earth science, 10ebrownk/es105/es105.2006.ch11.geologictime.f.pdf · earth systems science ii...
TRANSCRIPT
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ES 105Earth Systems Science II
TextbookEarth Science,
11th ed.Edward J. Tarbuck & Frederick K. Lutgens
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Geologic TimeChapter 11
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American Geologic Exploration
• John Wesley Powell• Colorado River
Expedition—1869• Grand Canyon is
Earth’s “Book of Revelations”
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Leaves of History
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Historical notes
Catastrophism• Landscape developed by catastrophes • James Ussher, mid-1600s, concluded
Earth was only a few thousand years old
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Historical notes
Modern geology James Hutton • Theory of the Earth• Published in the late 1700s • “…we find no vestige of a beginning—
no prospect of an end.”
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Leaves of History
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Modern geology
• Uniformitarianism• Fundamental principle of geology • "The present is the key to the past”
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Modern geology
However, catastrophism has its place in our understanding.
• Tsunamis• Floods• Krakatau• Meteor impacts
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Relative dating
Placing rocks and events in proper sequence of formation
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Principles and rules of Relative Dating
• Law of superposition –• Principle of original horizontality –• Principle of cross-cutting relationships –
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Law of Superposition
• Nicklaus Steno, 1669 • Oldest rocks are on the bottom
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Superposition is well illustrated by the strata in the Grand Canyon
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Principle of Original Horizontality
• Sediment is deposited horizontally• Not on slanted or vertical surfaces
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Principle of Cross-cutting Relationships
• Younger feature cuts through an older feature – Something must exist first to be cut by
another thing• The ‘things’ cutting may be ‘things’, such
as igneous intrusions• Or they may be events, like fault breaks,
folding, or erosion periods
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Cross-cutting relationships
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Inclusions
• One rock contained within another • Rock containing the inclusions is
younger
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How inclusions form
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Formation of Inclusions
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Now the fragments are included
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Unconformities
• An unconformity is a break in the rock record
• Three types of unconformities
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Three types of unconformities
• Angular unconformity –• Disconformity –• Nonconformity –
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Angular Unconformity• tilted rocks are overlain by flat-lying
rocks
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Formation of an
angular unconformity
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Nonconformity
• Metamorphic or igneous rocks below the noncomformity
• Younger sedimentary rocks above the noncomformity
• Often has inclusions in the overlying bed
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Formation of Inclusions
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Now the fragments are included
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Disconformity• Strata on either side are parallel• Represents a gap in geologic time• Most difficult of the three
unconformities to detect
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Several unconformities are present in the Grand Canyon
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Principles of Relative Dating
• Law of Superposition• Principle of Original Horizontality• Principle of Crosscutting Relationships• Inclusions• Unconformities