ec 6513 microprocessor and microcontroller manual

8/20/2019 EC 6513 Microprocessor and Microcontroller manual

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MAAMALLANINSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OFELECTRONICS ANDCOMMUNICATION

EC – 6513

MICROPROCESSORS & MICROCONTROLLERS

LAB MANUAL


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MAAMALLAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGYVadamangaam! S"#$%"m$d"! 'an()#$"am *#+,"#(,

EC – 6513

MICROPROCESSORS & MICROCONTROLLERS

LAB MANUAL

Nam% -. ,)% S,d%n, / 0000000000000000000000

R%g#+,%" Nm%" / 0000000000000000000000

*%$a",m%n, 2 Y%a"2 S%(,#-n / 0000000000000000000000


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Ta% -. (-n,%n,+ /S N- *a,% Nam% -. ,)% E4$%"#m%n, Pag% N- *a,% -.

Sm#++#-n

Ma" S#gna,"%

A A"()#,%(,"% -. 76 & P"-g"am+

1 Addition of Two 16 – Bit Datas.

Subtraction of Two 16 – Bit Datas.

8 Multiplication of Two 16 – Bit Datas.

Division of Two 16 – Bit Datas.3 Transfer a Block of Data.

9 Code Conversions

Larest of !n" Datas.

5 Addition of !n" Data.

#actorial of Data.

6 Matri$ Addition .

Strin Manipulation – #ind % &eplace a Data.

Counter and Dela' ti(e

B MASM P"-g"am+

1 Addition of Two 16 – Bit Datas.Subtraction of Two 16 – Bit Datas.

8 Multiplication of Two 16 – Bit Datas.

Division of Two 16 – Bit Datas.

3 Transfer a Block of Data.

9 Code Conversions

5 )assword C*eckin

6 Sortin of an Arra' of datas

Searc*in an ele(ent in an Arra'

: S+uare usin MASM

C A"()#,%(,"% -. 751 & P"-g"am+

1 Addition of Two , – Bit Datas.

Subtraction of Two , – Bit Datas.

8 Multiplication of Two , – Bit Datas.

Division of Two , – Bit Datas.

3 Loical -perations

9 1s and /s Co(ple(ent

5 Code Conversion

* In,%".a(#ng P"-g"am+

1 Diital Clock

8 Analo to Diital Convertor.

Diital to Analo Convertor.3 Displa' 0nterface – Accept a e'.

9 Displa' 0nterface – Displa' a Letter.

5 Stepper Motor 0nterface.

6 Traffic Li*t Controller.

: )rinter Status

)arallel 0nterface


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INTERNAL ARCHITECTURE OF 8086

0ntel ,2,6 is a 16 – bit processor3 wit* powerful instruction set. 0t *as 42 pins workin intwo different (odes3 suc* as3 Ma$i(u( Mode % Mini(u( Mode. T*e ,2,6 *as )ipelined

Arc*itecture wit* Bus 0nterface 5nit % $ecution 5nit.

T*e ,2,67,2,, arc*itecture can be broadl' divided into two roups89i: $ecution 5nit 95:9ii: Bus 0nterface 5nit 9B05:

T*e e$ecution unit contains t*e Data and Address reisters3 t*e Arit*(etic and Loic 5nit andt*e Control 5nit. T*e Bus 0nterface 5nit contains Bus 0nterface Loic3 Se(ent reisters3Me(or' addressin loic and a Si$ b'te instruction ob;ect code +ueue 94 < b'te instruction

ob;ect < code +ueue in case of ,2,, (icroprocessor:.T*e e$ecution unit and t*e Bus 0nterfaceunit operate as'nc*ronousl'. T*e 5 waits for t*e instruction ob;ect code to be fetc*ed fro( t*e(e(or' b' t*e B05. T*e B05 fetc*es or pre < fetc*es t*e ob;ect code 916 < bits at a ti(e: andloads it into t*e si$ b'tes +ueue.

=*enever t*e 5 is read' to e$ecute a new instruction3 it fetc*es t*e instruction ob;ect codefro( t*e front of t*e instruction +ueue and e$ecutes t*e instruction in specified nu(ber of clock periods. 0f (e(or' or 0nput7output devices (ust be accessed in t*e course of e$ecutin aninstruction3 t*en t*e 5 infor(s t*e B05 of its needs. T*e B05 co(pletes its operation code9opcode: fetc* c'cle3 if in proress3 and e$ecutes an appropriate e$ternal access (ac*ine c'cle 0


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n response to t*e 5 de(and. T*e B05 is independent of t*e 5 and atte(pts to keep t*e si$ < b'tes +ueue filled wit* instruction ob;ect codes.0f two or (ore of t*ese si$ b'tes are e(pt'3 t*en t*e B05 e$ecutes instruction fetc* (ac*inec'cles as lon as t*e 5 does not *ave an active re+uest for t*e bus access pendin. 0f t*e 5issues a re+uest for t*e bus access w*ile t*e B05 is in t*e (iddle of an instruction fetc* (ac*inec'cle3 t*en t*e B05 will co(plete t*e instruction fetc* (ac*ine c'cle before *onor in t*e 5 bus access re+uest. T*e 5 does not use (ac*ine c'cles> it e$ecutes instructions in so(e nu(ber of clock periods t*at are not sub;ected to an' t'pe of (ac*ine c'cles. T*e onl' ti(e clock

periods are rouped is clock w*en t*e bus control loic wis*es to access (e(or' or 07- devices.

$ecution 5nit 95:8

T*e e$ecution unit consists of

?eneral &eistersArit*(etic Loic 5nitControl unit#la &eisters

?eneral &eisters

T*e C)5 *as ei*t 16


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,2,6 7 ,2,, *as an additional pointer into t*e stack called t*e B) reister. =*ile t*e S) isused si(ilar to t*e stack pointer in ot*er (ac*ine9for pointin to subroutine and interrupt return addresses:3 t*e B) reister is used to *oldan old stack pointer value3 or it can (ark a place in t*e subroutine stack independent of t*e S) reister. 5sin t*e B) reister to (ark t*e stack saves t*e ;ulin of a sinlestack pointer to reference subroutine para(eters and addresses. S0 and D0 are bot* 16 <

bits wide and are used b' strin (anipulation instructions and in buildin so(e of t*e(ore powerful ,2,67,2,, data structures and addressin (odes. Bot* t*e S0 and t*e D0reisters *ave auto incre(entin and auto < decre(entin capabilities.

Arit*(etic Loic 5nit 9AL5:8

AL5 is 16 < bits wide. 0t can do t*e followin 16 < bits arit*(etic operations9i: Addition9ii:Subtraction9iii: Multiplication9iv: Division

T*e AL5 can also perfor( loical operations suc* as9i: -T9ii:AD9iii: -& 9iv: @CL5S0 -& 9v: TST

#la &eister

T*e $ecution 5nit *as a 16 < bit fla reister w*ic* indicates so(e conditions affected b' t*e e$ecution of an instruction. So(e bits of t*e fla reister control certain operationsof t*e 5. T*e fla reister in t*e 5 contains nine active flas . Si$ of t*e nine flas areused to indicate so(e condition produced b' an instruction. T*ese condition flas arealso called status flas of ,2,67,2,, (icroprocessor. T*ese are t*e Carr' fla3 )arit'fla3 Au$iliar' carr' fla3 Eero fla3 and Sin fla. T*e ot*er t*ree Control flas are Trap#la3 Direction #la and 0nterrupt fla

Bus 0nterface 5nit 9B05:8

T*e B05 sends out addresses3 fetc*es instructions fro( (e(or'3 reads data fro( (e(or'and ports3 and writes data to ports and (e(or'. 0n ot*er words t*e B05 *andles alltransfers of data and addresses on t*e buses for t*e e$ecution unit. T*e B05 *as1. An instruction +ueue/. An 0nstruction pointer F. Se(ent reisters


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0nstruction Gueue8

To speed up prora( e$ecution3 t*e B05 fetc*es as (an' as 6 insturction b'tes a*ead of ti(e fro( (e(or'. T*e prefetc*ed instruction b'tes are *eld for t*e 5 in a first < < first <out roup of reister called a +ueue. T*e 5 decodes an instruction or e$ecutes an

instruction w*ic* does not re+uire t*e buses. =*en t*e 5 is read' for its ne$tinstruction3 it si(pl' reads t*e instruction fro( t*e +ueue in t*e B05. #etc*in t*e ne$tinstruction w*ile t*e current instruction e$ecutes3 is called pipelinin.

ote8

T*e ,2,, (icroprocessor *as onl' a 4


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76 P"-g"am+


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Expt.No:1 (A) ADDITION OF TWO 16 BIT DATA IN 8086*a,%/

AIM/

To add two16 bit nu(bers stored at consecutive (e(or' locations.

ALGORITHM/

1. ?et t*e #irst data in Accu(ulator./. Add t*e Second Data wit* t*e Accu(ulator contentF. Store t*e &esult

FLO;CHART/

STA&T

?T T #0&ST DATA DATA 0ACC5MALAT-&

ADD T SC-D DATA =0TACC5MALAT-& C-TT

ST-& T &S5LT

D


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PROGRAM /

A**RESS OPCO*E MNEMONICS OPERAN* COMMENT

1122 B 22 1H M- S031H22

112F AD L-DS=

1124 ,I CF M- B@3A@

1126 AD L-DS=

112J 21 CF ADD B@3A@

112I B# /2 1H M- D031H/2

112C ,I 1D M- KD03B@112 CC 0T F

OBSERVATION/

RESULT/

0)5T -5T)5T


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Expt.No:1 (B) SUBTRACTION OF TWO 16 BIT DATA IN 8086*a,%/

AIM/

To Subtract two16 bit nu(bers stored at consecutive (e(or' locations.

ALGORITHM/

1. ?et t*e #irst data in Accu(ulatar./. Subtract t*e Second Data wit* t*e Accu(alatar contentF. Store t*e &esult

FLO;CHART/

STA&T


S5BT&ACT T SC-D DATA=0T ACC5MALAT-& C-TT

ST-& T &S5LT

D


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PROGRAM /


1122 B 22 1H M- S031H22

112F AD L-DS=

1124 ,I CF M- B@3A@

1126 AD L-DS=112J 21 CF S5B B@3A@

112I B# /2 1H M- D031H/2

112C ,I 1D M- KD03B@

112 CC 0T F

OBSERVATION/

RESULT/

0)5T -5T)5T


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Expt.No:(A) MULTIPLICATION OF TWO 16 BIT DATA IN 8086*a,%/

AIM/

To Multipl' two16 bit nu(bers stored at consecutive (e(or' locations.

