an absolute rdlometric standard. I
VALIDITY 250 I
VIRTUAL PROPERTIES 7 I A/LINSKY, J. L. A/(Joint Institute II for Laboratory Atrophyic.s, Bouder, II Colo.)
SI Solar Physics, vol. 28. Feb. 1973, Ia5I p. 409-418. NASA-sponored research.
RADIOMETERS /*BRIGHTNESS TEMPERATURE/* ICALIBRATING/*LUNAR RADIATION/ I
* 60 1 MILLIMETER WAVES/0
SOLAR SPECTRA II /*STANDARDS/ ASTRONOMICAL SPEC- I
S INTERSECT 0 . . . I TROSCOPY/ MICROWAVE RADIOMETERS IS ( 1 + 2 1 / MICROWAVE SPECTRA/ SPECTRUM I
WITH aa * I ANALYSIS/ TEMPERATURE DISTRIB- IS3 4 I UTION/ TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT
a 2 0 I
DICKE RADIOMETERS* e* * INFRARED DETECTORS
o INFRARED SCANN RVa MICROWAVE RADIOMETERS *
5 30 PASSIVE L-BAND DISPLAY
RADIOMETERS THIRD
(RADIOMETER ACCURACY) a SPECTRORADIOMETERS CITATION
* INFRARED PHOTOGRAPHY132 a * INFRARED TRACKING
* * * * * * * * * 1,731
* DISPLAY 3FIRST 0
* CITATION * ACCURACY I C I
2,662
65
CI ttI C I
73A26545 ISSUE II PAGE 1426 * DISPlAYCATEGORY 30 73/02/00 4t PAGES I FIRSTUNCLASSIFIED DOCUMENT I CITATION
The moon as a proposed radiometr Istandard for microwave and infrared Iobservations of extended sources.
A/LINSKY, J. L. A/(Joint Institute Ifor Laboratory Astrophysics, Boulder, I I 71A31091 ISSUE 14 PACE 2178Colo.) I I CATEGORY 2 AHS PREPRINT 530
S71/05/00 13 PAGES UNCLASSIFIEDAstrophysical Journal Supplement I I DOCUMENT
Series (Supplement no. 216) ,vol. 25,Feb. 1973, p. 163-203. NASA- I I Day and night fire power of thesupported research, I Cheyenne I
S (Cheyenne attack helicopter weapons I/*BRIGHTNESS TEMPERATURE/* I I system, discussing night vision cpa- I
INFRARED RADIATION/*LUNAR RADIA- I I bility, armament, fire control and nav-TION/*LUNAR TEMPERATURE/*MICRO- I I igation equipment integration)WAVE RADIOMETERS/*STANDARDS/ ICALIBRATINCG/ LUNAR SOIL/ RADIATIONI I A/KIRBY, J. C.; B/MERRITT, 8. J.1SOURCES/ RADIO SPECTRA/ SURFACE I (AR/U.S. ARMY, ST. LOUIS, MO./ ITEMPERATURE/ THERMAL CONDUC- I I AA/LOCKHEED-CALIFORNIA CO., BUR-TIVIWT/ THERMAL RADIATION I I BANK, CALIF./.) AVAIL.NTIS
I I MEMBERS, DOL. 1.25, NONMEMCERS,I DOL. 2.00
I NEW YORK, AMERICAN HELICOPTER IV I SOCIETY, ANNUAL NATIONAL V/STOL
I FORUM, 27TH, WASHINGTON, D.C.,a I MAY 19-21, 1971.
• CONTINUE * NO * TERMINATE /*ATTACK AIRCRAFT/*FIRE CON-DISPLAY :*======-* I TROL/*GUNS {ORDINANCE)/ H-56 I
C DISPLAY I HELICDPTER/NIGHT VISION/*WEAPON II SYSTEMS/ ACCURACY/ AIRCRAFTI DESIGN/ CONFERENCES/ INFRARED II DETECTORS/ LASER RANGE FINDERS II / NAVIGATION INSTRUMENTS/ RE-I SEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT/ RETICLES I
I/ SYSTEMS ENGINEERING
RADIOMETERS *
960 * DISPLAYS SECOND
* * CITATION
O DICKE RADIOMETERS *
o INFRARED DETECTORS C I 71A30916" ISSUE 14 PACE 2200O INFRARED SCANNERS I CATEGORY 7 HNA5-11500 71/00/00 I
MICROWAVE RADIOMETERS I 9 PAGES UNCLASSIFIED DOCUMENT
RADIOMETERS Electronic procesing in the verticalSSPECTRORADIOMETERS I ltemperature prfile radiometer
C INFRARED PHOTOGRAPHY C I (IR scanning vertical temperatureSINFRARED TRACKING I profile radiomete fo Ios metoTlical I
satellites, describing electronic signal1,731 I pr esssing)
• INTERSECT * * * * * * *I A/ZINK, D. AA/BARNES ENGIN-(I 121 * I EERING CO., STAMFORD, CONN./.)WIT C
SI 3 + 6 * NEW YORK, INST. OF ELECTRICALC 3 I AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS, IlC., I
I IN- NTC '71, INST. OF ELECTRICALACCURACY I AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS, NA-
TIONAL TELEMETRING CONFERENCE,2,662 I WASHINGTON, D.C., APP. 12-15, 1971, I
I RECORD. P. 194-202. fA71-30896 14-07/
/*ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATUP.E/*INFRARED SCANNERS/*SATELLITE IN-
I STRUIENTS/*SIGNAL PROCESSING/ IC * I TEMPLRA1 RFE PROFILES/VERTICAL I
I DISTRIBUTION/ ACCURACY/ CALIBRAT- IC CONSISTENCY I ING/ CONFERENCES/ INSTRUMENT LR- I
PRECISION * I RORS/ ITOS 1/ METEOROLOCICAL SAT- I
I ELLITES/ TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION i
a 7 C
* DISPLAY *S(RADIOMETER PRECISION) TIRD
C CITATION20
66
El IF
71A26174# ISSUE 11 PACE 1763 I * DISPLAYCATEGORY 14 70/00/00 13 PAGES I THESAURUSIn BULGARIAN. UNCLASSIFIED I * EXPANSIONDOCUMENT
Infrared radiometer for meteorologicallpurposes
Meteorologlcal IR radiometer with Vthermosensitive element, chopper cir- Icuil and AC microvoltmeter, outlining Icalibration procedure)
a TERMA/BOGDANOV, S. IB'LGARSMK AKADEMIIA NA NAUKITE.I NOT IN
INSTITUT PD KHIDROLOGIIA I METEOR- IOLOGIIA, IZVESTIA, VOL. 18, P. 5-17. I * DICTIONARY *
/*INFRARED INSTRUMENTS/*METE- IOROLOGICAL INSTRUMENTS/*RADIOM- IETERS/ ACCURACY/ ALTERNATING ICURRENT/ CALIBRATING/ ELECTRIC ICHOPPERS/ ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE IFILTERS/ TEMPERATURE MEASURING I VINSTRUMENTS/ VOLTMETERS I
* DISPLAY *EXPANSION *
v
* CONTINUE * NO * TERMINATE * * * * * * *
DISPLAY o- I TECHNICAL WRITING 920 a 0 DISPLAY * TECHNIQUE 4,168 I * 8
TECHNIQUES 0 Ia TECHNOLOGICAL FORECASTING 131 6 TECHNOLOGIES
TECHNOLOGIES 606 TECHNOLOGYI TECHNOLOGY 2, 56 I TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT 613 I 0 2, 64
TECHNOLOGY FEASIBILITY ISPACECRAFT 8 I * * * * * * *
Im I I TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER 228 ISENSOR I I TECHNOLOGY UTILIZATION 2,169 I
I TECHNOLOGY I I TECTONIC MOVEMENT 45 II I TECTONICS 327I I TEE 11 II TEETERING 4 I
DISPLAY 0
S EXPANSION 0
* DISPLAY * NO TERMINATEADDITIONAL =====Y
I TERMS DISPLAY
le 1
SENSITIZATION 34 ISENSITIZER 26SENSITIZING 39
SENSOR 1,873 ISENSOR FOR AIRBORNE TERRAIN
ANALYSIS ISENSOR TECHNOLOGY 0 I2SENSOR-AIRBORNE TERRAIN
ANALYSIS o I * DICKE RADIOMETERSSENSORIMOT3R PERFORMANCE 285 I 0 INFRARED DETECTORSSENSORS 418 * INFRARED SCANNERSSENSORY 264 I MICROWAVE RADIOMETERSSENSORY AID 7 I PASSIVE L-BANDSENSORY DEPRIVATION 114 * RADIOMETERS
• SPECTRORADIOMETERS* INFRARED PHOTOGRAPHY* INFRARED TRACKING
* 1,731
* INTERSECT * * * * * * *
0 DISPLAY * NO * TERMINATE WITHADDITIONAL 8==1=> 8
S TERMS DISPLAY
9
Im I (RADIOMETER TECHNOLOGY)
I TECHNOLOGY I 2I I
SI G67
67
I G I
*PRINT (REMOTE) *ALL ACCESSION *=-=== o== =* (RADIOMETER ACCURACY)NUMBERS (132)
* 132
• DISPLAYFIRST a
S CITATION
END
Ic SEARCH
71N225260 ISSUE 13 PAGE 2192 I
I CATEGORY 3 NASA-SP-251 70/0/0 1376 PAGES UNCLASSIFIED DOCUMENT I
I Significant accomplishments in sci- I
ence and technology at Goddard SpaceFlight Center, 1969
(Aerospace scientific and technologi- IIcal studies in 1969 for satellite systems
and spacecraft missions)
National Aeronautics and Space Ad-ministration. Goddard Space FlightCenter, Greenbelt, Md. AVAIL.NTIS
WASHINGTON PROC. OF A SYMP. IHELD AT GREENBELT, MD., 3-4 DEC.
