ecological strategies of northeastern scrub shrub birds
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Ecological Strategies Of Northeastern Scrub Shrub BirdsTRANSCRIPT
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Ecological Strategies of Northeastern Scrub-shrub Birds
Scott Schlossberg David KingDept. of Nat. Res. Conservation U.S. Forest Service
University of Massachusetts Northern Research Station
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Shrubland birds
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Shrubland management, 12000 BC
R. Askins, Restoring North America’s Birds, 2000
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Shrubland management now
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0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1940 1960 1980 2000
Year
Ear
ly-s
ucc
essi
on
al f
ore
st(%
of
all
fore
st)
Conn. Mass. Rhode Island
USFS Forest Inventory & Analysis
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1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010Year
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0C
ount
inde
x
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010Year
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Cou
nt in
dex
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010Year
0
5
10
15
20
25
Cou
nt in
dex
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010Year
0
1
2
3
4
5
Cou
nt in
dex
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010Year
10
15
20
25C
ount
inde
x
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010Year
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
Cou
nt in
dex
Brown Thrasher
FieldSparrow
Chestnut-sided Warbler
EasternTowhee
CommonYellowthroat
Golden-winged Warbler
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Questions
• What ecological strategies do shrubland birds follow?
• How can we take advantage of those strategies to manage bird populations?
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Forests and shrublands
high
uncommon
large
permanent
Forests
Habitat extent
Edges
Patch size
Patch lifespan
low
prominent
small
~20 years
Shrublands
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Ecological strategies of shrubland birds
1. Generalized habitat preferences
2. High dispersal rate
3. Indifferent or attracted to edges
4. Insensitive to patch size
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1. Generalized habitat preferences
2. High dispersal rate
3. Indifferent or attracted to edges
4. Insensitive to patch size
Ecological strategies of shrubland birds
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Silvicultural openings vs. old fields
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Silvicultural openings vs. old fields
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Chestnut-sided
warbler
Black-and-white
warbler
Songsparrow
Indigobunting
Bir
d a
bu
nd
ance
Silvicultural
Old field
King et al, For. Ecol. Mgmt., 2009
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Aber, Ecology 1979 60:18-23
Succession
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Schlossberg & King, J. Wildl. Mgmt. 2009
Year after logging
Rel
ativ
e ab
unda
nce
Succession
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0.0
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
0 1 2 3
Estimated abundance in wetlands
Est
imat
ed a
bu
nd
ance
in
u
pla
nd
s
Birds in wetlands and uplands
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Ecological strategies of shrubland birds
1. Generalized Specialized habitat preferences
2. High dispersal rate
3. Indifferent or attracted to edges
4. Insensitive to patch size
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Ecological strategies of shrubland birds
1. Generalized Specialized habitat preferences
2. High dispersal rate
3. Indifferent or attracted to edges
4. Insensitive to patch size
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Successional stage: early late
Dispersal rate: high low
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Forest ShrublandHabitat
0.0
0.5
1.0R
etur
n ra
te
Schlossberg, Condor, 2009
Mean return rates:
Forest = 0.36
Shrubland = 0.35
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Ecological strategies of shrubland birds
1. Generalized Specialized habitat preferences
2. High Typical dispersal rate
3. Indifferent or attracted to edges
4. Insensitive to patch size
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Ecological strategies of shrubland birds
1. Generalized Specialized habitat preferences
2. High Typical dispersal rate
3. Indifferent or attracted to edges
4. Insensitive to patch size
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Whitcomb et al., Forest Island Dynamics
Indigo BuntingNorthern Cardinal
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Meta-analysis
• Studies: report bird abundance in edges and interiors of regenerating clearcuts in the eastern U.S.
