Earthquakes, Volcanoes & Rocks Activities – Ms. Canizares 2018-19

Learning Objectives: Cornell/Mark the Text Requirements:

Earthquakes Volcanoes Rock Cycle

Describe the

motion & speed of

the three types of

seismic waves.

Describe the

hazards of

volcanoes and

what causes

them

Explain how

each of the three

types of rocks are

made

Explain the

differences

between a fault,

epicenter, focus,

and seismic waves

Describe the

three types of

volcanoes and

the lava type

that led to it’s

formation.

Describe how

one rock can turn

into any of the

other rock types

Describe the

hazards of

earthquakes and

what causes them

Explain the

cause of volcanic

eruptions

Identify

processes that will

create different

rock types

--Grading Rubric --

5 4 3 2 1

Activities Completed & accurate Answers show evidence of thinking and improvement of understanding on magnets Work is neat and shows effort/time spent Corrections made on mistakes (except I think type questions/predictions)

Almost

perfect

Missing

several

components

Missing

many

components

Missing

most

components

Cornell

Notes &

Mark the

Text

Checklist above is completed

It’s evident that it has been used for

studying at home – revised, foldings for

using questions, etc.

Almost

perfect

Missing

several

components

Missing

many

components

Missing

most

components

Grading Guide for Mark

the Text:

Paragraphs numbered

Vocabulary Circled or

Highlighted

Each Paragraph has

key ideas Underlined

or Highlighted

Underlines or

Highlights are 5-8

words (less is best)

Grading Guide for Cornell Notes:

Big Topic ID’ed

Essential Question based on big

topic & higher level question

(hint use how)

Notes per paragraph – using

mark the text

Question per paragraph on left

Summary is 5 sentences

minimum and is about the entire

reading

Summary is factual not

personal

Notes are processed –

highlight most difficult, !

*?etc.

Name:

______________________

Hour ______

Primary Waves – aka P Waves aka Longitudinal Waves

1. One slinky end should be duct taped to the end of the lab station. Take the other end and push it and observe what

happens. Draw AND write what happens below.

2. What happens if you push with more force?

3. What would happen to the speed of the slinky if you put it in water and applied the same force?

Increase or decrease (circle one) Why?

Secondary Waves – aka S Waves aka Transverse Waves

4. Now take the other end and do a side to side motion. The slinky should stay on the table the entire time. Observe

what happens. Draw AND write what happens below.

5. The length of a wave is called the wavelength. It is the distance from the top of one wave to the top of the next

wave. Draw a line from top (has arrows) to top (hint your line will go from left to right). Label it as the wavelength

on the drawing.

6. Slide it side to side faster. Do you have more or less waves pass through the slinky? ________________

7. Based on what your previous answer – there is more energy, you will have more or less waves a second? _________

This means the waves’ frequency will increase or decrease? _______________________

8. Draw a low energy wave in the box on the left and a high energy S WAVE in the right box.

9. The top of a wave is called the crest. Label the crests in the wave you drew above with a C.

10. The bottom of a wave is called the trough. Label the troughs in the wave you drew above with a T.

Comparing P & S Waves

11. Review how P & S waves move above. Try to apply the same force, and see which type of wave has a faster speed.

Which wave was it? ______

12. Which wave appears to be more destructive? ________

Reflection: Which wave is more interesting to you? ________ why? _________________________________________

Lower Energy Higher Energy

p1

Earthquakes!

Earth is never still. Every day, worldwide, there are several thousand earthquakes. An earthquake is the shaking and trembling that

results from the movement of rock beneath Earth’s surface. Most earthquakes are too small to notice. But a large earthquake can

produce dramatic changes in Earth’s surface and cause great damage.

The forces of plate movement cause earthquakes. Plate movements produce stress in Earth’s crust, adding energy to rock and forming

faults. Stress increases along a fault until the rock breaks. An earthquake begins. In seconds, the earthquake releases an enormous

amount of stored energy. Most earthquakes begin in the lithosphere within about 100 kilometers of Earth’s surface.

The focus (FOH kus) is the area beneath Earth’s surface where rock that is under stress breaks, triggering an earthquake. The point on

the surface directly above the focus is called the epicenter (EP uh sen tur).

