effective landfill degradation -...

INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTE ASSOCIATION

Promoting sustainable waste management worldwide

Danish biowaste

success

Lessons from

WEEE in the UK

Effective landfill degradationWMW Special

Collection & Transport

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PROFIT FROM WASTE One man’s trash is another man’s treasure – Caterpillar’s complete range of waste management machines have been specially developed to stay up, running and profitable in the demanding conditions of waste sites. They come equipped with ACERTTM Tech-nology for fuel efficiency and emission compliance, easier maintenance to keep them working longer and harder, plus a ruggedness in design and manufacturing so that they continue to deliver, day in, day out. Factor in the unique combination of Cat® machines and work tools, the support from our worldclass dealer network and you’ve got all you need to keep up with this non-stop industry. So if you’re looking to make a profit from waste, then look no further than Caterpillar.

www.cat.com/waste

© 2009 Caterpillar Inc. All rights reserved. CAT, CATERPILLAR, their respective logos, “Caterpillar Yellow“ and the “Power Edge” trade dress as well as product identity used herein, are trademarks of Caterpillar and may not be used without permission.

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ContentsMAY–JUNE 2010

WMW

29

32

COVER PHOTOGRAPH:

Courtesy of SCS Engineers.

4

6

8

12

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REGULARS

FROM THE PUBLISHER

ISWA COMMENT

NEWS

WASTE LEADERS

ISWA INFORMATION

DIARY

ADVERTISERS’ INDEX

COLLECTION

& TRANSPORT

SPECIAL

COLLECTION & TRANSPORT PRODUCT NEWS

JOINING THE UNDERGROUND – PART 1 The KTZ system is a fully integrated approach

requiring specialized equipment but, as Malcolm

Bates discovers during a visit to Antwerp, it

removes the dangers associated with lifting loaded

waste containers by hydraulic crane and can be

used with ground level container installations (not

just containers in silos).

JOINING THE UNDERGROUND – PART 2 Portugal might not have a reputation as a major

manufacturing centre, but as Malcolm Bates

reports from the Algarve, it’s where the Sotkon

underground waste container storage system

is produced. Designed to meet the demands of

waste disposal in Mediterranean climates, he is

convinced it could have a wider global market.

TEAM EFFORTDespite several attempts over the years, Volvo

Truck & Bus has never produced a really good

easy entry ‘crew cab’ for waste applications.

But now one of the largest truck manufacturers

on the planet has teamed up with a specialist

manufacturer in Belgium to produce a low entry

cab refuse collection chassis/cab. Malcolm Bates

brings you the lowdown ...

SMALL WONDER Last time Waste Management World’s Malcolm

Bates was at the Bucher plant in Switzerland, it

was to try the then newly announced ‘City Spider’

sub-compact vacuum sweeper – a good attempt

but it lacked power. Now, working with group

member, Johnston Sweepers, Bucher is back with

a brand new ‘baby’ ride-on. Malcolm Bates was

the first journalist to drive it.

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FEATURES

MATERIAL SOLUTIONS IN WTE SYSTEMS Explains how a unique coating composition

developed by ArcMelt™ Company can protect the

low alloy steels used for heat transfer surfaces in

waste-to-energy systems from high temperature

chloridation, oxidation and corrosion.

By Juan Carlos Nava

DANES SET THE EXAMPLE FOR ENERGY FROM WASTE Jon McAteer, Technical Manager at Veolia Water

Solutions & Technologies, talks about the success

of a Danish plant that co-digests household waste,

sewage sludge, food waste and organic industrial

wastewater to produce biogas for electricity

generation.

By Jon McAteer

THE ‘SUSTAINABLE LANDFILL’ BECOMES A REALITYAdding air and moisture to a landfill to form an

aerobic rather than an anaerobic environment

speeds up waste degradation and paves the way

for the recovery of valuable resources through

landfill mining.

by Mark Hudgins, James Law,

David Ross and Jun Su

WEEE’VE COME A LONG WAY Dr Philip Morton, chief executive of producer

compliance scheme, REPIC, explains the merits

and limitations of the UK’s system for waste

electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) and

how the lessons learnt have been put to good use

in drawing up the UK’s Battery Regulations.

by Philip Morton

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ISSN 1476-1394

The magazine for ISWA members

EDITOR: Claudine CapelISWA EDITOR: Hermann KollerGROUP PUBLISHER: Lyle HoytCOLLECTION & TRANSPORT CORRESPONDENT: Malcolm BatesLAYOUT: Jason BlairPRODUCTION EDITOR: Ben MessengerSALES MANAGERS: Terry Ash, James WaldenMARKETING MANAGER: Dorothee Petereit

ADVERTISING: for information on advertising, please contact Terry Ash on +44 1992 656 653or James Walden on +44 1992 656 657or [email protected]

EDITORIAL/NEWS CONTACT:e-mail: [email protected]

Published for the International Solid Waste Association, 123 Mariahilfer Strasse, 3rd floor, 1060 Vienna, Austria.Tel: +43 1 59 999 8038Fax: +43 1 59 999 700E-mail: [email protected]: www.iswa.org

Published by PennWell International Publications Ltd, Warlies Park House, Horseshoe Hill, Upshire, Essex, EN9 3SR, UK.Tel: +44 1992 656 600Fax: +44 1992 656 700e-mail: [email protected]: www.waste-management-world.com

EDITORIAL CORRESPONDENCE/PRESS RELEASES:Please send to Waste Management World at [email protected]

© 2009 International Solid Waste Association. All rights

reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in

any form or by any means, whether electronic, mechanical or

otherwise including photocopying, recording or any information

storage or retrieval system without the prior written consent

of the Publishers. While every attempt is made to ensure the

accuracy of the information contained in this magazine, neither

the Publishers, Editors nor the authors accept any liability for

errors or omissions. Opinions expressed in this publication are

not necessarily those of the Publishers or Editor.

Subscriptions: Waste Management World is circulated free

to professionals in the waste management industry. To

start a free subscription visit www.wmw-subscribe.com.

Professionals outside the waste management industry may

start a paid subscription. For pricing information visit www.

omeda.com/wmw or call +1 847-559-7330.

Waste Management World is published 6 times a year by

PennWell Publications Ltd, Warlies Park House, Horseshoe

Hill, Upshire, Essex, EN9 3SR, UK, and distributed in the

USA SPP at 75 Aberdeen Road, Emigsville, PA 17318-0437.

Periodicals postage paid at Emigsville, PA. POSTMASTER:

send address changes to Waste Management World, c/o P.O.

Box 437, Emigsville, PA 17318.

REPRINTS: High-quality reprints of any article from this

publication are available. These can be tailored to your

requirements to include a printed cover, logo, advertising or

other messages. Minimum quantity 50. Please contact the

Publishers for details.

Printed in the UK by Williams Press Ltd on elemental

chlorine-free paper from sustainable forests.

Member, BPA Worldwide

WMWFROM OUR COLLECTION &

TRANSPORT CORRESPONDENT

Alook back to 12 months ago reminded me of the concerns expressed by

manufacturers that serve our industry. Obviously, while many were just

concerned about falling profits and how that might affect their shareholders,

the wider worry was that a lack of investment in research and development

– combined with a lack of lending by the bankers and financiers who caused the

economic crisis in the first place – might undermine the development of new products

at the very time when our environment needed them most. So how do things look now?

The answer is that things look a lot better than predicted. While there have been

some casualties among manufacturers, it was also the case that, in certain sectors,

there were (and still are) too many manufacturers for the size of the global market.

So where does that take us? As the world exclusive cover story on the Caterpillar

corporation in our March/April issue explained, the recent turmoil has got some of

the smartest engineering and marketing minds in the manufacturing sector looking

for new markets. The Cat product line has had the word ‘construction’ at its heart

(alongside mining) for the last 60 years. Sales of machines into the scrap, waste

and recycling sectors tended to happen, if not by accident, then certainly without

any specific marketing effort. While human beings continue to multiply at an

unsustainable rate, it could be argued that ‘construction’ will always be needed but

that without funding or market confidence (still in short supply judging by recent

events in Greece) it won’t happen and then new machines are not required.

In contrast, new equipment to handle waste and recyclable materials is essential

if we’re not to drown under the mountain of waste we’ve created. Now, just two

years after a major restructuring programme, Cat engineers have shown what can

be achieved with some ‘refocusing’ with the launch of the diesel-electric ‘D7E’. It’s

early days yet, but fuel savings of 20% seem possible compared with hydrostatic

transmissions.

In the 2009 Transport and Collection special, WMW had a world exclusive story

about the Volvo/Geesink Norba diesel electric ‘hybrid’ drive refuse collection vehicle

(RCV) working for Renova AB in Gothenburg, Sweden. Twelve months on, several

hybrids are now in service elsewhere. As you can read in this issue, Volvo has now

also got an easy-entry low floor cab designed specifically for waste collection

operations. And, we have several other ‘exclusives’ lined up in the next few issues too.

So the bottom line? That well-worn phrase, ‘when the going gets tough, the

tough get going,’ sets the tone for the year ahead in my view. Or as the father of

evolutionary science, Charles Darwin, might have put it, ‘the fittest will survive’.

So if you are still in need of some direction? Based on our current performance,

your own personal copy of Waste Management World has got to be a good place to

start, surely?

Malcolm Bates

Collection & Transport correspondent

P.S. Subscribe to the e-newsletter at www.waste-management-world.com



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turning...your waste into your energy.

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[email protected]

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The UK’s fastest anaerobicwaste to energy specialists

Let’s face it, we all produce waste, but now more than ever, we

need to stop and consider the environmental implications of

dealing with such waste. BioWayste.com is here to help companies

comply with Government Legislation and improve their Corporate

Social Responsibility.

BioWayste.com specialise in anaerobic digestion of food waste,

providing a safe and green form of organic waste management and

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May–June 2010 WASTE MANAGEMENT WORLD6

There are many kinds of waste, and many waste awards. But there

are only two International Solid Waste Association awards – and they

are now open for submission, says Hermann Koller...

