earthwatch 2014 mammoth graveyard in...

MAMMOTH GRAVEYARD IN SOUTH DAKOTA

EARTHWATCH 2014

DEAR EARTHWATCHER,

I would like to take a moment to personally welcome you to the Mammoth Site of Hot Springs, South Dakota. You are joining a small but elite group of individuals: the Mammoth Hunters of North America. Except for others like you at the Mammoth Site and elsewhere, there haven’t been any mammoth hunters on the continent for the last 10,000 to 11,000 years. Those folks got the live ones; we have to settle for the bones and teeth.

By choosing the Mammoth Site as the location of your expedition, you have chosen a unique paleontological site—the largest in situ accumulation of mammoth remains, in primary context, in North America. We will attempt to enhance the excavation efforts with intellectual ones in the form of evening lectures. Hopefully, you will catch our appreciation for a magnificent animal that shared the continent with early humans and suffered extinction only a few thousand years ago. There are a few veteran participants, as well as newcomers, on this year’s teams. Veterans can help newcomers to become acquainted with the project and excavation techniques. I look forward to meeting you, veterans and first-timers alike.

I speak for the entire staff and myself when I say welcome to the Mammoth graveyard at Hot Springs, South Dakota.

Best Regards,

Larry D. Agenbroad Site Director and Earthwatch Scientist

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1Mammoth Graveyard in South Dakota 2014

TABLE OF CONTENTS

GENERAL INFORMATION ........................... 2

EXPEDITION PACKING CHECKLIST ............. 4

THE RESEARCH ......................................... 5

DESTINATION ............................................ 8

DAILY LIFE IN THE FIELD .......................... 10

ACCOMMODATIONS AND FOOD .................. 12

TRAVEL TIPS ............................................14

PROJECT CONDITIONS .............................. 16

SAFETY ....................................................18

PROJECT STAFF .......................................20

RECOMMENDED READING .........................21

PARTICIPANT RIGHTS AND RESPONSIBILITIES .......................... 22

COMMUNICATIONS ................................... 26

Images © Earthwatch, Ruth Clemmer, Pat Donahue, Yoka Heijstek, Phil Degginger

Mammoth Graveyard in South Dakota 20142

EARTHWATCH SCIENTIST: Dr. Larry D. Agenbroad

RESEARCH SITE: The Mammoth Site, Hot Springs, South Dakota

EXPEDITION DATES:

Team 1: June 29–July 13, 2014

Team 2: July 13–July 27, 2014

GENERAL INFORMATIONMAMMOTH GRAVEYARD IN SOUTH DAKOTA

Complete travel information is not available in this version of the briefing.

Please contact Earthwatch with any questions.


Read this expedition briefing thoroughly. It provides the most accurate information available at the time of your Earthwatch scientist’s project planning, and will likely answer any questions you have about the project. However, please also keep in mind that research requires improvisation, and you may need to be flexible. Research plans evolve in response to new findings, as well as to unpredictable factors such as weather, equipment failure, and travel challenges. To enjoy your expedition to the fullest, remember to expect the unexpected, be tolerant of repetitive tasks, and try to find humor in difficult situations. If there are any major changes in the research plan or field logistics, Earthwatch will make every effort to keep you well informed before you go into the field.

TO DO IMMEDIATELYq Make sure you understand and agree to Earthwatch

policies and participant responsibilities (see pg. 22).

90 DAYS PRIOR TO EXPEDITIONq Log in at earthwatch.org to complete your

volunteer forms.

NOTE: If you have signed up for an expedition within 90 days of the start date, you must return your fully completed volunteer forms as soon as possible.

q Pay any outstanding balance for your expedition.

q Book travel arrangements.

q If you plan to purchase additional travel insurance, note that some policies require purchase when your expedition is booked (see the Insurance section, pg. 19, for more information).

q If traveling internationally, make sure your passport is current and obtain a visa for your destination country, if necessary (see the Passports and Visas section, pg. 15, for more details).

q Make sure you have all the necessary vaccinations for your project site (see the Health Information section, pg. 18).

q Bring your level of fitness up to the standards required (see the Project Conditions section, pg. 16).

60 DAYS PRIOR TO EXPEDITION q Review the packing list to make sure you have all the

clothing, personal supplies, and equipment needed.

30 DAYS PRIOR TO EXPEDITIONq Leave the Earthwatch 24-hour helpline number with

a friend or relative (see the inside back cover).

q Leave copies of your passport, visa, and airline tickets with a friend or relative.

q Confirm your travel arrangements.

TRIP PLANNER

http://earthwatch.org

REQUIRED

GENERAL

q This expedition briefing

q Photocopies of your passport, flight itinerary, and credit cards in case the originals are lost or stolen; the copies should be packed separately from the original documents

q Passport and/or visa (if necessary)

q Certification of vaccination (if necessary)

q Documentation for travel by minors (if necessary) (see Volunteers Under 18 Years of Age in the Travel Tips section)

CLOTHING/FOOTWEAR FOR FIELDWORK

q Earthwatch T-shirt

q Smooth-soled sneakers or tennis shoes or slippers (smooth soles are REQUIRED within the dig area; rough or grooved soles will not be permitted). Volunteers who have a hard time finding smooth-soled shoes can put socks over their shoes while working at the dig.

q Lightweight pants/trousers

q T-shirts

q Shorts

CLOTHING/FOOTWEAR FOR LEISURE

q At least one set of clothing to keep clean for end of expedition

q One lightweight, quick drying, long-sleeved shirt to protect against the sun during recreational time

q Wide-brimmed hat

q Set of clothing to keep clean for recreational time, travel before and after the expedition, etc.

FIELD SUPPLIES

q Small daypack

q One water bottle

q Small notebook (pocket size is fine)

BEDDING AND BATHING NOTE: Blankets, pillows, and towels will be provided by the motel.

PERSONAL SUPPLIES

q Personal toiletries (biodegradable soaps and shampoos are encouraged)

q Antibacterial wipes or lotion (good for cleaning hands while in the field)

q Personal first-aid kit (e.g., anti-diarrhea pills, antibiotics, antiseptic, itch relief, pain reliever, bandages, blister covers, etc.) and personal medications

q Sunscreen lotion with SPF 30 or higher

q Spending money

OPTIONAL ITEMSq Work gloves and kneepads (will be provided on site,

but you are welcome to bring your own if you prefer)

q Drybag or plastic sealable bags (good for protecting equipment like cameras from dust, humidity, and water)

q Insect repellent spray

q Camera, film or memory card(s), extra camera battery

q Bathing suit and beach towel if you plan to go swimming

q Sandals for leisure time

q Flashlight or headlamp with extra batteries and extra bulb

q Hardware for sharing digital photographs at the end of the expedition

q Travel guide

q Books, games, journal, art supplies, etc. for free time

NOTE: Required and optional items lists are accurate to the best of Earthwatch’s knowledge at the time of publication.