There are three main categories of seismic waves: P waves, S waves, and surface waves. An earthquake sends out two types of

waves from its focus: P waves and S waves. When these waves reach Earth’s surface at the epicenter, surface waves develop.

FIGURE 7 Seismic Waves This diagram shows an earthquake along the Denali fault. An earthquake occurs when rocks fracture deep

in the crust. The seismic waves move out in all directions from the focus.

Types of Seismic Waves Like a pebble thrown into a pond, an earthquake produces vibrations called waves. These waves carry energy as they travel outward. During an

earthquake, seismic waves race out from the focus in all directions. Seismic waves are vibrations that travel through Earth carrying the energy

released during an earthquake. The seismic waves move like ripples in a pond. Seismic waves carry energy from an earthquake away from the

focus, through Earth’s interior, and across the surface. That’s what happened in 2002, when a powerful earthquake ruptured the Denali fault in

Alaska, shown in Figure 7.

P Waves

The first waves to arrive are primary waves, or P waves. P waves are seismic waves that compress and expand the ground like an

accordion. Like the other types of seismic waves, P waves can damage buildings. Look at Figure 7 above to see how P waves move.

S Waves

After P waves come secondary waves, or S waves. S waves are seismic waves that vibrate from side to side as well as up and down.

They shake the ground back and forth. When S waves reach the surface, they shake structures violently. Unlike P waves, which travel

through both solids and liquids, S waves cannot move through liquids.

Surface Waves (L waves)

When P waves and S waves reach the surface, some of them become

surface waves. Surface waves move more slowly than P waves and S

waves, but they can produce severe ground movements. Some surface waves make the ground roll like ocean waves. Other surface

waves shake buildings from side to side.

p2

Big Topic: ______________________________________

Essential Question:

Questions/Main Ideas:

Earthquakes

What’s an earthquake?

What’s the difference between a

focus and an epicenter?

Types of Seismic Waves

What are seismic waves?

P Waves

Describe the motion of a P wave.

S Waves

Describe the motion of an S wave.

L Waves

Describe the motion of an Lwave.

_____________________________

_____________________________

_____________________________

_____________________________

Wegner’s Hypothesis Rejected

_____________________________

_____________________________

Core & Earth’s Magnetic Field

_____________________________

_____________________________

___________________________

Notes

1: Earthquake: shaking caused by the m_______________ of Earth’s

s________________

2: __________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

3: __________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

4: P Waves: move through Earth by c___________________ and

e_________________ the ground like an a______________

5: __________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

6: __________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

Summary (5 sentences minimum): An earthquake is ________________________________________________________________

___________________. A focus is different from an epicenter is because it is found ___________________________________________

and is where an earthquake starts. Seismic waves are____________________________________________________________________

The P wave is the fastest and moves by _____________________________________. The S wave comes second is moves by ________

_____________________________________________. The L wave is the slowest and moves by ________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Two main hazards from earthquakes are (hint read below) t______________ and l___________________________.

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________

__

p3

Video: The Day the Earth Shook

This video helps you visualize what a strong earthquake can do by comparing two

earthquakes that were similar in magnitude but the effects were completely different!

1. Why were there fires in Kobe/What caused the fire?

2. Why does Japan have so many EQ’s?

3. Why does California have so many EQ’s?

4. In 50 million years, what will happen to LA (where will it be)? _____________________________ 5. Can faults cause mountains? Yes or No 6. Has any earthquake been predicted so people can prepare for them? Yes or No 7. Were the earthquakes in Kobe and Northridge predicted to be prone to this magnitude of an earthquake? Kobe: Y

N Northridge: Y N

8. In an EQ what’s the order of the motion you feel (number them below): ___ movement in other directions ___ vertical shake ___ horizontal shake

9. In the LA quake where did the crack start? at the surface -or- underground 10. After an EQ what can happen? A________________________________________ 12. Why was Kobe’s damage so much worse?

13. Do EQ kill people? Yes or No 14. How did the building with garages or open spaces do during the EQ’s? well not so well

15. Did some areas of Kobe survive the earthquake? Yes or No 16. What happened to the expressway? _____________________________ 17. What happened to the ski tour bus? ____________________________ 18. Does soft soil make earthquakes stronger or weaker? [stronger weaker] 19. What happens to soft wet soil during an earthquake?