ISWA Comments

The Canadian Taxpayers Federation (CTF) recently held its 12th annual ‘Teddy Waste

Awards’ ceremony to recognize the best of the worst government waste.

The Teddy award ceremony is named after Ted Weatherill, a former federal bureaucrat

who was fired for outrageous expenses in 1999. Each year the CTF holds the ceremony

to recognize a government group, public office holder, civil servant, department or agency

that epitomizes senseless waste.

‘We hold the ceremony each year to educate the public about government waste and highlight fat

that needs to be trimmed,’ said a CTF representative. ‘The event also helps hold bureaucrats

and politicians accountable for their decisions.’

The 2010 Teddy winners and nominees included:

• C$1.5 million spent on unused hotel rooms at the Francophone Summit in

Quebec.

• Staff who accidentally sold Queen’s silver for C$4000 and then spent nearly

C$100,000 getting it back.

• C$1.4 million spent trying to locate C$20 million worth of ‘missing gold’

which was not actually missing.

• One public office holder who expensed C$30,000 in annual cell phone bills.

• A C$1.4 million ‘promo website’ which only attracted 53,000 visitors –

costing C$26 per web visitor.

Here in Austria, home of ISWA’s headquarters, we would have no difficulty

finding nominees for this kind of waste award either: from the CEO of an ailing

national bank getting €4.5 million for six month’s work and spending €32 million on

external consultants during that period ... to the 35,000-seater football stadium which has an

average attendance of 500 spectators per game.

It’s probably a bit more difficult to find nominees for an award designed to honour excellent

waste communication campaigns … Or for an award which has been designed to honour a

publication, article or book deemed to be exceptional in its contribution to solid waste management.

But ISWA likes this kind of challenge!

Every year we invite members and non-members to send us their nominations for the ISWA

Communication Award and the ISWA Publication Award. Have a look at our website www.iswa.org

to find out more. Deadlines for submission are 15 June for the Communication Award and 15 July

for the Publication Award.

We look forward to receiving your nominations!

Hermann Koller

e-mail: [email protected]

Here in Austria,

home of the ISWA

headquarters, we

would have no

difficulty finding

nominees for this

kind of waste award

‘‘



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Send your news to WASTE MANAGEMENT WORLD


News

in briefA 10-year contract has been signed by

Waste Management Inc. and Georgia

Power to supply electricity from the

WM Savannah landfill. The contract will

need to be approved by the Georgia

Public Service Commission. The landfill

gas-to-energy facility is capable

of producing 6.4 MW of electricity;

one MW is enough to power 250

homes. ‘By tapping into the landfill

gas to produce electricity, Georgia

Power is both continuing to diversify

its expanding renewable portfolio

throughout the state, and doing what’s

good for the environment,’ said Jeff

Burleson, director of resource policy

and planning for Georgia Power, in a

press release.

It has been reported that the amount

of food and drink wasted in the UK

annually is costing the country £17

billion (US $26 billion) every year. The

environmental cost is said to

be equivalent to 12.4 million extra

cars on the road. This report was

published by WRAP.

A leading provider of

environmental, energy and

industrial services in North

America, Clean Harbors, has

announced that it is branching

out into the removal and

disposal of medical waste for

hospitals and other healthcare

facilities.

The system combines frontline

collection, waste removal,

sorting and disposal programs

that support each organization’s

procedures, using practices

that conform to operational

structure and meet regulatory

requirements.

Clean Harbors pharmaceutical

waste management offering

is available either as a

comprehensive on-site service

that eliminates the need for

in-house waste management

staff or as a menu of services to

address specific needs.

Services include:

• Rx Waste Characterization

• Rx Program Design

• Medical Floor Rx Collection

Services

• Main Accumulation Area

Management

• Transportation & Disposal

at Clean Harbors company

owned and operated facilities

Clean Harbors Vice President

Healthcare, John Kelsey, says,

‘Every health facility has a

slightly different approach

to pharmaceutical waste

management. It may be based

on historic practices or it may be

the result of organization-specific

job descriptions and functions.

Regardless, each must effectively

address pharmaceutical waste

management in order to meet

current regulations. Clean

Harbors starts by learning

our customers’ processes and

then designing our services

to fit into and improve on the

model, while removing the

waste management burden

from management and staff.

Our program allows the most

seamless execution with Nursing,

Pharmacy, EVS [Environmental

Services] and other departments

that results in the most efficient

and compliant pharmaceutical

program required by acute care

facilities.’

Clean Harbors offers

medical waste disposal

8 May–June 2010 WASTE MANAGEMENT WORLD

NEWS



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in briefA new report commissioned by

environmental services company, Veolia

has stated that the world market for

waste, from collection to recycling, is worth

around € 300 billion (US$410 billion). The

report author Philippe Chalmin, professor

of economic history at Paris-Dauphine

University, said that four billion tonnes

of municipal, industrial and hazardous

waste are produced every year and that

these figures are just a ‘guesstimate,

nothing more’ as data is difficult to gather,

particularly in developing countries. The

report titled ‘From Waste to Resource’ is

the second report of this type from Veolia.

Waste production is closely correlated with

GDP, Chalmin said, but collection, recovery

and recycling rates vary enormously

between countries. Poland sends about

90% of its municipal waste to landfill sites,

but the Netherlands disposes just 1.7%

of its waste this way. Japan incinerates

the most municipal waste (74%), while

South Korea has the best recycling rate

for municipal waste (49%). Availability of

land and the suitability of soils are a major

factor in deciding whether to landfill waste,

Chalmin said, but ecological awareness,

legal constraints, degree of economic

development and climatic factors also

determine the choice of disposal or

recovery route.

The latest National Post-Consumer

Recycled Plastic Bags and Film report

for 2008 shows that more plastic

bags and film are being recycled

than ever before in the United States.

This situation is having a knock-on

effect on the demand for plastic

scrap which is also increasing.

An estimated 378,000 tonnes of

post-consumer film, which includes

plastic bags and product wraps,

were recovered in 2008. This is a 28%

increase since 2005 and continues

the growing national trend for

recycling.

The boost in these figures is being

attributed to greater consumer

access to collection programmes,

mainly in large grocery and retail

stores, as well as by the new markets

and companies emerging for

processing the recycled materials.

The recycling report was

conducted by Moore Recycling

Associates, Inc. of Sonoma, California,

based on information obtained from

79 domestic processors, end-users

of film material and exporters. The

recycling numbers reported are

likely to understate actual bag and

film recycling because export data

is more difficult to obtain than data

on domestic recycling, and in 2008

there was a shift toward export

markets, according to the report.

Data collection was also affected

by the rapid spike in the number

of collection programmes as many

stores launched new programs

to recover post-consumer plastic

bags and product wraps from their

customers. There are now retail store

collection programs in all 50 states.

According to US Environmental

Protection Agency data, about

13% of plastic bags and film are

recycled annually. While composite

lumber continues to be the major

market for recycled plastic bags and

film, 2008 saw a notable increase

in international demand for scrap

plastic film.

US plastic bag recycling

reaches all time high

According to a study by Eurostat –

the statistical office of the European

Union – 524 kg of municipal waste

was generated per person in 2008

across the EU27 countries. This

figure was similar to the 2007 figure

of 525 kg per person.

When looking at how this

waste was dealt with the figures

show that 40% was landfilled, 20%

incinerated, 23% recycled and 17%

composted.

The amount generated per

person varies greatly across the

different countries in the EU, from

306 kg in the Czech Republic to

802 kg in Denmark. This reflects

the different consumption patterns

and the ways each country

calculates their totals. Some, for

instance, include waste from small

businesses and public institutions.

Austria, Germany and

the Netherlands recycled or

composted between 60 and 70%

of their municipal waste, but in

ten Member States recycling and

composting was used to treat less

than 10% of the waste.

Member States with the highest

rates of landfill were Bulgaria

(100%), Romania (98%), Malta (97%),

Lithuania (96%) and Lativia (93%).

The highest numbers for

incineration were Denmark (54%),

Sweden (49%), the Netherlands

(39%), Belgium and Luxemburg

(36%), Germany (35%) and France

(32%). Ten countries have rates of

less than 1% incineration.

The importance of these

two treatment categories varies

considerably between Member

States. The Member States with

the highest recycling rates for

municipal waste were Germany

(48% of waste treated), Belgium

and Sweden (both 35%), Ireland

and the Netherlands (both 32%)

and Slovenia (31%). Composting

of municipal waste was most

common in Austria (40%), Italy

(34%), the Netherlands (27%),

Belgium (25%), Spain and

Luxembourg (both 20%).

EU 2008 figures show 40%

MSW recycled or composted

Totals for countries:

More than 700kg

per personDenmark, Ireland, Cyprus and Luxembourg.

600-700 kg Malta, the Netherlands and Austria.

500-600 kgGermany, Estonia, Spain, France, Italy, Finland, Sweden and the

United Kingdom

400-500 kg Belgium, Bulgaria, Greece, Lithuania, Hungary, Portugal and Slovenia

Below 400kg Czech Republic, Latvia, Poland, Romania and Slovakia

WASTE MANAGEMENT WORLD May–June 2010 9

NEWS



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New South Wales councils ramp up waste effortsLocal councils in New South

Wales, Australia, have increased

efforts to reduce waste

and recycle since concerns

have been raised about the

government’s lack of spending

in this area.

‘This is a case of the

politicians lagging behind the

public and, in this case, the

local councils that are already

recycling our rubbish,’ Greens

MP Ian Cohen said.

Measures taken include

microchipping bins, reducing

bin sizes, putting up fees and

cutting collections in the hope

that residents will dramatically

reduce the amount of waste

they throw away.

Mosman Council has

introduced smaller general

waste bins with a cheaper

annual fee to encourage

householders to recycle more

and dump less. The 80-litre

bin costs AUS$262 per year

compared with AUS$843 for a

240-litre bin.