I 1969
/ AEROSPACE SCIENCES/*ASTRO-PHYSICS/*ATOMIC PHYSICS/*CLOUDPHYSICS/*CONFERENCES/*REMOTE I
I SENSORS/ SATELLITE-BORNE PHOTO-
I GRAPHY/*SOLAR PHYSICS/*SPACE-BORNE ASTRONOMY/*SPACECRAFT IELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT/*SPACECRAFT I
I POWER SUPPLIES/*TECHNOLOGIES/I ASTRONOMICAL MODELS/ ATMOSPHER- II IC COMPOSITION/ INFRARED DETEC-I TORS/ ORBITAL CALCULATION
a DISPLAY *SECOND
a CITATION *
II'c
68N366D0# ISSUE 23 PAGE 072CATEGORY 16 FTD-HT-61-216AD-673759 67/08/31 26 PAGES
I UNCLASSIFIED DOCUMENT
Recent foreign developments inlaser technology
(Review of recent foreign develop- Iments In laser technology)
A/HUANG, W. H.
Air Force Systems Command, Wright- ISPatterson AFB, Ohio. (FOREIGN TECH- I
NOLOGY DIV.)I TRANSL. INTO ENGLISH FROM K'O I
HI SUEH T'UNG PAO /PEKING/ , NO. 2,I 1965 P. 166-174
I / /LASERS/*REVIEWING/TECHNO- ILOGIES/ DISPLAY DEVICES/ INFRARED
I DETECTORS/ LIGH---
* CONTINUE * NO a TERMINATE aDISPLAY TEM=== * I
SDISPLAY
68
LOGICAL PROCESSES EMPLOYED BY SEARCHER CLN
This searcher is an aerospace engineer with a research and develop-ment background (primarily in structures) and a familiarity with the database and with RECON.
He began his search (Figure 8) by requesting an expansion on "radi-ometer." Although he only looked at the initial display, he selected fourterms centering around "radiometer" from which to create set I. He thenrequested a thesaurus expansion on "radiometers" selecting 9 from which hecreated set 2.
His next idea was to examine the potential of terms related to thermalpollution. The dictionary expansion, he concluded, was not very productiveso he tried thesaurus expansion. From this he took 13 terms to form set 3.One of the other terms in the expansion, "Lakes," seemed to him to offeran opportunity to examine a very pertinent aspect of the problem. Hecollected 9 terms from the thesaurus expansion to form set 4. Then,approaching the crux of the matter, he requested an expansion on "water."Set 5, taken from this expansion, deals with "water," "water intake(s),"and "water management" and has some 8,700 postings.
He then approached the idea of "remote sensing" but when the term wasnot found in the thesaurus dictionary, he abandoned the idea and proceededto intersect the union of sets I and 2 with the union of sets 3, 4, and 5.The resulting set, 7, should contain documents dealing with radiometry ofwater systems. Set 7 consists of 230 items. The searcher displayed theaccession numbers of these and then displayed the full citation for a newN-document and an older A-document. These appeared to be approaching thecore of the matter; in particular, the first item seemed quite pertinent.
The searcher next left these documents and proceeded to examine anotheraspect of the problem statement; a mathematical model of the emission,transmission, and reception of radiant energy. He began by requesting anexpansion on "mathematical model" and selected two terms from among the 24that he examined. Out of these he created set 8. Since the customer, asindicated by the problem statement, was interested in solving any mathemati-cal model deemed appropriate by computer, the searcher next asked for anexpansion on "computerized." The first display convinced him that in askingfor an expansion on "computerized," he had passed the point in thedictionary where the terms of most interest lay. He therefore asked foran expansion on "computer" and from this selected four terms with totalpostings of 16,367 as set 9.
Continuing with the idea of computerized processing of data accordingto a given mathematical model, the searcher asked for an expansion on "data."He formed set 10 with 12,745 postings from 5 of the terms in this expansionwhich, incidently, he carried through to 40 terms. Next, he asked for athesaurus expansion on "Data reduction." The results he did not care for.He then intersected a union of sets 8, 9, and 10 with a union of sets I and2 to obtain set II of 288 postings which dealt with modeling and processingof radiometer data. Apparently, the number of documents in this set wassomewhat larger than he reasoned might be really pertinent so he performed
69
(1+2) * (8+10) and got set 12 with 256 hits; (1+2) * 10 and got 202; (1+2) *(8+9) and got 102. Each of these subsets of II were fairly large, indicatingsubstantial overlap in indexing. He tried to get somewhat more specific hitsby performing (1+2) * (8+9) * 10 which yielded set 15 with 16 hits.
Backtracking, the searcher then combined sets 7 and II to obtain set 16with 504 documents dealing generally with radiometry, water systems and dataanalysis. At this point, he decided he would go back to the thesaurus ex-pansion of "radiometers." From this expansion, he selected five terms,instead of the nine he used to form set 2, to create set 17. He then per-formed an operation similar to the creation of set II, except that he re-placed set 2 by set 17. This gave him 164 hits (compared with 288 in setII). He added to this set, set 18, the 230 documents from set 7 dealingwith radiometry and water systems to form set 19 with 387 documents. Thishe called his final hit list. Ninety-seven of these hits were consideredgood (relevant) by the project director. Eighteen of these were not foundby any other searcher.
70
FIGURE 8
** *
BEGIN
SEARCH I
DISPLAYI ADDITIONAL
TERMS *
Im I *
* YESS RADIOMETER II I
SIt
I HORIZON SCANNERS 193V I INFRARED PHOTOGRAPHY 617
I INFRARED TRACKING 279
DISPLAY I KNUDSEN GAGES 73
EXPANSION I PHOTOMETERS 915 II PYRANOMETERS 3 II SPECTROPHOTOMETERS 345
I THERMISTORS 330 II I
RADIOISOTOPE BATTERIES 213 IRADIOLOGY 465 I Im
RADIOLYSIS R68 I I THERMAL
RADIOMETEOROGRAPH 13 I RADIOMETEOROGRAPHS * I POL-
RADIOMETEOROGRAPHS 11 - RADIOMETER IRADIOMETER 719 RADIOMETERSRADIOMETERS 1, 93 RADIOMETRYRADIOMETRY 373RADIONUCLIDE 134 I 2,205RADIONUCLIDES 0 I VRADIOPATHOLOGY 86 I
RADIOPHOSPHOR 5 * DISPLAYRADIOPHOSPHORS 2 I EXPANSIONRAOIOPHYSICS 8s IRADIOPROTECTIVE AGENTS 0 IRADIOSENSITIVITY 74 1
v I THERMAL NEUTRON 207I THERMAL NEUTRONS 776* * I THERMAL NOISE 412 II THERMAL PLASMA 182
DISPLAY *NO TERMINATE I THERMAL POL- 0ADDITIONAL *===>=Y * --- THERMAL POLLUTION 47 I
TERMS DISPLAY I THERMAL POWER 26 II THERMAL PROPERTIES O II THERMAL PROPERTY 269 1I THERMAL PROTECTION 910 1I THERMAL RADIATION 1,878 I
THERMAL RADIO EMISSION ITHERMAL REACTORS 84
le I
RADIOMETERS II I V
DISPLAY * NO * TERMINATEv ADDITIONAL ==== *
TERMS DISPLAYDISPLAY
THESAURUS
EXPANSION
V leIt I * * * * * * I THERAL I
RADIOMETERS 1,422 --- POLLUTIONDICKE RADIOMETERS R--- * 2INFRARED DETECTORS D,901 I----
INFRARED SCANNERS 583 I RADIOMETERSMICROWAVE RADIOMETERS 334 - * DICKE RADIOMETERSPASSIVE L-BAND RADIOMETERS 0 H INFRARED DETECTORS I
SPECTRORADIOMETERS 114 * INFRARED SCANNERS vACTINOMETERS 103 I * MICROWAVE RADIOMETERSMEASURING INSTRUMENTS 3,304 I PASSIVE L-BAND DISPLAYRADIATION MEASURING I RADIOMETERS * THESAURUS