EXPEDITION PACKING CHECKLIST

4 Mammoth Graveyard In South Dakota 2014

THE STORYIn the Black Hills of South Dakota about 26,000 years ago, mammoths looking for food were faced with the choice of sweeping off a new snowfall to eat last year’s dead grass or going for the green vegetation around a hot spring in a sinkhole. Many of them chose the “salad bar,” fell into the hole, and were drowned. Their bones form the largest repository of mammoth fossils in North America. An unusual feature of the site is that the bones are found where the animals died rather than being deposited further away by water currents.

We are striving to recover as much information as possible about the mammoths, the other animals that died at this site, and the environment in which they lived. Over the past three and a half decades, we have exposed approximately 60% of the deposit, and we know that at least 20 feet of fossil-bearing sediments remain. There are decades of excavation and research still to be conducted at this site.

RESEARCH AIMSOur aims are to analyze the fossil community and environment represented in the sinkhole sediments; reconstruct the composition (herd makeup by sex, age, etc.), age distribution, behavior, and taphonomy (the processes by which dead animals become fossils) of the mammoths, as well as the environment at the time of their death; and educate the general public, the scientific community, schoolchildren, and college students about our results.

Since 1974 (the year of the site’s discovery), we have unearthed 61 mammoths (58 Mammuthus columbi and three Mammuthus primigenius), by tusk count. We have also found a number of large mammals, including the giant short-faced bear (Arctodus simus), wolf (Canis lupus), camel (Camelops hesternus), llama (Hemiauchenia macrocephala), and pronghorn antelope (Antilocapra americana), as well as many smaller mammals and invertebrates.

THE RESEARCHMAMMOTH GRAVEYARD IN SOUTH DAKOTA


By making measurements of the pelves of the fossils and comparing them with measurements from modern elephants, we have been able to determine the sex of some of the mammoths. Additionally, measurements of fossil tusks have enabled us to estimate the age at which the animals died. Comparing continental mammoth remains with the remains of mammoths found on islands will aid in the interpretation of insular mammoth dwarfing (reduction in size of large animals on islands) and possibly the cause of the mammoth’s extinction.

The preservation and display of the fossil material at the Mammoth Site have already served as a model for other paleontological and archaeological sites, such as the Ashfall Fossil Bed in Nebraska. We have developed unique techniques to preserve the fossils where they are found rather than removing them to the laboratory for preservation.

HOW YOU WILL HELPAs an Earthwatch volunteer and a crew member on this project, you will participate in the excavation, preparation, stabilization, and casting of fossils. You’ll help excavate relatively sterile areas as well as areas likely to contain bone. You will spend the first few days learning excavation techniques, which will involve being able to work with agility and grace, in and around bone, in tight and sometimes uncomfortable positions. Care and safety are always of the utmost concern, both for the excavator and for the fossils—after all, these bones have waited 26,000 years to see the light of day! You can expect to spend some days just moving excavated sediments, but when bone is discovered, all else is forgotten.

You will also wash sediments with the use of screens to recover small fossils. Although mapping has become complex and computerized, you will still be able to see the process and procedures used at the site. Much of your work time (over 80%) will be spent excavating the bone bed using trowels and other hand tools, bagging the dirt that we remove from around the bones, and screen washing. This summer, you will also move dirt to find new areas of the sinkhole.


The Mammoth Site (mammothsite.com), the world’s largest mammoth research facility, is open to the public, which has benefited from the exhibits and interpretations we have provided. The exhibit halls feature skeletons of the mammoth, lion, and bear, a collection of early Native American artifacts, and a walk-in mammoth-bone hut. Visitors can see fossils exhibited as they were found and observe an excavation in progress. The museum offers guided tours for the public and a variety of educational programs for children.

The Mammoth Site is within the city limits of Hot Springs, South Dakota, a small agricultural and retirement community named for its thermal springs, located 65 miles (105 kilometers) from Rapid City. It is an attractive area geologically, with classic sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous outcrops. The historic architecture gives a unique character to the town. The people are open and friendly and tend to “adopt” the crews.

Hot Springs is located within a valley on the eastern flank of the Black Hills area. This area has a varied landscape of pine-covered hills and intermittent grass parkland and includes all the major geologic rock and mineral provinces. Referred to as “an island in a sea of grass,” it contrasts sharply with the surrounding prairie and high plains. Mount Rushmore National Monument, Crazy Horse Memorial, Wind Cave National Park, Jewel Cave National Park, and other attractions are located in this region. Nearby Custer State Park has the largest herd of free-roaming bison in the United States. In addition to bison, you may see deer, coyotes, prairie dogs, and eagles in the area.

YOUR DESTINATIONABOUT HOT SPRINGS, SOUTH DAKOTA


http://www.mammothsite.com

Once on site, staff will instruct volunteers in excavation techniques. Each participant will be assigned to an experienced crew chief, and veteran team members may also be on hand to assist new excavators. As progress is made, team members will discuss new discoveries and share exciting specimens. The staff will teach you how to determine the age and sex of the animals to which the excavated remains belong. This involves hands-on use of research-grade calipers. These exercises will illustrate the fact that not all data fall into discrete groups or categories, and that educated analyses are required in addition to metric data gathering.

In addition to fieldwork tasks, you will rotate in meal preparation and dishwashing.

Evening lectures will include topics such as the history and geology of the Mammoth Site, the prehistory and physiology of elephants, how to determine the age and sex of mammoths from bone and tooth measurements, the pygmy mammoths of the California Channel Islands and Siberia, mammoth extinction, and other challenging new areas of research. Visiting scientists may give some lectures.

DRIVING POLICY: If you have driven yourself to the project, you may not drive your own vehicle to, from, or for project activities, including for transporting project equipment. You may choose to use your own vehicle during recreational time, but know that all driving during recreational time is at your own risk. Earthwatch discourages you from transporting other participants during recreational time. Riding in another participant’s vehicle is also done at your own risk; riding in other participants’ vehicles is not covered under the insurance policy for the expedition.

DAILY LIFE IN THE FIELDPLANS AND POLICIES


ITINERARY AND DAILY SCHEDULE

Weather and research needs can lead to changes in the daily schedule. We appreciate your cooperation and understanding.