‘We are seeing a revolution

in rubbish. Councils are

changing the way they collect

rubbish and it is making a big

improvement,’ said Rebecca

Gilling, a spokeswoman for

the environmental charity

Planet Ark, who is expecting

greater improvements with

the introduction of the federal

government’s national waste

policy next year. ‘That will

start with electronic waste,

things like old televisions and

computers, which are filling

up landfills and contaminating

them with heavy metals that

could be recycled.’

Penrith City Council has

introduced a three-bin system

and cut the amount of waste

collections, which has reportedly

increased waste diverted from

landfill to recycling from 20% to

58%. The system gives residents

a green organics bin for garden

waste and food scraps which is

collected weekly, plus a recycling

bin and a smaller 140-litre bin for

residual waste which are both

collected fortnightly. Residents

who require a bigger bin or more

frequent collection can pay a

AUS$50 surcharge. The organic

waste is turned into compost.

Newcastle City Council will be

following suit and introducing

the same system next year,

since an audit revealed that

23% of waste in its general bins

was recyclable and 24% was

green waste. City presentation

manager Lisa Scully said: ‘The

real benefit to [the] community

will be reducing the amount of

waste to landfill.’

The NSW government has a

system to discourage councils

dumping in landfills which

charges them per tonne, but

this has not been as successful

as a similar scheme in Victoria.

NSW aims to reduce waste to

landfill by 66% in 2014.

Other councils including

Blue Mountains, Randwick and

Ryde have put microchips on

bins. A Randwick spokeswoman

said the tags helped locate lost

bins and allowed the council

to monitor if people were

recycling correctly.

Cameron Murphy, president

of the NSW Council for

Civil Liberties, warned that

microchipping bins was an

invasion of privacy that could

lead to individuals being

penalized. ‘I worry that it will

lead to councils identifying

people who put out a certain

type or amount of garbage

and then billing them extra

for it. Effectively it means the

council is sifting through your

garbage. Do you want them

knowing how many condoms

or pregnancy testing kits are in

there? It is going too far.’


NEWS

ONE WORLD. ONE SOURCE. ONE HUNDRED YEARS.

PUBLICATIONS • EVENTS • DIGITAL MEDIA

www.pennwell.com



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Western Australia waste strategy calls for action

London Olympics waste report

The Commission for a Sustainable

London 2012 – the independent

organization monitoring the

sustainability of the London

Olympic Games project – has

published a report on the approach

taken to waste management and

infrastructure, which shows that the

London Organising Committee of

the Olympic Games (LOCOG) and the

Olympic Delivery Authority (ODA) are

on course to achieve construction

waste goals.

Shaun McCarthy, Chair of the

Commission, said: ‘The good news

is that the ODA and LOCOG are

both working towards ambitious

targets. If achieved, this ambition

and dedication will make the 2012

Games an exemplar of how to run

a sustainable event and will set

brand-new green standards for

future Games. Our concerns are that

while all this good work is going

on inside the venues, waste in the

areas immediately surrounding the

venues could be forgotten about.

There needs to be a consistently

high standard and this means more

collaboration between stakeholders

and organizers.’

The ODA is exceeding targets to

reuse or recycle 90% of demolition

waste and meeting its 90% landfill

diversion target for construction

waste, using 34% recycled materials

which is above its target of 20%.

The Commission is concerned by

the need for careful co-ordination

and management of the post-Games

dismantling and transformation

process to ensure that sustainability

standards are maintained and nothing

is lost between different areas of

responsibility. The Commission

recommends that a target is set for

the reuse of materials.

A future challenge is for these

standards to be maintained at the

venues outside LOCOG’s control such

as the ‘live sites’ where the public will

gather to watch the Games.

The state of Western Australia

has identified a need for increased

public education regarding waste

management, and for producers of

goods to take more responsibility

for waste arising from their own

products. The Waste Authority has

reviewed 1440 public comments

received on the Draft State Waste

Strategy released last year.

Waste Authority Acting Chair Jan

Grimoldby said the Authority has

responded to major themes from

the public submissions around

the need for information and

education campaigns on wise waste

management. ‘More education and

awareness needs to be provided

to industry, governments and the

general community,’ Grimoldby

said. ‘There is also significant public

support for schemes of extended

producer responsibility such as take-

back programs for electronic goods,

through to action on packaging and

hazardous wastes.’

The establishment of markets for

recyclables, such as construction

and demolition waste, was noted as

a priority.

Two community schemes

focusing on waste avoidance will

be set up, and a recommendation

to the State Government to take

responsibility for 50% of C&D waste

made. The Waste Authority will

propose regulations to empower

local government require and

implement waste disposal plans

before authorizing demolition.


NEWS



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WASTE LEADERSH IP SER IES • GUNNEL KLINGBERG

Helena Bergman of ISWA speaks to Gunnel Klingberg, Secretary General of Municipal

Waste Europe – the European association representing municipalities responsible for

waste management and their publicly-owned waste management companies.

Which way forward?

In 2009 an EU association for public sector waste

management was established. Why?

The European Union is leading the development of environmental

and waste policies. Ever since the first Waste Directive in 1975,

waste has been high on the EU political agenda. Over the years the

EU has expanded both with regard to the number of member states

but also the scope of waste legislation. There are many different

representatives in Brussels for the waste sector. What has become

obvious over the years is the need to gather those concerned with

waste and look at legal responsibilities. That is why an association

for the public sector has been created to take into consideration the

specific rights and obligations that go with the provision of waste

management as a service.

So what do you see in the future for the waste sector

in the European Union?

To look at the future, it is normally easier to start by looking at the

past. In the past waste was simple, it was not a personal involvement

and it was the career path only for fanatics. It was handled by

engineers, environmentalists and local authorities.

Today, waste is handled through complex infrastructure and

service systems; waste is a resource with profit possibilities and a

part of the environmental sector. We got here through a growing

environmental concern and a conscious development of the sector

based on the risks for our survival.

Looking 10-15 years in the future, the waste sector will be asked

to provide even more technically advanced solutions and specific

services. We will be asked to ‘complexify’ our waste services, not

to simplify them. There will be pressure to expand the economic

turnover but at lower prices. Waste generators – the people and

businesses – will be asked to do more of the work themselves

under our instructions. Costs for providing waste services will be

recovered through other means than today. Primarily, when and

where waste is a resource in a market we will see new and different

ways of recovering costs.

The value of the service as a commodity will be further

discussed. We may come to define a good lifestyle based on the

number of sorted waste streams being collected within walking

distance.

Do you think the ‘Zero Waste’ objective is realistic?

In an even longer timeframe than 10-15 years, there will still

be waste. It may however be called something else, and be

reused, recycled, recovered or handled in another environmentally

sustainable way. All treatments will still leave a certain amount

which has no sustainable treatment and has to be handled through

disposal methods. The environmental effects of these methods

can be reduced and almost eliminated with great dedication. But

as long as we as people and businesses insist on producing and

using products and services generating waste without sustainable

treatment, these methods will always be needed.

To reach any goal, two things are needed: actions and a goal.

The future goal for waste is still being debated and will probably

never be the same in all regions. Each region or country must

set targets, needs and resources. Waste must be looked at in its

specifics, as there is where the solutions and possibilities lie.

Another topic in the past has been the privatization

of waste management and the competition between

public and private sector?

The provision of waste management is a service that citizens

expect to be carried out in a way which protects human health

and the environment. There are two ways to ensure this – the

political vision and ambition on one side, and the practice on the

other. To me the key is the vision and the ambitions to decide the

goal. After that comes the discussion on how to get there and who

should carry out the services. How and who needs to be based on

technical developments, long-term security and the competence of

the operator. Waste management is not optional, and is therefore

not suitable for an uncontrolled market based solely on financial

calculations. The private sector operates waste management by

choice, the public sector’s involvement is based more on obligation.

But when it comes to the practice of waste management

services in a market situation, we need as many good, competent

operators as possible, regardless of ownership.

What will be the role for public sector waste

management?

Municipal Waste Europe is a political organization with a very

clear objective – to promote public responsibilities for waste

management as a service of general interest towards the European

institutions. We have already seen the growing importance of

responsibility for waste management planning in preventing health

and environmental risks. We also see growing diversity of the waste

sector. All this will have the result that the need for governance at a

local, national and global level will be greater than ever.

Municipal Waste Europe can be contacted through www.

municipalwasteeurope.eu

Interviewer for the International Solid Waste Association,

Helena Bergman, ISWA Project Manager




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SPECIAL

Collection and trnasportCollection and transport

MAY–JUNE 2010

underground collection systems ● vacuum sweepers

● low entry cab refuse collection chassis

● product news



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COLLECT ION AND TRANSPORT SPEC IAL • PRODUCT NEWS

Collection & Transport

product news

ENLARGED RANGE SIX APPEAL

UK-based JCB now has a single range

of machines dedicated to meeting

the rehandling requirements of

the waste collection and recycling

industry. To reflect the growing and

increasingly specialized requirements

of its customers, JCB has expanded the

range of machines equipped to cope

with the rigours of work in the waste

management environment.

The line-up comprises JCB

Wastemaster specification wheeled

loading shovels, telescopic handlers,

telemasters, wheeled excavators,

tracked excavators, telescopic forklifts,

skid steer loaders, rough terrain forklifts,

articulated dump trucks, tracked

excavators and on-site generators.

All are designed for the harsh

environments and high utilization

demanded by the sector. All are built

to deliver ongoing reliability in order to

minimize down time.

Each machine can be specified

to meet the unique demands of

the industry, and the breadth of

the range ensures suitability for all

typical sector applications including

kerbside collection, MRF operations,

civic amenity sites, waste transfer

stations, waste-to-energy plants,

end-of-vehicle (ELV) stations, waste

electrical and electronic equipment

(WEEE) recycling, demolition recycling,

green waste and landfill sites. Specialist

configurations, protection guarding

and attachments give the capability

to handle all common materials such

as glass, metals, batteries, tyres, plastics,

wood, compost and aggregates.