20. What does liquefaction look like?

21. How much longer with the bridge have to be? _____ m 22. At the museum, what did the people do to help protect them during an earthquake?

23. Do P waves do the most damage? Yes or No 24. What are some ways they could possibly prevent earthquake hazards (bad things from earthquakes)?

25. What was the most interesting part of this video to you?

EQ =

Earthquake

P4

Earthquake Tower Power

Goal: Build a free standing (not attached) tall high rise building that can withstand significant earthquake shaking and

yet keep costs to a minimum.

Budget: $4000

Materials That Can Be Purchased:

Dry Spaghetti - $100 per stick Small Marshmallows - $50 each 3 cm of tape - $25

Individual Pre-Thinking Sketch of What You Might Make:

Budget/Requested Items – decided upon as a team

Item # Purchasing Total Cost $ $ Amount Left to Spend

Dry Spaghetti $4000 - _________ =

________________

Small Marshmallows

3 cm of tape

You can only go shopping once. Keep in mind that price and quality are important!

Actual Structure Sketch Total Cost $_______________________ Time Withstood ______________

Did your structure fail the EQ test? _______ IF yes, what caused the failure? _________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Reflection of Activity – Sentences Required

Engineering is the branch of science concerned with the design, building and use of engines, machines and structures.

How was your group an engineer? _____________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

What designs seem to be “better engineered”? __________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

If you could “reengineer” your tower, what would you have done? ___________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Many jobs require you to work with others. This can be rewarding and frustrating. What was a struggle for you?

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

p5

TSUNAMIS VIDEO!

1. What causes a tsunamis? ______________________________

2. Is it more than one wave? Y N

3. How fast do they go up to _______________mph

4. Would you feel it in a boat out away from shore? Y N

5. If a trough (part of a wave) comes first, the sea will pull (back or forward-circle one).

6. How long can a tsunamis last? _____________________________

7. What happened to the parking meters? __________________________

8. How did they get out of the house when the tsunamis hit their house?

_________________________________

9. Now what do they put on the ground floor to protect from tsunamis?

10. Where do hotel guests go now for safety? ________________________

11. Is the first wave of a tsunamis usually the biggest? Y N

12. How many minutes can occur between the first and second wave? _________

13. How many hours do they need to evacuate a city like Honolulu? ______

14. Can you see the tsunamis wave in deep water? Y N

15. What do they do to warn of an approaching tsunamis?

16. How much did the false alarm cost? ______ million dollars

17. Where did the two surfers get dumped by the tsunamis wave? _________________

18. After an iceberg broke apart, what happened at the harbor?

19. Was this wave caused by an earthquake? Y N

20. How frequently do tsunamis waves of 15-20 feet occur? ______ years

21. Harbors and inlets are (more, less) prone to the dangers of tsunamis.

22. Tidal waves are caused by the gravitational pull of the moon on Earth’s waters. Are tsunamis caused by

the gravitational pull of the moon? Y N

23. Is a tsunamis really a tidal wave? Y N

24. What are many coastal towns in Japan doing to be better prepared for tsunamis?

25. Are tsunamis only a problem for the Pacific Ocean? Y N

26. Can a tsunamis hit Kansas? Y N

27. Why is it important for you to understand the basics of a tsunamis?

v

P6

Earthquake Review

Basic Parts of an Earthquake: Label the 4 main parts and explain what it is in a couple words beside it. Then for the

image to the right, start with the top term and draw an arrow to it on the diagram to the right.

Term

Seismic Wave Review

Type of Wave Speed:

fastest =1

Can It Travel

Through Liquids? Type of Motion Description One Unique Fact

P Yes No

S Yes No

L/Surface Yes No

Read the following and highlight key ideas of two of the major earthquake measurement scales

The RICHTER SCALE and the m_______________ m_________________ scale are two different ways that

earthquakes are measured. One thing they have in common _________________________________________

____________________________________________________________. One difference is ______________

__________________________________________________________.

Draw or Describe hazards that are associated with earthquakes (p3 the bottom):

P7

Volcano Introduction

Pre-thinking: Based on what you know so far, why do volcanos erupt? Answer in three sentences and include

a drawing. Include the terms: lithosphere, boundary, and magma. Put a question mark ? by thoughts you

are unsure about. If you feel confident put an exclamation point!