INSTRUMENTS 810 I * SPECTRORADIOMETERS EXPANSIONBOLOMETERS 228 I RADIATION MEASURINGFOREST FIRE DETECTION 23 I * INSTRUMENTS
I INFRARED PHOTOGRAPHY
3,603
I A I
ID I
71
18 IC
It I It
THERMAL POLLUTION 49 - I EUTROPHICATION 4 IPOLLUTION 428 1- I KETTLES (GEOLOGY) O
I BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS 1,475 I I LAGOONS I
I COASTAL ECOLOGY I_89 r THERMAL POLLUTION I LAKE CHAPLAIN BASIN (NY-VT)
ENVIRONMENT EFFECTS 115 1- POLLUTION I KE ICE 8 II ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION 331 1-- COASTAL ECOLOGY I LIMNOLOCY 18 II ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 4A 1- ENVIRONMENT EFFECTS I PLAYAS 16 II ENVIRONMENTAL SURVEYS 51 ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION I PONDS II
I ENVIRONMENTS 299 I * ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY I REGIONAL PLANNING 49 IHEAT TRANSFER 14,915 1 ENVIRONMENTAL SURVEYS I RSERVOIRS 98 ---
LAKES 195 * LIQUID COOLING I RIVER BASINS 27 1-I LIQUID COOLING 116 I * MARINE BIOLOGY I SPRINGS (WATER) 0I MARINE BIOLOGY 248 - * OCEANS I STRAITS 5I NUCLEAR REACTORS 2,366 I SEAS I SURFACE WATER 0
I WATER POLLUTION I THERMAL POLLUTION 49I WATER TEMPERATURE I WATER CIRCULATION 2
I WATER COLOR 12 IS.549 I WATER DEPTH 14
DISPLAY VADDITIONAL
TERMS
DISPLAYSYES ADDITIONAL
* TERMS
w *YESItI OCEANS 495
PLANKTON 125 II SEAS 224 --- V
I WATER POLLUTION 423 ~ ItI WATER TEMPERATURE 103 WATER RESOURCES 100
I I
le I I I
LAKES I I WATER
IKES 195 WASTE DISPOSAL I
I FINGER KES I GREAT KES I WATCH WATER
I FROZEN LKES II LAKE PONTCHARTRAIN *I WATCHES 0 1 WAER INTAKEI MORAINAL LAKES 0 1 LAKE TEXOMA I WATER 8,539 - WATER INTAKES
V V
A LAKEDISPLAY BEACHES I WA LANCE 175 WATER MANDISPLAYAGEMENTTHESAURUS 1,36 EXIN BAPANSION
FERS PONDS WATER COOLEPANSIOND REACTOR
V V
I LAKES 19 SEVO I WASTE DISPOSAL REACTO 75RI BARRIER LAKES *1 I HASTE UTILIZATION 2031
CONSEOUENT LAKES 0 I I ASTES 4I0FINGER LAKES I GREAT LAKES I WATCH 8 I WATER
FROZEN LAKES 0 I LAKE PONTCIARTAIN I WATCHES o I WATER INTAKE
MORAINAL LAKES I * LAKE TEXOMA I WATER 8,539 H-% WATER INTAKES
I PLAY LAKES I RIVBEACHES S I WATER BALANCE 175 * WATER MANAGEMENTI GREAT LAKES (NORTH AMEICAATER RESOURCE COASTS I WATER CIRCULATION 2ILAE PONTCRARTRAIN LA 0 I EARTH HYDROSPHERE I WATER COLOR 12 8,783
LAKE TEXOMA OK-TX) I LAGOONS I WATER CONSUMPTION 97 IEARTH RESOURCES 1,316 I LAKE CAMPLAIN BASIN I WATER CONTENT 89 I*
TERMSIFERS PONDS WATERCOOLED REACTOR 4LI AYOUS 0 * RESERVOIRS I WATER COOLED REACTORS 221BEACHES 86 I RIVER BASINS I WATER CURRENTS 19COASTS 258 ; - WATER RESOURCES I ATER DEPRIVATION 28
I EARTH HYDROSPHERE 142y ' * WATER OEPTH 14
I773 I HATER EROSION 1S5
TERMIS
SYES
I C I I
72
* RADIOMETEOROGRAPHSRADIOMETERRADIOMETERS
V * RADIOMETRYI s
WATER FLOW 66 I 2.205WATER RAMMER 22 IWATER HAMMER EQUATION 6 * * * * * * *
WATER INJECTION 57 IWATER INTAKE 43 1--WATER INTAKES 3WATER JET 201 2WATER JETS 0 IWATER LANDING 102 I * RADIOMETERSWATER LOSS 111 I DICKE RADIOMETERSWATER MANAGEMENT 201 I- * INFRARED DETECTORS
WATER MODERATED REACTOR 61 I * INFRARED SCANNERSWATER MODERATED REACTORS 120 I MICROWAVE PJDIOMETERS
WATER POLLUTION 390 I PASSIVE L-BANDWATER PRESSURE 69 1 RADIOMETERS
* SPECTRORADIOMETERSSRADIATION MEASURING
INSTRUMENTS* INFRARED PHOTOGRAPHY
3,603
INTERSECTDISPLAY * 1+2
ADDITIONAL * WITH
TERMS * (0 +* 3
YES THERMAL POLLUTIONV * 'POLLUTION
* \ COASTAL ECOLOGY* ENVIRONMENT EFFECTS
V * 7 ENVIRONMENT POLLUTIONe I ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY
WATER PURIFICATION 37 I * (RADIOMETRY / WATER SYSTEMS) * * ENVIRONMENTAL SURVEYS
WATER QUALITY 28 * * LIQUID COOLINGWATER RECLAMATION 194 230 * MARINE BIOLOGYWATER RECOVERY 114 * OCEANSWATER RESOURCES 94 I * * * * * * * * * * * SEASWATER RUNOFF 14 II WATER POLLUTIONWATER TABLES 1 I I WATER TEMPERATURE
WATER TAKEOFF AND LANDINGAIRCRAFT 15 2, 549
WATER TEMPERATURE 99DISPLAY
SALL ACCESSION *NUMBERS (230) * * * * * * * *
Y I * 4
GREAT LAKES• * LAKE PONTCHARTRAIN
DISPLAY * Ia I LAKE TEXOMAI 72810566 70810187 71W70817 B EACHES
LIMIT I 73A35806 73A35664 73A35639 I COASTSI EARTH HYDROSPHERE
REACHED I I LAGOONSI LAKE CHAMPLAIN BASIN
I 6A2986 65A28388 65A24582 I PONDSI 65A23621 65A22772 65A18343 I RESERVOIRS
I RIVER BASINSI WATER RESOURCES
Im I I 773
REMOTE I VSENSING I
I I * _* * * * * * *
DISPLAYADDITIONAL 5
I TERMSV E ? * WATER
WATER INTAKE
DISPLAY * *YES * WATER INTAKESTHESAURUS I * WATER MANAGEMENTEXPANSION
8,783
I I617643 6512017 65A12016
S6~41304 63A19950 63N84977 I
S73N24365
TERM
NOT IN * 69N38955 69N35730 69N33662 II 69N33655 69N31865 69N31853
DICTIONARY
7373
I E I I F II I IF
V I
DISPLAY * * CONTINUE * NO * TERMINATEADDITIONAL * DISPLAY ====...=>*
TERMS * ? DISPLAY
*YES
la Im II 69N30082 69N28506 69N26432 I MATHEMATICAL I
69N25932 69N25024 69N23202 I I MOD-
I 63N10069 62N16980 62NI2628 II 62N12622 62N12346 62N11231 I
DISPLAYEXPANSION
S DISPLAYCITATION73N24365
le I* * * * * * *
I MATERIALS TESTING REACTOR 35 II MATERIALS TESTING REACTORS I * 8
V I MATERIALS TESTS 1,67Ic I MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS 0 I MATHEMATICAL MODEL
73N24365'# ISSUE 15 PAGE 1773 I I MATHEMATICAL LOGIC 415 MATHEMATICAL MODELSCATEGORY 13 E73-10604 I I MATHEMATICAL MOD- 0NASA-CR-132000 OQR-I NAS9-13277 I I MATHEMATICAL MODEL 1,530 22,75673/05/00 20 PAGES UNCLASSIFIED I I MATHEMATICAL MODELS 20,6 96DOCUMENT I MATHEMATICAL STATISTICS 101 I
I MATHEMATICAL TABLE 63 IUse of Skylab EREP data in a sea I
I surface temperature experimentI (Sea surface temperature measure- I
I ments from Skylab EREP radiometer Idata) Quarterly Report, 17 Feb.- I p
I 17 May 1973I A/ANDING, D. C. A/Principal
InvestigatorI Science Application, In., Ann I DISPLAY
I Arbor, Mich. AVAIL.NTIS HC $3.25 I ADDITIONALEREP I TERMS
I /OCEAN SURFACE/*RADIOMETERS I ?/*SURFACE TEMPERATURE/*WATER I
I TEMPERATURE/ ALGORITHMS/ EREP I * YESI INFRARED RADIATION/ SEAS/ SKYLAB II PROGRAM
II
le
MATHEMATICAL TABLES 111 IMATHEMATICS 7,136 IMATHIEU EQUATION 30 I
DISPLAY I MATHIEU FUNCTION 1 ICITATION I MATING 1965A17643 * I MATRA MISSILE 1I
I MATRICES 56
I MATRICES (CIRCUITS) 2 II MATRICES (MATHEMATICS) 5,91 II MATRIX 4,11 I
I MATRIX ALGEBRA 084cI MATRIX ANALYSIS 560 I
65A17643# ISSUE 8 PAGE 1146 I I MATRIX METHODS 1,274CATEGORY 29 64/12/00 8 PAGES I I MATRIX STRESS CALCULATION 89 IUNCLASSIFIED DOCUMENT
I Statistical estimates of computedI water-vapor radiative flux from clear Iskies at an lo nic Jati I
(Statistica techniques to obtain I VI estimation formulas for long waveradiation at sea-air interfacel] I
I A/MARTIN, F. L.; B/PALMER, II W. C. (AA/U.S. NAVAL POSTGRAD- I DISPLAY *NO TERMINATE *I UATE SCHOOL, MONTEREY, CALIF./ I C ADDITIONAL ...=..=>*
AB/U.S. NAVY, FLEET NUMERICAL I * TERMS * * DISPLAYI WEATHER FACILITY, MONTEREY,I CALIF./.) *I JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLO- II GY, VOL. 3; DEC. 1964, P. 780-787.I 15 REFS.