Light guards, lower door guards

and fenders are designed to protect

from potential physical impact damage.

Wastemaster underbelly guards

protect transmission components

from material contamination. ‘X-mine’

or solid tyre options ensure maximum

protection against punctures for

applications such as metals recycling

and municipal waste rehandling.

Protection for the operator

is ensured with the fitment of cab

roof and screen guards. The positive

pressure cab environments can be

additionally filtered too, with finer

filter elements reducing dust ingress

and protecting against potentially

hazardous working environments.

Reversing alarms, reversing

cameras, convex mirrors, rotating

beacons and additional work lights

to meet national and/or international

regulations also ensure bystander

safety – especially important in busy

applications where staff may be

working on the ground.

Finally, engine protection in

these often dust-laden environments

is achieved though the fitment of

additional engine pre-cleaners, wide

core radiators and reversing fan

systems (designed to maintain cooling

whatever the application).

The flagship model is the JCB

456eZX Wastemaster wheeled

loading shovel (pictured). The model

features the traditional JCB qualities

of high breakout forces and robust

construction with the added benefits

of sophisticated operation, a larger

field of operator vision, increased

comfort, improved performance and

serviceability. This model is proving

highly successful in waste transfer,

MRF, waste-to energy and compost

operations.

Another machine proving its worth

in the waste collection and materials

handling environment is the JCB

TLT35D. This is the 3.5-tonne capacity

JCB Teletruk complete with new slim

line boom for improved visibility. It is

ideal for kerbside container handling.

With a telescopic boom instead of a

mast, the JCB Teletruk offers significant

advantages over conventional forklifts.

Loads can be lifted and placed quickly

and easily using a wide range of quick-

hitch compatible attachments such

as buckets, grabs and fork rotators.

These strengths make the model an

indispensable materials handler in the

recycling industry.

* For further information e-mail nigel.

[email protected] or visit jcb.com

Hakowerke launched a new version of

its widely used Multicar M-30 ‘Fumo’

multi-purpose truck at the recent

Bauma event in Munich, Germany.

The new 6x4 chassis provides a

unique combination of very narrow

access capability (under two metres

wide) with a three-metre long body

platform. Already available with

bodies suitable for waste handling

and recycling applications – including

compaction rear end loading refuse

collection units (RCVs) and ground

level demountable hooklift trucks

to take waste containers and other

special bodies – the M-30 can also be

configured for liquid waste collection

and transport, for winter maintenance

(snow plough gritting), or as a oil spill

recovery tanker and treatment tanker.

The fitting of the third, trailing

axle to a normal 4x4 short wheelbase

chassis also has the advantage of

providing for a much more stable

platform for heavier loads. Thus the

new 6x4 model operates at a gross

weight of 7.49 tonnes – considerably

up on the 3.5–5.0 tonne rating of the

two-axle models.

Power unit specification (power is

by an Iveco turbo diesel) and tilt cab

format is the same as the two-axle

models and the range of power take-off

(PTO) options and attachment mounting

systems help ensure that this ‘high spec’

little chassis offers much increased

versatility over existing competitive light

and medium truck ranges.

* Further information from hako.com



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www.cargotec.com

Responsible for tomorrow Cargotec improves the efficiency of global cargo flows by offering solutions for loading and unloading goods –

on land, in ports and at sea. With our three market-leading daughter brands Hiab, Kalmar and MacGregor, we

provide our customers with solutions that are energy-efficient and environmentally sound, both of which are

essential to our success in serving the cargo handling industry.

Cargotec’s Pro Future™ as a mark of environmental excellence qualifies our ‘greenest’ solutions against five

ecological decision-making drivers. Our recently launched EcoService – a range of economical and ecological

service solutions have been awarded with the mark. MacGregor electric-drive portfolio improves overall

efficiencies as well as lowers power consumption, and its bulk handling systems provides dust-free handling

of dry bulk cargo. Hiab environmental waste management solutions optimize performance and costs. For

future generations, we are doing our part today.



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MOVING FORWARD

NEW TRACTOR UNIT

Kenworth (a subsidiary of PACCAR

Inc.) has announced that its new

T440 tractor unit will be available

for delivery from this month.

Offering excellent visibility, good

aerodynamics and versatility

for regional and short haul

applications, the T440 is available in

both day and ‘Aerocab’ sleeper cab

configurations. An extended day

cab – some six inches longer and

five inches higher – is also available.

Fitted with the PX-8 Paccar

diesel as standard, with ratings

up to 350hp, a Cummins ISL unit

is also offered as an option. But

of special interest to operators in

waste and recycling operations is

the availability of manual (with 6, 9,

10, 11 and 13-speed options) and

five or six-speed automatic gearbox

options as standard line fitting.

Kenworth claims to be a leader

in fuel-saving technology designed

to reduce consumption while

offering class-leading low exhaust

emissions. Kenworth is the holder

of a clean air excellence award from

the US Environmental Protection

Agency in recognition of research

into liquefied natural gas (LNG)

truck engineering.

* For more information contact:

[email protected]

NTM-GB Ltd is the UK-based subsidiary

of Finnish waste handling body and

equipment manufacturer, NTM. The

parent company was founded in

1950 and today specializes in truck

bodywork and the manufacture of

closed and insulated bodies, trailers

and refuse collection vehicles (RCVs).

As a result, NTM customers benefit

from decades of industry experience

and expertise.

The group’s success is evident

from its wide range of clients across

not only the UK and Finland, but also

the rest of Scandinavia, the Baltic States

and Russia, with additional subsidiaries

in both Sweden and Estonia to

service these areas. NTM attributes its

strong market position to three major

strengths – customer orientation,

know-how and quality.

The company ensures that

every product meets the operational

requirements and special wishes of

the customer. NTM pinpoints this as

the fundamental principle of all its

activities, with product development

and control being carried out in

co-operation with the customer.

Paul Westley, managing director

of NTM-GB Ltd, explains how the

company differs from many of its

competitors: ‘We produce a complete

range of refuse and recycling collection

vehicles including split-body RCVs

where the body is divided into two,

three or four separate compartments.

These are purposely designed to be

lo-tech, but with a strong focus upon

reliability, which is a very important

factor for the customers in the niche

vehicle market which we serve.’

NTM’s ability to provide the best

possible solutions for its customers

stems from the combination of the

professional skills, business knowledge

and individual commitment of its

staff. The company emphasizes the

importance of such skills through

providing its staff with continuous

personal development programmes.

Nurturing a strong sense of team

spirit and ensuring that all employees

are working towards the common

goal of developing and producing

high-quality products are key to the

company’s business

strategy.

In addition to

its strong customer

orientation and vast

industry expertise,

NTM also pursues

a rigorous research

and development

initiative that targets

quality from order

process to delivery.

Products are

subjected to various

tests at every stage

of manufacture, before undergoing

final testing prior to dispatch. This is

further supplemented by a thorough

after sales service.

NTM has several new projects

underway which are likely to increase

market share in a highly competitive

market. A recent project involved

working with FOCSA Services

Limited – a commercial waste and

environmental management operator

in the UK – to supply vehicles as part of

a recycling contract for Herefordshire

Council. Paul Westley elaborates:

‘This is a key contract that involves

a combination of different vehicles

including a number of 7.5-tonne

refuse collection vehicles, 15-tonne

standard rear-loading refuse vehicles

and 15-tonne split body recycling

collection vehicles consisting of a 70

to 30 split.’

Among the company’s wide

range of rear loading RCVs is the NTM

K-Series. Starting from 7.5-tonne gross

vehicle weight (GVW), all K-Series

models can be equipped with a bin

lift to handle bins from between 120

and 1280 litres. The K-Series is also

fitted as standard with the unique NTM

dual circuit compaction system – a

single valve block assembly with dual

functions operated both electrically

and hydraulically. This feature gives the

true benefit of the override manual

control levers, enabling operation to

continue should the electrical system

develop a fault.

On-board weighing equipment is

available on request, as are a number

of other enhancements such as a

semi-automatic bin lift and kits for

the collection of biowaste. The diverse

choice of chassis on which the body

can be mounted enables this model to

offer a variety of refuse collection and

street cleaning operations.

NTM produces other rear

loading refuse collection vehicles

such as the KG-Series, with a highly

durable tensile steel body designed

specifically for long life, reliability and

low-cost maintenance requirements.

This model is manufactured for both

two-and three-axle chassis between

14 to 26 tonnes. These come with

similar features to the K-Series model,

although they can also be equipped

with a fully automatic split bin lift ideal

for domestic refuse and recycling

collections.

The NTM range has also seen

the introduction of recent additions

as Paul Westley explains: ‘Four years

ago, the company unveiled a new

four compartment recycling collection

vehicle, which is currently being sold

across Scandinavia. Such is the success

of this that we will now be releasing it

into other markets such as the UK as

well.’ The NTM Quatro is designed to

achieve maximum collection efficiency

in separation at source collections. It

operates with specially designed

four compartment bins and utilizes

the unique space efficient pendulum

principle. This means that compaction

is achieved, in all compartments

with a cycle time allowing for all

bin compartments to be emptied

simultaneously within 20 seconds.

* For further information contact

[email protected]

Above: the NTM K2K 70-30

split body FOCSA 15t. Left:

the NTM K-Series BATH 7.5t.



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PRODUCT NEWS • COLLECT ION AND TRANSPORT SPEC IAL

The newly launched Sennebogen

818 has been designed specifically

to suit the arduous conditions

found in waste and recycling. A key

advantage, claims the manufacturer,

is that the design of this new 19.5-

tonne operating weight recycling

machine is the result of direct input

from operators, and as such, it should

set new standards in its class.

Taking into account safety

concerns, it’s interesting to note that

the 818 has a rear end swing radius

of just 2.3 metres and an overall total

width of 2.5 metres, making it agile

and easy to use in often cramped

material recovery facilities (MRFs)

and recycling sites.

