economic appreciation in nigella sativa l. via effective

International Journal of Seed Spices

86

Economic appreciation in Nigella sativa L. via effective weedmanagement strategies

S.S. Meena, G. Lal, P.N. Dubey, P. K. Agrawal and D.K. SharmaICAR-National Research Centre on Seed Spices, Tabiji, Ajmer-305 206, India

AbstractNigella sativa L. is an annual herbaceous seed spice crop belonging to the family Ranunculaceae. It is widely cultivatedthroughout South Europe, Syria, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Pakistan, India and Turkey. The nigella seeds are alsoknown as black cumin. It has been used as herbal medicine for more than 2000 years. As seed spice, it is also usedas food additive and flavour in many countries. Considering its economic and medicinal importance a field experimentwas conducted during rabi crop season of 2012-13 and 2013-14 at ICAR - NRCSS research farm, Ajmer (Rajasthan),India to evaluate suitable and economical methods of weed management & its effect on yield attributes of nigella. Theexperiment was laid in randomized block design with 10 treatments including control and three replications each.Results of the two year data revealed that after weed free treatments (T

1) the highest yield attributes like maximum

number of siliqua plant-1 (17.67), number of seeds siliqua-1 (83.83) and test weight (1.88 g) as well as seed yield (8.81q ha-1) and straw yield (23.10 q ha-1) were recorded with the pre- emergence application of oxadiargyl @ 75 g + onehand weeding at 45 DAS (T

2), followed by post emergence (Pt.E) application of oxadiargyl @ 75 g at 20 DAS + one

hand weeding at 50 DAS (T4). The lowest values of yield attributes and yields were recorded in weedy check (T

4).

The highest gross returns and net returns per ha was obtained in weed free treatment (T1) followed by effective weed

control with oxadiargyl (T2) after sowing, the highest B: C ratio (2.62) was recorded with pre-emergence application of

oxadiargyl (T2).

Key words : Herbicides, nigella, seed yield, yield attributes.

International J. Seed Spices 9(2), July 2019:86-90

*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

IntroductionNigella (Nigella sativa L.) is an annual herbaceous seedspice crop belonging to the family Ranunculaceae. It iswidely cultivated throughout South Europe, Syria, Egypt,Saudi Arabia, Iran, Pakistan, India and Turkey (Riaz, 1996).The seeds are also known as black cumin. It has beenused as herbal medicine for more than 2000 years. Asseed spice, it is also used as food additive and flavour inmany countries. Mature seeds are consumed for edibleand medical purposes and also used in seasoning ofvegetables, legumes and different type of baked products.The essential oil of nigella has been found to containabout 67 constituents, many of which are capable ofinducing beneficial pharmacological effects in humans.Its seeds contain thymoquinone and monoterpenes, havingvariety of therapeutic effects on digestive disorder,gynecological disease and respiratory system (Boskkbady& Shahabi 1997; Lal and Meena 2018; Dubey et al., 2016).Nigella has been extensively in use for centuries in folkmedicines, both as herb and for oil, by people in Asia,Middle East and Africa. Seeds are used as a new sourceof edible oils and food applications as spice and

condiments in cakes, breads, pastries, curries, picklesand in seasoning etc. Among Muslims, it is regarded asone of the greatest forms of healing medicine availableon earth. In the Greco Arab/Unani Tibb system of medicine,black seed has been regarded as a valuable remedy inhepatic and digestive disorders and has been describedas a stimulant in a variety of conditions, ascribed to animbalance of cold. Recent pharmacological investigationshave proved the potential therapeutic effects of nigellaseed as well as its oil through various studies.Precise information on weed management in nigella isessential and inevitable for getting healthy growth of plants.Being a slow growing seed spice its more prone to cropweed competition. Initial slow growth of nigella leads tosevere weed crop competition and reduces growth as wellas yield up to 91.4 per cent. Manual weeding is thetraditional practice employed. Though availability of labouritself is a problem, besides of its high cost. Since manualweeding is laborious and cost intensive, it becomepertinent to find out an appropriate and economical methodof weed control to keep nigella fields weed free at thecritical stages of crop-weed competition so as to procure


87

best harvest . Pre-emergence application of herbicidesmay lead to cost effective control of the weeds right fromthe beginning which otherwise may not be possible bymanual weeding. Keeping in view the above mentionedfacts, present study was carried out to evaluate economicfeasibility of weed management practices in nigella andvis-s-vis improvement in quality attributes.