The team will work daily, except Saturday afternoon and Sunday, when a one-day field trip to the southern Black Hills will be arranged for each team. Shorter trips to Wind Cave National Park and Custer State Park to view bison, deer, antelope, elk, prairie dogs, and possibly bighorn sheep and mountain goats will be held on selected evenings as alternates to lectures. During the field trip, you will be given a packed lunch. Dinner during the field trip is not included in the expedition costs, and volunteers should plan to pay for this meal, which will cost around US$10.

Recreational time will be on Saturday afternoons and Sunday and consist of local field trips.

TYPICAL WEEKLY SCHEDULEDay 1 Rendezvous

Days 2–6 Fieldwork at Mammoth Site

Day 7 Half-day of work and half-day of recreational time

Day 8 Field trip

Days 9–13 Fieldwork at Mammoth Site

Day 14 Half-day of work and halfday of recreational time

Day 15 Departure day

TYPICAL DAILY SCHEDULE6:00 a.m. Wake up

7:00–7:45 a.m. Breakfast

8:00 a.m.–12:00 p.m. Work, with a 15-minute break at around 10:00 a.m.

12:00–12:45 p.m. Lunch

1:00–4:30 p.m. Work, with a 15-minute break at around 3:00 p.m.

4:30–5:45 p.m. Showers and clean up

6:00–6:45 p.m. Dinner and clean up

7:00–8:00 p.m. Lecture and activities

EARTHWATCH RECREATIONAL TIME POLICY

Project staff will generally accompany participants from the rendezvous to the end of the expedition. For recreational days, when no research activities are scheduled, Earthwatch scientists will offer either a team activity or a range of recreational activities that comply with Earthwatch standards. Participants may also remain at project accommodations. Those who pursue other options must sign a release form.

If there is a period of time during a regular research day when no research activities are scheduled, adult participants may leave the project site on their own; they will have to sign out first. Unless contacted for help, project staff will not search for a participant unless he or she fails to appear the following morning or for the next scheduled research activity.

Earthwatch will assess the general risks of adult participants leaving the project site, but cannot guarantee participant safety or an awareness of all issues. In some cases, due to local conditions, adult participants may have to stay at the project site during recreational time, a requirement that will be clearly communicated on site.


SLEEPINGYour team will stay at the Super 8 Motel in Hot Springs, South Dakota (tel: +1 605 745 3888; web: super8hssd.com) located a quarter-mile from the research site. Each room has two double beds and a full bathroom, and will house two volunteers of the same gender. The Mammoth Site has modern bathroom facilities as well.

Couples may choose to share a room at no additional cost. If you would like a single room, this may ONLY be arranged solely at your own cost for the duration of the team, directly with the Super 8 Motel; see above for contact information. Let them know that you are a Mammoth Site/Earthwatch volunteer and they will tell you the cost of the room (this is expected to be approximately US$1,300 for the two-week expedition, but is subject to change as determined by the motel), which you’ll be responsible for once you arrive. The cost for a single room is payable directly to the Super 8 Motel. Additional rooms are subject to availability, and it may not be possible to get a single room during the busy summer season.

BATHROOMSEach room at the Super 8 Motel has a full bathroom. The Mammoth Site has modern bathroom facilities as well.

INTERNET AND COMMUNICATIONSThe Super 8 Motel has all the modern conveniences; there are telephones and television sets in the rooms, and Internet is available in the lobby. You are welcome to bring digital cameras, computers, etc., which can be charged in your room. Any phone calls you make from the hotel will be at your own expense. Cellphone use is prohibited during work periods.

ACCOMMODATIONS AND FOODABOUT YOUR HOME IN THE FIELD


http://super8hssd.com

FACILITIES AND AMENITIESLaundry service is available at the hotel. Additional self-serve laundry facilities are within five to ten blocks away.

SERVICES AND RESTAURANTS IN WALKING DISTANCEA restaurant is less than 100 meters from the hotel, and cafes can be found within walking distance. Grocery, convenience, hardware, and drug stores are all within a mile.

FOODA key ingredient to the contentment of a field crew is plenty of good, varied food. Breakfast will be taken at the motel, and hired cooks will prepare lunch and dinner at the Mammoth Site. Volunteers and staff will rotate kitchen duties; you’ll assist in clean up and washing the dishes (with a dishwasher). The evening meal will generally include a meat dish, vegetables, and salads, served with breads and dessert. During the one-day field trip, dinner will be at your own expense (around US$10 each). A limited selection of pizza parlors, hamburger joints, and small cafes are also available in the area at your own expense.

Below are examples of the foods you might expect in the field. Please bear in mind that variety depends on availability. This list is intended to provide a general idea of food types, but it is very important that volunteers be flexible.

BREAKFAST: Continental-style: cereals, biscuits and gravy, bagels and cream cheese, donut holes, toast, juice

LUNCH: Salads, sandwiches, hot dishes, cookies

DINNER: Meat dishes, vegetables, salads, breads, desserts

SNACKS: Bring or buy your own

BEVERAGES: Juice, coffee, iced tea, Kool-Aid, tap water

NOTE: Alcoholic beverages will not be served on site per order of the Mammoth Site Board of Directors. There are abundant pubs and bars locally available where volunteers of legal drinking age (21) can have a drink at their own expense.

SPECIAL DIETARY REQUIREMENTSPlease alert Earthwatch to any special dietary requirements (e.g., vegetarian or vegan diets, diabetes, lactose intolerance, nut or other serious food allergies) as soon as possible, and note them in the space provided on your volunteer forms. Accommodating special diets is not guaranteed and can be very difficult due to availability of food, location of field sites, and other local conditions.


LUGGAGELOST AND DELAYED LUGGAGE: If your luggage goes astray, please give the airline this contact info:

Mammoth Site 1800 Highway 18 Bypass Hot springs, SD 57747 +1 605-745-6017

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS: Do not bring more luggage than you can carry and handle on your own. If traveling by air and checking your luggage, we advise you to pack an extra set of field clothing and personal essentials in your carry-on bag in case your luggage is lost or delayed. Many airlines have strict baggage policies. Please check with your airline(s) on baggage weight limits, liquid restrictions, fees for checked baggage, etc.

TRANSFERRING LUGGAGE: If you will be taking an international flight that has one or more connections within the country of your destination, you must collect any checked bags at the airport where you first arrive in the destination country. After proceeding through customs, you will have to recheck your luggage before flying on to your final destination.

MONEY MATTERSLOCAL CURRENCY: U.S. dollars.