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Jello Volcano Model Exploration – This is a new activity I am testing this year so be patient & kind so we try

more food activities in the future. Draw your observations and write a few words that describe it as well.

Drawing of Set Up Observations – 1st Injection Observations 2nd Injection

__________________________ __________________________ __________________________

__________________________ __________________________ __________________________

__________________________ __________________________ __________________________

__________________________ __________________________ __________________________

Post Reflection:

What direction did the magma go? ________ What applied the force to cause this? ____________________________

____________________________. In real life what is the force that is causing this? _____________________________

_____________________________. Do all volcanoes erupt the same way? ________ Explain why you think this:

_____________________________________________________________. Predict what would happen if we used more

magma but injected it slowly: __________________________________________________________. What if we

injected it much more quickly? ____________________ _____________________________________________.

Web Introduction: http://news.bbc.co.uk/cbbcnews/hi/static/guides/volcanoes/swf/volcano_ani_guide_1.swf

1. According to the website, Earth is _______ billion years old.

2. What causes the plates to move? C___________________ c_____________ in the m___________.

3. Stratovolcanoes/COMPOSITE form by layers of ___________ from s________________ eruptions.

4. What causes a volcano to erupt? ____________________________________

5. How far does the eruption cloud travel up to? ______ km

6. What is lahar? _____________________________________ (keep it simple)

7. How are shield volcanoes made? ______________________________________________________________________

8. Where are most volcanoes found? ________________________________

9. Where is the Ring of Fire? ____________________________________

p8

Volcanoes In 2002, Mount Etna erupted in glowing fountains and rivers of molten rock. Located on the island of Sicily in the Mediterranean Sea, Mount Etna is Europe’s largest volcano. Over the last 2,500 years, it has erupted often. A volcano is a weak spot in the crust where molten material, or magma, comes to the surface. Magma is a molten mixture of rock-forming substances, gases, and water from the mantle. When magma reaches the surface, it is called lava. After lava has cooled, it forms solid rock. Lava released during volcanic activity builds up Earth’s surface.

Magma

What Is Viscosity?

When you pour yourself a glass of milk, it would flow faster than pouring a glass a molasses. Because particles in a liquid are free to move around

one another, a liquid can flow from place to place. Viscosity (vis KAHS uh tee) is the resistance of a liquid to flowing. Because liquids differ in

viscosity, some liquids flow more easily than others. The greater the viscosity of a liquid, the slower it flows. For example, honey is a thick,

sticky liquid with high viscosity. Honey flows slowly. The lower the viscosity, the more easily a liquid flows. Water, rubbing alcohol, and vinegar are

thin, runny liquids with low viscosities.

Viscosity of Magma

At the extremely high temperatures and pressures inside Earth, mantle rock sometimes melts to

form magma. Surprisingly, the properties of magma can vary. For example, not all types of

magma have the same viscosity. The viscosity of magma depends upon its silica content

(SiO2) and temperature.

Inside a Volcano

A volcano is more than a large, cone-shaped mountain. Inside a volcano is a system of

passageways through which magma moves. All volcanoes have a pocket of magma beneath the surface and one or more cracks through which the

magma forces its way. Beneath a volcano, magma collects in a pocket called a magma chamber. The magma moves upward through a pipe, a

long tube in the ground that connects the magma chamber to Earth’s surface.

FIGURE 10 A Volcano Erupts A volcano forms where

magma breaks through Earth’s crust and lava flows over

the surface.

Molten rock and gas leave the volcano through an

opening called a vent. Often, there is one central vent at

the top of a volcano. However, many volcanoes also

have other vents that open on the volcano’s sides. A lava

flow is the area covered by lava as it pours out of a vent.

A crater is a bowl-shaped area that may form at the top

of a volcano around the central vent (the edge of the

volcano).

Causes of A Volcanic Eruption

Pressure: What pushes magma to the surface? The explosion of a volcano is similar to the soda water bubbling out of a warm bottle of soda pop.