ALGORITHM/

1. ?et t*e #irst data in Accu(ulatar.

/. Multipl' t*e Second Data wit* t*e Accu(alatar contentF. Store t*e &esult

FLO;CHART/

STA&T


M5LT0)L T SC-D DATA

=0T ACC5MALAT-& C-TT

ST-& T &S5LT


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PROGRAM /


1/22 B 22 1H M- S031H22

1/2F AD L-DS=

1/24 ,I CF M- B@3A@

1/26 AD L-DS=

1/2J #J F M5L B@

1/2I B# 2H 1H M- D031H2H

1/2C ,I 2H M- KD03A@

1/2 21 CF 0C D01/2# B# /2 1H 0C D0

1/12 ,I 1D M- KD03D@

1/1/ CC 0T F

OBSERVATION/

0)5T -5T)5T

D


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RESULT/

Expt.No:(B) DI!ISION OF TWO 16 BIT DATA IN 8086*a,%/

AIM/

To Divide two16 bit nu(bers stored at consecutive (e(or' locations.

ALGORITHM/

1. ?et t*e #irst data in Accu(ulatar./. Divide t*e Second Data wit* t*e Accu(alatar contentF. Store t*e &esult

FLO;CHART

STA&T


D00D T SC-D DATA =0TACC5MALAT-& C-TT


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PROGRAM /

A**RESS OPCO*E MNEMONICS OPERAN* COMMENTS

1F22 BA 22 22 M- D@32222

1F2F B, #D ## M- A@3###D

1F26 BI 2# 22 M- C@3222#

1F2I #J #1 D0 C@

1F2B B# 22 1H M- D031H221F2 ,, 2H M- KD03AL

1F12 4J 0C D0

1F11 ,, /H M- KD03A

1F1F 4J 0C D0

1F14 ,I 1H M- KD03D@

1F16 CC 0T F

OBSERVATION/

0)5T -5T)5T

ST-& T &S5LT

D


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RESULT/

Expt.No:" TRANSFER OF DATA FROM ONE LOCATIONTO D#t$: ANOTHERLOCATION

AIM/

To write an AL) to Transfer !n" Datas fro( one (e(or' location to anot*er.

APPARATUS RE


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FLO;CHART /

STA&T

0T0L0E MM-&)-0T&

0T0L0E C-5T AL5

T&AS#& T- DS0&DL-CAT0-

CL N CL


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PROGRAM /


1222 B1 2, M- CL32,

122/ B 22 24 M- S031422

122H B# H2 14 M- D0314H2

122, AC L-DSB

122I ,, 2H M- KD03AL

122B 4J 0C D0122C # CI DC CL

122 JH #, PE 122,

1212 CC 0T F

OBSERVATION/

0)5T -5T)5T

ST-&

D


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RESULT/

Expt.No:%(A) CODE CON!ERSIONS*a,%/

=A> ASCII TO HE? CO*E/

AIM/

To write an AL) to e$ecute ASC00 to @ code conversion usin ,2,6

ALGORITHM/

1. Load t*e data in al reister./. Subtract F2 wit* al.F. 0f data is less t*an or e+ual to 16 ter(inate t*e prora(.4. lse subtract J fro( al.H. &esult in al reister.

FLO;CHART/

Start

Load al wit* t*e data


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PROGRAM/


1122 B2 F1 M- AL3F1

112/ /C F2 S5B AL3F2

1124 FC 12 CM) AL312

1126 J/ 24 PB 112C112, J4 2/ PE 112C

112A /C 2J S5B AL32J

112C CC 0T F

OBSERVATION/

INPUT OUTPUT

A**RESS *ATA A**RESS *ATA

Subtract wit* F2

0f ALQN12

$it

ALNal


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RESULT/

=B> HE?A *ECIMAL TO ASCII CO*E/

AIM/

To write an AL) to e$ecute e$a deci(al to ASC00 code conversion usin ,2,6(icroprocessor.

ALGORITHM/

1. Load al wit* t*e data./. 0f9alQNI: add F2.F. lse add J and F2.4. &esult in al.

FLO;CHART/

Start

Load al wit* t*e data

0f

ALQNI ALNal R2JRF2 $it


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PRO&RAM:

ADDRESS OPCODE MNEMONICS OPERAND

COMMENTS

1100 BO OA MOV AL,OA

1102 3C 09 CMP AL,09

1104 74 04 JZ 110A

1106 72 02 JB 110A

1108 04 07 ADD AL,07

110A 04 30 ADD AL,30

110C CC INT 3

OBSER!ATION:

INPUT OUTPUT

ADDRESS DATA ADDRESS DATA


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RESULT:

Expt.No:% (B) LAR&EST OF ' NUMBER IN AN ARRA* *a,%/

AIM/

To write an AL) to find t*e Larest of t*e data iven in an arra'.

APPARATUS RE


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PROGRAM /

A**RESS OPCO*E MNEMONICS OPERAN* COMMENT1222 B 22 I2 M- S03I222

122F ,A 2C M- CL3KS0

122H 46 0C S0

1226 ,A 24 M- AL3KS0

122, # CI DC CL

122A 46 0C S0

122B FA 24 CM) AL3KS0

122D JF 2/ PMB 1211

122# ,A 24 M- AL3KS0

1211 # CI DC CL

121F JH #H PE 122A121H B# 22 IH M- D03 IH22

121, ,, 2H M- KD03AL

121A CCS 0T F

OBSERVATION/

0)5T -5T)5T

0SC-5T N 2O

ST-& T LA&?ST

D


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RESULT/

Expt.No:+(A) ADDITION OF ' 16 ,BIT DATAS IN ANARRA*

*a,%/

AIM/

To write an AL) in ,2,6 to Add !n" 16 – bit Datas stored in an Arra'.

APPARATUS RE


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PROGRAM /

A**RESS LABEL MNEMONICS OPERAN* B1 B8 B3 B9 COMMENT

1F22 M- CL3 < <

1F2/ M- AL3221F24 M- BL321

1F26 L--) ADD AL3BL

1F2, 0C BL

1F2A DC CL

1F2C PE L--)

1F2 M- D03/222

1F11 M- KD03A@

1F1F 0T F

?T T C-5T AL5 % CLA& ACC5MALAT-&

ADD T DATA =0T ACC5MALAT-&

C-5T


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OBSERVATION/

0)5T -5T )5T

RESULT/

Expt.No:+(B) FACTORIAL OF A DATA*a,%/

AIM

To write an AL) in ,2,6 to find t*e #actorial of t*e iven Data.

APPARATUS RE


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/. ?et 21 in t*e accu(ulator.F. &epeatedl' (ultipl' t*e data .4. Store t*e &esult.

FLO; CHART/

PROGRAM /

STA&T

?T T DATA% AL N 21

DATA N DATA9n: DATA9n


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1122 M- CL3 24

112/ M- AL321

1124 M- BL321

1126 L--) M5L BL

112, 0C BL

112A DC CL

112C PE L--)

112 M- D03/222

1111 M- KD03A@

111F 0T F

OBSERVATION/

RESULT/

Expt.No:6 (A) ADDITION OF " - " MATRI-*a,%/

AIM

To write an AL) in ,2,6 to Add t*e Data of two F $ F (atri$.

0)5T -5T)5T


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APPARATUS RE


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PROGRAM /

?T T LMTS -# AC MAT&0@

ADD T LMT -# AC MAT&0@

ST-& T &S5LT

C-5T N C-5T < 21

0#C-5T

N-O

D


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1H22 M- CL3 2I

1H2/ M- S03/222

1H2H M- D03F222

1H2, L--) M- AL3KS0

1H2A M- BL3KD0

1H2C ADD AL3BL

1H2 M- KD03AL

1H12 0C D0

1H11 0C S0

1H1/ DC CL

1H14 PE L--)

1H16 0T F

OBSERVATION/

0)5T


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ALGORITHM/

1. Load t*e source and destination inde$ reister wit* startin and t*e endin

address respectivel'.

/. 0nitialie t*e counter wit* t*e total nu(ber of words to be copied.

F. Clear t*e direction fla for auto incre(entin (ode of transfer.4. 5se t*e strin (anipulation instruction SCAS= wit* t*e prefi$ &) to searc*

a word fro( strin.

H. 0f a (atc* is found 9N1:3 replace t*e old word wit* t*e current word in

destination address. -t*erwise3 stop.

PROGRAM/


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M- A@3DATA

M- DS3 A@

M- A@31H

M- S03 -##ST

M- C@3 C-5T

M- A@3 22

CLD

&)LAC SCAS=

PE L--)

M- D03 LABL

M- KD03&)LAC

L--) M- A34C

0T /1

OBSERVATION/

0)5T


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To write an AL) for password c*eckin.

ALGORITHM/

1.0nitialie t*e Me(or' )ointer.

/.Store t*e &e+uired password as our wis*.

F.nter t*e )assword

4.0# t*e entered )assword (atc*es wit* t*e Stored )assword t*en t*e =elco(e screen

appears on Displa'

H.-t*ers wise !=ron )assword" is displa'ed on t*e Screen.

FLO;@*IAGRAM8

STA& T

0nitialie t*e Me(or' )ointer Store 'our )assword in a specificMe(or Address ie.1H22nter t*e )assword


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PROCE*URE/

STEP/ 1

0#

Matc*es

LCD displa's =ron

LCD displa's Correct

o

es

nters into =elco(e Screen


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Download t*e *e$ file w*ic* is iven cd.STEP/ 8

Set 4 diit password in address of 1H22

STEP/ 3

To open welco(e screen ive 4 diit correct password in address of 1J22

STEP/ 9

0f password (atc* (eans welco(e screen will displa' in lcd.-t*erwise reenter password in address of1J22

OUTPUT/

Set password and user iven password (atc*ed and enter into welco(e screen in lcddispla'.

