earth science, 10e
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Earth Science, 10e. Edward J. Tarbuck & Frederick K. Lutgens. Groundwater Chapter 3 (page 94). Earth Science, 6e Stan Hatfield and Ken Pinzke Southwestern Illinois College. Sources of Earth’s water. Distribution of fresh water in the hydrosphere. Water, a renewable resource. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Earth Science, 10e
Edward J. Tarbuck & Frederick K. Lutgens
GroundwaterChapter 3 (page 94)
Earth Science, 6e Stan Hatfield and Ken Pinzke
Southwestern Illinois College
Sources of Earth’s water
Distribution of fresh water in the hydrosphere
Water, a renewable resource
Illustrates the circulation of Earth's water supply
Processes involved in the cycle• Precipitation• Evaporation• Infiltration• Runoff• Transpiration
The hydrologic cycle
Groundwater…
Is the largest freshwater reservoir for humans. (90% of our water usage)
Plays important geological roles• As an erosional agent, dissolving by
groundwater produces • Sinkholes
• Caverns
• An equalizer of stream flow
Features associated with subsurface water
Groundwater characteristics
Aquifer (closed/open aquifer)Aquitard or aquicludeZone of saturationZone of aerationZone of recharge/Zone of discharge Water table
Water beneath the surface (groundwater)
PorosityPercentage of pore spaces
Determines how much groundwater can be stored Permeability
Ability to transmit water through connected pore spaces
Springs
Are where ground surface and water table meet:• Springs
• Hot springs
• Water is 6-9ºC warmer than the mean air temperature of the locality
• Heated by cooling of igneous rock
• Geysers
• Intermittent hot springs
• Water turns to steam and erupts
Hot Springs
Old Faithful geyser in Yellowstone National Park
Geysers formation
Water beneath the surface (groundwater)
Features associated with groundwater• Wells
• Pumping can cause a drawdown (lowering) of the water table
• Pumping can form a cone of depression in the water table
• Artesian wells• Water in the well rises higher than the initial
groundwater level
Formation of a cone of depression in the water table
Artesian Well
Pressure Surface
An artesian well resulting from an inclined aquifer
Treat groundwater as a nonrenewable resource
Environmental problems associated with groundwater:
• Pollution (Farming, industrial, etc…)
• Land subsidence caused by its withdrawal
• Salt water contamination
Salt water contamination
Water beneath the surface (groundwater)
Geologic work of groundwater • Groundwater is often mildly acidic
• Contains weak carbonic acid
• Dissolves calcite in limestone
• Caverns • Formed by dissolving rock beneath Earth's surface
• Formed in the zone of saturation
Water beneath the surface (groundwater)
Geologic work of groundwater • Caverns
• Features found within caverns
• Form in the zone of aeration • Composed of dripstone
• Calcite deposited as dripping water evaporates • Common features include stalactites (hanging
from the ceiling) and stalagmites (growing upward from the floor)
Dripstone formations in Carlsbad Caverns National Park
Water beneath the surface (groundwater)
Geologic work of groundwater • Karst topography
• Formed by dissolving rock at, or near, Earth's surface
• Common features
• Sinkholes – surface depressions
• Sinkholes form by dissolving bedrock and cavern collapse
• Caves and caverns
• Area lacks good surface drainage
Development of karst topography
Infrared image of karst topography in central Florida
End of Chapter 3
GROUNDWATER
No Talking Please
1 - PERMEABILITY IS:
a) ABILITY TO STORE GROUNDWATER
b) ABILITY TO STOP GROUNDWATER
c) ABILITY TO TRANSMIT GROUNDWATER
d) NONE OF THE ABOVE
2 - WHICH ONE OF THESE IS A MAJOR POLLUTANT IN OUR
NORTH FLORIDA GROUNDWATER?
a) PHOSPHATES
b) SULFATES
c) NITRATES
d) CARBONATES
3 - WHICH FORCE PUSHES THE GROUNDWATER
THROUGH THE ROCK?