You cannot see the carbon dioxide gas in a bottle of soda pop because it is dissolved in the liquid. But when you open the bottle, the pressure is

released. The carbon dioxide expands and forms bubbles, which rush to the surface. Like the carbon dioxide in soda pop, dissolved gases are

trapped in magma. These dissolved gases are under tremendous pressure.

As magma rises toward the surface, the pressure of the surrounding rock on the magma decreases. The dissolved gases begin to expand, forming

bubbles. As pressure falls within the magma, the size of the gas bubbles increases greatly. These expanding gases exert an enormous force. When

a volcano erupts, the force of the expanding gases pushes magma from the magma chamber through the pipe until it flows or explodes

out of the vent. Once magma escapes from the volcano and becomes lava, the remaining gases bubble out.

Density: When rock inside the Earth melts, its mass remains the same, but its volume increases, producing magma that is less dense than the

surrounding rock. This lighter magma rises toward the surface because of this. When the density is less than that of the surrounding and overlying

rocks, the will magma reach the surface and erupt.Adapted from: http://www.universetoday.com/77111/why-do-volcanoes-erupt/#ixzz345zrftk0

p9

Questions/Main Ideas:

Volcanoes

_____________________________

_____________________________

Magma What’s Viscosity?

_____________________________

_____________________________

Viscosity of Magma?

_____________________________

_____________________________

Inside a Volcano

_____________________________

_____________________________

_____________________________

_____________________________

_____________________________

Causes of a Volcanic Eruption

Pressure

_____________________________

_____________________________

_____________________________

_____________________________

Density

_____________________________

_____________________________

_____________________________

_____________________________

_____________________________

_____________________________

_____________________________

Core & Earth’s Magnetic Field

_____________________________

_____________________________

___________________________

Notes

1: A volcano is __________________________________________________. The

difference between magma and lava is_____________________________________

______________________________________.

2: Viscosity: r______________ of a liquid to f________. The greater the viscosity

the ___________ it flows

3: __________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

4& 5: List the parts

A: ________________________________

B: ________________________________

C: ________________________________

D: ________________________________

E: ________________________________

F: ________________________________

6: Dissolved g_______ provides the pressure to push m__________ to the surface.

7: __________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

8: As temperature increases the __________ stays the same but the _____________

increases. This makes the magma less d________ and rise.

5: Dissolved g_______ provides the pressure to push m__________ to the surface.

6: __________________________________________________________________

Summary (5 sentences minimum): ________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________

_

p10

Big Topic: ______________________________________

Essential Question:

Lava Hunters/Shaping Our World Video

1. What is the temperature of the lava?

2. How many volcanoes are there on Earth?

3. What happened in Iceland?

How long did it last? ________________

4. What did the people of Iceland do to protect

their harbor?

5. What is the volcano doing right now?

6. Would Iceland be a country if there was no

such thing as volcanoes?

7. Why are they keeping the island of Surtsey

isolated?

8. What has eroded the lava down (which then

turned into rock)?

9. What did the island look like?

10. Why does Earth have volcanoes?

11. How fast is Iceland moving apart?

12. How are volcanoes involved with the start of

the French Revolution?

13. When did Mt. St. Helen’s explode?

14. What does it look like now?

15. What were the warning signs of the

explosion?

16. What damage did the lahar/mudflow do?

Were you surprised by this?

17. How was the lake left after the explosion?

18. What happened to all the living things near

the volcano?

19. What causes the lava to propel/get pushed

up into the air?

20. What are scientists doing to study this?

21. How fast can pyroclastic flow move (mph)?

What is the temperature of it? (°F)

22. What ended up killing the Krafts?

23. One controversial theory is that life started

‘naturally’ by the mixture of gases like

methane, hydrogen, ammonium, steam and

carbonic gases. The mixture of the gases

under the right conditions creates a bacteria

(living things). What do you think of this

theory?

24. Why are scientists so baffled by the living

things that live by hydrothermal vents?

25. Where are the volcanoes also located in our

solar system?

p11

Hot Spot Volcanoes – Mark the Text!