PROGRAM/

A**RESS OPCO*ES MNEMONICS COMMENTS

1222 , 1, 21 CALL 111B >Call t*e LCD initialiation

122F BH 26 M- C326 >0nitialie t*e reister !C"

122H B1 26 M- CL326 >0nitialie t*e reister !CL"

122J BB 22 1H M- B@3 1H22 >Load t*e )assword in t*e Address 1H22

122A , 22 22 CALL 122D >Call t*e loop

122D ,A 2J M- AL3KB@ >Move t*e value fro( t*e B@ reister to AL

122# 4F 0C B@ >0ncre(ent B@ reister b' 1

1212 # CI DC CL >Decre(ent CL b' 1

121/ JH #I P 122D >Continue until t*e CL reister not e+ual to ero

1214 BB 22 1H M- B@3 1H22 >Aain (ove t*e address 1H22 to B@

121J B 22 1J M- S03 1J22 >eed anot*er address to enter t*e )assword

121A , 22 22 CALL 121D >Call t*e e$t loop

121D ,A 24 M- AL3KS0

121# FA 2J CM) AL3KB@ >Co(pare eac* c*aracter wit* t*e stored )assword

12/1 JH J P 12A1 >Pu(p to wron loop if t*e c*aracter in B@(atc*es wit* S0

12/F 4F 0C B@ >0ncre(ent B@

12/4 46 0C S0 >0ncre(ent S0

12/H # CD DC C >Decre(ent C

12/J JH #4 P 121D >Continue until t*e C reister not e+ual to ero

12/I , 22 22 CALL 12/C

12/C BA /2 ## M- D@3##/2 >C*oosin )-&T A of ,/HH

12/# B2 2C M- AL32C >Displa' - and cursor -##

12F1 -5T D@3AL

12F/ , 1I 21 CALL 114 >Call LCD enable

12FH B2 4F M- AL34F >ASC00 value of c*ar C is 4F*


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12FJ -5T D@3AL

12F, , /F 21 CALL 11H >Call LCD data line

12FB B2 4# M- AL34# >ASC00 value of c*ar - is 4#*

12FD -5T D@3AL

12F , 1D 21 CALL 11H >Call LCD data line

1241 B2H/ M- AL3H/ >ASC00 value of c*ar & is H/*

124F -5T D@3AL1244 , 1J 21 CALL 11H >Call LCD data line

124J B2 H/ M- AL3H/ >ASC00 value of c*ar & is H/*

124I -5T D@3AL

124A , 11 21 CALL 11H >Call LCD data line

124D B2 4H M- AL34H >ASC00 value of c*ar is 4H*

124# -5T D@3AL

12H2 , 2B 21 CALL 11H >Call LCD data line

12HF B2 4F M- AL34F >ASC00 value of c*ar C is 4F*

12HH -5T D@3AL

12H6 , 2H 21 CALL 11H >Call LCD data line

12HI B2 H4 M- AL3H4 >ASC00 value of c*ar T is H4*

12HB -5T D@3AL

12HC , ## 22 CALL 11H >Call LCD data line

12H# , ,2 22 CALL 12/

126/ B2 21 M- AL321 >Clear LCD

1264 -5T D@3AL

126H , 6 22 CALL 114 Call LCD enable line

126, B2 ,4 M- AL3,4 >C*aracters start to print fro( 4t* colu(n of t*efirst row

126A -5T D@3AL

126B , 2 22 CALL 114 Call LCD enable line

126 B2 2C M- AL32C >LCD displa' - and cursor -##

12J2 -5T D@3AL

12J1 , DA 22 CALL 114 Call LCD enable line

12J4 B2 HJ M- AL3HJ >ASC00 value of c*ar = is HJ*

12J6 -5T D@3AL

12JJ , 4 22 CALL 11H >Call LCD data line

12JA B2 4H M- AL34H >ASC00 value of c*ar is 4H*

12JC -5T D@3AL

12JD , D 22 CALL 11H >Call LCD data line

12,2 B2 4C M- AL34C >ASC00 value of c*ar L is 4C*

12,/ -5T D@3AL


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12,F , D, 22 CALL 11H >Call LCD data line

12,6 B2 4F M- AL34F >ASC00 value of c*ar C is 4F*

12,, -5T D@3AL

12,I , D/ 22 CALL 11H >Call LCD data line

12,C B2 4# M- AL34# >ASC00 value of c*ar - is 4#*

12, -5T D@3AL

12,# , CC 22 CALL 11H >Call LCD data line

12I/ B2 4D M- AL34D >ASC00 value of c*ar M is 4D*

12I4 -5T D@3AL

12IH , C6 22 CALL 11H >Call LCD data line

12I, B2 4H M- AL34H >ASC00 value of c*ar is 4H*

12IA -5T D@3AL

12IB , C2 22 CALL 11H >Call LCD data line

12I , C1 ## CALL 126/

12A1 B2 ,1 M- AL3,1 >C*aracters start to print fro( t*e /nd colu(n oft*e first row

12AF -5T D@3AL

12A4 , AJ 22 CALL 114 Call LCD enable line

12AJ B2 2C M- AL32C >LCD displa' - and cursor -##

12AI -5T D@3AL

12AA , A1 22 CALL 114 Call LCD enable line

12AD B2 HJ M- AL3HJ >ASC00 value of c*ar = is HJ*

12A# -5T D@3AL

12B2 , AB 22 CALL 11H >Call LCD data line12BF B2 H/ M- AL3H/ >ASC00 value of c*ar & is H/*

12BH -5T D@3AL

12B6 , AH 22 CALL 11H >Call LCD data line

12BI B2 4# M- AL34# >ASC00 value of c*ar - is 4#*

12BB -5T D@3AL

12BC , I# 22 CALL 11H >Call LCD data line

12B# B2 4 M- AL34 >ASC00 value of c*ar is 4*

12C1 -5T D@3AL12C/ , II 22 CALL 11H >Call LCD data line

12CH B2 4J M- AL34J >ASC00 value of c*ar ? is 4J*

12CJ -5T D@3AL

12C, , IF 22 CALL 11H >Call LCD data line

12CB , 14 22 CALL 12/

12C , ID 22 CALL 116 >Call t*e dela' function

12D1 , IA 22 CALL 116 >Call t*e dela' function


41/121

12D4 , IJ 22 CALL 116 >Call t*e dela' function

12DJ , I4 22 CALL 116 >Call t*e dela' function

12DA , I1 22 CALL 116 >Call t*e dela' function

12DD , , 22 CALL 116 >Call t*e dela' function

122 CD /1 0T /1

12/ BA /2 ## M- D@3##/2 >C*oosin )-&T A of ,/HH

12H B2 CJ M- AL3CJ >C*aracters start to print fro( t*e Jt* colu(n of t*e/nd row

12J -5T D@3AL

12, , 6F 22 CALL 114

12B B2 H2 M- AL3H2 >ASC00 value of c*ar ) is H2*

12D -5T D@3AL

12 , 6D 22 CALL 11H >Call LCD data line

12#1 B2 41 M- AL341 >ASC00 value of c*ar A is 41*

12#F -5T D@3AL

12#4 , 6J 22 CALL 11H >Call LCD data line

12#J B2 HF M- AL3HF >ASC00 value of c*ar S is HF*

12#I -5T D@3AL

12#A , 61 22 CALL 11H >Call LCD data line

12#D B2 HF M- AL3HF >ASC00 value of c*ar S is HF*

12## -5T D@3AL

1122 , HB 22 CALL 11H >Call LCD data line

112F B2 HJ M- AL3HJ >ASC00 value of c*ar = is HJ*

112H -5T D@3AL1126 , HH 22 CALL 11H >Call LCD data line

112I B2 4# M- AL34# >ASC00 value of c*ar - is 4#*

112B -5T D@3AL

112C , 4# 22 CALL 11H >Call LCD data line

112# B2 H/ M- AL3H/ >ASC00 value of c*ar & is H/*

1111 -5T D@3AL

111/ , 4I 22 CALL 11H >Call LCD data line

111H B2 44 M- AL344 >ASC00 value of c*ar D is 44*111J -5T D@3AL

111, , 4F 22 CALL 11H >Call LCD data line

111B B4 22 M- A322

111D BA /6 ## M- D@3##/6

11/2 B2 ,2 M- AL3,2 >C*aracters start to print fro( t*e first colu(n oft*e first row

11// -5T D@3AL

11/F BA /2 ## M- D@3##/2 >,/HH )-&T A DATAB0TS


42/121

11/6 B2 F, M- AL3F, >#unction set

11/, -5T D@3AL

11/I , // 22 CALL 114

11/C B2 F, M- AL3F, >#unction set

11/ -5T D@3AL

11/# , 1C 22 CALL 114

11F/ B2 F, M- AL3F, >#unction set

11F4 -5T D@3AL

11FH , 16 22 CALL 114

11F, B2 2# M- AL32# >Displa' -7-##

11FA -5T D@3AL

11FB , 12 22 CALL 114

11F B2 26 M- AL326 >ntr' (ode

1142 -5T D@3AL

1141 , 2A 22 CALL 1141144 B2 21 M- AL321 >Clear screen

1146 -5T D@3AL

114J , 24 22 CALL 114

114A , 21 22 CALL 114

114D CF &T

114 BA // ## M- D@3##// >C*oosin t*e )-&TB of ,/HH

11H1 B2 24 M- AL324

11HF -5T D@3AL

11H4 B2 22 M- AL322

11H6 -5T D@3AL

11HJ , 14 22 CALL 116

11HA BA /2 ## M- D@3##/2

11HD CF &T

11H BA // ## M- D@3##// >C*oosin t*e )-&TB of ,/HH

1161 B2 2H M- AL32H

116F -5T D@3AL

1164 B2 22 M- AL322

1166 -5T D@3AL

116J , 24 22 CALL 116

116A BA /2 ## M- D@3##/2

116D CF &T

116 HF )5S B@ >Store t*e alues in Stack

116# BB ## ## M- B@3#### >Load t*e Dela' value 2####* in B@ reister

11J/ 4B DC B@ >Decre(ent B@ reister


43/121

11JF JH #D P 11J/ >Pu(p to D1 until B@ is not e+ual to Eero

11JH HB )-) B@ >?et t*e value fro( Stack

11J6 CF &T >&eturns t*e value

E4$,N-/ COUNTERS AN* TIME *ELAY

*a,%/

AIM/

To write an AL) for Counter and Ti(e Dela' usin ,2,6 Microprocessor.


44/121

ALGORITHM/

1 nter t*e prora( into t*e kit.

8 Connect t*e PLC' and CL'7 t*rou* a wire connector.

3 ow see t*e output wave for( on t*e OUT7.

PROGRAM/


1222 B2 F6 M- AL3F6

122/ BA H6 ## M- D@3##H6

122H -5T D@3AL

1226 B2 J, M- AL3J,


45/121

122, BA H2 ## M- D@3##H2

122B -5T D@3AL

122C B2 22 M- AL322

122 -5T D@3AL

122# CC 0T F

RESULT/


46/121

MASAM @ PROGRAMS

Expt.No:1 (A) ADDITION OF TWO 16 BIT DATA IN 8086 /MASAM

*a,%/

AIM/

To Add two16 bit nu(bers and to store t*e result usin MASAM.