Boom length in standard form

is 9.2 metres and, when fitted with

an attachment such as a five-tine

‘orange peel’ grab, the hydraulics are

capable of providing the operator

with fine and sensitive control

movements that can increase

productivity in sorting and picking

operations, while reducing driver

fatigue. A choice of outrigger and/or

dozer blade configurations increases

that versatility, tailoring the machine

exactly to the type of operation.

A key feature of the new 818 is

that the boom and stick are controlled

by a single hydraulic cylinder. This

provides for improved protection of

these components, while fewer parts

help reduce downtime and whole

life costs. Additionally, the boom

cylinder is ‘reverse assembled’ so that

no dirt is deposited on the front of

the cylinder, while at the same time,

providing for a better pipe run for the

hydraulics.

Underlining the ‘built for the job’

philosophy, the 97 kW 818 features a

new ‘encapsulated ventilation space’

which directs the cooling air to the

outside and not through the engine

compartment. This allows for an

inclined – and very large – radiator

which, when coupled with a large

core design, reduces the chance

of dust sticking to the cooling

fins. Unlike the current trend in

construction machines, Sennebogen

is keen to report that ‘no unnecessary

electronics’ are included in the design

of this waste handler – worth stating

in conditions where electronics are

known to fail. In contrast, however,

there will soon be ‘an electric motor

equipped’ Sennebogen waste

handler for operations where zero

emissions are of prime consideration.

* For info visit sennebogen.com.

BENEFITING FROM CUSTOMER INPUT

The Sennebogen 818



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Many facilities are now turning to

alternative fuels for heat and power

generation. Such materials tend to

be bulky and difficult to handle, and

while considerable attention is paid

to the generation process, it is not

unusual for reception and handling

to be an afterthought.

The design of the reception of

materials into the plant can make

or break a successful project. Just

how do you get tonnes of material

from the road transport and into

your plant reliably? The answer used

to be ‘not easily’. But now the new

‘Toploader’ (EU Patent 882390) from

Dutch company, Spiro, takes the

headache out of solid fuel reception.

The Toploader enables the

delivery truck to back in and discharge

its load into the bunker. When the

delivery is complete and the truck

has gone, a carriage automatically

moves over the material. An arm is

lowered at the front of the pile which

is equipped with a small bucket. This

then drags a small load of material

to the back of the bunker, where it

can be discharged onto a conveyor

which takes the material to the

generator. The process repeats itself

when the generator calls for more

material. It can handle all manner of

bulky products such as wood chip,

solid recovered fuel (SRF), sawdust,

compost and animal waste – to

name but a few. Such materials are

famously difficult to convey. The

Toploader resolves this by delivering

small amounts when required. This

allows the process to keep the

material moving and eliminates

many of the handling problems that

can often otherwise be encountered.

Large volumes of material can

be stored even if the discharge rate

is small. This means that savings

can be made by ensuring that a

full truckload is delivered rather than

having to pay a premium for a part

load. As the truck can discharge its

load and go, there are no additional

costs resulting from the driver waiting

on-site. Furthermore, the need to

own a front loader vehicle and pay

for the operator is eliminated, helping

to keep operating costs down.

When compared to other

types of alternative fuel reception

technologies, the Toploader has

competitive capital costs. It has

the added advantage that it

can often be constructed on an

existing flat concrete floor. There

is no requirement to dig a pit for

the actuators as these are all fitted

overhead. The discharge point is well

above ground level, allowing plenty

of height to mount the onward

conveyor.

The Toploader only draws power

when it is moving material. For a

microgeneration heat and power

project, this is crucial as it increases

the amount of energy available for

export and therefore increases the

scheme’s profitability.

Where a heat or power project

needs to receive large volumes of

alternative fuels, the Toploader is

ideal. It is simple to operate and

simple to maintain. With a low

purchase cost and low running costs,

it is the key to a successful project.

* For more information contact sales@

spiro.nl or visit www.spiro-floor.com

COST-EFFECTIVE MATERIALS HANDLING

MORE UNDERGROUND DEVELOPMENTS

Well-known German waste container

systems manufacturer, Bauer

GmbH, has extended its product

range with the introduction of

a new underground container

system, Model GTR. Ideal for both

upgrading existing city downtown

areas and new developments, the

GTR meets the highest standards of

environmental engineering together

with the economy needed in these

difficult financial times.

Above ground, all the general

public sees is a stylish stainless

‘receptor’ column mounted on an

anti-skid pavement panel, which

hinges for access to the underground

container. A key feature of this new

design is that, in addition to crucial

requirements such as reduced

noise levels and anti-odour/rodent

capability, the receptor can be used

by children and wheelchair users.

Underground, the concrete outer

lining installation (the bunker) and

the removable galvanized metal inner

container for the waste or recyclable

materials are to a patented design,

with a self-closing platform that

guarantees operator safety at all times

– even when the container is in the

process of being lifted.

Underground storage and

retrieval systems are now seen as

offering major advantages in that

different waste factions can be pre-

sorted and kept separate during the

entire collection and disposal process.

This avoids cross-contamination,

while ensuring the best possible price

is obtained for those factions with a

recyclable value.

Underground systems also offer

greater versatility in terms of collection

as larger capacity containers can be

stored completely out of sight from

the public and without the risk of

vandalism or unsightly appearance in

busy downtown areas where space

is at a premium. This has the added

bonus that collection trucks can be

programmed to call less often in order

to pick up the same volume of waste

(than existing smaller containers) and

therefore reduce noise levels and

disruption to residents and visitors

during busy periods. In warm climates,

the use of underground containers

has the added benefit of keeping all

the waste material out of the reach

of the Sun’s rays, thus reducing odour

levels and fly infestation.

* For more information email info@

bauer-suedlohn.de

The GTR underground collection system.



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PLANT AND WASTE RECYCLING SHOW8th, 9th & 10th June 2010

Paignton’s Seaside Venue Hosts

the 25th Annual Show Booking Now!!

20% discount

on all stands

for early bookings!!

Government Business National Awards - Presented to local authority plant and waste recycling teams - taking place in the show’s main pavilion2010 National Skip Hire & Waste Transfer Station Awards - Recognising excellence in staff performance - nominated by their peers and Managers.

South West Recycling Forum Conference - Show attended by over 350 Local Authority Offi cersQuality and relevant show visitors guaranteed over the 3 days of PAWRS

For further information please call: 01962 870355 or email [email protected] fi nd out more about the location and the business benefi ts of exhibiting please visit www.PAWRS.co.uk

• FREE FORKLIFT SERVICES • FREE CAR PARK & SHUTTLE BUS TO AND FROM THE SHOW • FREE HOLDING BAYS • PAVILLION PRICES INCLUDE A SHELL SCHEME, ELECTRIC POINTS & LIGHTING

PRODUCT NEWS • COLLECT ION AND TRANSPORT SPEC IAL

INCREASED PROTECTION

The Caterpillar Corporation offers

one of the widest ranges of ‘industry

specific’ machines that are designed

and built to meet waste and recycling

sector applications. The

CAT ‘Waste Handler’

range is factory built to

incorporate machine

protection, pre-cleaner

filtration for air intakes, and

reverse flow, wide core

cooling systems to avoid

engine overheating in the

dust-laden environments

found in waste and

recycling applications.

One such example

of this approach is the

930H waste handler –

a 14-tonne machine

weight wheeled loader.

The 930H waste handler

incorporates the ‘Versalink’

front linkage – available in

both standard and ‘high

lift’ configurations (the latter primarily

to aid the fast and safe loading of

refuse bulker trailers) which, with a

CAT high dump bucket achieves load-

over heights of up to 5.05 metres.

Advanced traction-aiding technology

enables the 100% full locking front

axle to be engaged ‘on the fly’ (when

moving at up to 10 kph), while a

limited slip differential (LSD) is

optional on the rear axle for especially

slippery surfaces.

While the 930H can be fitted with

either standard or puncture-resistant

20.5-R25 L5 tyres, the recently available

CAT ‘Flexport’ tyre can be specified as

an option. These solid rubber tyres

have a longer life in arduous conditions

and can offer major improvements in

downtime.

The 930H comes with factory-

fitted guards to protect the

driver, the drivetrain, the power

unit and radiator, while load-

sensing hydraulics help provide

the operator with a safer and

more comfortable working

environment. Single joystick

control together with ‘dual

mode’ (quick steer) steering

also help to reduce fatigue on

long shifts; with this unique

system, the number of steering

wheel turns from lock-to-lock

are reduced from 2.5 to 0.5.

Maintenance times are

also reduced thanks to the

wide-space radiator cooling

cores and auto-reversing fan,

while a turbo pre-cleaner is

designed to increase the life of

the air cleaner.

* For more information visit www.cat.

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COLLECTION AND TRANSPORT SPECIAL • JOINING THE UNDERGROUND (PART 1)

Joining the underground (Part 1)

The Kliko Terberg Zijlader (sideloader) system

The KTZ system is a fully integrated underground waste collection

system requiring specialized equipment but, as Malcolm Bates

discovers during a visit to Antwerp, it removes the dangers associated

with lifting loaded waste containers by hydraulic crane and can be

used with ground level container installations…

Already in operation in a number of European cities,

the KTZ system has several major advantages

over existing waste collection systems and one big

disadvantage – it doesn’t come cheap.

Let’s explore that ‘disadvantage’ first and get it

out of the way, because what we should be looking at here are

the advantages. The disadvantage is that, as the KTZ system was

designed to incorporate several big advances in waste

and recyclable materials collection technology, it

requires a ‘fully integrated’ plan to install it.

In other words, the key card technology

used in the ‘receptors’, the GPS-linked

container sites, the containers themselves

and even the automatic sequence side-

loading collection trucks have all been

designed to work together. And as

such they are unique to the KTZ

system. Nothing else currently at

work in your city’s waste collection

fleet will be of any use. So existing

fleets will need to be replaced in order

to gain the most in terms of efficiency.