Although most volcanoes are found at convergent or divergent plate boundaries, hot spot volcanoes may be

found in the middle of a tectonic plate. These volcanoes rise at a hotspot above a mantle plume. Melting at a

hotspot is due to pressure release as the plume rises through the mantle.

Earth is home to about 50 known hotspots. Most of these are in the oceans because they are better able to

penetrate oceanic lithosphere to create volcanoes. But there are some large ones in the continents.

Yellowstone is a good example of a mantle plume erupting within a continent.

The South Pacific has many hotspot

volcanic chains. The hotspot is beneath

the youngest volcano in the chain and

older volcanoes are found to the

northwest. A volcano forms above the

hotspot, but as the Pacific Plate moves,

that volcano moves off the hotspot.

Without its source of volcanism, it no

longer erupts. The crust gets cooler

and the volcano erodes. The result is a

chain of volcanoes and seamounts trending northwest from the hotspot.

The most famous example of a hotspot in the oceans is the Hawaiian Islands. Forming above the hotspot are

massive shield volcanoes that together create the islands. The lavas are mafic and have low viscosity. The

hotspots that are known beneath continents are extremely large. The reason is that it takes a massive mantle

plume to generate enough heat to penetrate through the relatively thick continental crust. The eruptions that

come from these hotspots are infrequent but massive, often felsic and explosive. All that's left at Yellowstone

at the moment is a giant caldera and a very hot spot beneath.

Volcanos Webquest Review

http://www.volcano.si.edu/reports/usgs/#spurr

Look at current volcanic activity

https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/vhp/about_alerts.html

1. How is a volcano advisory different from a volcano

watch?

2. Why is there an advisory system for aircraft?

http://www.fccj.info/gly1001/animations/Chapter9/Vol

canoTypes.html Click thru the three main types of

volcanoes – shield, cinder and composite/strato.

3. Which volcano type is the flattest?

4. Which volcano type is the most violent?

5. How is the formation of a shield volcano different

from a cinder?

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/earth/blasts-from-the-

past.html

6. When was the most recent “supereruption”?

_______________________

7. Click on “Launch Interactive”. Which

“supervolcano” had the largest deposited bulk

volume (that’s how much stuff came out of the

volcano)? _________________________ You will

have to click through all the numbers.

http://www.awesomestories.com/images/user/ecd

92a7351.gif

http://www.thecolefamily.com/italy/pompeii/slide

50.htm - check out what is left behind today

http://www.hyperstaffs.info/work/geology/rhodes/about.s

wf How did you do?

Fling the Teacher

http://www.geography.learnontheinternet.co.uk/activities/v

olcanoes.html How many tries did it take you until you got

them all correct? _______

p12

Volcano Model Pre-Thinking

Causes/Why Volcanoes Erupt

1. _____________________

2. _____________________

Composite/Stratovolcano:

Real Life Example ___________________________

Location: _________________

Eruption Style: _____________________________________

Where Found: _____________________________________

Cinder:

Real Life Example ___________________________

Location: _________________

Eruption Style: _____________________________________

Where Found: _____________________________________

Shield:

Real Life Example ___________________________

Location: _________________

Eruption Style: _____________________________________

Where Found: _____________________________________

Caldera (not really one of there main types so if group of 3 can skip):

Real Life Example ___________________________

Location: _________________

Eruption Style: _____________________________________

Where Found: _____________________________________

Post Eruption Presentation Requirements:

Type of Volcano Eruption Style Shape (or what it should be) Where Found

ID Volcano Parts Peer Scoring: 10 = perfect 8 = mostly perfect 6 = some mistakes 4 = many mistakes 2 = huh?

Table 1: ________ Table 2: ________ Table 3: ________ Table 4: ________

Table 5: ________ Table 6: ________ Table 7: ________

Which group did the best job? _________ Why do you think they did the best? _______________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Drawing of Volcano:

Sketch & Label the Parts of a Volcano

Drawing of Volcano:

Drawing of Volcano:

Drawing of Volcano:

p13

Rocks

You can find interesting rocks almost anywhere. The rock of Earth’s crust forms mountains, hills, valleys, beaches, even the ocean

floor. When studying a rock sample, geologists observe the rock’s mineral composition, color, and texture.