APPARATUS RE


47/121

16@BIT A**ITION/

.(odel.s(all

.data

.codeStart8 or 222* (ov a$326* (ov b$32H*

add a$3b$int F

nd

OBSERVATION /

RESULT

Expt.No:1(B) SUBTRACTIONOF TWO 16 BIT DATA IN 8086/ MASAM

*a,%/

AIM/

To Subtract two16 bit nu(bers and to store t*e result usin MASAM..

0)5T8 DATA1

DATA /

-5T)5T8


48/121

APPARATUS RE


49/121

Expt.No:(A) MULTIPLICATION OF TWO 16 BIT DATA USIN&MASAM

*a,%/

AIM/

To Multipl' two16 bit nu(bers and to store t*e result usin MASAM..

APPARATUS RE


50/121

RESULT/

Expt.No:(B) DI!ISION OF TWO 16 BIT DATA USIN& MASM*a,%/

AIM/

To Divide two16 bit nu(bers and to store t*e result usin MASM..

APPARATUS RE


51/121

RESULT

Expt.No:" LO&ICAL OPERATIONS USIN& MASM*a,%/

AIM/

To perfor( Loical -perations and store t*e result usin MASM.

APPARATUS RE


52/121

OUTPUT/

OR OPERATION/

.(odel.s(all

.data

.codeStart8or 222*

(ov al32/*(ov bl324*or al3blint F

nd

OUTPUT/

NOT OPERATION/

.(odel.s(all

.data

.codeStart8or 222*

(ov al321*not alint F

nd

OUTPUT/


53/121

RESULT/

Expt.No:% BLOC2 TRANSFER WITHOUT O!ERLAPUSIN& MASAM

*A,%/

AIM/

To Transfer !n" 16 bit arra' fro( one location to anot*er usin MASAM..

PROGRAM/.MODEL SMALL .DATAArray1 D 1111!,2222!,3333!,4444!,""""!Array2 D " D#P $0%C&'() D 000"*.CODEMOV A+,DATAMOV DS,A+LEA SI,Array1LEA DI,Array2MOV C+,C&'()NE+T- MOV A+,SI/MOV DI/,A+INC SIINC SIINC DIINC DILOOP NE+TMOV A*,4C!INT 21!END

0)5T -5T)5T


54/121

RESULT

Expt.No:+ PASSWORD CHE2IN& USIN& MASAM*a,%/

AIM/

To =rite an AL) to erif' t*e )assword usin MASAM S-.,a"% R%#"%d/

1. )c wit* windows 9IH7I,7@)7T7/222:

/. MASM S-#T=A&

P"-g"am/

ASS5M CS8C-D3DS8DATA3S8@T&ADATA S?MTST&0?1 DB M&CTST&L G5 9


55/121

C-D DSD STA&T

RESULT

Expt.o:6(A) ASCENDIN& 3 DECENDIN& ORDER USIN& MASAM*a,%/

AIM/

To Sort !n" 16 bit arra' in Ascendin 7 Descendin -rder usin MASAM..

A$$a"a,+ R%#"%d/

1. )c wit* windows 9IH7I,7@)7T7/222:

/. MASM S-#T=A&

P"-g"am/ASS5M CS8C-D3DS8DATADATA S?MTA&&A DB 2H2232F2232221322243222/C-5T DB 2HDATA DSC-D S?MTSTA&T8 M- A@3DATAM- DS3A@

S5B A@3A@M- D@3C-5T


56/121

RESULT

E4$,N-/6=B> SEARCHING USING MASM

*a,%/

AIM/

To searc* an ele(ent in an arra' usin MASM.

APPARATUS RE


57/121

RESULT/

Expt.No:4 S5UARE USIN& MASM*a,%/

AIM/

To perfor( s+uare operation usin MASM.

APPARATUS RE


58/121

LCALL 22BB*end

0)5T -5T)5T

RESULT/

INTERNAL ARCHITECTURE OF 80+1

The Intel MCS-51 (commonly referred to as 8051) is a Harvard

architecture CISCinstruction set sin!le chi" microcontroller (#C) series $hich $as

develo"ed %y Intelin 1&80 for use in em%edded systems

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_instruction_set_computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instruction_sethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcontrollerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_instruction_set_computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instruction_sethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcontrollerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded_system


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Important features and applications

The 8051 architecture "rovides many functions (C' *M +M I,+ interru"t lo!ic timer

etc) in a sin!le "ac.a!e.

• 8-%it */ and *ccumulator 8-%it e!isters (one 1-%it re!ister $ith s"ecial move

instructions) 8-%it data %us and 21-%it address %us,"ro!ram counter ,data "ointer and

related 8,11,1-%it o"erations3 hence it is mainly an 8-%it microcontroller

• 4oolean "rocessor $ith 1 instructions 1-%it accumulator 6 re!isters (7 %it-

addressa%le 8-%it) and u" to 177 s"ecial 1 %it-addressa%le *M varia%les (18 %it-

addressa%le 8-%it)

• Multi"ly divide and com"are instructions

• 7 fast s$itcha%le re!ister %an.s $ith 8 re!isters each (memory ma""ed)

• ast interru"t $ith o"tional re!ister %an. s$itchin!

• Interru"ts and threads $ith selecta%le "riority

• 9ual 1-%it address %us : It can access ; memory locations : 7


60/121

Memory architecture

The MCS-51 has four distinct ty"es of memory : internal *M s"ecial function re!isters

"ro!ram memory and e;ternal data memory

Internal *M (I*M) is located from address 0 to address 0; I*M from 0;00 to 0;

can %e accessed directly I*M from 0;80 to 0; must %e accessed indirectly usin! the

E0 or E1 synta; $ith the address to access loaded in 0 or 1 The 18 %its at I*Mlocations 0;0:0; are %it-addressa%le

S"ecial function re!isters (S) are located in the same address s"ace as I*M at

addresses 0;80 to 0; and are accessed directly usin! the same instructions as for the

lo$er half of I*M They cannot %e accessed indirectly via E0 or E1 1 of the Ss

are also %it-addressa%le

'ro!ram memory ('M=M thou!h less common in usa!e than I*M and ?*M) is u" to

7


61/121

Registers

The only re!ister on an 8051 that is not memory-ma""ed is the 1-%it "ro!ram counter 'C

This s"ecifies the address of the ne;t instruction to e;ecute elative %ranch instructions

su""ly an 8-%it si!ned offset $hich is added to the 'C

8 !eneral-"ur"ose re!isters 0: may %e accessed $ith instructions 1 %yte shorter than

others They are ma""ed to I*M %et$een 0;00 and 0;1 +nly 8 %ytes of that ran!e areused at any !iven time determined %y the t$o %an. select %its in the 'SD

The follo$in! re!isters are memory-ma""ed into the s"ecial function re!ister s"ace

• (0;81) Stac. "ointer S' This is an 8-%it re!ister used %y su%routine call and return

instructions The stac. !ro$s u"$ard3 the S' is incremented %efore "ushin! and

decremented after "o""in! a value

• (0;8:86) 9ata "ointer 9' This is a 1-%it re!ister that is used for accessin! 'M=M

and ?*M• (0;90) 'ro!ram status $ord 'SD This contains im"ortant status fla!s

• 'SD0 ' 'arity ives the "arity (modulo- sum of the %its of) the most recent */

result• 'SD1 9 ser 9efined or !eneral soft$are use not other$ise used %y hard$are

• 'SD +F +verflo$ fla! Set $hen addition "roduces a si!ned overflo$

• 'SD6 S0 e!ister select 0 The lo$-order %it of the re!ister %an. Set $hen %an.s

at 0;08 or 0;18 are in use• 'SD7 S1 e!ister select 1 The hi!h-order %it of the re!ister %an. Set

$hen %an.s at 0;10 or 0;18 are in use• 'SD5 0 la! 0 or !eneral soft$are use not other$ise used %y hard$are

'SD *C au;iliary carry Set $hen addition "roduces a carry from %it 6 to %it 7

• 'SD C Carry %it

• (0;=0) *ccumulator * This re!ister is used %y most instructions

• (0;0) 4 re!ister This is used as an e;tension to the accumulator for multi"ly and

divide instructions

5 sin!le %its are directly addressa%le These are the 1 I*M locations from 0;0:0;

and the 1 s"ecial function re!isters 0;80 0;88 0;&0 J0;8 *ny %it of these %ytes may%e directly accessed %y a variety of lo!ical o"erations and conditional %ranches

>ote that the 'SD does not contain the common > (ne!ative) and K (Aero) fla!s Instead

%ecause the accumulator is a %it-addressa%le S it is "ossi%le to %ranch on its most

si!nificant %it directly There is also an instruction to Lum" if the accumulator is Aero or non-

Aero

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overflow_flaghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjust_flaghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carry_bithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overflow_flaghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjust_flaghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carry_bit


62/121

751 @ PROGRAMS


63/121

E4$,N-/1=A> A**ITION OF T;O –BIT *ATA IN 751

*a,%/

AIM8

To write an AL) in ,2H1 to Add two , –bit Data.

ALGORITHIMS8

1. 0nitialie t*e Data )ointer.

/. ?et t*e data to be added in (icrocontroller.

F. Add t*e data and store t*e su(.

4. C*eck for t*e carr' and store t*e carr' also.

FLO; CHART/

STA&T

0T0AL0E DATA )-0T&

?T T DATAS T- B ADDD

ADD T DATAS

ST-& T S5M

ST-& CA&&


64/121

PROGRAM/

A**RESS LABEL MNEMONICS OPERAN* B1 B8 B3 COMMENT

4122 M- D)T&3VI222

412F M-@ A3 WD)T&

4124 M- &23A412H 0C D)T&

4126 M-@ A3 WD)T&

412J ADD A3 &2

412, 0C D)T&

412I M-@ WD)T&3A

412A M- A3V 22

412C ADDC A3 V22

412 0C D)T&

412# M-@ WD)T&3 A

4112 LCALL 22BB

OBSERVATION/

0)5T -5T)5T

RESULT/

D


65/121

E4$,N-/1=B> SUBRACTION OF T;O –BIT *ATA IN 751

*a,%/

AIM8

To write an AL) in ,2H1 to Add two , –bit Data.

ALGORITHIMS/


/. ?et t*e data to be added in (icrocontroller.