And however you cut it, that’s going to

be expensive.

Making the decision to install the

KTZ system is one that will be taken at

the highest level, as it will involve considerable

planning, investment and a not insignificant amount

of disruption while being installed. Is it worth it? To judge

that, it’s essential to put aside everything you currently know

about the waste business and approach the KTZ system with a

fresh pair of eyes and an open mind. It theory, it sounds complex,

but following an extensive briefing by technical staff at Dutch

equipment manufacturer Terberg and those working for Kliko,

the waste container manufacturer partner in the project, I’m now

in the Belgian city of Antwerp to see how the KTZ system works

in ‘real life’.

Let’s start by looking at the various elements that go to

make up ‘the system’. One of the main reasons for considering

it in the first place is that it offers underground waste container

storage and handling capability. In other words, all the unpleasant

elements that residents currently have to look at everyday

are taken away and buried in purpose-built sealed concrete

‘silos’. These silos each contain one 3 m3 container and feature

a hydraulic ram-operated hinged metal lid. On that

is mounted the receptor, into which residents

place their waste or recyclable materials. These

receptors are available in different designs

and can be colour-coded (or labelled) to

indicate what materials can be deposited

in them.

Collection ‘on demand’

The key point here is that each

container – several are normally

sited together in a ‘nest’ – has a

specifically designated waste stream.

In effect this means that residents

are segregating each waste stream at

source, making collection and disposal

much easier as no further sorting of each

waste stream should be required. Typically,

there will be four or five containers located

together – with one each for residual household

waste, packaging materials and/or paper, cardboard,

glass and plastics. Because the containers are well-sealed, the

KTZ installation could include a food waste container as well.

In addition, because the container installations are ‘intelligent’

and can be ‘interrogated’ to ascertain how full they are without

the silo lid having to be lifted, the normal problem of estimating

collection periods between each visit from the collection vehicle

can be made ‘on demand’.

As a result, considerable time can be saved by cutting out

visits to containers that are not yet full. It is the ‘intelligent data

Harry

Achterberg

of Kliko




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collection’ aspect of the KTZ system that, while adding to the

initial purchase and installation costs, should play a major role in

saving money once in service. And because an ‘historical’ map

can be made of each container loading pattern (through the data

from each resident’s personal key card, the total number of visits,

the weight of waste deposited in each receptor and the weight of

each full container as recorded on the collection truck), it should

be possible to not only plan the optimum collection frequency

(so only full containers are lifted), but also to use the collected

data to plot waste volumes in each district, to calculate recycling

percentage ratios and, ultimately, to determine the capacity of

any new waste handling facility required in future.

‘Pay-per-visit’ technology

These benefits are vital in helping to plan for the future, but the

technology developed by Terberg and its partner in the KTZ project,

Kliko, was actually developed for a more controversial purpose – to

facilitate a faster, easier collection system that could be operated

by one person, i.e. the collection truck driver. Yes, in cities with a

high unemployment level, replacing a large crew of loaders with

automatic machinery is controversial. But even more of an issue is

that the data collection capability was designed to make it possible to

charge residents for each visit they make to a waste receptor.

‘Pay-by-weight’ (or ‘pay-as-you-throw’) technology has been

seized on by some in our industry as the only way forward

because it enables city authorities to charge families who choose

not to reduce their total output by recycling. While installing chips

on each conventional waste container gives a reasonable picture,

the KTZ system has the advantage of knowing exactly which

residents in any community are recycling and which ones are not.

But as Harry Achterberg of Kliko explains, the data collection

capability of the KTZ system can be a vital management tool

even in cities where collection costs are met out of local taxes. ‘In

The Terberg side-loading collection vehicle is lined up beside the

KTZ silo ready for the hydraulic-electric silo lid to be raised. Note

the safety bars to prevent pedestrians getting too close

LEFT: Loader arms lift the special container vertically to avoid spillage. Unlike the

bottom-dump containers used in some systems, KTZ containers are leak-proof

RIGHT: The loader arms tip the container directly into the loading hopper. There is

a ‘sideshift’ facility to ensure the arms engage squarely onto the container so as to

avoid the need to reposition the truck if it is not parked squarely onto the silo

addition to providing a detailed picture of the tonnages deposited

in each container, the individual key card helps prevent vandalism

and by presenting a clean, modern image, we’re convinced it will

make it easier to keep the surrounding areas free from fly-tipped

material, as well as reducing infestation of flies and rodents in

residential areas,’ he explained.

That’s the container installation explained, so how about the

mechanics of the system? To find out more, I was invited to go

out with the installation team from Kliko and Terberg as they put

the final touches to the installation in the historic Belgian port of

Antwerp. By the time you read this, the system will have gone ‘live’

following initial trials in selected districts. It was worth the visit.



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Obviously, the number (or frequency) of container ‘nests’

depends on the density of housing, but one of the toughest

neighbourhoods in which to collect domestic waste has to be

high-rise apartment blocks where normal containers are subject

to vandalism. But equally difficult is getting a waste collection

vehicle into narrow ‘old quarter’ city centre streets where

apartments, shops and small businesses are all mixed together

without causing disruption to residents or tourists.

Live in Antwerp

It’s in both these scenarios where the KTZ system performs

well. I visited a typical 1960s housing development close to

the port area that is now home to the poorer elements of

Antwerp residents (many of whom are elderly) and more recent

waves of immigrants. As such developments tend to house a

disproportionate number of unemployed, they’re often doubly

difficult to keep clean and tidy. So it was interesting to note

the KTZ containers were being used as intended, the area was

clean and tidy, and as Harry Achterberg explained, even though

a ‘pay-by-visit’ regime was used in Antwerp, those who were

unemployed or on low incomes were not excluded as special

‘credits’ could be loaded onto their key cards as part of benefit

payments. Equally, of course, ‘rewards’ or discounts on local

property taxes could be devised to incentivize greater recycling.

A key aspect of the KTZ system is that each container is used

for a specific designated waste stream. I note that today we’re

collecting residual household waste with the 26-tonne three axle

side-loading collection truck. Based on a Paccar DAF chassis

with a steering non-driven rearmost axle, it’s still a big truck in

the narrow roads in this neighbourhood. But as all the driver

has to do is get alongside the hinged silo lid in each installation,

it’s an easier job that reversing into numerous courtyards where

traditional 1100-litre wheeled containers would typically be

found.

Terberg claims that each container cab be accessed, lifted,

emptied and returned back into its silo within 3–3.5 minutes.

That might not sound especially fast, but as I was to discover,

it is a semi-automated process. And as the kerbside silos can be

protected by ‘no parking’ signs, it should make the collection

round (route) much easier to plan. So let’s run through the

procedure...

The KTZ system is designed for pay-by-weight regimes, but key

card controlled receptors can be used free of charge by poor or

elderly residents by adding credits to the card. Kliko technology

also measures the weight of waste deposited at each visit.



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JOINING THE UNDERGROUND (PART 1) • COLLECTION AND TRANSPORT SPECIAL


All the controls on the electronic panel in the truck cab are

‘sequential’ in that each one has to be completed before the next

can be activated. The first job is to drop three jackleg stabilizers that

in effect ‘lock’ the truck chassis to the highway. This seems to take

quite a while and needs doing for each separate ‘lift’, but as each

fully-loaded container can weigh up to two tonnes – to which has

to be added the considerable extra weight of the twin loading arms

– the stabilizers are essential for stability. With the legs down, the

extendable safety barriers fitted onto the truck (to prevent residents

falling into the open silo) are dropped down and the loader arms

lowered from the transit position. After that, a telescopic ‘probe’ is

activated to provide the electrical power via the truck’s own 24-volt

supply to lift the silo lid. With the silo lid raised, the twin loader arms

are positioned above two slots in the top edge of each container and

once located – thanks to a bank of CCTV cameras outside and high

resolution screens in the truck cab – the ISO twistlocks are activated.

So, what happens if the locks haven’t engaged correctly?

Nothing – load sensing built into the arms prevents them being

lifted. With the green light showing on the control panel, I can

move onto the next operation which is to lift the loaded container

up into the hopper mounted behind the cab. Expecting this to be

the hard part, I was impressed to find that not only is the entire

process automatic from here on in, but the system remembers the

return path, so the container pops straight back into the silo without

the need to ‘jiggle’, crash, or bang it against the side of the silo.

Incidentally, if the technology does go wrong, a manual step-by-step

control panel enables the driver to over-ride the automatic safety

interlocks. With the container back in its silo, all that’s needed is to

close the lid, fold the arms into transit mode, close the hinged lid

over the loading hopper, retract the jacks and drive to the next ‘nest’.

Conclusions

The KTZ system needs its own special containers and, while

it uses a side-loading collection vehicle that at first glance looks

like any other, in practice those special ISO twistlock-equipped

loader arms are also unique. But underground ‘silos’ are not

essential. In locations where excavation isn’t possible, a ground

level – but still secure – alternative can be specified using the

same container design. This might sound like a contradiction, but

it does at least enable a city-wide switchover to be made without

incurring the entire cost of installation in the first year.

Why might your city want to ‘go underground’? The ability

to gather data and provide an anti-vandal environment is ideal in

residential areas, while the advantages of hiding waste containers

out-of-sight in downtown areas where business people and

tourists don’t have to see them could have considerable financial

benefits in attracting more visitors to any ‘old quarter’ – and

ensuring they return. The containers also offer considerable

improvement to waste collection in markets and other large civic

venues.

In addition to the new installation in Antwerp, KTZ

installations are also working in the Belgian city of Mechelen,

Winterswijk in Holland, Dublin in Ireland and Ljubljana in

Slovenia. It seems the underground movement is growing...

Malcolm Bates is collection & transport correspondent for

Waste Management World.


■ This article is on-line. Please visit www.waste-management-world.com



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Joining the underground (Part 2)

Sotkon’s system promotes crane-based collection

Portugal might not have a reputation as a major manufacturing

centre, but as Malcolm Bates reports from the Algarve, it’s where the

Sotkon underground waste container storage system is produced.