PERSONAL FUNDS: Approximately US$100 should be enough money for individual costs (souvenirs, snacks, etc.). You will need around US$10 for dinner during the one-day field trip. Credit cards are accepted at many locations, and cash machines/ATMs are available. Tipping your server 15% to 20% at restaurants is standard practice in the U.S.

YOUR DESTINATION ELECTRICITY: 110 volts AC, plugs with two flat pins (Type A) and two flat pins with one round pin (Type B). For additional information, see kropla.com/electric2.htm.

TIME ZONE: GMT/UTC -7, Mountain Time (Daylight Savings Time is in effect during the teams). For time worldwide with GMT/UTC, see worldtimeserver.com.

TELEPHONE DIALING CODES: When calling the U.S. from another country, dial the country’s international dialing code, followed by (1) and the number. When calling within the U.S., you will still need to dial (1). When calling another country from the U.S., dial (011), followed by the other country’s country code and the number. NOTE: Check with your cell phone provider to obtain any carrier-specific dialing codes you may need; many providers have dialing procedures that may differ in whole or in part from these directions. For additional information, see kropla.com/dialcode.htm.

TRAVEL TIPSSUGGESTIONS FOR THE ROAD


http://kropla.com/electric2.htm

http://www.worldtimeserver.com

http://countrycode.org

WILL YOU NEED A PASSPORT? Travelers to the United States from other countries will need passports valid for at least six months beyond the dates of travel.

WILL YOU NEED A VISA?Citizens of the EU, Australia, Canada, and Japan DO NOT need tourist visas for entry. Citizens of other countries should check with their travel agent or a visa agency for specific visa and entry requirements.

ELECTRONIC SYSTEM FOR TRAVEL AUTHORIZATION (ESTA)IESTA is used to screen short-term visitors who are citizens of the 36 countries eligible for the U.S. Visa Waiver Program (VWP). For a list of those countries, see travel.state.gov/visa/temp/without/without_1990.html#countries.

Visitors are required to complete ESTA at least three days before traveling to the US. Once approved, the authorization s valid for up to two years if the individual’s passport does not expire in the meantime. Submit applications through the ESTA website: esta.cbp.dhs.gov/esta/. As of publication, ESTA costs approximately US$14.00.

Citizens of countries covered by the VWP traveling to the US for tourism or business for 90 days or less do not need to obtain a visa provided they have a valid passport (for exceptions see the VWP Quick Reference Guide: travel.state.gov/pdf/VWP-QuickReferenceGuide.pdf).

INFORMATION FOR VOLUNTEERS REQUIRING VISAS ONLYTYPE OF VISA TO GET: Tourist

The purpose of your visit is for vacation, holiday or travel. Immigration officials do not always understand the concept of a “working vacation” or “volunteering.” Words such as “working,” “volunteering,” “research,” or “scientific expedition” can raise questions concerning the country’s foreign labor laws and about official scientific research permits and credentials, etc., to which volunteers will not be equipped to respond on their own. All required research permits for the project are in place and have been approved by the proper authorities.

WHERE TO GET A VISA: Contact the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate to find out how to apply. Please note that this process can take weeks or even months. We strongly recommend using a visa agency, which can both expedite and simplify the process.

SUGGESTED AGENCIES IN THE U.S.: Travisa; 212-613-2223; travisa.com

IN EUROPE: CIBT, Inc. (UK); [email protected]; uk.cibt.com

IN AUSTRALIA: Ask your travel agency if it can send your visa application on your behalf.

REQUIRED INFORMATION: You will need to send your passport (valid for at least six months beyond your stay), a visa application and immigration form, two to four passport-size photos, and payment to the embassy or visa agency (if applicable). Please be sure that your passport is valid for at least six months beyond your stay.

CONTACT INFORMATION: You may need to list this contact info on your visa application and immigration form:

COST OF A VISA: Generally between US$40 and US$100, but varies from country to country and can cost up to US$180. A visa agency will charge an additional fee.

VOLUNTEERS UNDER 18 YEARS OF AGE To prevent international child abduction, many governments have procedures at entry and exit points to protect minors. Thus, if a minor will be traveling with only one guardian or alone, he or she may need a notarized letter from all legal guardians stating that the he/she may travel unaccompanied or with a single guardian. If necessary, this letter must explain why only one parent or someone other than a parent is signing the letter. E.g., if one parent is deceased, only one parent has legal guardianship, or someone other than the parents are legal guardians, the letter should state that. Airlines may also have documentation requirements for unaccompanied minors, e.g., a birth certificate or a notarized letter like the one described above.

IMPORTANT: Requirements of specific countries and airlines vary and change frequently. You must keep informed of the requirements on your own to avoid problems at immigration. If a minor is refused entry into a country or onto a flight because of lack of documentation, there is nothing Earthwatch can do to help.

PASSPORTS AND VISAS


Complete travel information is not available in this version of the briefing.

Please contact Earthwatch with any questions.

http://travel.state.gov/content/visas/english/visit/visa-waiver-program.html

http://travel.state.gov/content/visas/english/visit/visa-waiver-program.html

https://esta.cbp.dhs.gov/esta/

http://travel.state.gov/pdf/VWP-QuickReferenceGuide.pdf

http://travel.state.gov/pdf/VWP-QuickReferenceGuide.pdf

http://www.travisa.com

mailto:[email protected]

http://www.uk.cibt.com

GENERAL CONDITIONSThe information that follows is as accurate as possible, but please keep in mind that conditions may change.

You will spend most of your work days in a climate-controlled building, out of the sun and away from insects.

Hot Springs has summer temperatures that range widely. The elevation is 3,400 feet (1,036 meters) above sea level. Days are warm to hot, and nights are cool to cold. Summer thunderstorms, sometimes with extreme thunder and lightning, are common. Arthropod pests are limited to mosquitoes, deer flies, horse flies, and possibly (in the brush) ticks.

Rain gear and layered clothing, including fleece or wool pullovers, are recommended, as well as summer attire. The weather is expected to vary within the limits below.

PROJECT CONDITIONSTHE FIELD ENVIRONMENT


CONDITIONS DURING JUNE AND JULY

HUMIDITY: 15%–45%

TEMPERATURE RANGE: 36ºF/2ºC to 112ºF/44ºC)

RAINFALL: 6 inches/152 millimeters Typically very little (drought conditions); short bursts of rain are common.