How Rocks Form

Using color, texture, and mineral composition, geologists can

classify a rock according to its origin. A rock’s origin is how the rock

formed. Geologists classify rocks into three major groups: igneous

rock, sedimentary rock, and metamorphic rock. Rocks do not die.

They just transform into another type of rock. This process is called the rock cycle.

Each of these groups of rocks forms in a different way. Igneous rock (IG nee us) forms from the cooling of magma or lava. Lava that is

cooled quickly makes an intrusive igneous rock. Pumice & obsidian are examples of intrusive igneous rocks. Magma cools more

slowly and this allows larger grain sizes to create rocks like granite.

Most sedimentary rock (sed uhMEN tur ee) forms when particles of other rocks or the remains of plants and animals are pressed and

cemented together. Sedimentary rock forms in layers that are buried below the surface. There are three types of sedimentary rock:

clastic, chemical and organic. Organic sedimentary rock is made of the remains of plants or animals (organic – organism). Coal is an

organic sedimentary rock. Limestone can be made of fossils, or can be made chemically as solids precipitate out of the ocean waters.

Sandstone is an example of a clastic sedimentary rock. When rock is weathered by wind, water, ice, etc. it is broken into pieces.

These pieces can then be compressed together to create a new rock.

Metamorphic rock (met uh MAWR fik) forms when an existing rock is changed by heat, pressure, or chemical

reactions. Most metamorphic rock forms deep underground. There are two types of metamorphic rock: foliated

and non-foliated. Foliated rock leaves layer lines showing the pressure they have been exposed to (see image

on right). Non-foliated rocks have pressure but the heat affects the rocks and therefore there are not layer lines.

Marble is an example.

Rocks & Weathering Imagine a hike that lasts for months and covers hundreds of kilometers. Each year, many hikers go on such treks. They hike trails that run the length of America’s great mountain ranges. The Sierras extend about 640 kilometers along the eastern side of California. The Sierras are rocky and steep, with many peaks rising 3,000 meters above sea level. The Appalachians are more rounded and gently sloping, and are covered with soil and plants. The Appalachians stretch more than 2,000 kilometers from Alabama to Maine. The highest peaks in the Appalachians are less than half the elevation of the highest peaks in the Sierras. Which mountain range do you think is older? The Appalachians formed more than 250 million years ago. The Sierras formed only within the last 10 million years. The forces that wear down rock on Earth’s surface have had much longer to grind down the Appalachians.

Weathering is the process that breaks down rock and other substances at Earth’s surface. Heat, cold, water, and ice all contribute to weathering. So do the oxygen and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Repeated freezing and thawing, for example, can crack rock apart into smaller pieces. Rainwater can dissolve minerals that bind rock together. You don’t need to go to the mountains to see examples of weathering. The forces that wear down mountains also cause bicycles to rust, paint to peel, sidewalks to crack, and potholes to form.

The forces of weathering break rocks into smaller and smaller pieces. Then the forces of erosion carry the pieces away. Erosion (ee ROH zhun) is the movement of rock particles by wind, water, ice, or gravity. Weathering and erosion work together continuously to wear down and carry away the rocks at Earth’s surface.

p14

Questions/Main Ideas:

Rocks

_____________________________

_____________________________

How Rocks Form

_____________________________

_____________________________

_____________________________

_____________________________

_____________________________

_____________________________

_____________________________

_____________________________

_____________________________

Rocks & Weathering

_____________________________

_____________________________

_____________________________

_____________________________

_____________________________

_____________________________

_____________________________

_____________________________

__

_______________________

_____________________________

_____________________________

_____________________________

Core & Earth’s Magnetic Field

_____________________________

_____________________________

___________________________

Summary (5 sentences minimum): Geologists study rocks by observing rock m______________ composition, c____________, and

t__________. The rock cycle is the theory that ____________________________________________ . The three types of rocks are

________________ (made by melting and cooling), ________________________ (made by extreme heat and pressure), and

_______________________ (made by sediments compressed together). Besides plate tectonics, two major contributors to the rock cycle

are _____________________________ (the breaking of rocks to smaller pieces) and _________________________ which moves the

sediment to different locations.