Designed to meet the demands of waste disposal in Mediterranean

climates, he is convinced it could have a wider global market.


We don’t need to debate this issue in too much

detail but a combination of hot sun, enough

tourists to increase the population of a resort

town by a factor of three and heaps of waste do

not go well together!

Tourists visit coastal holiday resorts to enjoy themselves. On

that ‘to do’ list might be ‘play golf ’, ‘visit a night club or casino’

or just simply ‘sit on the beach all day with a cool beer’. What is

unlikely to be on that list is ‘get woken up at 4am by refuse truck

crew dropping metal containers in the alley beside hotel’, or

‘choke on the smell of rotting food waste containers while visiting

the local market in the old quarter of the city’.

On the face of it, issues such as having to send refuse truck

crews out very early in the morning to get the work done before

the sun gets too hot, or finding ways to prevent paying guests

being woken (when most of them have only just gone to bed)

could be seen as a odd starting point for the design of a new

waste container storage and handling system. But that’s very

much what we have in the Sotkon underground waste container

storage system.

The original design brief was to enable busy (but not

especially financially well-off) municipalities with large numbers

of tourists to remove refuse containers from view, while at the

same time reducing infestation from rodents and flies – and of

course the odour associated with conventional waste containers

in public places. It would be nice to suggest that all municipalities

throughout the world would want to do this for the benefit of its

residents, but the fact remains, it’s often tourist dollars that drive

inner city infrastructure developments.

A few years ago, the Portimao municipality on the Algarve

in Portugal had considered a move over to wheeled containers

– either individual 240-litre units or larger 1100-litre communal

containers. However, there are a number of problems associated

with their widespread adoption in busy, congested old parts of

towns of which easy access by collection crews was just one

issue. There was also another factor to consider – the need to

continually improve recycling ratios; for if there were already

problems accommodating one waste container for each shop or

cafe, it was likely to prove impossible to accommodate three, five

or more individual recycling ‘fraction’ containers in the same

space.

Luis Barbosa Fernandes, director

of EMARP, the municipally owned

company that looks after waste

collection and disposal in the

Portimao area (right) with Joao

Martins, marketing director of Sotkon



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No more nasty smells

The solution? More regular collection of smaller containers was

an option, but any added costs would have to be paid for out of

taxes levied on the all-year-round residents.

The alternative? All the waste containers

could be made bigger if they were buried

underground, increasing waste capacity

which, in turn, helps promote greater

flexibility in collection frequency.

Going underground also had the

advantage of putting the waste

containers out of sight.

The Algarve attracts

traditional sun-seeking tourists

in the summer months as well

as large numbers of golfers at

either end of the season when

temperatures are a bit more in

tune with some physical effort!

From an economic viewpoint

that’s a good thing for Portimao.

From a waste handling perspective,

however, the influx of visitors increases

the population of the town from its

normal 44,000 to three times that figure.

‘This placed a serious strain on resources,’

explains Luis Barbosa Fernandes who is head of the

municipally owned waste, recycling, street cleansing and grounds

maintenance organization, EMARP (Empresa Municipal de Água

e Resíduos de Portimão). The tonnages of waste collected also

increase dramatically at the very time of year when the summer heat

makes the task more stressful for the crews.

But which underground system to go for? Narrow congested

streets ruled out larger collection trucks and the

headroom needed for systems requiring a side-

loader, while crane handling systems (those

that lift containers up directly into the

loading hoppers of compaction-type

refuse collection vehicles) were

ruled out by the large numbers

of overhead cables, signs and

overhanging balconies in the

town. ‘Ideally we required

a system that enabled us to

use conventional rear loading

collection vehicles with

container lifters, while storing

suitable containers out of sight

underground,’ Luis explained.

And essentially, that is the beauty

of the Sotkon system – it allows

existing designs of refuse collection

vehicle (RCV) to be used.

How is this possible? Essentially,

the Sotkon 3 m3 capacity underground

storage containers have the same length and

width as a current 1100-litre wheeled container. This

enables existing twin-arm binlifters (as used on 1100-litre type

containers) to also pick up Sotkon units. The Sotkon container

doesn’t, however, have wheels so it can’t run away down a steep

JOINING THE UNDERGROUND (PART 2) • COLLECTION AND TRANSPORT SPECIAL

Typical Sotkon underground

container ‘nest’ site with a

separate container for each

waste/recyclable material



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slope. And in line with the original design brief to reduce noise,

Sotkon containers are not made of metal or injection-moulded

hard plastic, but of rubberized plastic. So they are safer in use

and make very little noise when being handled – it is claimed.

So how are these containers ‘lifted’ out of their underground

silos and moved to the rear of the collection vehicle hopper if

they can’t be wheeled? The answer, as the picture illustrates, is by

a small crane. Unlike other crane-based underground systems,

however, the crane used by the Sotkon system differs in that it

isn’t used to both lift and empty the container into the hopper of

the truck. Its only function is to lift the Sotkon container out of

the precast concrete silo up to ground level, slewing it from the

side of the collection vehicle to the rear of the hopper (Sotkon

silos are normally arranged in ‘nests’ of several units located

by the kerbside). The crane hook is then unhitched before the

binlifter empties the container. When this has been done, the

crane hook is hitched on again and the container swung back

into its silo. The only ‘special’ modification is the fitting of

the loader crane onto existing

collection vehicles or new units.

Significantly during a time of

global recession, ‘retrofitting’

cuts out the need to pay for a

whole new collection fleet and

the installation of the silos in

one budget year.

A key advantage

Is splitting the process into

two distinct operations an

unnecessary waste of time

and effort? That was my initial

reaction when I first saw the

Sotkon system at the 2009

Entsorga event in Cologne,

Germany. But having observed

both a day and night shift with

EMARP crews in Portimao, I

have to say that at just over three

minutes for each container lift,

the Sotkon system compares well

with any other alternative while

having the added advantage of

enabling otherwise standard

designs of RCV to be used. EMARP uses an all Volvo/Haller fleet of

two-axle 19-tonne gross units; the 1.8-tonne lift capacity telescopic

crane is mounted directly onto the roof of each compaction body via

a steel plate containing the slew ring.

According to Joao Martins, marketing director at Sotkon,

part of the reason why the crane can be smaller and lighter is

because it only has to lift from below ground up to ground level,

and not the entire container to a height where it can discharge

directly into the RCV hopper. ‘This means we can use a lighter

construction, smaller cylinders and less oil. But it’s also safer

in operation, I would suggest,’ he explains. ‘Also important in

urban situations is that unlike other competitive systems, our

customers don’t need to increase the wheelbase of the collection

truck chassis in order for the crane to be mounted on the chassis

behind the cab, or alternatively reduce body capacity by having

to shorten the body to make space for the crane,’ he adds. He’s

right – that’s a key advantage. Also, a conventional open-topped

tipping body with chassis-mounted lorry loader crane can also

be used for recyclable materials such as paper and cardboard if

required – which helps reduce costs further.

So how well does the Sotkon system perform in real life?

Thanks to the co-operation of Luis Barbosa Fernandes and the

municipality of Portimao, I can confirm it performs really well.

The ‘nests’ of underground storage containers are normally

located by the kerbside and are used by residents of apartment

blocks, small business premises and in more modern ‘retail parks’.

The hinged 1850 x 1850 mm Sotkon silo covers can be located

on verges or under pedestrian areas; being secure, they do not

have to be tucked away out of sight as conventional containers do.

This saves collection time. EMARP statistics gathered over

a two-year period suggest each vehicle working on Sotkon

containers will ‘pack’ in 10 extra hours per week (that is actually

working rather than waiting) with one less crew member (from

three down to two). On a city-wide fleet that adds up to a much

greater collection rate per vehicle, taking into account the fact

that each Sotkon container is

located by the kerbside and

takes a 3 m3 load per tip.

One of the other

key advantages of using

underground containers is that

existing courtyards currently

used to store wheeled

containers can be freed up.

The space available enables

commercial waste companies

to offer their clients a solution

to the restricted car parking

in downtown areas. With the

value of each individual car

parking slot worth hundreds

of dollars a year in potential

rent in some cities that could

help make the installation of

an underground system far

more cost-effective than you

might otherwise expect.

Certainly, the Portimao

authorities are convinced of

the savings that come from

installing an underground

system and Luis Barbosa Fernandes is keen to welcome ISWA

members to see the Sotkon system in action. Although there is a

certain amount of disruption while each silo pit is excavated (Joao

Martins suggests this only takes two days from start to finish per

container ‘nest’), it is reported that residents currently not on

underground containers are keen to be part of the ‘underground

movement’. The installation costs will obviously vary in different

parts of the world, but EMARP’s figures suggest that installing an

underground system as part of an inner city refurbishment could

help bring in enough extra tourist dollars to pay back the costs.

Malcolm Bates is collection and transport correspondent for




With lid raised, the crane mounted on the

RCV is used to raise the waste container out

of the silo, placing it in front of the binlifter



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COLLECTION AND TRANSPORT SPECIAL • TEAM EFFORT

Team effortThe story behind the new low entry cab from Volvo

Despite several attempts over the years, Volvo Truck & Bus Ltd has never

produced a really good easy entry ‘crew cab’ for waste applications. But

now one of the largest truck manufacturers on the planet has teamed

up with a specialist manufacturer in Belgium to produce a low-entry cab

refuse collection chassis/cab. Malcolm Bates gives you the lowdown.

Over the years, several major truck manufacturers

have tried to produce a ‘municipal’ chassis for refuse

collection operations. At one time, this involved an

extra heavy duty chassis, larger diameter clutch

and a low ratio gearbox – not to mention axles and

springs that would survive life on a rough landfill haul road. But

above all, it required a cab to take up to six crew.