CONDITIONS

ELIGIBILITY REQUIREMENTS All participants must be able, independently or with the assistance of a companion, to:

q Follow verbal and/or visual instructions.

q Get low enough to access the bone bed frequently and for extended periods of time each day. Volunteers should be comfortable with regularly getting up and down from sitting, squatting, and/or kneeling on the ground and bending during excavation tasks up to six to eight hours per day.

q Carefully traverse the uneven terrain of a site in the advanced stages of excavation in order to avoid injury or damage to artifacts. Terrain can be loose with holes, ledges, and/or exposed artifacts to be aware of. Some excavation areas will not accommodate overweight individuals or those with restricted mobility due to limited space availability and/or potential damage to bones. Persons with limited agility or mobility may be restricted to excavation areas adjacent to the main bone bed at the discretion of project staff.

q Lift buckets or bags of 20 to 40 pounds (nine to 18 kilograms) of dirt to dump into sling bags several times each day.

q Use hand tools with dexterity to excavate the bone bed for prolonged periods of time each day.

POTENTIAL HAZARDS

Hazard Type Associated Risks and Precautions

Transporation While in the project van, typical road/driving hazards will be present; however, the driver is experienced and careful. Volunteers will not be permitted to drive. Seatbelts are required when the vehicle is in motion.

Terrain Because the site is in the advanced stages of excavation, the terrain can be uneven or loose, with holes, ledges, and/or exposed artifacts to be aware of. In order to avoid falls, strains, sprains, twisted ankles, damage to artifacts, etc. while walking on site and during recreational time, it is essential that participants pay attention to their surroundings and watch for uneven terrain, including ledges. Wear appropriate footwear, walk slowly and carefully, be aware of your surroundings and physical limitations at all times, and generally be very cautious.

Animals/Plants Poison ivy, ticks, and rattlesnakes may be present in the surrounding area. Bring tick repellent and long socks to protect your feet and legs during recreational time outdoors. Participants with allergies to plants or insects should come prepared with the necessary treatment (antihistamines, at least two Epi Pens, etc.) and inform project staff of all allergies and the location of medications. Prairie rattlesnakes are found in open prairies, hay fields, and croplands; they are timid and reclusive, and will avoid humans unless cornered or attacked.

Climate/Weather Sunburn, sunstroke, and dehydration are risks during recreational time. Wear sunscreen and appropriate clothing, and drink plenty of water throughout the day.

Project Tasks/Equipment

Back or knee strains and cuts from clumsy use of excavation tools are possible. Be aware that some tools are sharp and be conscious of your surroundings. Make sure your tools and actions do not endanger yourself or your teammates. Wear proper footwear, kneepads, and gloves as appropriate. When lifting buckets or bags of fill, lift with a straight upright back and bent knees, and do not attempt to lift beyond your ability.

Swimming Volunteers may use the local Evan’s Plunge Indoor Water Park and Pool (at your own expense), or take trips as a group to local swimming holes (at your own risk, as there is no lifeguard on duty). Swimming alone or at night is prohibited. Always let a member of the project staff know when and where you are swimming.


ADVICE REGARDING DISEASESTraveler’s diarrhea affects many international travelers. Please see the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (cdc.gov) or the World Health Organization (who.int/) websites for more information on this condition and how to avoid it.

EMERGENCIES IN THE FIELD The team will never be far from medical services. If a volunteer is injured, Don Morris and Larry Agenbroad are certified in first aid and may be able to provide basic treatment. In the event of an emergency situation, the injured or ill team member will be transported by project vehicle or ambulance to the nearest medical facility. The city of Hot Springs has a hospital and outpatient clinic; it also has access to a VA hospital. More serious injuries or illnesses may be dealt with at a full-service hospital in Rapid City. In case of a personal emergency, shuttle service to Rapid City Regional Airport can be arranged.

STAFF CERTIFIED IN SAFETY TRAININGFIRST AID: Larry Agenbroad

CPR, FIRST AID, WILDERNESS FIRST RESPONSE, WATER SAFETY: Don Morris

Nearest medical treatmentFall River Health Services 1201 Highway 71 South Hot Springs, South Dakota 57747 TEL: +1 605-745-3159 WEB: fallriverhealthservices.com

VA Black Hills Health Care System Hot Springs Campus 500 North 5th Street Hot Springs, South Dakota 57747 TEL: +1 605-745-2000 FAX: +1 605-745-2091 WEB: blackhills.va.gov DISTANCE: Less than a mile (a 15-minute drive)

ROUTINE IMMUNIZATIONSAll volunteers should have the following up-to-date immunizations: DPT (diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus), polio, MMR (measles, mumps, rubella), and varicella (if you have not already had chicken pox). Please be sure your tetanus shot is current.

Medical decisions are the responsibility of each volunteer and his or her doctor, and the following are recommendations only. Earthwatch can only provide details regarding suggested vaccinations, and we are not a medical organization.

SAFETYHEALTH INFORMATION


PROJECT VACCINATIONS

REQUIRED: If traveling from countries or region where yellow fever is endemic, you must have a certificate of vaccination.

http://www.cdc.gov

http://www.who.int/en/

http://bipolardisordersymptomshq.net

http://www.blackhills.va.gov

EARTHWATCH’S 24-HOUR EMERGENCY HOTLINE (OUTSIDE AUSTRALIA)

Call Earthwatch’s 24-hour on-call duty officer in the U.S.:

+1 (978) 461-0081 +1 (800) 776-0188 (toll-free for calls placed from within the U.S.)

HEALIX INTERNATIONAL:

+44-20-3667-8991 (collect calls and reverse charges accepted)

U.S. TOLL FREE: +1-877-759 3917 U.K. FREE PHONE: 0-800-19-5180 EMAIL: [email protected]

EARTHWATCH’S 24-HOUR EMERGENCY HOTLINE (WITHIN AUSTRALIA):

+61-0-3-8508-5537

After business hours, leave a message with our live answering service. State that you have an emergency and give the name of your expedition, your name, the location from which you are calling, and if possible, a phone number where you can be reached. An Earthwatch staff person will respond to your call within one hour.

INSURANCE Travel insurance is included in the contribution you pay to Earthwatch. The insurance covers your travel medical risks, including medical expenses and emergency medical evacuation, while you are traveling. It also provides trip cancellation insurance and baggage and personal money insurance. It does not provide personal liability insurance. Earthwatch’s insurance is applicable during travel to and from the expedition site and the duration of the expedition, but does not apply to detours for personal vacations made on the same trip. This insurance policy is secondary to your existing health insurance policy.