F. subtract t*e data and store t*e su(.

4. C*eck for t*e carr' and store t*e carr' also.

FLO; CHART/

STA&T

0T0AL0E DATA )-0T&

?T T DATAS T- B S5BT&ACTD

S5BT&ACT T DATAS

ST-& T D0##&C


66/121

PROGRAM /


4122 M- D)T&3VI222

412F M-@ A3 WD)T&

4124 M- &23A

412H 0C D)T& 4126 M-@ A3 WD)T&

412J S5B A3 &2

412, 0C D)T&

412I M-@ WD)T&3A

4112 LCALL 22BB

OBSERVATION/

RESULT/

0)5T -5T)5T

D


67/121

E4$,N-/8=A> MULTIPLICATION OF T;O –BIT *ATA IN 751

*a,%/

AIM8

To write an AL) in ,2H1 to Multipl' two , –bit Data.

ALGORITHIMS/


/. ?et t*e data to be (ultiplied in (icrocontroller.F. Multipl' two datas and store t*e +uotient and re(ainder.

4. C*eck for t*e carr' and store t*e carr'.

FLO; CHART/

STA&T

0T0AL0E DATA )-0T&

?T T DATAS T- B M5LT0)L0D


68/121

PROGRAM/


4122 M- D)T&3VI222

412F M-@ A3 WD)T&

4124 M- #23A

4126 0C D)T&

412J M-@ A3 WD)T&

412, M5L AB

412I 0C D)T& 412A M-@ WD)T&3A

412B 0C D)T&

412C M- A3#-

412 M-@ WD)T&3A

411# LCALL 22BB

M5LT0)L T DATAS

ST-& T)&-D5CT

D


69/121

OBSERVATION/

0)5T -5T)5T

RESULT/

E4$,N-/8=B> *IVISION OF T;O –BIT *ATA IN 751

*a,%/

AIM8

To write an AL) in ,2H1 to Divide two , –bit Data.

ALGORITHIMS/


/. ?et t*e data to be divided in (icrocontroller.

F. Divide t*e data and store t*e Guotient.

4. Store t*e &e(ainder also.

FLO; CHART/

STA&T

0T0AL0E DATA )-0T&

?T T DATAS T- B D00DD


70/121

PROGRAM/


4122 M- D)T&3VI222

412F M-@ A3 WD)T&

4124 M- #23A

4126 0C D)T&

412J M-@ A3 WD)T&

412, D0 AB

412I 0C D)T&

412A M-@ WD)T&3A

412B 0C D)T&

412C M- A3#-

412 M-@ WD)T&3A

411# LCALL 22BB

D00D T DATAS

ST-& T G5-T0T %

&MA0D&

D


71/121

OBSERVATION/

0)5T -5T)5T

RESULT/

E4$,N-/3 LOGICAL OPERATIONS OF 751

*a,%/

AIM/

To write an AL) for loical operations usin ,2H1 Microcontroller.

ALGORITHIMS/

1. 0nitialie t*e &eister A and &eister B.

/. ?et t*e datas for perfor(in loical operations in (icrocontroller.

F. )erfor( AD3-& and @


72/121

AN* PROGRAM/

A**RESS MNEMONICS OPERAN* COMMENTS

I222 M- A3V2/

I221 M- B3V24

I22/ AL AB

I22F LCALL 22BB

OBSERVATION/

INPUT OUTPUT


OR PROGRAM/


I222 M- A3V2/

I221 M- B3V24


73/121

I22/ -&L A3B

I22F LCALL 22BB

OBSERVATION/

INPUT OUTPUT


E?@OR/


I222 M- A3V2/

I221 M- B3V24

I22/ @&L A3B

I22F LCALL 22BB

OBSERVATION/

INPUT OUTPUT



74/121

RESULT/

E4$,N-/9 1+ AN* 8+ COMPLEMENT

*a,%/

=A>1+ COMPLEMENT/

AIM/

To write an AL) for 1s co(ple(ent usin ,2H1 Microcontroller.

ALGORITHIM/

1. 0nitialie t*e Accu(alator.

/. ?et t*e data to be 1s co(ple(ented in (icrocontroller.

F. Co(ple(ent t*e data in t*e Accu(alator.

4. Store t*e result in t*e Accu(alator .

PROGRAM/


I222 M- A3V2/

I221 C)L A

I22/ LCALL 22BB

OUTPUT/

INPUT OUTPUT


75/121


=B>8+ COMPLEMENT/

AIM/

To write an AL) /s co(ple(ent usin ,2H1 Microcontroller.

ALGORITHIMS/


/. ?et t*e data.

F. Co(ple(ent t*e Accu(ulator and add 21.

4. Store t*e result in t*e Accu(ulator.

PROGRAM/

*ATA

A**RESS MNEMONICS OPERAN* COMMENTSI222 M- D)T&3VIH22

I221 M- A3WD)T&

I22/ C)L A

I22F ADD A3V21

I224 M- D)T&3VIH22

I22H M-@ WD)T&3A

I226 LCALL 22BB

OUTPUT/

INPUT OUTPUT



76/121

RESULT/

5 CO*E CONVERSION

ASCII TO HE?A *ECIMAL CONVERSION/

A IM/

To perfor( ASC00 to *e$adeci(al conversion.

ALGORITHM/

1. Load t*e data in al reister./. Subtract F2 wit* al.F. 0f data is less t*an or e+ual to 16 ter(inate t*e prora(.

4. lse subtract J fro( al.H. &esult in al reister.


77/121

PROGRAM/


I222 M- D)T&3VIH22

I22F CL& C

I224 M-@ A3WD)T&

I22H S5BB A3VF2

I22J M- &13A

I22, S5BB A3V2A

I22A PC I211

I22C CL& C

I22D M- A3&1

I22 S5BB A3V2J

I212 M- &13A

I211 M- A3&1

I21/ LCALL 22BB

OBSERVATION

INPUT OUTPUT


RESULT/


78/121

INTERFACING

PROGRAMS


79/121

E4$,N-/1 *IGITAL CLOC'

*a,%/

AIM/

To write an AL) for Diital Clock.

ALGORITHM/

1.Load t*e data rs3Mins and Sec in Different Me(or' &eisters./.0nitialie r 3Min and Sec.F.0C Seconds until HI.0f it is reater t*an HI t*en t*e Minute starts incre(ented b' 1 and

t*e Seconds are initialied to Eero.4.0f (inute is reater t*an HI3t*en t*e *our starts incre(ented b' 1 and t*e Minutes and

Seconds are initialied to Eero.H.=*en t*e *our is reater t*an 1/3 t*en t*e Seconds and Minutes are initialied to Eero. And

t*en t*e our is initialied to -ne.6. Aain t*e clock starts fro(


80/121

FLO; CHART/

0nitialie t*e Me(or' )ointers for r3Min and Sec

STA&T

Load t*e data in t*ree Me(or'&e isters

0nitialie r

0nitialie Min

0nc Sec

0f SecQNHI

0nc Min

0nitialie Sec

0f MinQNHI

0nc r

0f r QN

1/

Y%+N-

N- Y%+

L - - $

+ , a " , +

a g a # n


81/121

PROGRAM/

A**RESS

OPCO*ES

MNEMONICS

COMMENTS

7777 E B8 77 CALL 77B5 Ca ,)% LC* #n#,#a#Da,#-n

7773 37 37 ?OR

B?SI!*H

*%(a"#ng ,)% a"#a%+ #n B,%+

7775 37 37 ?OR

B?SI!*H

777: 31 B3 77

B:

?OR

BP*IB:77

777B 77 B1 77

B5

A**

B?*IB577

777F 77 BA 87FF

A**BPSIFF87

7713 B7 7C MOV AL!7C M-% ,)% )%4 a% 7C) ,- an A((m .-" ,)%

C"+%" O.. and *#+$a ON #n LC*

7715 EE OUT *?!AL And O,$,2S%nd ,)% A((m a% #n ,-

LC*

7716 E CF 77 CALL 77E Ca ,)% LC* C-mmand Ena% #n#,#a#Da,#-n

771J BE 77 15 MOV SI! 1577 *%.#n% ,)% #n#,#a Add"%++ .-" g%,,#ng ,)%

a%+

771C AC LO*SB L-ad ,)% 1+, d#g#, -. an H" a% #n ,- an

A((m

771* 8E A8 75 MOV

7775!AL

M-% ,)% H" a% ."-m an A((m ,- a"3

7781 AC LO*SB L-ad ,)% 8nd d#g#, -. an H" a% #n ,- an

A((m

7788 A E7 MOV AH!AL M-% ,)% H" a% ."-m an A((m ,- AH

7789 AC LO*SB L-ad ,)% n% a% #n ,- an A((m

7785 8E A8 76 MOV

7776!AL

M-% ,)% a% ."-m an A((m ,- a"9

778J AC LO*SB L-ad ,)% n% Va% #n ,- an A((m

778A 8E A8 73 MOV

7773!AL

M-% ,)% a% ."-m an A((m ,- a" 1

778E AC LO*SB L-ad ,)% 1+, d#g#, -. M#n,%+ #n ,- an A((m

778F A E MOV CH!AL M-%2S,-"% ,)% a% ."-m an A((m ,- ,)%

R%g#+,%" CH

7731 AC LO*SB L-ad ,)% 8nd d#g#, -. M#n,%+ #n ,- an A((m

7738 A F MOV BH!AL M-%2S,-"% ,)% a% ."-m an A((m ,- ,)%

R%g#+,%" BH

N- Y%+


82/121

7739 AC LO*SB L-ad ,)% 1+, d#g#, -. S%(-nd+ #n ,- an A((m

7735 A C MOV CL!AL M-%2S,-"% ,)% a% ."-m an A((m ,- ,)%

R%g#+,%" CL

773: AC LO*SB L-ad ,)% 8nd d#g#, -. S%(-nd+ #n ,- an A((m

773 A * MOV BL!AL M-%2S,-"% ,)% a% ."-m A((m ,- ,)%

R%g#+,%" BL

773A EB 1J KMP 7755 Km$ ,- --$1 #. ,)% (-nd#,#-n #+ %#a%n, ,-

%"-

773C J7 NOP

773* 8E C6 76

75

MOV

B7775!37

In#,#a#D% a"3=#%a"3 7 .-" ,)% )%4 a%

37) >

7793 8E A7 75 MOV AL!7775 M-%2S,-"% ,)% a% -. ,)% a"#a% ,- an

A((m

779: B9 31 MOV AH!31 In#,#a#D% ,)% R%g#+,%" AH 1= #% ,)% )%4 a%

-. 31)>

779J 8E C6 76

73

MOV

B7773!31

In#,#a#D% ,)% R%g#+,%" AH 1= #% ,)% )%4 a%

-. 31)>

779F B5 37 MOV CH!37 In#,#a#D% ,)% R%g#+,%" CH 7= #%,)% )%4 a%-. 37) >

7751 B: 37 MOV BH!37 In#,#a#D% ,)% R%g#+,%" BH 7= #%,)% )%4 a%

-. 37)>

7753 B1 37 MOV CL!37 In#,#a#D% ,)% R%g#+,%" CL 7= #%,)% )%4 a%

-. 37)>

7755 E B7 77 CALL 717 Ca ,)% $a", +%(,#-n

775 B3 37 MOV BL!37 In#,#a#D% ,)% R%g#+,%" BL 7= #%,)% )%4 a%

-. 37)>

775A A C3 MOV AL!BL M-%2S,-"% ,)% a% -. ,)% a"#a% ."-m ,)%

R%g#+,%" BL ,- an A((m 775C EE OUT *?!AL O,$,2S%nd ,)% a% -. AL ,)"-g) ,)%

*a,a $-",+ -. LC*

775* E J 77 CALL 77F Ca ,)% LC* *a,a Ena% #n#,#a#Da,#-n

7767 E A5 77 CALL 717 Ca ,)% $a", +%(,#-n

7763 FE C3 INC BL In("%m%n, ,)% R%g#+,%" BL 1

7765 A C3 MOV AL!BL M-%2S,-"% ,)% a% -. ,)% a"#a% ."-m ,)%

R%g#+,%" BL ,- an A((m

776: EE OUT *?!AL O,$,2S%nd ,)% a% -. AL ,)"-g) ,)%

*a,a $-",+ -. LC* 776 E * 77 CALL 77F Ca ,)% LC* *a,a Ena% #n#,#a#Da,#-n

776B 7 FB 3J CMP BL!3J C-m$a"% ,)% a% 3J #,) ,)% R%g#+,%" BL

776E :5 F7 KNE 7767 Km$ ,- --$8 )%n #, #+ n-, %a ,- %"-

77:7 FE C1 INC CL In("%m%n, ,)% R%g#+,%" CL 1

77:8 7 FJ 36 CMP CL!36 C-m$a"% ,)% a% 36 #,) ,)% R%g#+,%" CL

77:5 :5 *E KNE 7755 Km$ ,- --$ 1 )%n ,)% "%g#+,%" CL d-%+ n-,

ma,() #,) 36


83/121

77:: FE C: INC BH In("%m%n, ,)% R%g#+,%" BH 1

77:J 7 FF 3A CMP BH!3A C-m$a"% ,)% a% 3A #,) ,)% R%g#+,%" BH

77:C :5 *5 KNE 7753 Km$ ,- --$ 3 )%n ,)% "%g#+,%" BH d-%+ n-,

ma,() #,) 3A

77:E FE C5 INC CH In("%m%n, ,)% R%g#+,%" CH 1

777 7 F* 36 CMP CH!36 C-m$a"% ,)% a% 36) #,) ,)% R%g#+,%" CH

773 :5 CC KNE 7751 Km$ ,- --$ 9 )%n ,)% "%g#+,%" BH d-%+ n-,

ma,() #,) 36

775 8E FE 76

73

INC B7773

77A FE C9 INC AH In("%m%n, ,)% R%g#+,%" AH 1

77C 8E 7 3E

73

CMP

B7773!3J

77J8 :6 BB KBE 779F Km$ ,- --$5 )%n ,)% a% -. ,)% a"#a%

%- -" %a ,- 3J)

77J9 8E C6 76

75

MOV

B7775!31 77JA 8E A 86

76

MOV AH!

7776

77JF 8E FE 76

76

INC B7776 In("%m%n, ,)% a% -. ,)% a"#a% a"9 1

77A9 8E 7 3E

76

CMP

B7776!33

C-m$a"% ,)% a% 33) #,) ,)% a% -. ,)%

a"#a% a"9

77AA :6 A3 KBE 779F Km$ ,- --$5 )%n ,)% a% -. ,)% a"#a%

%- -" %a ,- 3J)

77AC 8E C6 76

77

MOV

B7777!77

77B8 76 PUSH ES

77B3 J CC MOV SP!C?

77B5 B9 77 MOV AH!77

77B: BA 86 FF MOV *?!FF86 C-n,"- $-", -. 855

77BA B7 7 MOV AL!7 S,a",#ng L-(a,#-n -. LC*

77BC EE OUT *?!AL O,$,2S%nd ,)% a% -. AL ,)"-g) ,)%

*a,a $-",+ -. LC*

77B* *9 *B 79

77BE 87 FF AN* BH!BH

77C7 B7 3 MOV AL!3 F-" ()--+#ng 1648 LC*

77C8 EE OUT *?!AL O,$,2S%nd ,)% a% -. AL ,)"-g) ,)%

*a,a $-", -. LC*

77C3 E 73 77 CALL 77CJ Ca ,)% LC* C-mmand Ena% #n#,#a#Da,#-n

77C6 B7 3 MOV AL!3 F-" ()--+#ng 1648 LC*

77C EE OUT *?!AL O,$,2S%nd ,)% a% -. AL ,)"-g) ,)%


84/121

*a,a $-", -. LC*

77CJ E 1C 77 CALL 77E

77CC B7 3 MOV AL!3 F-" ()--+#ng 1648 LC*

77CE EE OUT *?!AL O,$,2S%nd ,)% a% -. AL ,)"-g) ,)%

*a,a $-", -. LC*

77CF E 16 77 CALL 77E Ca ,)% LC* C-mmand Ena% #n#,#a#Da,#-n

77*8 B7 7F MOV AL!7F 7F C-mmand .-" ,)% *#+$a ON and C"+%"

#n#ng

77*9 EE OUT *?!AL O,$,2S%nd ,)% a% -. AL ,)"-g) ,)%

*a,a $-", -. LC*

77*5 E 17 77 CALL 77E O,$,2S%nd ,)% a% -. AL ,)"-g) ,)%

*a,a $-", -. LC*

77* B7 76 MOV AL!76 76 .-" ,)% En," m-d% -. LC*

77*A EE OUT *?!AL O,$,2S%nd ,)% a% -. AL ,)"-g) ,)%

*a,a $-", -. LC*

77*B E 7A 77 CALL 77E Ca ,)% LC* C-mmand Ena% #n#,#a#Da,#-n

77*E B7 71 MOV AL!71 C-mmand .-" (%a"#ng ,)% LC* d#+$a

77E7 EE OUT *?!AL O,$,2S%nd ,)% a% -. AL ,)"-g) ,)%

*a,a $-", -. LC*

77E1 E 79 77 CALL 77E Ca ,)% LC* C-mmand Ena% #n#,#a#Da,#-n

77E9 E 71 77 CALL 77E Ca ,)% LC* C-mmand Ena% #n#,#a#Da,#-n

77E: C3 RET R%,"n ."-m P"-(%d"% -" Fn(,#-n

77E BA 88 FF MOV *?!FF88 C)--+#ng ,)% PORTB -. 855

77EB B7 79 MOV AL!79

77E* EE OUT *?!AL O,$,2S%nd ,)% a% -. AL ,)"-g) ,)%

*a,a $-", -. LC*

77EE B7 77 MOV AL!77

77F7 EE OUT *?!AL O,$,2S%nd ,)% a% -. AL ,)"-g) ,)%

*a,a $-", -. LC*

77F1 E 9J 77 CALL 713*

77F9 BA 87 FF MOV *?!FF87 C)--+#ng ,)% PORTA -. 855

77F: C3 RET R%,"n ."-m P"-(%d"% -" Fn(,#-n

77F BA 88 FF MOV *?!FF88 C)--+#ng ,)% PORTB -. 855

77FB B7 75 MOV AL!75

77F* EE OUT *?!AL O,$,2S%nd ,)% a% -. AL ,)"-g) ,)%

*a,a $-", -. LC*

77FE B7 77 MOV AL!77

7177 EE OUT *?!AL O,$,2S%nd ,)% a% -. AL ,)"-g) ,)%

LC* *a,a


85/121

7171 E 3J 77 CALL 713*

7179 BA 87 FF MOV *?!FF87 C)--+#ng ,)% PORTA -. 855

717: C3 RET R%,"n ."-m P"-(%d"% -" Fn(,#-n

717 BA 87 FF MOV *?!FF87

717B B7 C7 MOV AL!C7 C-mmand .-" ()--+#ng ,)% 8nd R- -. LC*

717* EE OUT *?!AL O,$,2S%nd ,)% a% -. AL ,)"-g) ,)%*a,a $-", -. LC*

717E E *: FF CALL 77E Ca ,)% LC* C-mmand #n#,#a#Da,#-n

7111 8E A7 75 MOV AL!7775 M-%2S,-"% ,)% a% -. ,)% a"#a% a"3 #n ,-

an A((m


*a,a $-", -. LC*

7116 E *F FF CALL 77F Ca ,)% LC* *a,a m-d% #n#,#a#Da,#-n

711J A C9 MOV AL!AH M-% ,)% a% -. ,)% R%g#+,%" AH #n ,- an

A((m

711B EE OUT *?!AL O,$,2S%nd ,)% a% -. AL ,)"-g) ,)%

*a,a $-", -. LC*

711C E *J FF CALL 77F Ca ,)% LC* *a,a m-d% #n#,#a#Da,#-n

711F B7 3A MOV AL!3A T)% ()a"a(,%" -. ,)% ASCII a% 3A #+

/=(--n>


*a,a $-", -. LC*

7188 E *3 FF CALL 77F Ca ,)% LC* *a,a m-d% #n#,#a#Da,#-n

7185 A C5 MOV AL!CH M-%2S,-"% ,)% a% -. ,)% R%g#+,%" CH #n,-

an A((m 718: EE OUT *?!AL O,$,2S%nd ,)% a% -. AL ,)"-g) ,)%

*a,a $-", -. LC*

718 E C* FF CALL 77F Ca ,)% LC* *a,a m-d% #n#,#a#Da,#-n

718B A C: MOV AL!BH M-%2S,-"% ,)% a% -. ,)% R%g#+,%" BH #n,-

an A((m

718* EE OUT *?!AL O,$,2S%nd ,)% a% -. AL ,)"-g) ,)%

*a,a $-", -. LC*

718E E C: FF CALL 77F Ca ,)% LC* *a,a m-d% #n#,#a#Da,#-n

7131 B7 3A MOV AL!3A T)% ()a"a(,%" -. ,)% ASCII a% 3A #+

/=(--n> 7133 EE OUT *?!AL O,$,2S%nd ,)% a% -. AL ,)"-g) ,)%

*a,a $-", -. LC*

7139 E C1 FF CALL 77F Ca ,)% LC* *a,a m-d% #n#,#a#Da,#-n

713: A C1 MOV AL!CL M-%2S,-"% ,)% a% -. ,)% R%g#+,%" CL #n,-

an A((m

713J EE OUT *?!AL O,$,2S%nd ,)% a% -. AL ,)"-g) ,)%

*a,a $-", -. LC*

713A E BB FF CALL 77F Ca ,)% LC* *a,a m-d% #n#,#a#Da,#-n


86/121

713* 53 PUSH B?