I /*ATMOSPHERIC RADIATION/*RADI-I ATION EMISSION/*REGRESSION ANALY-I SIS/*WATER VAPOR/ ANALYSIS/ AT- I mI MOSPHERE/ EMISSION/ RADIATION/ II RADIOMETER/ REGRESSION/ STATIS- I I COMPUTERIZED II TICAL/ VAPOR/ WATER
74I I
74
I G Ie
DISPLAY * I DASSAULT AIRCRAFT 22 I
* EXPANSION * I DASSAULT MIRAGE III AIRCRAFT 12 IDASSAULT MIRAGE 3 AIRCRAFT 0 o
I DASSAULT MYSTERE XX AIRCRAFT 8 II DASSAULT MYSTERE 20 AIRCRAFT 0
I DATA 11,828I DATA ACQUISITION 4,197 I
Y I DATA ADAPTIVE EVALUATORe AND MONITOR 2
COMPUTER SIMULATION 532 I I DATA ADAPTIVE EVALUATOR/
COMPUTER STORAGE DEVICES 1.695 I I MONITOR 0
COMPUTER SYSTEMS DESIGN 7 I I DATA ANALYSIS 353 1--
COMPUTER SYSTEMS PROGRAMS 205 I I DATA BASES 32 I
COMPUTER TECHNIQUES 2,275 I I DATA COLLECTION PLATFORMS 41
COMPUTERIZED 0 1COMPUTERIZED CONTROL 0 ICOMPUTERIZED DESIGN 1,535 ICOMPUTERIZED SIMULATION 3,940 1COMPUTERS 958 V
* DISPLAYv ADDITIONAL
* TERMS *
DISPLAY * NO TERMINATE * YES* ADDITIONAL ==..===C>*
TERMS DISPLAY
* C le I
I DATA COMPRESSOR 60 IDATA COMPRESSORS 0 I * 10
DATA CONTROL SYSTEM 56 II DATA CONTROL SYSTEMS 0 * DATA ANALYSIS
Im I I DATA CONVERSION 50I C DATA HANDLING SYSTEM
I I DATA CONVERSION ROUTINES 10 I DATA PROCESSING
COMPUTER I I DATA CONVERTER 37 I DATA PROCESSING EQUIP- *
I DATA CONVERTERS 2001 * MENT
I I DATA CORRELATION 1,7321 C DATA REDUCTION
I DATA HANDLING SYSTEM 25 P *I DATA HANDLING SYSTEMS 0 I C 12,745
I DATA LINK 76
v I DATA LINKS 560
I DATA MANAGEMENT 245I* DISPLAY *
EXPANSION *
le* * * * * * * * DISPLAY *
COMPRESSOR ROTORS 153 * ADDITIONAL *
COMPRESSORS 237 I * 9 * TERMS *
COMPROMISE 10 ICOMPTON EFFECT 670 I * COMPUTER METHOD * * *
COMPUTATION 2,904 I COMPUTER PROGRAM * YES
COMPUTER 12.531 COMPUTER PROGRAMS
COMPUTER COMPONENTS 526 * COMPUTER SIMULATION C
COMPUTER DESIGN 1,430 I
COMPUTER METHOD 1,066 16,3 67
COMPUTER METHODS 0 I * * e
COMPUTER PROGRAM 2,179 I DATA PROCESSING 7990 I
COMPUTER PROGRAMMING 5,671 I DATA PROCESSING EQUIPMENT 980
COMPUTER PROGRAMS 12,337 I DATA PROCESSING TERMINALS 128 I
COMPUTER SIMULATION 532 1- DATA PROCESSOR 75I I DATA PROCESSORS I
I DATA READOUT SYSTEM 39I DATA READOUT SYSTEMS 0 II DATA RECORDER 30
V I DATA RECORDERS 162 I
I DATA RECORDING 999 IS* * DATA REDUCTION 3.601
I DATA RETRIEVAL 376 I* DISPLAY * NO * TERMINATE C I DATA SAMPLING 812 I
ADDITIONAL -=...=C> I DATA SMOOTHING 379 I* TERMS * DISPLAY C I DATA STORAGE 1.650 I
* C
mDISPLAY NO TERMINATE
DATA 1 ADDITIONAL =.= = C* TERMS DISPLAY
* DISPLAY *EXPANSION
75
I DATA 1 * 1
REDUCTION I * INTERSECT
( 2 1 + 2 RADIOMETEOROGRAPHSSI WITH * RADIOMETER
S0+ 101 RADIOMETERSI RADIOMETRY
1 2,205
DISPLAY * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
THESAURUS
EXPANSION * * 12 * * * * * * * *
(RADIOMETRY DATA ANALYSIS II ) 2
I % 256 RADIOMETERSV * DICKE RADIOMETERS
It * * * * * * * * * * INFRARED DETECTORS
DATA REDUCTION 4.314 I INFRARED SCANNERSDAEMO (DATA ANALYSIS) 0 I * MICROWAVE RADIOMETERSDATA ADAPTIVE EVALUATOR/ I PASSIVE L-BAND
MONITOR 0I RADIOMETERS
DATA ANALYSIS 531 I INTERSECT * SPECTRORADIOMETERSI DATA COMPRESSORS 0 I* 1 + 2 RADIATION MEASURING
TARE (DATA REDUCTION) 0 I WITH ** INSTRUMENTSTELEMETRY AUTO REDUCTION I * * * * * * * 10 INFRARED PHOTOGRAPHY
SYSTEM 0 IDATA SMOOTHING 40 I 1 * * 3,603DATA PROCESSING 1031 I ICOMPUTATION s411 1 * RADIOMETEOROGRAPHS * * * * *
DATA ACQUISITION 5.093 I RADIOMETER * * * * * * *
I DATA MANAGEMENT 290 I * RADIOMETERS * *
DATA RECORDING 1,230 I RADIOMETRY * 13EDITING 83 I aREDUCTION 4,583 I * ,205 * (RADIOMETRY DATA ANALYSIS III ) *
*__ MATHEMATICAL MODELS* * * * * * 202 MATHEMATICAL MODELS
S* * * * * * * 22.756
DISPLAY * NO TERMINATE * INTERSECTADDITIONAL *= ..... =* * 1 + 2 1) * 10
TERMS * DISPLAY * + WITHS(8) DATA ANALYSIS
• DATA HANDLING SYSTEM• DATA PROCESSING
DATA PROCESSING EQUIP-' * MENT
***** * *** * DATA REDUCTION
14 * * 1745
• RADIOMETERS * (RADIOMETRY MODELS) * * * * * * *DICKE RADIOMETERS
INFRARED DETECTORS * 102 *INFRARED SCANNERS +MICROWAVE RADIOMETERS * * * * * * * * * 9
• PASSIVE L-BANDRADIOMETERS I * COMPUTER METHOD
SPECTRORADIOMETERS I * COMPUTER PROGRAMSRADIATION MEASURING * H COMPUTER PROGRAMS
INSTRUMENTS * * * + COMPUTER SIMULATION• INFRARED PHOTOGRAPHY * * INTERSECT
14 + + 16,367• 3,603 WITH
INTERSECT . •.