For more information, please see earthwatch.org/expeditions/travel-insurance. Refer any queries regarding Earthwatch’s travel policy to our insurance liaison at +1 (978) 450-1222 or [email protected].

If you booked through Earthwatch Australia, please contact them at +61 (0) 9016 7590 or [email protected] for any queries.

EMERGENCY MEDICAL AND EVACUATION ASSISTANCEFor emergency assistance in the field, please contact Earthwatch’s 24-hour emergency hotline number highlighted in the box. You may also contact our assistance provider, Healix International, at the number highlighted in the event of a medical or evacuation emergency or for routine medical and travel advice, such as advice on visas and vaccine requirements.



http://earthwatch.org/expeditions/travel-insurance

http://earthwatch.org/expeditions/travel-insurance




WANDA AGENBROAD (CARTOGRAPHER/SURVEYOR) holds B.S. and M.S. degrees in education and has participated in numerous field excavations and explorations. She has been responsible for preparing mammoth remains in the laboratory and is the assistant cartographer and logistics coordinator for the project.

PROJECT STAFFYOUR RESOURCES IN THE FIELD

NOTE: Staff schedules are subject to change.

EARTHWATCH SCIENTIST DR. LARRY D. AGENBROAD holds a Ph.D. and an M.S. in geology, an M.A. in anthropology/archaeology, and a B.S. in geological engineering, all from the University of Arizona. He has been site director and resident researcher for the Mammoth Site project since 1974. By invitation, Dr. Agenbroad served on the organizing committee of the first International Mammoth Symposium in St. Petersburg, Russia, in October 1995. In 1996, he became a permanent member of the Mammoth Committee of the Russian Academy of Sciences. In July of that year, he participated in the organizing committee of the Second International Mammoth Conference, held in Rotterdam in 1999. In 1999, he was also invited to participate in the Jarkov Mammoth Project in Siberia. In 2004–2005, he worked with the Yukagir mammoth expedition in Yakutia, Siberia. Also in 2005, he hosted the Second International World of Elephants Congress at Hot Springs and was awarded the Lowell Thomas Medal from the Explorers Club of New York City. He was also on the organizing committee for the Fourth International Mammoth Conference, in Yakutsk, Siberia (2007), and the Fifth International Mammoth Conference, in Le Puy en Valey, France (2010).

DON MORRIS (CREW CHIEF) holds B.S. and M.A. degrees in archaeology. He has retired as an archaeologist at the Channel Island National Park in Ventura, California, and is a ten-year veteran of the Mammoth Site project.

WILLOW NGUY (SCREEN WASHER) was a Young Scientist Scholar at the Mammoth Site in 2010, and joined the project staff in 2011. She is a sophomore at the University of Illinois.

JUSTIN WILKINS (BONE BED CURATOR/SECONDARY EDUCATION SPECIALIST) has a B.S. from Ohio State, and is a graduate student at the Rapid City School of Mines and Technology.

MONICA BUGBEE (PREPARER AND PRESERVER) received her B.S. in archaeological science from Pennsylvania State University in 2011. She served as a university intern at the Mammoth Site from May until December 2011 and will be assisting with the 2012 Earthwatch teams. Monica will be responsible for the preparation and preservation of large specimens e.g., skulls.

RECOMMENDED READINGYOUR RESOURCES AT HOME


BOOKS • Agenbroad, L.D. “New World Mammoth Distribution.”

In Quaternary Extinctions: A Prehistoric Revolution, edited by P.S. Martin and R.G. Klein, 90–108. Tucson, AZ, University of Arizona Press, 1984.

• Bahn, P. and Adrian Lister. Mammoths. New York: Macmillan Press, 2007.

• Douglas-Hamilton, Iain and Oria Douglas-Hamilton. Among the Elephants. New York: Viking Press, 1975.

• Haynes, G. Elephants, Mammoths, and Mastodons. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1991.

• Moss, C. Elephant Memories. New York: William Morrow & Co, 1988.

• Nelson, L. and L.D. Agenbroad. Mammoths: Ice Age Giants. Minneapolis: Lerner Press, 2002.

ARTICLES Agenbroad, L.D. and J.I. Mead. “Large Carnivores from the Hot Springs Mammoth Site South Dakota.” National Geographic Research 2, no. 4 (1986): 508–516

FILMS • Raising the Mammoth. Discovery Channel documentary

including the Mammoth Site (2000).

• Land of the Mammoth. Discovery Channel documentary including the Mammoth Site (2001).

WEB mammothsite.com

PROJECT FIELD REPORTEach Earthwatch-supported project submits a report on past research and results. The most recent field report for this project is available online at earthwatch.org/FieldReportpdf/Agenbroad_FieldReport2010.pdf. Note that reports are not available for all projects.

EARTHWATCH SOCIAL MEDIA• FACEBOOK: facebook.com/Earthwatch

• YOUTUBE: youtube.com/earthwatchinstitute

• TWITTER: twitter.com/earthwatch_org

RESOURCES

http://www.mammothsite.com

http://earthwatch.org/scientific-research/reports-from-the-field

http://earthwatch.org/scientific-research/reports-from-the-field



https://twitter.com/earthwatch_org


This document contains important information concerning Earthwatch Institute policies and participant rights and responsibilities for inclusion in an Earthwatch expedition. Please read this document thoroughly and sign the Liability Release section of your Earthwatch Participation Form to indicate that you understand and accept the risks inherent to your expedition and the policies, rights, and responsibilities enumerated in this document. You will not be permitted to participate in an expedition until Earthwatch has received the signed release form.

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTSIt is permissible to share photos, videos, and stories of your expedition with family, friends, local media, and in a public forum. Sharing your new perspectives and experiences is welcomed and encouraged.

However, please recognize that all information, data, and images shared or gathered in the course of your expedition’s field work become the intellectual property of the Earthwatch scientist. Co-opting or plagiarism of data, images, or information gathered during an expedition for use in a scientific thesis, master’s, or PhD work, or for profit or for the academic or business use of a third party without the permission of the Earthwatch scientist is strictly prohibited. Please be aware that data gathered during the interviewing of local people become the intellectual property of the Earthwatch scientist. Earthwatch scientists have the right to place additional restrictions on your ability to share data or certain research-related images.

PARTICIPANT RIGHTS AND RESPONSIBILITIES

Conversely, an Earthwatch scientist may give written permission to use data and images for academic or profitable activity. Please be sure to ask what is acceptable to the Earthwatch scientist.

Fellows or scholarship recipients are sometimes required to submit a written report reflecting what they have learned on a project, sometimes as a step toward developing a curriculum. Earthwatch scientists have the right but not the obligation to review and edit materials involving information gathered on one of their expeditions.