• Edge: within 30 m of forest edge
• Interior: ≥ 60 m into clearcut
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-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
Species
Eff
ect
size
(95%
CI)
avoidsedges
prefersedges
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Ecological strategies of shrubland birds
1. Generalized Specialized habitat preferences
2. High Typical dispersal rate
3. Indifferent or attracted to Avoid edges
4. Insensitive to patch size
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Ecological strategies of shrubland birds
1. Generalized Specialized habitat preferences
2. High Typical dispersal rate
3. Indifferent or attracted to Avoid edges
4. Insensitive to patch size
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Seymour et al., For. Ecol. Mgmt. 2003
0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
1000
10000
1 10 100 1000 10000
Return interval (yrs)
Are
a (
ha
)
Naturalcanopygaps
Severe fireand wind
Disturbance dynamics in eastern forests
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Birds in clearcuts and groupcuts
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Costello et al. 2000
Annand and Thompson
1997
Kerpez 1994 Rodewald and
Vitz 2005
Alder flycatcher
Blue-winged warbler
Black-and-white warbler
Cedar waxwing
Common yellowthroat
Chestnut-sided warbler
Field sparrow
Indigo bunting
Mourning warbler
Prairie warbler
Birds in clearcuts and groupcuts
Schlossberg and King 2007
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Costello et al. 2000
Annand and Thompson
1997
Kerpez 1994 Rodewald and
Vitz 2005
Alder flycatcher CC
Blue-winged warbler CC CC
Black-and-white warbler
CC CC CC
Cedar waxwing CC
Common yellowthroat CC CC
Chestnut-sided warbler CC
Field sparrow CC CC CC
Indigo bunting CC CC CC CC
Mourning warbler CC
Prairie warbler CC CC CC
Birds in clearcuts and groupcuts
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0.0
0.3
0.6
0.9
1.2
1.5
1.8
0 20 40 60 80 100
Right-of-way width (m)
Pre
dic
ted
bir
ds
per
po
int
American Goldfinch
Cedar Waxwing
Chestnut-sided Warbler
Eastern Towhee
Field Sparrow
Prairie Warbler
Bird abundances in rights-of-way
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Ecological strategies of shrubland birds
1. Generalized Specialized habitat preferences
2. High Typical dispersal rate
3. Indifferent or attracted to Avoid edges
4. Insensitive to patch size Area-sensitive
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Ecological strategies of shrubland birds
1. Specialized habitat preferences
2. Typical dispersal rate
3. Avoid edges
4. Area-sensitive
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Management implications
1. Diversity of approaches
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Management implications
1. Diversity of approaches
2. Larger openings better
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Small openings create more fragmentation
16 ha affected
40 ha affected
1 clearcut, 9 ha9 groupcuts, 1-ha each
King et al. 1998
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Management implications
1. Diversity of approaches
2. Larger openings better
3. Simple shapes to minimize edge
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Mitchell et al. 2003
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Management implications
1. Diversity of approaches
2. Larger openings better
3. Simple shapes to minimize edge
4. Partial cutting is not a panacea
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What we need to know
• Landscape ecology
• Nesting success
• Post-fledging ecology
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0
1
2
3
4
5
BHVI BLBW BTBW BTNW HETH MYWA OVEN REVI SWTH VEER
Species
Ab
un
da
nc
e
Forest
Wildlife opening
Clearcut
Post-fledging habitat use by forest birds
C. Chandler, thesis, 2007
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King et al., J. Zoology, 2006Fink, thesis, 2003
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Fragmented Unfragmented
P (
surv
ival
to
13
wee
ks)
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low?
high?
Post-fledging survival
???
???
Population growth rate
high
low
Nest success
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Acknowledgments
• Natural Resources Conservation Service, Inventory & Assessment Division
• U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
• C. Chandler, R. Chandler, B. Mazzei
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0.5 1.0 2.0 5.0 10.0 20.0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Patch area (acres)
Ch
est
nu
t-si
de
d W
arb
ler R^2 = 0.55
p < 0.01
0.5 1.0 2.0 5.0 10.0 20.0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Patch area (acres)
Co
mm
on
Ye
llow
thro
at
R^2 = 0.83p < 0.01
0.5 1.0 2.0 5.0 10.0 20.0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Patch area (acres)
Ind
igo
Bu
ntin
g
R^2 = 0.70p < 0.01
Area sensitivity in wildlife openings
R. Chandler, thesis, 2006
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Litvaitis 2003
Shrubland management now
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Study Study location Study sites
DeGraaf 1992 New Hampshire 8
Fink et al. 2006 Missouri 6
Rodewald & Vitz 2005 Ohio 24
Talbott & Yahner 2003 Pennsylvania 20
Yahner 1987 Pennsylvania 6
Elliott 1987 Maine 8
Kerpez 1994 Virginia 8
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0
5
10
15
20
25
Forest edge Edge-interior Forestinterior
Forest habitat classification
Nu
mb
er
of
sh
rub
lan
d s
pe
cie
s
Imbeau et al., Ecography 2003
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Evidence from western birds