Economically Important Higher Fungi

Jannat IftikharB11-16

BS(hons)5th semester

Contents Beneficial fungi1. Mushroom cultivation & edibility.2. Recycling and reuse3. Fungi in industry• Baking and brewing• Fungi in food processing• Fungi and enzyme production• Fungi in medicine• Commercially important fungal

metabolites• Fungal drugs• Fungi in paper making4. Fungi as Biocontrol agents5. Mycoremediation

Harmful fungi1. Food spoilage by

fungi2. Fungi as Plant

pathogens3. Human diseases4. Destruction to paper industry

BENIFICIAL FUNGI

1. Mushroom cultivation &

Edibility

Cultivated mushroomsSpecie name Common name

Volvariella volvacea Paddy straw mushroom

Lentinus edodes Shiitake

Pleurotus ostreatusP. FloridanusP. eringyi

Oyster mushroom

Royal trumpet mushroom

Flammulina velutipes Velvet foot mushroom, Winter mushroom

Auricularia auricula Ear fungus

Tremella fuciformis White jelly fungi

Pholiota nameko Nameko

Volveriella volvaceae Lentinus edodes Pleurotus sp.

Flammulina velutipes Auricularia auricula Tremella fuciformis

Cultivated mushroomsSpecie name Common name

Hericium erinaceusH. coralloides

Lions mane, Monkey’s head fungus

Agaricus bisporus Button mushroom

Ganoderma lucidum Reishi

Agrocybe aegerita Pioppino mushroom, Chest nut mushroom

Hysizygus tessulatus Brown beach mushroom

Grifola frondosa Hen of woods

Stropharia rugoso-annulata Wine cap

Pholiota nameko Hericium erinaceus Agaricus bisporus

Ganoderma lucidum Agrocybe aegerita Hysizygus tessulatus

Grifola frondosa Stropharia rugoso-annulata

Other edible fungiFungus name Common name Division

Tuber melansporum Perigold truffle Ascomycota

Morchella sp. Morels Ascomycota

Dictyophora duplicata Bamboo sprouts Basidiomycota

Ustilago esculenta Basidiomycota

Langermannia gigantea Giant puff ball Basidiomycota

Lactarius deliciosus Saffron milk cap Basidiomycota

Armillaria mellae Honey mushroom Basidiomycota

Tuber melansporum Morchella sp. Dictyophora duplicata

Armillaria mellaeLactarius deliciosus Langermannia gigantea

2. Fungi as Recyclers

Fungi as recyclers

act as recycler of dead organic matter of plants and animals.Lycoperdon perlatum Trametes versicolor

Fungi as recyclers

• Agaricus• Volvariella

• Lentinula • Flammulina• Pholiota • Auricularia• Ganoderma

Grown on• Straw, by product of

agriculture• Wood, sawdust, wood

chips, by product of forestry

3. Fungi in industry

Fungi in industry

• Baking and brewing• Fungi in food processing• Fungi and enzyme production• Fungi in medicine• Commercially important fungal metabolites• Fungal drugs• Fungi in paper making

Baking and brewingFungus name Product Division

Sacchromyces carlsbergensis

Lager Ascomycota

S. cerevisiae Ales and wine Ascomycota

S. uvarum Cider Ascomycota

S. sake Saki Ascomycota

Aspergillus oryzae sake Ascomycota

Botrytis cinerea Sweet wine Deutromycota

Cytarria harioti Used in baking Ascomycota

Fungi in food processing

Fungus name Uses Division

Penicillium caseolum Ripening of cheese Deutromycetes

Penicillium roquefortii Give colour to cheese(blue cheese)

Ascomycota

Aspergillus oryzae Production of soya sauce Ascomycota

Monoascus purpureus Alter colour of the food(red wine)

Ascomycota

Crysonilia baking Ascomycota

Fungi and enzyme productionFungus name Enzymes

Penicillium spp.Aspergillus spp.

Asparaginase , amylase, Glucose oxydase, catalase, Dextranase , Beta glucanase, Glucoamylase

Trichoderma, Fusarium Cellulase

Phanerochaete Trametes

Lignilase

Bjerkandera Xylanases

Canthrellus cibarius,Agaricus campestris

Proteases

Fungal pharcodynamicsSpecie name Pharmacodynamics

Lentinula edodes, PolyporaceaeVolvariella

Antiviral effectCardiac toner

Collybia villutipes Decrease cholestrol

Ganoderma lucidum Decrease level of sugar and blood pressure

Armeriella tabescens Increase secretion of bile

Hypsizygus marmoreus Antitumor

Commercially important fungal metabolites

Specie name metabolite Uses

Aspergillus spp. Organic acid, Gluconic acid, Lactonic acid, Citric acid

Manufacture of citrates, flavoring ingredient, Manufacture of plastic

Sacchromyces spp. Ethyl alcohol, glycerol Solvent, raw material for ether, ester, synthetic rubber, explosive

Penicillium spp. , Saccchromyces spp.

fats Soap, manufacture of food

Fungal drugsFungus name Drug

Penicillium chrysogenum ,Penicillium griseofulvin

PenicillinGriseofulvin

Cephalosporium, Cephalsporin

Cylindrocarpon lucidumTrichoderma polysporum

Cyclosporin A

Aspergillus fumigatus Gliotoxins

Claviceps purpurea C. fusiformis , C. paspalii.