a) THE PRESSURE SURFACE
b) THE DARCY COEFFICIENT
c) THE HYDRAULIC GRADIENT
d) THE SURFACE TENSION
4 - WHICH ONE (S) OF THESE IS (ARE) PART OF KARST
TOPOGRAPHY?
a) SINKHOLES
b) CAVES AND CAVERNS
c) SINKING CREEKS
d) ALL OF THESE
5 - AN AQUIFER IS
a) IMPERMEABLE ROCK ABOVE THE GROUNDWATER
b) POROUS AND PERMEABLE ROCK THAT CONTAINS THE GROUNDWATER
c) SAME AS AQUITARD
d) NONE OF THESE
6 - THE WATER TABLE IS:
a) TOP OF THE AQUIFER
b) TOP OF THE ZONE OF SATURATION
c) TOP OF THE ZONE OF AERATION
d) NONE OF THE ABOVE
7 - WHICH ZONE CONTAINS THE
GROUNDWATER?
a) THE ZONE OF AERATION
b) THE CONE OF DEPRESSION
c) THE PRESSURE SURFACE
d) THE ZONE OF SATURATION
8 - THE LOWERING OF THE WATER TABLE DUE TO
HEAVY PUMPING IS:
a) ZONE OF DEPRESSION
b) ZONE OF SATURATION
c) CONE OF DEPRESSION
d) CONE OF SATURATION
9 - WHICH ROCK IS AN AQUITARD?
a) SANDSTONE
b) LIMESTONE
c) CLAY
d) NONE OF THESE
10 - THE FLORIDIAN AQUIFER IS MADE OF
WHAT ROCK?
a) CLAYSTONE
b) SANDSTONE
c) LIMESTONE
d) MILESTONE
11 - AN ARTESIAN WELL EXISTS WHEN:
a) IT LIES ABOVE THE PRESSURE SURFACE
b) IT LIES BELOW THE PRESSURE SURFACE
c) THE PRESSURE SURFACE IS ABSENT
d) NONE OF THESE
12 - HOW MUCH OF THE OCEAN WATERS ARE IN THE
HYDROSPHERE?
a) 87%
b) 70%
c) 90%
d) 97%
13 - HOW MUCH GROUNDWATER DO WE USE IN
FLORIDA?
a) 80%
b) 70%
c) 90%
d) 97%
14 - A ROCK ABILITY TO STORE WATER IS:
a) PERMEABILITY
b) SATURATION
c) POROSITY
d) AERATION
15 – Which one of these is not source of nitrates pollution in FL?
a. Farming
b. Animal waste
c. Septic Tank
d. Fossil fuel burning
16 - WHAT MAKES WATER FLOW?
a. 1. DISCHARGE
b. 2. RECHARGE
c. HYDRAULIC GRADIENT
d. DARCY’S FORCE
17 – In Florida sinkholes are pathways to the groundwater
a. True
b. False
18 – Fine particles that float on a stream surface are called
a. Bed load
b. Suspended load
c. Floating load
19 – Between stalagmites and stalagtites which ones hang from the
ceiling?
a. Stalagtites
b. Stalagmites
20 - It is possible to check areas prone to sinkhole from satellite
imaging using
a. Laser beam
b. Infrasound
c. Ultrasound
d. Infrared
21. Area where most of the runoff infiltrates the ground is
called
a. Zone of saturation
b. Zone of discharge
c. Zone of recharge
d. Cone of depression
22. Every time we develop a new area we are doing what?
a. Increase the demand for water resources
b. Reduce the amount of water getting into the ground
c. Reduce the recharge zone
d. Increase the risk for water pollution
e. All of the above
26. Well water or city water, they all are originating from the
same aquifer
a. True
b. False
c. Who cares!
23. How much groundwater is there in the hydrosphere?
a. 97%
b. 3%
c. < 1%
d. None of these
24. There are drugs in the groundwater you are drinking
a. True
b.False
c. Great!
d.Who cares!
25. What is safe to drink?
a. City water
b. Well water
c. Bottled water
d. None is safe, they all may contain pollutants
e. Who care!