(1+2)
WITH
8 + 9, +10) +
I MAT HEMATICAL MODEL 15V +. .MATHEMATICAL MODELS
S* * * * * * * (RADIOMETRY DATA ANALYSIS* 2,756 MODELS)
/16
* (RADIOMETRY DATA ANALYSIS I I
288
+ COMPUTER METHOD f {RADIOMETRY/WATERCOMPUTER PROGRAM * SYSTEMS)
• COMPUTER PROGRAMS *
COMPUTER SIMULATION * 230
1,S67 * COMBINE * * * * * * * *7
S* * * * * * WITH
WI T 1
10 * I * (RADIOMETRY DATA• + ANALYSIS I I
* DATA ANALYSISDATA HANDLING SYSTEM * + 28s
+ DATA PROCESSING 1 ** DATA PROCESSING EQUIP-******
MENT (RADIOMETRY / WATER SYSTEMS+ DATA REDUCTION DATA ANALYSIS)
12,745 * 5
76
II
I RADIOMETERS I
v DISPLAYALL ACCESSION
DISPLAY * * NUMBERS (387)
THESAURUS
EXPANSION *
I a
SI 72810606 72810566 7010519
It I * * * * * * 70B10187 69B10232 72M10112
RADIOMETERS 1,422
DICKE RADIOMETERS 34 17
INFRARED DETECTORS 1,901INFRARED SCANNERS 113 I * RADIOMETERS * 71A35386 71A26791 71A23217
MICROWAVE RADIOMETERS 334 * DICKE RADIOMETERS * 71A23215 71A22301 71A20884
PASSIVE L-BAND RADIOMETERS 0 MICROWAVE RADIOMETERS I
SPECTRORADIOMETERS 11? PASSIVE L-BAND
ACTINOMETERS 103 1 RADIOMETERS *
MEASURING INSTRUMENTS 3,304 I * SPECTRORADIOMETERS *
RADIATION MEASURING IINSTRUMENTS 810 I a 1,556
BOLOMETERS 228 IFOREST FIRE DETECTION 23 * * * * * * *
I CONTINUE
DISPLAY
a YES
S DISPIAY * NO a TERMINATE I
a ADDITIONAL -== =>*a TERMS a DISPLAY I a
TERMS DISPY 71A19080 70A44648 7A36967
70A26902 70A25636 70A24743
S* * * * * * 3N27328 73N27321 73N27299
I 73N27295 73N26444 73N26438
SRADIOMETEOROGRAPHSRADIOMETER IRADIOMETERS VRADIOMETRY
2,205a a a CONTINUE *
a INTERSECT * * a DISPLAYa 11+171)
• WITH * * *
S( a + 9 a )S 8 * YES
I MATHEMATICAL MODEL a
p a PMATHEMATICAL MODELS *
• 22. 756 a
18 I 73N25689 7324365 73N2347973N22808 73N22806 73N22402
a (LIMITED-TYPE-RADIOMETER DATA I
HANDLING]
164 * 9 * I 71N30176 71N29217 71N27551SI 71N24889 71N24161 71N24087
S* * * * * * * * * * * COMPUTER METHOD
I COMPUTER PROGRAM
* COMPUTER PROGRAMS* COMPUTER SIMULATION a
16,367
a COMBINE * CONTINUE
S 7 a * a a DISPLAY
WITHS WITH * a aa 18 a a 10
* DATA ANALYSIS * * YES
* DATA HANDLING SYSTEM *
p a DATA PROCESSING* * * * * * * * * * * DATA PROCESSING EOUIP- *S * MENT * p
19 * * DATA REDUCTION *a 7I
I 71N22295 71N21590 71N21304
a (LIMITED-TYPE-RADIOMETER/WATER * * 12,745 * 71N20422 71N19606 71N18402
SYSTEMS DATA PROCESSING) *
387387 * * * * * * * I 68N23121 68N20879 68N20349
68N17061 68N15227 68N4441
(RADIOMETRY / WATER *77* SYSTEMS)
77
CONTINUEDISPLAY
SYES
I 8N1026 68N10222 67N30471
I 2N16980 62N12628 621262262N1236 62Nll231 62N11230
END
SEARCH
78
CORRELATION OF SEARCH RESULTS WITH SEARCHER'S BACKGROUND
Results produced by the eight significant searches on this subject can
be divided roughly into two groups: those which gave at least 87 good hits
(average 101) and those with 60 or fewer good hits (average 48). The first
group of searches was written either by experienced searchers or by engineers
with a working knowledge of the subject area. Searcher AWL compensated for
his lack of familiarity with the subject area by doing a rather broad search.
His recall was fairly good (22.4% compared with 31.2% for the best search
in the group) but his relevance was low (13% compared with 36.6% for the
best in the group). Searchers TRP and CLN, the most experienced in the
group on the NASA file, both have backgrounds in areas related to the sub-
ject area but not directly on it. Their searches gave good recall and rele-
vance and, in addition, employed considerably simpler logics than the batch
search or the one done by WWS. The latter two searches were done by working
engineers with backgrounds fairly close to the subject area. From their
results it seems that being more diligent usually will lead to a slight
improvement in recall percentage.
The other four searches were performed either by searchers with no
relevant education or experience or by searchers with little regular search
experience. Searcher SFS, closest of the four to the subject area by back-
ground and search experience, also did the best job in terms of relevance
and recall. While his search had the best redevance of any search done on
this subject, his unfamiliarity with the subject undoubtedly contributed
to his failure to follow synonymous paths to the other documents on the
subject and thus limited his recall.
79
CORRELATION OF SEARCH LOGIC WITH RECALL ACHIEVED
As the initial investigation into The effects of search logic on the
recall achieved, the reasons searcher WWS failed to retrieve some of the
documents found in the batch search were studied. It was found that the
excluded documents were generally indexed under one of three groups of
terms:
(I) INFRARED INSTRUMENTS
INFRARED RADIATIONINFRARED IMAGERY
(2) THERMAL POLLUTION
(3) SURFACE TEMPERATURE
It was then found that the terms in group (I) do not appear in the thesaurus
expansion of radiometers. Thus, unless the searcher happened to think along
these lines, the terms would not have been suggested to him otherwise. A
similar situation exists with respect to group (3). This term does not
appear under a thesaurus expansion of "temperature." Failure to include
"thermal pollution" seems to have been just a mental lapse on the part of
searcher WWS.
No comparisons with the batch search are possible for pre-196 8 docu-
ments because the batch search excluded these. Thirty-six good hits were
found by the WWS "A" search for this period.
The WWS "A" search found 58 good hits not found by the 152-term batch
search; only 27 good hits were the same in both searches. The reason,
apparently, is that the batch search employed a double intersection along
the following lines: (temperature measurement) * (radiometers) * (accuracy).
Examination of 24 of the good documents found by WWS but missed in the batch
search indicated that these documents were not indexed under a term synon-
ymous with accuracy such as calibrating, correction, digital filtering, etc.,
all of which-were used in the third group of the intersection. They were,
therefore, not selected.
In general one must conclude that, for this topic at least, high recall
can only be obtained by:
I. employing every conceivable term related to the subject
2. single intersections only
3. extensive manual sort down.
One may also conclude that while each of the searches employed a valid search
logic, those that employed the most terms and the most different approaches
to the same topic were the most successful in terms of recall. Some approaches
of course favored higher relevance than others. Searches employing these
approaches only appeared to be highly (7 30%) relevant but were so at the
expense of recall.
80
RELATIVE EFFECTIVENESS OF INTERACTIVE AND BATCH SEARCH MODES
A second experiment, this one attempting to access the relativeeffectiveness of the interactive and batch search modes, was also con-ducted. Engineering time to conduct the search was compared with searchresults as measured by good hits. As shown in Table 2, engineer CLN gotessentially the same results (using substantially the same logic) byRECON as he did by the batch process. The search time was almost iden-tical. On another question it took him somewhat longer to search viaRECON (probably because of long question response times). Again the goodhits were substantially the same items.
On question #4, PJC took 25% more time to do the problem on RECON asby the batch process, while searcher SFS took only half as long to get afew more good hits on question #5. In the latter case, he spent a gooddeal of time working out the strategy prior to the batch search. When hewent to the RECON terminal, he knew generally how he was going to attackthe problem.
Generally, the effectiveness of a RECON search was not better thanthat of a batch search conducted by the same individual using the sameamount of engineering time to prepare the search. One can also corre-late reasonably well, using a logarithmic function, the engineering timespent in preparing the search with results (recall) achieved.
One final piece of data bearing on this question is the study madeof searcher TRP's batch and RECON searches during a given period (Tables3 and 4). Some 15 batch searches and 10 RECON searches were studied. Itwas found that his RECON searches achieved about twice the average rele-vance of his batch searches at the cost of about 35% more engineering timeper search.
81
'BLE 2
Search Question: Airborne Thec: -l Mapping of Water Surfaces
ENGINEERING COMPUTER GOOSTIME TIME HITS
Manual - Batch FOS 108 min. 104
RECON: TRP 163 min. 97
MRN 180 min. total 3951.91 at RECON
WWS "A" 170 min. 121
WWS "B" 25.43 min. 8
PJC 64 min 44
SRW 102.51 min. 48
SFS 60.8 min. 60
CLN 124.35 min. 97
AWL 184 min. 87
Search Question A (CLN)
Batch 90 min.RECON 91.82 min.
Search Question B (CLN)
Batch 75 min. 1.13 min. 101RECON 105 min.
Search Question C (PJC)
Batch 60 min. 3.85 min. 689RECON 75.51 min.
Search Question D (SFS)
Batch 90 min. 1.45 min. 158,RECON 42.72 min. 222
Output substantially the same - By substantially the same we mean aboutthe same hits as well as the same number of hits.
