ecology (ch 5 & 6)
TRANSCRIPT
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Ecology (Ch 5 & 6)
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Populations
Group of the same species living in the same area
Important Features Geographic Distribution Density Growth Rate Age Structure
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Geographic Distribution
Range of Locations that the species is found in
Controlled by tolerances for the species
Also controlled by geographical barriers
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Population Density
# of individuals of a species within a unit area Different in different species and ecosystems Based on biotic and abiotic factors
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Population Growth
Change in size of a population Factors that affect growth
Birth rate- # of births in a population over a period of time
Death rate- # of deaths in a population over a period of time
Immigration (moving in) and Emigration (moving out)
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Job Offer
Job #1 Starting salary= $10,000 Raise= increased $10,000/day
Job #2 Starting salary= $0.01 Raise= Salary doubled every day
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Exponential Growth
Seen in populations with unlimited resources
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Logistic Growth
Population shows exponential growth until a resource becomes limited
Growth is slowed or stopped when population size reaches carrying capacity
Carrying capacity (k)- amount of individuals of a population that an area that support
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Limiting Factors
Factor that limits growth Density-dependent factors
Affect of factor increases with increasing population density
Competition Predation Parasitism and Disease
Density-independent factors Affect of factor does not depend of population density Climate changes, natural disasters, and human
disturbances
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Demography
Study of the size of human populations Growth rates are controlled by the
same factors Birth Rate Death Rate Immigration and Emigration Age Structure
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Historical Demography
Human population used to be low and relatively stable Limited by
resources and disease
Past 500 years Exponential growth
as limits have been removed
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Age Structures
Histogram depicting the number of people in each age category within a population
Can be used to predict future growth
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Biodiversity
Variety of Life Important because
Provides varied resources Food Products Medicines
Creates stability Species Diversity-
number of different species
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Geographic Distribution of Biodiversity
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Threats to Biodiversity
Habitat Loss Deforestation
Habitat Fragmentation Pollution Introduction of Invasive species
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Habitat Loss
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Resourses
Non-renewable- cannot be remade (or only can be remade over a long time period)
Renewable- can be remade Sustainable Development- use of
renewable resources in a way that does not deplete future supplies
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Habitat Fragmentation
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Pollution
Water Chemicals, Trash,
Temperatures, Noise
Land Chemicals, Trash
Air Chemicals and
Noise
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Effects of Pollution: Acid Rain
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Effects of Pollution: Ozone Depletion
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Effect of Pollution: Biomagnification
Chemical pollutant becomes more concentrated as it moves up the trophic levels within a food chain or web
Very dangerous for top level predators
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Invasive Species
Also called non-native species
Introduced to new habitat
Often grows without check because of lack of natural predators or disease in the area
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Losing Biodiversity
Species experiences a decline in growth Threatened
Canadian lynx Prairie dog
Endangered Bald Eagle Many Marine Mammals
Extinct Dodo Passenger Pigeon