713E BB FF 3F MOV B?!3FFF L-ad ,)% a% ,- ,)% R%g B? .-" +%,,#ng ,)%

*%a

7191 9B *EC B? *%("%m%n, ,)% R%g#+,%" B? 1

7198 :5 F* KNE 7191 Km$ ,- *1 --$ )%n ,)% a% -. B? d-%+

n-, ma,() #,) ,)% a% 5FFF

7199 5B POP B?

7195 C3 RET R%,"n ."-m P"-(%d"% -" Fn(,#-n

E4am$% 8 1

INPUT 8F-" ,)% (-( %- 17

1577


87/121

E4am$% / 8

INPUT /

F-" ,)% (-( A-% 17

1577


88/121

To =rite an AL) to 0nterface,2,6 )rocessor wit* t*e Ana-g ,- *#g#,a

C-n%",-" =A*C> 0nterface Board.

s

APPARATUS RE


89/121

PROGRAM/

OBSERVATION/

ST-)

C-#0?5& T )-&TS

?T T AAL-? DATA

@C5T T )&-?&AM

?T T D0?0TAL -5T)5T

?T T C-5T

DC&MT T C-5T

E& - O

&T5&


90/121


/22 M- D@3 ##H6

M- AL3 I2

-5T D@3 AL

M- D@3 ##H4

M- AL3 ##

-5T D@3 AL

M- AL3 ##

-5T D@3 AL

CALL )?M


91/121

P"-g"am =B>/

AIM/

To =rite an AL) to 0nterface,2,6 )rocessor wit* t*e *#g#,a ,- Ana-g

C-n%",-" =*AC> 0nterface Board.

APPARATUS RE


92/121

PROGRAM/


F222 M- D@3 ##H6 Move Central &e

M- AL3 ,2 Control =or

-5T D@3AL

M- D@3 ##H/

M- AL3 22

-5T D@3AL -ut in )ort B

F22C 0T F

OBSERVATION/

S. - D0?0TAL AL5

9volts:

AAL-? AL5

9volts:


93/121

RESULT /

E4$,N-/ 3 *ISPLAY INTERFACE PROGRAM USING 8:J

*a,%/ ACCEPTING A 'EY

AIM/

To =rite an AL) to 0nterface,2,6 )rocessor wit* t*e ,/JI 0nterface Board to Accept a

e'.

APPARATUS RE


94/121

FLO; CHART/

STA&T

L-AD T MM-& L-CAT0-

0T0T0L0E C-T&-L =-&D &?ST&

D0S)L T DATA

O


95/121

PROGRAM/


M- AL31/

M- D@3##H/

-5T D@3AL

M- AL3F

-5T D@3AL

M- AL3A2

-5T D@3AL

L--) 0 AL3D@

AD AL32J

P L--)

M- D@3##H2

0 AL3D@

AD AL3F#

0T F

ST-)


96/121

OUTPUT/

RESULT/

E4$,N-/9 *ISPLAY INTERFACE PROGRAM USING 8:J*a,%/ *ISPLAY A LETTER

AIM/

To =rite an AL) to 0nterface,2,6 )rocessor wit* t*e ,/JI 0nterface Board to Displa' a

C*aracter.

APPARATUS RE


97/121

FLO; CHART/

STA&T

L-AD T C-5T AL5

?T C-T&-L =-&D &?ST&

STA&T

L-AD T AL5 0 C % B &?.

DC&MT C < &?


98/121


M- AL3 1/

M- D@3 ##H/

-5T D@3 ALM- A3 AL

L--) 1 -5T D@3 AL

M- A3 AL

-5T D@3 AL

M- A3 2B

M- D@3 ##H2

M- AL3 22

-5T D@3 AL

DC A

CALL DLA

DC&MT T C-5T&

0#E&- O

CC

E&-O

DC&MT B – &?.

CC

E&-O

&T5& T- MA0 )?M


99/121

PE L--) 1

M- D@3 ##H2

M- CL3 26

M- B@3 /222

M- A@3 KB@

L--) / -5T D@3 AL

0C B@

DC CL

PE L--) /

0T F

PROGRAM/

OUTPUT /

a b c d e f * e$a

+uivalent


100/121

RESULT/

E4$,N-/5 PROGRAM TO INTERFACE STEPPER MOTOR

*a,%/

AIM/

To =rite an AL) to 0nterface,2,6 )rocessor wit* t*e S,%$$%" M-,-" 0nterface Board to

rotate in #orward % Backward Directions and to Control its Speed.

APPARATUS RE


101/121

1.,2,6Trainer it

/. Stepper Motor 0nterface Board.

F. Stepper Motor.

4. )ower Card.

ALGORITHM/

1. Start t*e prora(.

/. Call &otate forward.

F. Call Dela' )rora(.

4. Call &otate Backward.

H. Call Dela' )rora(.

6. &epeat t*e steps.

FLO;CHART/

STA&T

0T0L0E

CALL &-TAT

STA&T

?T ST-) C-5T


102/121

PROGRAM /


M- D@3 ##/6

M- AL3 ,2

-5T D@3 AL

M- D@3 ##/2

&-TAT M- AL3 ,2

CALL DLA

CALL &-TAT

CALL DLA

DC&MT

E&-O

&T5&


103/121

-5T D@3 AL

CALL DLA

M- AL3 C-

-5T D@3 AL

CALL DLA

M- AL3 2

-5T D@3 AL

CALL DLA

M- AL3 A2

-5T D@3 AL

CALL DLA

PM) &-TAT

DLA M- B@3 2212

M- A@3 22##

-)

-)

-)

TABULATION /


104/121

CLOC';ISE ANTICLOC';ISE

RESULT/

E4$,N-/6 PROGRAM TO INTERFACE TRAFFIC LIGHT

*a,%/ CONTROLLER

AIM/

To =rite an AL) to 0nterface Traffic Li*t Controller usin ,2,6.

APPARATUS RE


105/121

A**RESS LABEL MNEMONICS OPERAN* B1 B8 B3 COMMENTJ577 MOV *?! FF86

M- AL3 ,1

IH2H L--) -5T D@3 AL

M- D@3 ##/2

M- AL3 CC

-5T D@3 AL

M- D@3 ##//

M- AL3 11

-5T D@3 AL

CALL IH44 CALL DLA

M- D@3 ##/2M- AL3 AA

-5T D@3 AL

M- D@3 ##//

M- AL3 AA

-5T D@3 AL

CALL IHHH CALL DLA

M- D@3 ##/2

M- AL3 11

-5T D@3 AL

M- D@3 ##//M- AL3 CC

-5T D@3 AL

CALL IH44 CALL DLA

M- D@3 ##/2

M- AL3 AA

-5T D@3 AL

M- D@3 ##//

M- AL3 AA

-5T D@3 AL

CALL IHHH CALL DLA


106/121

PM) IH2H

PROGRAM/


IH44 DLA 1 M- B@3 22##

L--) 1 M- AL3 ##

L--) / -)

-)

-)

-)

DC AL

PE IH4I P5M) L--)

DC B@

PE IH4J P5M) L--)

IHH4 &T

IHHH DLA / M- B@3 1222

L--) F M- AL3 ##

L--) 4 -)

-)

-) -)

DC AL

PE IHHA P5M) L--)

DC B@

PE IHH, P5M) L--)

IH6H &T


107/121

OUTPUT /

INPUT OUTPUT

RESULT/

E4$,N-/: : PRINTER INTERFACING THROUGH 855

*a,%/

AIM/ To write an AL) for )rinter 0nterfacin t*rou* ,/HH.

ALGORITHM 8

1. 0nitialie t*e )ointer to (e(or' for data and t*e result./. Load t*e data in al reister fro( t*e (e(or'.F. Co(pare t*e value of an accu(ulator wit* t*e value !2D".4.


108/121

FLO; @*IAGRAM 8

Startssssssss

ssSSSTA&T

0nitialie t*e Me(or' pointer

Load t*e c*aracters in t*eAccu(ulator

if al NN2D

Send t*e c*aracter to printer t*rou* ,/HH ports

N-

Aga#n

N-Y%+


109/121

PROGRAM /

@0T


110/121

OBSERVATION/

A**RESS

OPCO*ES

MNEMONICS

COMMENTS

7777 BA 86 FF MOV

*?!FF86

In#,#a#D% 855 add"%++

7773 B7 8 MOV AL!8 C-n,#n-+ -"d .-" $-", & ( -$

7775 EE OUT *?!AL O,$,2S%nd ,)% a% -. AL ,)"-g)

,)% *a,a $-",+ -. 855 7776 BE 77 1 MOV SI! 177 S,a",#ng add"%++ .-" m%++ag% +,"#ng

777J B7 7: MOV AL!7: +,"-% )#g) a, - and )#g)

777B BA 89 FF MOV

*?!FF89

C)--+#ng P-", C

777E EE OUT *?!AL O,$, ,)% a% -. AL ,)"-g) P-",

C -. 855

777F E 7A 77 CALL 771C Ca -n% ()a"a(,%"

7718 A 79 MOV AL!SI P, ,- AL

7719 3C 7* CMP AL!7* C-m$a"% ,)% ()a"a(,%" #,) 7*

7716 :5 71 KNE 771J

Km$ ,- a --$ ,- $"#n, ,)% ()a"a(,%" #.

AL d-%+n, ma,() #,) 7*;)%n ,)%

a% -. AL ma,()%+ #,) 7* ,)%n --$

g%,+ ,%"m#na,%d

771 CC INT3 S,-$+ $"#n,#ng

771J 96 INC SI In("%m%n, ,)% +-"(% #nd%4 .-" g%,,#ng

,)% n%4, ()a"

771A EB F3 KMP 777F Aga#n #, g-%+ ,- ,)% --$ .-" g%,,#ng

an-,)%" ()a"a(,%"

771C BA 88 FF MOV

*?!FF88

C)--+#ng P-", B

771F EC IN AL!*? F-" g%,,#ng $"#n,%" +,a,+ 7787 *7 C ROR AL! 1 g%, ,- #,+ ,- "#g), ,- g%, $-",

+,a,+=+>

7788 *7 C ROR AL! 1 g%, ,- #,+ ,- "#g), ,- g%, $-",

+,a,+=+>

7789 :8 F6 KB 771C a#, #. +

7786 A 79 MOV AL!SI g%, ()a" ."-m m%++ag% +,"#ng

778 BA 87 FF MOV

*?!FF87

$, ,)% da,a ,- $"#n,%"

778B EE OUT *?!AL -,$, ,)% a% -. AL ,- $"#n,%"

778C B7 79 MOV AL!79 ma% +,"-% - ,- #nd#(a,%

778E BA 89 FF MOV*?!FF89

,% #+ -ad%d

7731 EE OUT *?!AL

7738 J7 NOP ;a#, .-" .% +%(-nd+=#%d%a>

7733 J7 NOP

7739 B7 75 MOV AL!75 +,"-% a( ,- )#g)

7736 EE OUT *?!AL

773: C3 RET R%,"n ."-m P"-(%d"% -" Fn(,#-n


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INPUT8 nter t*e datas in t*e consecutive location startin fro( 1,22.