DISCRIMINATIONEarthwatch does not discriminate on the basis of race, religion, ethnicity, national origin, gender, sexual orientation, or any other reason prohibited by applicable law and respects participants’ right to privacy. However, you must be aware that local laws in countries in which Earthwatch operates may not be antidiscriminatory and that the possibility exists that local residents may not have an awareness of preferred practice regarding discrimination.

Discrimination on the basis of race, religion, ethnicity, national origin, gender, or sexual orientation will not be tolerated on Earthwatch teams. Disruptive behavior or verbal, physical, or any other type of abuse or harassment will also not be tolerated. Violation of Earthwatch’s nondiscrimination policy is grounds for expulsion from the program without a refund.

INTIMATE RELATIONSHIPSEarthwatch scientists, their staff, their colleagues, and their associates are prohibited from becoming romantically involved with participants during the entire duration of the period that the team is in the field. Romantic relationships that may otherwise seem permissible may eventually create an unpleasant or unproductive work environment and are therefore prohibited for the duration of an Earthwatch project.

SEXUAL HARASSMENTPlease recognize that the relationship that exists between Earthwatch scientists and staff and participants is analogous to the student-teacher relationship. Therefore, please be aware of the following policies.


Sexual harassment of participants by the Earthwatch scientist or Earthwatch staff is prohibited. Likewise, sexual harassment of other participants, Earthwatch field staff, or local people by participants is also prohibited.

Sexual harassment infringes on an individual’s right to an environment free from unsolicited and unwelcome sexual overtones of conduct either verbal or physical. Sexual harassment does not mean occasional compliments of a socially acceptable nature.

Sexual harassment refers to conduct which is offensive, which harms morale, or which interferes with the effectiveness of Earthwatch expedition teams; such conduct is prohibited. Lewd or vulgar remarks, suggestive comments, displaying derogatory posters, cartoons, or drawings, pressure for dates or sexual favors, and unacceptable physical contact or exposure are examples of what can constitute harassment. No one should be touched in areas that would be covered by a bathing suit. It is important to realize that what may not be offensive to you may be offensive to participants, the local population, or Earthwatch field staff.

Any individual who feels subjected to sexual harassment or has any knowledge of such behavior should report it at once to the Earthwatch scientist, Field Team Leader, or other Earthwatch staff member. The Earthwatch scientist or Field Team Leader will notify Earthwatch when an accusation of sexual harassment or abuse is made or when such conduct is witnessed.

All reports of sexual harassment will be handled with discretion and will be promptly and thoroughly investigated. Any participant who is found to have engaged in conduct constituting sexual harassment will be removed from the expedition at his or her own expense. If a minor is involved in allegations of sexual harassment, his or her parents or guardians will be contacted.

DRUGSLaws on drug use in most countries are severe and may impose lengthy prison terms or the death penalty. The manufacture, possession, use, purchase, or sale of illegal drugs or other illegal substances while on an Earthwatch expedition is strictly prohibited. Prescription drugs may only be purchased and used by the individual indicated on the prescription in keeping with their intended use guidelines.

ALCOHOL Local statutes, customs, practices, ordinances, and regulations with regard to the use, possession, sale, or purchase of alcohol are applicable to all participants and project staff on Earthwatch expeditions. Participants and project staff on Earthwatch expeditions must comply with the law of the country in which a project is located regarding the minimum age required to consume alcohol. In addition, restriction on the use, possession, sale, or purchase of alcohol may be set by the Earthwatch scientist. Any restrictions on the consumption of alcohol should be clearly outlined by the project staff in the on-site briefing to participants at the start of the project and in the expedition briefing.


Consumption or possession of alcohol or smoking is not permitted on any Earthwatch Teen Team, regardless of local law.

Excessive consumption of alcohol by staff or participants is not acceptable on any Earthwatch project. Intoxication can jeopardize personal safety, in addition to the safety of the team. It can also cause delay and hinder response in the event of a crisis or emergency situation.

Earthwatch staff and the Earthwatch scientist have the discretion to remove individuals from the project who consume alcohol in a time and manner that endanger the safety and/or productivity of the expedition.

MINORSEarthwatch considers participants less than eighteen (18) years of age to be minors. Minors are not permitted to participate on any of Earthwatch’s standard teams unless accompanied by a parent or legal guardian, in which case the minimum age is fifteen (15). Guardians accompanying minors on standard teams must be 21 years of age or over. Minors on standard teams do not receive additional guidance or supervision from Earthwatch beyond what is offered to the adult participants. The total number of minors on standard teams may be limited on a project by project basis; this will be noted in the expedition briefing. A maximum of two minors may accompany each parent or guardian on a standard or Family Team. Earthwatch has

developed teams specifically for 15-, 16- and 17-year-olds (“Teen Teams”) as well as teams specifically for families (“Family Teams”) with children as young as 10 years. These teams focus on the same research activities and have the same expectations as our regular teams, but with more facilitation and support. Exceptions for some projects may be made at the discretion of Earthwatch and the Earthwatch scientist. Due to a more in-depth screening process for certain programs that select candidates based on school year rather than age, there may be 18-year-olds fielding on the same team as 15-, 16- and 17-year-olds. Please be aware that some Earthwatch projects do not allow participation by minors in any circumstance.

PARTICIPANTS AND DRIVINGParticipants are not allowed to drive project vehicles (including motorcycles or all terrain vehicles) or aircraft during an expedition. In select circumstances, participants may be able to drive boats under the direct supervision by project staff. These circumstances are predetermined by project staff in collaboration with Earthwatch. Participants must respect the restrictions for boat driving in place for each project.

If a project environment is such that participants can drive their own vehicles to the rendezvous, those who have driven themselves to the project may not drive their own vehicles to, from, or for project activities, including the transport of project equipment after arriving at the site.


Participants who have driven themselves to the project may choose to utilize their own vehicles during recreational time, but project staff will brief them on any driving restrictions. All driving during recreational time is done at your own risk.

Please be advised that the only exception to the above driving restrictions is emergency situations.

Riding in other participants’ vehicles is not covered under the participants’ insurance policy for the expedition. Riding in another participant’s vehicle is done at a participant’s own risk.

IN THE EVENT OF AN EMERGENCYIn the event of emergencies, judgments must be made by Earthwatch field staff and participants. While Earthwatch makes an effort to ensure that qualified people make the most informed decisions possible, occasionally first aid may be administered and other immediate steps taken by expedition participants who are not licensed medical providers.