Ergotamine, ergometrin

Phoma sp. Squalestatin

Fungi in paper making

• Coriolus versicolor• Polyporus ance • Poria monticola• Gloeophyllum trabeum

Coriolus versicolor Polyporus ance

Poria monticola Gloeophyllum trabeum

4. Fungi as Biocontrol Agent

Fungi in weed controlBiocontrol fungus Weed target

Septagloeum gillis Wallrothiella arecuthobii

Wallrothiella arecuthobii

Alternaria cassiae Casia obtusifolia

Colletotrichum gloeosporiordes Jussaea decurrens

Phyllosticta Glycosmis

Puccinia chondrillinaPuccinia coronata

Condrilla junceaPoa annua

Phragmidium violaceum Rubus sp.

Fungi in control of fungal plant diseases

Biocontrol fungus Target fungus

Trichoderma Armillaria mellae, Heterobasidion annosum, Rhizoctonia solani

Fusarium roseum Claviceps purpurea

Verticillium alboatrum Verticillium alboatrum

Cicinnobolus cesatii Sphaerotheca fuliginea

Fungal pathogens of arthropodsGenus Principal target

Beauveria Colorado beetle , codling moth

Hirsutella Citrus rust mite

Metarhizium Spittlebug, mosquito larvae

Verticillium Aphids, whitefly

Aschersonia Whitefly, scale insect

Mycoremediation

• Pleurotus ostreatus prey on fecal coliform bacteria.

• Agaricus bisporus degrade gram + and gram – bacteria.

• Gomphidius glutinosus, Craterellus tubaeformis, Laccaria amethystina used in remediation on radioactive metals.

MycoremediationFungus name Metal absorbed

Aspergillus niger Cu

A. oryzae Cd

Penicillium chrysogenum Cromium, nickel, zinc, lead

Sacchromyces cerevisiae Uranium

Fungi as source of biofuel

• Phanaerochaete chrysosporium• Ceriporiopsis subvermispora

Phanaerochaete chrysosporium Ceriporiopsis subvermispora

HARMFUL FUNGI

1. Plant pathogen

Fungi as plant pathogenCasual agent Disease name

Taphrina sp. Peach leaf curl

Verticillium, Fusarium

Vascular wilt disease

PodosphearaMicrospheara

Powdery mildew (apple)

Ustillago spp. smut fungi , Bunt of wheat Corn smut, Loose smut of barley, wheat etc

Puccinia spp. Hollyhock , Cedar-apple, White pine blister, Cereal rusts

Armillaria spp root rot of fruit and forest trees.

Fusarium, Rhizoctonia and Pythium.

Damping of seedlings

Fungi as plant pathogenCasual agent Division Disease name

Venturia spp. Ascomycota Apple scab, pear scab, die back

Cleviceps purpurae Ascomycota Ergot of rye

Colletotrichum lindemuthianum

Deutromycota Anthracnose

Botrytis cinerea Deutromycota Grey mould

Ceratocystis fimbriata Ascomycota Black rot

Erysiphe graminis,Erysiphe oidium

Ascomycota Powdery mildews

Apple scab Ergot of rye Anthracnose

Grey mold Black rot Powdery mildews

Rust on plants

Die back

2. Fungi as human pathogen

Fungi as human pathogensFungus Disease

Trichophyton spp.Epidermophyton spp.

Athlete’s foot

MicrosporumTrichophyton

Ring worm

Microsporum Trichophyton

Tinea cruris (jock itch)

Histoplasma capsulatum Histoplomosis

Cleviceps purpurae Ergotism

Athlete’s foot Ring worm

3.Food spoilage by fungi

Food spoilage by fungiSpecie name Food spoiled

Fusarium spp. , A. paraciticus,P. citrinum, P. verrucosum,Fusarium graminearum, Chrysonilia sitophila

Cereals and nuts

Wellemia sebi, P. corylophilumA. glaucus

Jam and jellies

Botrytis cinerea, Gloesporium spp. , Monilia

Fruits

Penicillium, Aspergillus, Eurotium, Scopulariopsis

Fish, meat and egg

Eurotium herbariorum, A. versicolor, Scopulariopsis sp.

Raw milk

Sclerotinia, Cladosporium, Alternaria, Fusarium, Botrytis

Vegetables

Destruction to paper industry

• Polyporus adustus • Chaetomium• Aspergillus, • Cephalothecium • Stachybotrys• Alternaria• Fusarium• Cladosporium • Stemphyllium • Dematium• Polysticus hirsutus