Materials and methodsThe experiment on effect of weed management practiceson yield and quality aspects of nigella was conducted onsandy loam soil taxonomically placed as coarse loamyTypic Haplustept at research farm of ICAR-NRCSS,Ajmer (Rajasthan) India. Ten weed control treatmentsconsisting of manual weeding at 30 & 60 DAS (T

1), pre-

emergence application of oxadiargyl @ 75 g ha-1 + onehand weeding at 45 DAS (T

2), post-emergence (Pt.E)

application of oxadiargyl @ 75 g ha-1 at 20 DAS (T3),

post-emergence application of oxadiargyl @ 75 g ha-1 at20 DAS + one hand weeding at 50 DAS (T

4), pre-

emergence and post-emergence application of oxadiargyl@ 75 g ha-1 at 45 DAS (T

5), pre-emergence application of

pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg ha-1 (T6), pre-emergence

application of pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg ha-1 + one handweeding at 45 DAS (T

7), pre-emergence application of

pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg ha-1 + post emergenceapplication of oxadiargyl @ 75 g ha-1 at 45 DAS (T

8), weed

free (T9) and weedy check treatments (T

10) were applied

in randomized block design with three replications duringrabi season of 2012-13 and 2013-14. The soil of theexperimental field was sandy loam containing low organicmatter (0.23 %), available nitrogen (178.65 kg ha-1) andphosphorus (12.0 kg ha-1) and sufficiently availablepotassium (165 kg ha-1), slightly alkaline (pH 8.04 andEC0.076 dS m-1). The nigella variety Ajmer Nigella-1wassown on 15th October during both the years at the samesite with 30 cm row to row and 10 cm plant to plant spacingwith seed rate of 8 kg ha-1. Irrigation was providedimmediately after sowing. All other standard culturalpractices were followed during entire cropping period. Preand post emergence application of oxadiargyl andpendimethalin were carried out with the help of aKnapsack sprayer fitted with flat fan nozzle with a sprayvolume of 600 liters ha-1. In manual weed controltreatments, weeds were uprooted and removed at 30 and60 DAS as per treatments. In weed free plots, the weedswere removed manually after every seven days forensuring complete weed free condition. After uprooting ofweeds, the weeds were sun dried completely till it reachedconstant weight and finally the dry weight was recorded

for each treatment and expressed as q ha-1. Weed controlefficiency and weed index were calculated by the formulaesuggested by Kondap & Upadhya (1985). Statisticalanalysis was done by the procedure prescribed by Panse& Sukhatme (1985).

Results and discussionWeed parametersThe most important weed flora in the experimental fieldthroughout the growing period were Chenopodium murale,Chenopodium album, Amaranthus virdis, Cyperusrotundus, Phalaris minor, Cynadon dactylon and Anagallisarvensis, respectively. Application of different treatmentssignificantly affected dry weight of weeds, weed controlefficiency and weed index. Besides, weed free treatment,the lowest dry weight of weed ( 3.97 q ha-1) and weedindex (7.6 %) at harvest and highest weed controlefficiency (95.48 %) were recorded with pre- emergenceapplication of oxadiargyl @ 75 g + one hand weeding at45 DAS (T

2). The higher weed control efficiency, lower

weed index and dry weight of weeds under pre- emergenceapplication of oxadiargyl @ 75 g + one hand weeding at45 DAS (T