Each Earthwatch expedition has safety protocols and emergency procedures in place. Earthwatch encourages team members (the field staff and participants) to exercise their best judgment with regard to their own safety and the safety of other team members. Other participants may perform “Good Samaritan” actions, or actions taken to assist fellow participants during emergency situations in the field. However, Earthwatch does not encourage or expect you to jeopardize your own safety or that of others in attempting to rescue or assist your fellow team members.

RIGHT OF REFUSALEarthwatch reserves the right to refuse an applicant’s participation in an Earthwatch project at any time and to terminate any work being done by a participant and require the participant to vacate the project site if the Earthwatch scientist, Field Team Leader, or other Earthwatch staff member in his or her absolute discretion considers it appropriate. In this event, the participant (and his or her parents or guardians, if appropriate) will be responsible for arranging and paying for any accommodation, travel, or other arrangements which may be necessary following the termination of a participant’s involvement in a project, for whatever reason, and will not be eligible for a refund.

Earthwatch may not refuse an applicant’s participation in a project for discriminatory reasons (race, religion, ethnicity, national origin, gender, sexual orientation, or any other reason prohibited by applicable law). However, an application may be denied in the interest of team compatibility or due to logistical limitations. Earthwatch will make reasonable efforts to accommodate participants with disabilities, and the organization endeavors to find appropriate expeditions for those participants who have physical limitations. Refusal of an applicant is an unusual event and is generally done either because of an applicant’s failure to meet the essential eligibility requirements of a particular project or in the interest of team compatibility. In the event that an applicant is refused participation for health reasons, Earthwatch will refund in full any deposit or payment made toward the expedition.

Earthwatch scientists have the right to refuse special requests, such as visits by media (film, photography, or print), special groups, or teams (students, donors, etc.), if they conflict with Earthwatch scientist schedules, safety, research objectives, or general performance of the team.

Any participant found in violation of any of the policies described in this document (“Participant Rights and Responsibilities”) is subject to removal from the team at his or her own expense. By signing the Liability Release section of your Earthwatch Participation Form, you are indicating that you have read and understand the policies in this document. Removal of a participant from a team is at the discretion of the Earthwatch scientist, Field Team Leader, or other Earthwatch staff. In addition, Earthwatch will support the right of the Earthwatch scientist, Field Team Leader, or other Earthwatch staff to send a participant away from a project once in the field should his or her behavior compromise the safety, research objectives, or general performance of the team, or if the participant has violated a stated policy. In the event that a minor is dismissed from a project, Earthwatch will contact the participant’s parents or guardians prior to his or her dismissal. Should a participant be removed from a team, he or she is responsible for any and all costs associated with departure from the team and will receive neither refund of the minimum contribution for the expedition nor any expenses incurred by participation on the expedition.

(November 2012)

EMERGENCY COMMUNICATIONS The following numbers can be used for emergencies only:

+1 605-745-6017 (Mammoth Site staff will answer and page or leave a note for the recipient)

+1 605-745-3038 (fax)

The 24-hour duty officer numbers at Earthwatch in the U.S. is +1 (978) 461-0081 or +1 (800) 776-0188.

PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS Telephone and email access will be available at the hotel. The area has cell phone reception, but volunteers are asked not to use cell phones while conducting fieldwork. Fax, UPS, and FedEx services are available locally. If necessary, volunteers can be reached through the project hotel (details below).

Personal communication with outsiders is not always possible while participating in an expedition. Earthwatch encourages volunteers to minimize outgoing calls and immerse themselves in the experience; likewise, family and friends should restrict calls to urgent messages only.

VOLUNTEER CONTACT INFOIf necessary, volunteers can be reached via the contact information below.

ADDRESS: Super 8 Motel 800 Mammoth Street PO Box 612 Hot Springs, SD 57747

TEL: +1 605 745 3888 FAX: +1 605 745 3385 EMAIL: [email protected] WEB: super8hssd.com

COMMUNICATIONSCONTACT INFORMATION

EARTHWATCH’S 24-HOUR EMERGENCY HOTLINE (OUTSIDE AUSTRALIA)

Call Earthwatch’s 24-hour on-call duty officer in the U.S.:

+1 (978) 461-0081 +1 (800) 776-0188 (toll-free for calls placed from within the U.S.)

HEALIX INTERNATIONAL:

+44-20-3667-8991 (collect calls and reverse charges accepted)

U.S. TOLL FREE: +1-877-759 3917 U.K. FREE PHONE: 0-800-19-5180 EMAIL: [email protected]

EARTHWATCH’S 24-HOUR EMERGENCY HOTLINE (WITHIN AUSTRALIA):

+61-0-3-8508-5537

After business hours, leave a message with our live answering service. State that you have an emergency and give the name of your expedition, your name, the location from which you are calling, and if possible, a phone number where you can be reached. An Earthwatch staff person will respond to your call within one hour.



http://super8hssd.com


MESSAGE FROM EARTHWATCHDEAR EARTHWATCHER,

Thank you for joining this expedition! We greatly appreciate your decision to contribute to hands-on environmental science and conservation.

As an Earthwatch volunteer, you have the opportunity to create positive change. And while you’re out in the field working toward that change, we are committed to caring for your safety. Although risk is an inherent part of the environments in which we work, we’ve been providing volunteer field experiences with careful risk management and diligent planning for over 40 years. You’re in good hands.

We hope this expedition will inspire you to get more involved in conservation and sustainable development priorities— not just out in the field, but also when you return home. We encourage you to share your experiences with others, and to transfer your skills and enthusiasm to environmental conservation efforts in your workplace, community, and home.

If you have questions as you prepare for your expedition, contact your Earthwatch office. Thank you for your support, and enjoy your expedition!

Sincerely,

Larry Mason President and CEO

Earthwatch U.S. 114 Western Ave. Boston, MA 02134United States

[email protected] earthwatch.org

Phone: 1-978-461-0081 Toll-Free: 1-800-776-0188 Fax: 1-978-461-2332

Earthwatch Europe Mayfield House 256 Banbury Rd. Oxford, OX2 7DE United Kingdom


Phone: 44-0-1865-318-838 Fax: 44-0-1865-311-383

Earthwatch Australia 126 Bank St. South Melbourne, VIC 3205 Australia


Phone: 61-0-3-9016-7590 Fax: 61-0-3-9686-3652

Earthwatch Japan Food Science Bldg. 4F The University of Tokyo 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8657, Japan


Phone: 81-0-3-6686-0300 Fax: 81-0-3-6686-0477









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