82
TABLE 3 TABLE 4
BATCH SYSTEM RECON
Statistics Based on TRP's NASA Searches Statistics Based on TRP's NASA Searches
Total Engineer $ Total Engineer $Time (prep. & Total Evaluated Relevant Time (prep. & Total Evaluated Relevanteval.) in hrs. Hits Hits Hits eval.) In hrs. Hits Hits Hits
1) 2.5 256 44 17.2 1) 4.0 219 100 45.7
2) 3.5 409 31 7.6 2) 3.0 236 108 45.8
3) 2.5 257 64 24.9 3) 3.0 183 101 55.2
4) 3.0 112 5 4.5 4) 3.0 457 32 7.0
5) 3.5 385 63 16.4 5) 5.0 no data 53 no data
6) 3.5 207 42 20.3 6) 4.0 III 51 45.9
7) 2.5 71 64 90.1 7) 5.5 no data 150 no data
8) 2.5 167 120 71.9 8) 3.5 166 38 22.9
9) 3.0 275 77 28.0 9) 5.0 no data 183 no data
10) 3.0 216 35 16.2 10) 4.5 483 319 66.0
II) 3.0 447 54 12.1
12) 3.0 353 49 12.9 Average Average Average Average
13) 3.5 74 7 9.5 = 4.1 = 265 = 113.5 = 45.6%
14) 3.0 169 60 35.5
15) 1.5 143 15 10.5
Average Average Average Average
= 2.9 = 236.1 = 45.6 = 25.2%
RELATIVE COSTS OF BATCH AND INTERACTIVE SEARCH MODES
Cost Structure for the Batch Retrieval System- STRC-IVS
Direct Costs
Engineering Time
This is the time spent by an engineer (or search analyst) inpreparing a search strategy for input to the computer and in eval-uating the search output once his strategy has been run. Typically,this time is spent in several ways: discussing the search problemwith a client, looking through the appropriate thesaurus for terms,checking those terms against a computer-produced llst of authorizedterms and postings, composing the search strategy, and then finallyreading or scanning the hit abstracts for relevant documents. STRCcost accounting reports show that, on the average, an engineer spendsI 1/2 - 2 hours in preparing a search and 2 - 2 1/2 hours i:n eval-uating the search output at a total cost of roughly $35 to $40.
Clerical Time
Clerical time for a search includes such functions as inter-preting search requests, verifying search terms and postings, key-punching or keyboarding via terminal the actual search request,cheiking search output, retrieving and Xeroxing hit abstracts, andbinding search bibliographies. Accounting statistics show that onthe average, the clerical time (two hours) involved in a searchcosts STRC $5 to $6.
Xeroxing Cost
The average cost for Xerexing of search output is roughly $7.
Computer Cost
STRC searches run on an overnight, no-priority basis on theTriangle Universities Computation Center's (TUCC) IBM 370/165. TheTUCC charges for zero priority service include the following:
I) CPU time @ $350/hour2) EXCP (I/0) time @ $262.50/hour3) Core use @ $.70/kilo-byte hour4) Unit record I/0 transmission (i.e., printing time)
@ $.00085/UR (line)
Accounting records show that on the average, the computer cost for aNASA search ranges from $10 to $20.
The total direct cost for an STRC batch search then averages $60 - $70.
84
Overhead for the NASA File
A number of overhead items are incurred in maintaining the NASA fileand the costs involved are absorbed by STRC.
Monthly File Maintenance
1) $50 to $75 computer cost2) $5 clerical cost
Direct Access Storage
I) Rental of five 2314 disk packs @ $9.50/pack/month
Magnetic Tapes (Back-up and Maintenance)
I) Approximately 50 tapes at one-time purchase price of
$9.50/tape.
Discussion of Possible Cost Structures for RECON Interactive Searches
Since STRC is not aware of any cost accounting scheme that might exist
for RECON searches, one can only speculate on what the elements of such a
scheme might be. It is logical to conclude that one or more of the followingitems might be included in the cost/search for RECON.
Computer Cost
Costs for interactive services vary from machine to machine, but
it may help to give an example of the TUCC charges for interactiveservice on the 370/165:
I) CPU time @ $1000/hour2) 1/0 channel program time @ $750/hour3) 1/0 wait time @ $375/hour4) Port connect time @ $2/hour
These costs are definitely high estimates for RECON since it runs on
a less expensive machine, the IBM 360/50. The RECON charges wouldprobably run less than 1/5 the TUCC charges and maybe as low as 1/10for CPU time.
Communications Cost
Thts would include terminals, communications controllers, leasedlines or dial-up ports, and modems. One example of cost in this areais that of the leased communications line to College Park @ $150 -$200/month. This cost would be reduced if STRC were to install dial-
up RECON service @ roughly $.28/minute. The Bunker Ramo terminal andcontroller now in use with RECON leases for $345/month.
85
On-Line Storage Cost
It is estimated that a file the size of the NASA RECON file(s)could cost as little as $800/month for on-line direct-access storage
depending on the devices used.
People Cost
Systems and Programming Support
This includes people time at NASA and STRC in monitoringthe system.
Engineering or Search Analyst Time
Here the engineering functions would be essentially thesame as in batch but the amount of time involved might be quitedifferent. The engineering functions of preparing a search would
be performed at the terminal, and the time involved would dependquite heavily on the response-time of the terminal and on the
amount of browsing that the engineer might engage in. Averagetimes for this activity on experimental searches are two tothree hours. In addition, the engineer might carry out some of
his search evaluation at the terminal and thus reduce the amount
that he normally would have to perform at his desk later. Costfor engineering time would be at least equal to the $35-$40 cost
for batch engineering time and may even exceed it.
Clerical Cost
Obviously, with RECON, the clerical functions or preparinga search for entry into the computer would be eliminated. The
only clerical time involved then would be the time spent in
pulling and Xeroxing abstracts and in binding search results.
This averages approximately $3-$4/search.
A more useful rule of thumb for the possible pricing of RECON searches
would be to use a charge structure similar to that of one of the organizations
(such as Lockheed or Systems Development Corporation) that offer nation-
wide interactive on-line search service on a number of files. This approxi-
mate charge would substitute for all of the above cost elements with the
exception of the people cost. These organizations normally charge the on-line user a fixed hourly rate for his terminal connect time (i.e., the total
elapsed time in the system from sign-on to sign-off). These hourly rates
range from $25-$80 per file searched. For a file the size and complexity
of the NASA file, the rate probably would be in the neighborhood of $50/hour
for file access. In addition, the user must pay the telephone company for
direct-dial service (or use of the TYMSHARE network) to the computer. FromSTRC to College Park, the phone cost would average $15/hour. Therefore,our hourly rate (based on a Lockheed-type pricing scheme) for RECON service
might be $65/hour.
66
Batch vs. RECON Cost Comparison Based on Estimated RECON Cost
If one multiplies the Lockheed-type hourly rate by the two to threeaverage hours per search that were spent at the RECON terminal duringexperimental searches (see TABLE 2), then he comes out with a computer costfigure ($130-$195)roughly 10 times that of the STRC average batch cost($10-$20). Since experimental results show that the engineer does not spendless time In preparing a RECON search and may likely spend more, the costfor his time will be at least what it is for a batch search ($35-$40).Although there may be some savings in the clerical cost, they are miniscule($2-$3) in comparison with computer and engineering costs and Xeroxingcosts should remain the same. The total estimated cost for a RECON search($175-$245) is then roughly two or three times that of a batch STRC search($60-$70).
It also should be mentioned that the Lockheed-type hourly rate thatwas used in estimating the RECON costs may be unrealistically low as it is
based on a rather high volume of usage and it may exclude some very highoverhead costs.
CONCLUSIONS
Although this discussion has been attempting to compare apples andoranges and the author is fully aware of that, the evidence (based onsimilar on-line systems) at this time seems to show that the batch approach
to searching NASA is two to three times more economical then the RECONapproach. However, no attempt has been made in this section to judge therelative values of the results of each approach, and that has to be animportant consideration in the total picture.
87
SUBJECTIVE USER EXPERIENCE
[The thoughts presented below were compiled by NC/STRC's most experi-enced RECON user. While they are those of a single individual, they doseem to parallel rather closely the experiences of other RECON users onthe staff at comparable points in their acquaintence with RECON.]
One of the first problems that faces a novice at the RECON terminal(if a non-typist) is that of the keyboard. Most of the difficulty dis-appears after a few hours of practice, but the problem of where the "F"(or some other elusive letter) went remains to plague the user for manymonths. This produces a tendency to use EXPAND functions for no otherpurpose than to select a term which appears to be too much trouble totype. I suspect that even an accomplished typist might be tempted to do.the same, particularly when the desired term is an especially long one orwhen the exact spelling (singular or plural, hyphen or space, etc.) is notcertain.
The big problem, which although purely psychological is not wnimpor-tant, is the nagging suspicion that the fumbling approach to initial usewill result in the grinding halt of a multi-million dollar computer prob-ably accompanied by sparks and smoke at the other end of the phone line.Initial instruction to the operator should make clear that nothing couldbe done either to harm the system or even to produce a ton or two ofcomputer printout. The worst that can happen is that the operater is in-formed, "IFOOL, WRONG..."