177 8 41* 9Ascii value of c*aracter !A":171 8 4/* 9 !B":178 8 4F* 9 !C" :173 8 44* 9 !*":

179 8 4H* 9 !E":175 8 46* 9 !F" :176 8 4J* 9 !G":17: 8 4,* 9 !H":17 8 4I* 9 !I" :17J 8 2D*

OUTPUT 8 )rinter can print like t*is.

ABC*EFGHI

RESULT/


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E4$,N-/ PARALLEL INTERFACE

*a,%/

AIM/

To write an AL) for )arallel 0nterface usin ,2,6 Microprocessor.

ALGORITHM/

1. Start t*e )rora(./. Call for t*e prora(.F. &epeat t*e steps.

PROGRAM FOR 76/


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RECEIVER PROGRAM/


I222 BA /6 ## M- D@3##/6

I22F B2 IB M- AL3IB

I22H -5T D@3AL

I226 BA /4 ## M- D@3##/4

I22I C 0 AL3D@

I22A ,, C1 M- CL3AL

I22C BA // ## M- D@3##//

I22# C 0 AL3D@

I212 ,, CF M- BL3AL

I21/ BA /2 ## M- D@3##/2

I21H C 0 AL3D@

I216 CC 0T F

TRANSMITTER PROGRAM/


I122 BA /6 ## M- D@3

I12F B2 ,2 M- AL3 ,2

I12H -5T D@3 AL

I126 , 1C 22 CALL I1/H

I12I BA /2 ## M- D@3

I12C B2 ## M- AL3 ##I12 -5T D@3 AL

I12# , 1F 22 CALL I1/H

I11/ BA // ## M- D@3

I11H B2 // M- AL3 //

I11J -5T D@3 AL

I11, , 2A 22 CALL I1/H

I11B BA /4 ## M- D@3

I11 B2 FF M- AL3 FF

I1/2 -5T D@3 AL

I1/1 , 21 22 CALL I1/H

I1/4 CC 0T F


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*ELAY/


I1/H BI ## 22 M- C@3##

I1/, I2 LOOP1/ -)

I1/I I2 -)

I1/A I2 -)

I1/B I2 -)

I1/C 4I DC C@I1/D JH #I PE LOOP1

I1/# CF &T

OUTPUT/

RESULT/


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INTRO*UCTION TO MASM

E*ITOR

An editor is a prora(3 w*ic* allows 'ou to create a file containin t*e asse(bl' lanuae

state(ents for 'our prora(. As 'ou t'pe in 'our prora(3 t*e editor stores t*e ASC00 codes for

t*e letters and nu(bers in successive &AM locations. =*en 'ou *ave t'ped in all of 'our prora(s3 'ou t*en save t*e file on a flopp' of *ard disk. T*is file is called source file. T*e ne$t

step is to process t*e source file wit* an asse(bler. 0n t*e MASM 7TASM asse(bler3 'ou s*ould

ive 'our source file na(e t*e e$tension3 .ASM

ASSEMBLER

An asse(bler prora( is used to translate t*e asse(bl' lanuae (ne(onics for instructions to

t*e correspondin binar' codes. =*en 'ou run t*e asse(bler3 it reads t*e source file of 'our

prora( t*e disk3 w*ere 'ou saved it after editin on t*e first pass t*rou* t*e source prora(

t*e asse(bler deter(ines t*e displace(ent of na(ed data ite(s3 t*e offset of labels and pails t*is

infor(ation in a s'(bol table. -n t*e second pass t*rou* t*e source prora(3 t*e asse(bler

produces t*e binar' code for eac* instruction and inserts t*e offset etc t*at is calculated durin

t*e first pass. T*e asse(bler enerates two files on flopp' or *ard disk. T*e first file called t*e

ob;ect file is iven t*e e$tension. -BP. T*e ob;ect file contains t*e binar' codes for t*e

instructions and infor(ation about t*e addresses of t*e instructions. T*e second file enerated b'

t*e asse(bler is called asse(bler list file. T*e list file contains 'our asse(bl' lanuae

state(ents3 t*e binar' codes for eac* instructions and t*e offset for eac* instruction. 0n

MASM7TASM asse(bler3 MASM7TASM source file na(e ASM is used to asse(ble t*e file.

dit source file na(e LST is used to view t*e list file3 w*ic* is enerated3 w*en 'ou asse(ble

t*e file.

LIN'ER

A linker is a prora( used to ;oin several ob;ect files into one lare ob;ect file and convert to an

%4% file. T*e linker produces a link file3 w*ic* contains t*e binar' codes for all t*e co(bined

(odules. T*e linker *owever doesn t assin absolute addresses to t*e prora(3 it assins is said‟

to be reloadable because it can be put an'w*ere in (e(or' to be run. 0n MASM7TASM3

L07TL0 source filena(e is used to link t*e file.

*EBUGGER

A debuer is a prora( w*ic* allows 'ou to load 'our ob;ect code prora( into s'ste(

(e(or'3 e$ecute t*e prora( and troubles*oot are debu it t*e debuer allows 'ou to look at

t*e contents of reisters and (e(or' locations after 'our prora( runs. 0t allows 'ou to c*ane

t*e contents of reister and (e(or' locations after 'our prora( runs.


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0t allows 'ou to c*ane t*e contents of reister and (e(or' locations and return t*e prora(. A

debuer also allows 'ou to set a break point at an' point in t*e prora(. 0f 'ou inset a

breakpoint t*e debuer will run t*e prora( upto t*e instruction w*ere t*e breakpoint is set and

stop e$ecution. ou can t*en e$a(ine reister and (e(or' contents to see w*et*er t*e results

are correct at t*at point. 0n MASM7TASM3 td filena(e is issued to debu t*e file.*EBUGGER FUNCTIONS/

1. Debuer allows lookin at t*e contents of reisters and (e(or' locations.

/. =e can e$tend ,


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a(e Kpat*na(eKaru(ent list

-utput - port b'te

)roceed ) KNaddressKnu(ber

Guit G

&eister &Kreister

Searc* S rane listTrace T KNaddressKvalue

5nasse(bled u Krane

=rite =KaddressKdriveKfirst sectorKnu(ber

MS@MASM/

Microsoft s Macro Asse(bler 9MASM: is an interated software packae =ritten b' Microsoft‟

Corporation for professional software developers. 0t consists of an editor3 an asse(bler3 a linker

and a debuer 9Code iew:. T*e prora((er s workbenc* co(bines t*ese four parts into a‟

user


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STEP58 A++%m#ng! L#n#ng and E4%(,#ng ,)% $"-g"am

?o to file opt click exit opt now D-S pro(pt will be displa'ed to asse(ble t*e prora( t'pe t*e

followin co((ands at t*e D-S pro(pt

Ma+m P"-g"am Nam%! P"-g"am Nam%! P"-g"am Nam%! P"-g"am Nam% *it t*e enter

E4/ Ma+m add! add! add! add %n,%"

ORE4/ Ma+m adda+m

0f t*ere are an' errors in t*e prora( asse(bler reports all of t*e( at t*e co((and pro(pt wit*

line no s3 if t*ere are now bus 'our read' to link t*e prora(. To link t*e prora( t'pe t*e‟

followin line at co((and pro(pt Link prora( na(e ,,,,, 9H co((as:

E4/ L#n add!!!!!

OR

E4/ #n add-Q

After linkin 'ou are read' to e$ecute t*e prora(. To e$ecute t*e prora( t'pe t*e followin

co((and

*%g $"-g"am nam%%4% *it t*e enter

E4/ *%g add%4%

ow 'ou entered into t*e e$ecution part of t*e prora( *ere 'ou *ave to e$ecute t*e prora(

instruction b' instruction 9debuin: first of all press t*e r ke'9reister: hit t*e enter ke' it ll‟

displa's all t*e reisters and t*eir initial values in @DC0MAL note down t*e values of all

t*e reister w*ic* are used in t*e prora(. To e$ecute t*e ne$t instruction press t ke' 9T&AC:

*it t*e enter it ll e$ecute t*at instruction and displa's t*e contents of all t*e reister. ou *ave to‟

do t*is until 'ou reac* t*e last instruction of t*e prora(. After e$ecution 'ou *ave to observe

t*e results 9in (e(or' or reisters based on w*at 'ou *ave written in t*e prora(:.

STEP6/ C-$#ng #+, .#% =(-mm-n .-" a $"-g"am+>/

A list file contains 'our code startin address and end address alon wit* 'our prora( .#or

ever' prora( asse(bler enerates a list file at 'our folder3 prora(na(e.lst 9e$. Add.lst: 'ou

s*ould cop' t*is to 'our lab observation -penin a list file

Ed#, $"-g"amnam%+,

E4 Ed#, add+,


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E4%(,#-n -. 76 $"-g"am+

&un co((and pro(pt and o to Mas( director'i.e. C:\masm\

T'pe t*e prora( b' openin an editor usin dit co((and

i.e. C:\masm\edit filename.asm

After t'pin t*e prora( asse(ble t*e prora( usin (as( co((and.

i.e. C:\masm\masm filename.asm;

After asse(blin3 link t*e file usin link co((and

i.e. C:\masm\link filename.obj;

#inall' use debu or afdebu co((and to e$ecute t*e prora(.

C:\masm\debug filename .exe

-t > for sinle step e$ecution

-g > for at a ti(e e$ecution

-I > for restartin t*e prora( e$ecution

-d > to see t*e data se(ent

-q > to +uit t*e e$ecution

C:\masm\afdebug filename .exe

F > for sinle step e$ecution

g > for at a ti(e e$ecution

! filename

"uit > to co(e out of t*e e$ecute screen


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EN*


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ec 6513 microprocessor and microcontroller manual

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