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

p15

Big Topic: ______________________________________

Essential Question:

Notes

1: Geologists study rocks by observing rock m__________ composition, c________,

and t__________.

2: ________________________: rocks do not die; they just change from one form to

another

3: ________________ rock: made from m________________ and

c______________

4: ______________________ rock: made from little pieces (sediment) that get

compressed together

5: ____________________ rock: made by extreme heat and or pressure

6: Mountains do not last forever because ___________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

7: __________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

8:Erosion: movement of particles by w_______, w_______, ice or g________.

___________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

Rock Cycle Web & Review

http://www.learner.org/interactives/rockcycle/diagram.h

tml

This site is just a great review site. Please click through

and then write down 3 new things you learned or what

the site helped reinforce in your brain.

1. _________________________________________

_________________________________________

2. _________________________________________

_________________________________________

3. _________________________________________

_________________________________________

Click on complete the cycle at the bottom & test urself!

http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/co

ntent/investigations/es0602/es0602page02.cfm click

through this site that gives you an example of the rock

cycle in action. Answer the questions as you go.

1. You should be starting with this image. To review,

what type of boundary is this?

____________________________

2. Click the play button under the animation.

Crystallization (cooling of lava) makes what type of

rock? (Ig, Sed, or Met – circle one)

3. Click on the lava in the image. What makes the holes

in rocks? ______________________________

4. Click continue. What causes the rock to erode (break

into pieces)? ______________________________

5. The sediment then experiences

c____________________ and c______________ation

to become a sedimentary rock.

6. During metamorphism rock is exposed to h_________

and p_______________.

7. What type of rock has just been made? (Igneous,

Sedimentary or Metamorphic – circle one)

8. Do rocks ever die? ___________

http://www.kscience.co.uk/animations/rock_cycle.htm

Put the words where they belong. How many tries did it

take you to get it right? ____________

http://www.phschool.com/atschool/phsciexp/active_art/

rock_cycle/index.html

Rock Cycle Review No Computer -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Fill in Sedimentary, Igneous or Metamorphic in each box.

Review Questions

1. As magma cools, it forms [igneous, sedimentary or

metamorphic] by the process of s_________________.

2. Igneous rocks can form from __________________,

____________________, & _____________________

rocks.

3. Sediments are created by the process of

w_______________ and are transported by

e____________.

4. Which processes changes igneous rock into

metamorphic rock?

5. Which processes change sedimentary rock into igneous

rock?

6. Compaction and cementation forms [igneous,

sedimentary or metamorphic] rocks.

7. [Igneous, sedimentary or metamorphic] are most likely

to form in the lower lithosphere.

8. [Igneous, sedimentary or metamorphic] are mostly to

be made near volcanoes.

9. [Igneous, sedimentary or metamorphic] are most likely

to have fossils.

10. True or False: All rocks follow the same pathway.

11. True or False: Rocks do not die.

p16

Post Test: If you missed more than 4 questions, pick the 4 that would be most useful for you to reflect about. If you

missed less than 4, then fill in only for the ones missed.

Copy or Rephrase (if wordy) the

Question You Missed

Why Did You Miss It? Correct Answer (Do NOT write the letter

choice)

Had no clue & guessed

I confused it with something else:

_____________________________________

Brain Fart/Silly Mistake

Other:

Had no clue & guessed

I confused it with something else:

_____________________________________

Brain Fart/Silly Mistake

Other:

Had no clue & guessed

I confused it with something else:

_____________________________________

Brain Fart/Silly Mistake

Other:

Had no clue & guessed

I confused it with something else:

_____________________________________

Brain Fart/Silly Mistake

Other:

Test Reflection: On the test, I noticed I was not so confident or had to think for a bit about _______________________

______________________________. Since I need to retain this information until at least December (please note many

of you will take earth science in high school), I plan on doing the following to improve what I am weak on: __________

______________________________________________________________________________. Over time if you don’t

continually review your brain struggles to find information I currently know. I plan on doing the following to help me

keep/retain what I am strong on: _____________________________________________________________________.

To prepare for this test I have done the following at home: _________________________________________________

________________________________________________. My test prep strategy [worked, could be improved, didn’t

work]. Next test I plan to ________________________________________________________________________. p17