The uncertainty of what will happen under given circumstances leadsthe novice to make much more use of the EXPLAIN function than is calledfor. Although much of the material under command of the EXPLAIN key isbasic to operation of RECON, it appears to be on one hand overly simplifiedand on the other hand too sophisticated for other than academic interest.Basic information concerning key functions appears to be dwelt upon withexcruciating detail while practical material of use to the operator isdifficult to find. As examples, the EXPAND and COMBINE functions are pur-sued in great detail. These functions are normally well understood beforeone appreaches the keyboard. The error codes which are normally disregardedwith a "try-again-maybe-it'll-work-this-time" attitude take up a large partof the EXPLAIN file. In practice, I doubt that anyone ever looks at errorcodes other than as a matter of curiosity. On the other hand, how does onedetermine the techniques for obtaining material from the "Corporate Source"file? Or how does one know if selections made with a range function areinclusive or exclusive of the cut-off indicated by the printer? Academicinformation available from the EXPLAIN function appears to completely swampor obscure information that is of primary Importance to the user.
Much of the above criticism could be remedied by the availability ofa detailed user's manual which explains the operation of RECON from thebeginner's standpoint. Although an in-house manual was prepared for theuse of novice operators at this location, I feel that a professionally pre-pared operator's manual is a dire need. Many hours of trial and error at
the console could be spared if a thorough, concise operational handbook were
available to the novice searcher. Although the text should be primarilyconcerned with operational matters, it should include systems informationto enable a searcher to appreciate why it may take a minute or more in
order to turn a page.
When a search is undertaken, the EXPAND key is probably used more thanall others combined. I normally approach the terminal with a tentative
strategy In hand which includes all proposed terms and a Boolean expressionwhich combines them. These are obtained by use of a printed Thesaurus and
postings lists and by a manual search of annual, cumulative indices of theabstract journals. The provisional selection of terms from printed sources,rather than using the EXPAND functions to obtain them, is a big time saver.I estimate that terms can be found up to 10 times faster. Often this material
is reinforced with a list of known "good" accessions numbers which have beenobtained from a quick manual search. The EXPAND function serves its primarypurpose as a mean toward selecting ferms, either in the alphabetic subjectlisting or the related subject "Thesaurus" listing, which have a close "group"relationship. For example, a group of terms which have a subject heading of"LASER " or a hierarchical heading such as "SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES" can beselecte3on large collections from expansions of the SUBJECT or THESAURUS
files. This ability to quickly select multi-term sets is one of the mostappreciated abilities of RECON.
The SELECT key is the second most used key. It is probably used moreoften than It should be. There is a decided tendency to select ranges ofterms, both from the subject and Thesaurus listings which include non-desired or irrelevant terms, simply because it is easier to do so than toexclude those which do not apply to the question at hand. This sometimesincludes an overabundance of material in the final resul't which was notdesired and appeared only because an "uncalled for" term (or terms) wasunwittingly included. Since the Thesaurus postings provide an easy accessto related terms, there is also a tendency to favor that portion of the file.
This may or may not be desirable since that portion of the collection isthe most recent; but I sometimes feel that the pre-1968 material getsshort shrift (because term selection is in general more difficult) sincethere is no easy way to obtain a selection of hierarchical related terms.
After a collective selection has been made, using a range of terms,all terms having the same root, or other devices to select a collection ofterms, it is fairly difficult to determine what has been done after thefact. Under the best of circumstances, one is left with a series of num-bers which must be compared with an expansion on the terminal in order todetermine the exact terms Included. Under circumstances involving longstrings of selected term codes (El, E3, E4, E6, E7, E9, Ell, ...) theprintout display does not Include the end of the series and leads one towonder just what terms were chosen.
The COMBINE key, which brings a search to its fruition, is a real joyto operate. The ability to add, ddlete, and otherwise manipulate selectedsets in real time is a boon to the searcher. It completely eliminates theproblem of "should a given term be included because of its inclusiveness orexcluded because of its generalness!" The ability to use or not use setsin order to arrive at a manageable result is one of the major satisfactionsof RECON.
89
The DISPLAY function is another major advantage of RECON. The abilityto observe results immediately is extremely valuable to the operator. Byperusing the results of a strategy, one quickly becomes aware of the strengthsand weaknesses of the strategy as u-sed. This provides an opportunity tohave second thoughts about the propriety of using certa*n terms or of com-bining them in a given fashion. Often overlooked terms are uncovered andthe unwise use of other terms is .apparent. I very rarely leave a searchdone on RECON 'in its original form. I very rarely rerun a search done onbatch system. The ability to specify display form with the FORMATkeisa time saving device when checking search results. By using only the "ofinterest" material available in a citation, normally title, notation ofcontent and terms, it is possible to save many page turnings and thereforemany minutes.
Most of the other function keys require no comment. They are neededand do their jobs with dispatch. It is often difficult to be patient andunderstanding when it takes longer than a minute to turn a page, but thepage eventually turns. It is also a soul soothing satisfaction to be ableto check the status of the most recent command. It is much better to knowthat one is number five in the waiting line than to simply hope that some-thing is happening at the other end of the line.. It is rather like blow-ing in a silent telephone to see if sidetone is still there. The TRANSMITkey has more frustration built in than I feel necessary. After it ispressed, it is too late to make any change, correction, or bail out untilthe terminal is polled. When the system is busy, there is often more thanenough time to abort a command between the transmit command and a poll.It should be possible to do so.
Mysterious messages appear at irregular intervals on the hard copyprinter. These messages are often (it only appears to be "usually") in-complete or garbled. While this printout, along with the information dis-played on the video screen., sometimes indicates the status of the system,I feel that it is a poor excuse for real information about what is reallygoing on. If it were possible to query the system to determine status atany given moment, it would lend a much more satisfying atmosphere to theoperator's sensibilities. It would certainly help to determine which ofthe numerous possibilities (terminal broken, printer inoperative, phoneline down, Washington bombed, etc.) keep things from happening in theproper manner. In particular, there is a need to know why processing ofa command sometimes takes so long (r' -40 minutes).
In summation, the 'RECON user can find many things that he feels canbe improved. Most of them will boil down to a matter of personal preferenceor a matter of how long a waiting period is required before somethinghappens. From a standpoint of effectiveness as compared to batch or off-line searching, I feel that there is no comparison. The RECON is much moreeffective, and I personally would not consider an off-line search if RECONwere available. Since I normally do the same amount of preppratory workfor either type of search, there are no economies to be gained before thesearch is actively pursued. I suspect that manual preparation and directkeyboard input about break even. The ability to monitor-as-you-go, however,starts consuming time as one attempts tooptimize results. In the end, aRECON search takes more time than one done off-line. At the same time,I feel very strongly that the RECON search does a much better job as faras both retrieval and relevance are concerned.. I wouldn't do it any .otherway.
90
APPENDIX
4'
TABLE I
RECCN PROBLEM NUMBER 1: RECALL AND RELEVANCE RPOiT
HIT ACCESSION PJC AWL CLN MBN fi~P SFS FOS WwS WWS2 SpWNUMBERS
A69-31543 XA69-33280 XA69-33286 x x x X 0A69-36071 xA69-42211 X 0A70-14617 XA70- 15770 X X x x470-16363 XA70- 17104 xA7n-17415 xA70-19616 XA70-22014 xA70-22869 X X xA70-22885 X X xA70-23525 XA70-23536 X X xA70-23754 x 0A70-23756 X X x x 0A70-23763 XA70-24740 0 0 0 xA73-24741 xA70-256 36 0 xA70-265 2 xA70-269C3 X0 x 0A70-26905 x 0A70-26949 0 0 xA70-27689 xA70-29655 xA70-29658 x xA70-29659 xA70- 31231 x X 0A70-31 806 xA70-33170 X X X 0A70-33 C5 x470-35617 XA70-35621 X x 0A70-36967 0 C XA70-37087 xA70-39147 xA70-39798 xA70-408C3 0 xA70-43087 xA70-4 4648 0 0A70-45363A71-10135 xA71-16672 xP471-21270 XA71-23217 XA71-23590C x x 0A71-246E5
A-l~
FR'CQN rE0BL-EM NUMB! 1-: E:CkLL tND £LV'C;I~.. &.POh2
HIT ACCESSION PJC AWL Cl -rN - T.. S ~ FO W wWS WWS2 S WNUMBERS
A 6 3-313 85_I .. ... ............ .-... ...