2) was due to effective control of weeds from

the field and weeds those escaped from herbicidal controlwere removed by hand weeding at 45 DAS (T

2). The

combined effect of herbicide and hand weeding at 45 DAS(T

2) resulted in remarkably lesser dry weight of weeds

(Table 2). These findings are akin to the report of Patel etal. (2004) and Meena & Mehta (2009).Yield attributesYield attributes as well as seed and straw yields weresignificantly influenced with the application of differentweed control treatments during both the years as well asin pooled analysis. Results revealed that after weed freetreatments the highest yield attributes like maximumnumber of siliqua plant-1 (17.67), number of seedssiliqua-1 (83.83) and test weight (1.88 g) as well as seedyield (8.81 q ha-1) and straw yield (23.10 q ha-1) wererecorded with the pre- emergence application of oxadiargyl@ 75 g + one hand weeding at 45 DAS (T

2), followed by

post emergence application of oxadiargyl @ 75 g at20 DAS + one hand weeding at 50 DAS (T

4). The lowest

values of yield attributes and yields were recorded inweedy check (Table1). The results are in accordance withthose of Rathore et al. (1990), Patel et al. (2004) and Meena& Mehta (2009).Economical studiesGross return, net return and B: C ratio were significantlyinfluenced by the application of different weed controltreatments. The highest Gross return of ` 87950 ha-1


88

Tab

le 2

.Effe

ct o

f wee

d m

anag

emen

t pra

ctic

es o

n w

eed

cont

rol e

ffici

ency

, wee

d in

dex

and

dry

wei

ght o

f wee

ds a

s w

ell a

s gr

oss

retu

rn, n

et

retu

rn a

nd B

: C r

atio

(poo

led

data

for

two

year

).


89

Tab

le 1

.Effe

ct o

f wee

d m

anag

emen

t pra

ctic

es o

n yi

eld

attr

ibut

es a

nd y

ield

(po

oled

for

two

year

s)

was obtained in weed free treatment (T9) followed by pre-

emergence application of oxadiargyl @ 75 g ha-1 + onehand weeding at 45 DAS (T

2) ( ` 83910 ha-1).However,

the highest net return ( ` 60727 ha-1) and B:C ratio(2.62) was recorded with the application of oxadiargyl@ 75 g ha-1 (PE) + one hand weeding at 45 DAS. Hence itis inferred from the investigation that the pre- emergenceapplication of oxadiargyl @ 75 g ha-1 + one hand weedingat 45 DAS is the best economically feasible weed controltreatment resulting in efficient weed and ultimately higheryields. Yadav et al., (2004) reported that application ofoxadiargyl @ 50 g ha-1 produced higher seed yield ofcumin which was statistically at par with pendimethalinat 1.0 kg ha-1.

ConclusionsIn view of the results obtained from present study it canbe concluded that weed control through application ofoxadiragyl @ 75g ha-1 + HW at 45 DAS (T

2) was efficient

with respect to higher net return ( ` 60728/ha-1), BCR (2.62)and appreciation in yield attributes as compared to weedfree treatment (T

9). Efficient weed control through

rationalized use of weedicides is an effective means toensure yield and economic appreciation.

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and anticholinergic effects of Nigella sativa onisolated guinea pig tracheal chains. IranianJ.Med.Sci., 22:133-136.

Dubey, P. N., Singh, B., Mishra, B. K., Kant, K., andSolanki, R. K. 2016. Nigella (Nigella sativa): a highvalue seed spice with immense medicinal potential.Indian J. Agric. Science. 86 (8):967-979.

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Rathore, P. S., Bhati, D. S., Mali, A. L. 1990. Effect ofweed control measures on growth and yield ofcumin. Indian J. Agron. 35 (3): 304-305.

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Received : April 2019; Revised : June 2019; Accepted : June 2019.

economic appreciation in nigella sativa l. via effective

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