.6!- :9 16464-13054 x 0A64-16324 XA64-18229 xA64-27107 _. .. 1.A65-12016 0 XA65- 1450Q XA65-16410 x465-176'3 0 XA65-23621 0 X.A65-24582 X XA65-.298&6 _._ ....X67-1027 X
A57-27 6 C 6A67-31 339 XA67-34001 XA67-36521A67-4t0 353 xA67-41373 XA67- 4 1789. .X xA68-155E6A68-1 5646 XA.68- 19734 xA68-20370 XA68-204 92A68-21362 xA68--2 4 7 36 x 0 xA6828257 x168-3212!1 xA6P-32593 x68-33895 0 x
A68-34972 x oA68- 37954 XA68-40988 x 0A68- 42874 xA68-43279 X&68-43280 , ,. _ x 0469-10693 X X X 0
A69-12435 X 0 SA69-12457 x
A69-13933 XA69-14653 X 0 X Xi69-20455 XA69-22166 X 0A69-26976 - x 0A69-26997 X 0A69-29515 x 0A69-29528 X X XA69-29534 x
A -2
RECON PROBLEn NUMBER 1: RECALL AND RELEVANCE REPOiT
HIT ACCESSION PJC AWL CLN MBN TFP SFS FOS WWS WWS2 SRWNUMBEPS
A71-26174 x x 0A71-27260 xA71-30126 xA71-30916 oA71-3229f6 xA71-36364 x x xA71-40224 xA71-41300 xA71-41986 0 X X 0 0A71-42126 XA71-42150 x471-421r1 xA71-43512 x472-10546 0 0 X 0 0 X 0A72- 11 33 XA72-11786 0 0 X 0 0A72-11795 X XA72-11 83 X x iA72-118C4 x xA72-11808 xA72-11810 0 0 u0A72-11866 x X XA72-11877 X x 0A72-1186 x IA72-13441 x .xA72- 15909 XA72-16599 0 0 X 0A72-16600 0 x 0A72-16S12 xA72-17385 0 X 0A72-17430 xA72-17925 xA72-20692 XA72-21824 xA72-22652 x472-23301 . x xA72-24749 X xA72-25348 xA72-26C83 0 0 xA72-277C6 xA72-30587 xA72-312242 0 XA72- 31252 x xA72-33630 xA72-33631A72-35 5 xA72-37C05 o xA72-37196 xA72-37252 x472-39640 I x
A-3
RFCCN PROBLEM NUMB.~i~ 1: RECALL AND IRL.,VANCE REPORT
HIT ACCESSION PJC AWL' CLN tLN SF S EO WWS dWS2 S1NUMBERS
A.72-39677 0 0 XA7 2- 39 9 5 XA72-44274 x72-45 107 0 0' 73- 105S 0 x 1.A73-10833 XA73- 12361A73-15773 x xA73-15780 xA73-18317 XA7 3 -20E73 0 ,A73-21622 X X,A73-22510 0 xA73-23634 X173-25774 X 0 3A73-26252 x 0A73-26305 X73-26514 x473-28020 xA73-33360 X: . X X x 0N62-12628 x 0oN63-20 195N63-20710 X16 L- 10 9 15 i X
N64-11474 XM64-13743 XN64-16705:N64-19254 xN64- 1940E64-19629 x
N64-20104 xN64-23939 _ Xw65-10973N65-21425:N65-23528 X.N65-27649 xN65-30376 X 0.V65-30377 x xM65-30756 0 x7 65- 31 359M65-32220 x
333533583F65- 33590 Xl65-33597 XN65-33598 x x765-33599 X, x. x065-33602 X 0 XN65-35196 x xM65-3551 x
,6-12 6 19 .. x
A-4,
RECON PPOBLEM NUMBER 1: RECALL AAD i':ELEVANCE REPOET
HIT ACCFSSION PJC AWL CLN MEN Ti P ,Fj3 FOS wWS WWS2 SPWNUMBeRS
N66-13422 XN66-21223 XN66-22546 XN66-23806 xN66-28422 X X XN66-31 370 XN66-33394 xN66-36E1 XN67-1 3466 0 xN67-13492 0 xN67-13511N67-13529 x X67-15350 x x xN67-19838 0 XN67-20728 ,XN67-24302 XN67-28 98 E x x XN67-29052 xN67-30471 0 XN67-30735N67-34744 xN67-35894 XN68-10677 xN68-1U4108 x 0N68-14987 x x 0N68-16117 x oN68-19309 xN68-19332 x168-1 9465 1N68-19845 XN68-19870 XN68-20041 X xN68-20264 XN68-21736 X xN68-23121 X168-23710N68-24292 XN68-27972 XN68-28922 O xN68-30012 1 xW68-3049S X 0 x xN68-3063 7 xN68-30647 X 0 x xN68-33396 xN68-33400 X X x' 0968-334C2 xN68-34126 xN68-34246 I X X xN68-36931 0 0 0 xN69-10125 X
A-5
RECON PROBLEM NUMBEI 1: iiECALL AIL RELVALCc REPORT
HIT ACCESSION PJC AWL CLN MiN '.P SFS F"C WWS dOi2 SE,NUBBERS
N69-11537 0 X X X869-16CE7 X169-1 90C61 XW69-194 16 xW69-20041 ......N69-22873 XN69-23202 0 X X X XW69-23741 X X
6 9- 23895 XN69-25932 X XM69-27484 xN69-27634 xN69-28326 X X X769-28506 X X X X X 0 XW69-3 1076 XV'69- 31853 X XH , 9- 31856 0 X69-31865 0 X X 0
N69-31868 X 0N69-34261 xN69-37466 X XN69-37972 xT?69-38955 X X XN69-.396C X 0N69-41I 4669-41211 0 0 X
T7r0-1 35 84 X X70- 13942 X X X7,0- 141448 x X'0- 7 1 08LN70-17 428 x,'970- 17760 0 X'70-20193 x x
370-24782 xN70-24798 0 xM70-26221 X.70-27958 x x x x 0170-33736 0 X IW70-35009 XN7 0 35160 x70C-39550 x C
U70-U 1149 KN70-42743 xY1-A0210 x x
W71-10354 x xW71- 1155W'71- 1161 X X x X
7 1-11166 X x7 -11167 X X
i\-. 5
RECON PROBLEB NUMB3 1: RECALL ANE i ELVANCE akPOxT
HIT ACCESSION PJC AWL CLN MEN TiP SFS S OS W WS iWS2 SRW
DHOBERS
T71- 11171 0 x.71I -13090 XN71-13532 XN717-1372 x x X71-16135 X
071-16146 X
71-16168 0 X.71-1842 x71=20422 x x
N71-21304 0 0 X71'-21590 x x C o71-22607 X71= -24e8C X
71-25960 xN71-26475 XN71-26774 c X
071-26904 x XW71-27545 XM71-27551 x x X I xW71-27553 xN71-275569 71-28731 xN71-29217 xM-71-30176971-31570 xN71-31790 x X 0W71-32422 XN71-32E36N71-32997 X71-33094 X
M71-34110 XW71-34567 o x 0,71-3549 L 0 X A X 0
771-36~9E xo72-11523 X'R72-12301 x
72 123C x
N72-1231 2 0 X 0N72-13364 X X X
072-159 1 2 XN72-16105 x x x72-1727-. Xt72-17298 XV72-173C6 0W72-17320 Xt72-18346 x072- 183O X x172-1 8438U72-18439 XS72=-18442 x
A-7
RECON PROBLEM NUMBB 1: RECALL AND EELVANCE RPOT
FilT ACCSSION PJC AWL CLN 7n rD SFS -OS IWS WHS2 SB:T , ;BE EP S
T72-18632'721 2 9 V2 X9'72-9516 X: 2-19518 x
V2- 21 357 x x"172-22309 X;72-22365 X:,,72- 22435172-24403 X, 7 2 26290 XW72-27406 XD7 2-27438 X072- 284C3 X72- 29324 0 0 X'2'29379 Xii2-294C6' -2-29473 X
772-30247 xS2-30 382 X X
S/2- 32334 X C;2-33 784X I x
10 3- a 4 I X3'- 24125 X3- 3332 Xx x-;6160 X
3-163f3 X73- 16358 0 X c73-16387 x 0 X X73- 6398 X
,3- 6~6954 x
73_' -7536 x x7 17938 X73- 2 0 4 2 3 x'3- 20 50 x X
S73 -22406t 3- 25422 X
14AL 0ELEANT 04~ 087 097 039 097 000 105 121 008 O48,.STR TO'IAL=388
'TiL BITS 179 670 3d7 211 319 lo0 284 347 205 172
L¥EYANCE 24.6% 13.0% 25.uA 18.5% 30.4A 37.51~ 3b.6 34.9% 3.9, 15.
:<CALL 11.3% 22.41 25.0% 10.0% 2 5 ,u6 15.5% 26.8% 31.2% 2.1o 12,;
A-8
RECON PROBLEM NUMB]L 1: RECALL AND RELeVANCE iEPOiT
A SEARCH WAS PERFOPPVID SIUSIN TIPEMS F-fGCM SOMEi> OF THE 3b8 REL:VANT DOCUMENTS.THEPfE WI~P 103 HITS; 45 GOOD; 35 WERE? FOUND IN THE 10 ,;ST SEARH!S.THE 10 HIIS BELOW WERE MiSSOD IN ALL ~ TE TIS S-ARCHSS:
N64-2762 2 N65-14317 N65-30391 Nb5-33596 Nb-32534
N67-2951 6 N67-38049 N71-20455 A73-35644 A73-3577
A-9