Today? The priorities are different. For a start, apart from

the developing world markets and more sparsely populated rural

areas, fewer refuse collection vehicles (RCVs) have to venture

off-highway twice a day to tip these days. Waste transfer sites are

now a feature of most urban areas so it’s traffic congestion, the

demands of recycling and the costs associated with legal action

by staff, injured while working, that are the priorities.

The need for ‘a crew cab’ is also much reduced for the simple

reason that a refuse collection crew – which during my early

career as ‘a waste collection operative’ was typically the driver

and five loaders – is now more likely to be the driver and two

loaders, or increasingly, just the driver and one loader in urban

areas. And just the driver in rural areas or on automatic side

loading systems like the Terberg ‘KTZ system’ featured in the

article on page 21.

So does that mean there’s no need for a special chassis and

cab configuration for waste and recycling collections? Far from

it. In fact, a look at how most developed nations collect waste

today will show that the need for a specialist ‘low cab’ chassis

(with the engine behind the cab rather than under it) and the

right combination of axles, suspension and exhaust system is

increasingly necessary.

A growing demand

When the politically motivated trend for ‘privatization’ started to

spread from the USA to Europe during the 1980s, many predicted

the end of the specialized manufacturers as commercial waste

operators ‘made do’ with cheaper-to-buy standard truck chassis.

Although some specialist manufacturers sadly went down, there

is now a growing demand for special low entry cab options.

One of the first Volvo ‘FEC’ low cab 6x2 rear steer

chassis for waste collection operations was a UK-spec

machine with right-hand steering, but a left-hand

steering version will be available shortly. Current use

of a flat roof panel will be changed to a higher sleeper

cab version to improve headroom inside the cab

Why? In a word – health and safety legislation (OK, make

that four words!). As crews have got fewer in number, so the

workload of those remaining has become more stressful. At

one time, in many markets, it was forbidden on safety grounds

for the driver to get out of the cab while the truck engine and

power take-off (PTO) were running. This meant the crew did all

the loading. Today, the advent of full air brakes and the almost

universal adoption of automatic transmissions with a ‘park’ lock

allow the driver to leave the cab with the truck engine running.

But smaller crew numbers also means that driver and crew have

to enter and exit the cab hundreds of times a day – especially

where crews riding on rear steps is forbidden.




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COLLECTION AND TRANSPORT SPECIAL • TEAM EFFORT


TEAM EFFORT • COLLECTION AND TRANSPORT SPECIAL

Unfortunately, even reducing the height of the cab door step

is a major problem. On most standard haulage (line-haul) truck

chassis, the cab floor level is a compromise of competing factors

– of which ground clearance and the need to get cool air into the

radiator are just the most obvious. At the same time, lowering the

cab is of little practical value on waste collection duties if the low

step height it creates continues to be matched to a narrow door

step width. Why? Whereas most regular truck drivers climb in

and out facing the actual truck cab, the key feature of a low entry

cab RCV is that the crew should be able to exit facing outwards

without having to duck their heads, or involve any other move

that might promote a fall – or a claim for repetitive strain injury

compensation.

A good attempt

If that all sounds rather obvious, then I have to tell you it is

something that even some of the world’s largest brands have

failed to get right. What do I know? Having worked on the design

of a low cab RCV way back in 1971, I know enough to spot a

good attempt when I see one. And I’ve recently spent the day

looking over just such a ‘good attempt’ – the recently introduced

Volvo LEC (low entry cab).

If you follow such things, you’ll already know that Volvo’s

main Scandinavian rival, Scania, already has a low cab option

available. And if you like to weave some ‘history’ into your

current job, you’ll probably also know that Volvo has tried to

engineer a ‘municipal crew cab’ several times over the years

without any major success in sales terms.

It’s not an easy job to do, as in today’s safety conscious

(and cost conscious) world, it’s essential that as many ‘standard’

pressed steel panels and other components from mainstream

production cabs as possible are used. Unfortunately, any special

parts that are needed tend to cost far more in proportion and can,

if fitted ‘off-line’, have serious warranty issues should they fail in

later life. In contrast to engineering pressures to compromise, it’s

always much easier to start with a ‘clean slate’ when it comes to a

new ‘concept’ such as a low entry cab. The secret to success is to

balance the two. And again, looking at the cab and chassis design

of the Volvo LEC, I have to say, ‘the balance’ looks pretty good.

So how has it been done? Obviously a standard Volvo (and

shared with Renault) FE cab was the starting point. And equally

obviously, like rivals Scania, in order to drop the cab down in

height, there has been a corresponding need to mount it further

forward – increasing the front overhang. This whole issue of

‘balance’ is central to the success (or failure) of such a project and

at the heart of it is the shape of a standard production cab door

and frame. Luckily, the shape of the Volvo FE cab door seems

to lend itself well to its new configuration and, interestingly, this

has been well-matched to the next difficult compromise – how

to re-engineer the cab floor while utilizing the standard haulage

(line-haul) truck dash panel and instruments.

Mainstream truck cabs don’t need large areas of flat floor, but

waste collection trucks do as the loaders have to be able to stand

inside the cab to put on (and take off) wet weather gear and still

be able to walk out forward-facing in complete safety without

slipping. Again, this is the area where some manufacturers keen

to win a slice of the market have failed. Indeed, on the first few

Volvo LECs completed – like the unit I was able to try at the

Warwick HQ of Volvo Truck & Bus UK – the ‘stand-up’ issue

wasn’t fully achieved because a basic day cab flat roof design was

used. But I understand this issue has now been addressed and a

taller cab roof pressing from a sleeper cab will be used in future

to give increased headroom. This will also have the advantage of

improving the overall look of the vehicle as a higher cab roof will

mould into the front of the waste compaction body to produce a

more streamlined shape.

Automatically lowered step

That’s the concept then. So how does the LEC look in detail?

Inside, the cab floor is quite flat around the kerbside step and the

whole design does enable the crew of up to three loaders to enter

in one movement and exit facing forwards. Here Volvo’s expertise

as a major bus and coach manufacturer comes into play as, when

the truck stops by the kerb, the air suspension ‘dumps’ to lower

the bottom step height by 110 mm. This brings the first step to

within 440 mm of the ground – and much less against a kerb. Is

it a gimmick? No, it’s a useful safety feature and it does work.

The cab is an interesting mix of a standard Volvo FE

cab with a flat floor and without engine intrusion, so as

to make way for up to three crew plus driver

Using bus industry proven ‘kneeling’ air suspension, the driver can drop the

chassis over 100 mm from normal ride-height to facilitate improved crew ease of

entry. It does make a major difference



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TEAM EFFORT • COLLECTION AND TRANSPORT SPECIAL


The other ‘odd’ feature of the LEC cab is ... it’s ‘odd’! Or

asymmetric to be more precise. The floor on the driver’s side

has to contain the pedals (obviously), but at the same time

dropping the driver’s eyeline too low is not a good idea as it

increases the blind spot in front of the front screen. The LEC

uses the same basic door design as that used on the kerbside,

but it has a higher lip and exposed step so as to allow for a flat

footboard inside. The other ‘odd’ feature is that there is no side

window aft of the B-post on the driver’s side, but there is on the

kerbside. Again this is a good idea as it gives a storage space for

wet weather gear behind the driver’s seat.

Chassis-wise, there are numerous changes to the standard

models, but as Volvo is already a major supplier to the waste

and recycling sectors, many of these are already listed options.

Obviously, the lowered, more forward-mounted LEC cab

has involved changes to the front of the chassis, however the

engine/transmission position hasn’t changed from the standard

FE. This should enable the adoption of diesel electric hybrid

drive, ‘Bio-DME’, biofuel engine options and/or the recently

announced ‘tri-axle’ rear bogie to be specified without added

cost.

If this story doesn’t sound especially high-tech or dramatic

well that’s because it isn’t. But perhaps the most amazing part of

the whole project is that the LEC did not originate from Volvo

Truck & Bus Corporate HQ at Gothenburg in Sweden at all.

The initial demand for an alternative low entry cab option came

from commercial waste companies in the UK already operating

Volvo trucks. But as no such model was listed by Volvo – and the

UK no longer has the specialized industry needed to undertake

such a conversion to OEM standards – the idea was put on

hold.

Meanwhile, Volvo engineers in Gothenburg were unable to

sanction a factory design as the actual numbers required – even

on a global level – would be too small for a line build option.

Again, the story takes an interesting twist. With orders for the

LEC concept already promised, Volvo engineers at Volvo in the

UK remembered that specialist manufacturer, Estepe (based in

Belgium) already had considerable expertise and a proven track

record in producing specialized crew cabs for Volvo fire fighter

chassis. While the demands were different, the need for a high

quality factory-warranted product that was suitable for a long

service life was similar. More to the point, smaller specialist

manufacturers can often act more quickly and ...

Well, the fairy tale ending to this story is that while, at

present, only right-hand drive LEC chassis/cabs have been

produced for the UK market, the end product is so ‘right’ it

looks like being available in other European and global markets

soon. Already, several large multinational waste sector PLCs

such as Veolia have placed orders and, of course, the same cab

configuration could offer benefits in urban distribution or other

applications.







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COLLECTION AND TRANSPORT SPECIAL • SMALL WONDER

Small wonderJohnston and Bucher launch ‘dual branded’ sub-compact sweeper

Last time Waste Management World’s Malcolm Bates was at the

Bucher plant in Switzerland, it was to try the then newly announced

‘City Spider’ sub-compact vacuum sweeper – a good attempt

but it lacked power. Now, working with group member, Johnston

Sweepers, Bucher is back with a brand new ‘baby’ ride-on. Malcolm

Bates was the first journalist to drive it.


Let’s get the complicated corporate stuff out the way first.

It should be quite clear to any observer that there are

too many small independent suppliers of equipment to

the scrap, waste, recycling and street cleansing markets

nationally and globally.

On one hand, it’s what makes our jobs challenging. Just

keeping up with new developments is a full-time job for me! But

on the other hand it’s clear that in the mainstream automotive

sector, our industry is in an era of consolidation and merger.

This has already thrown-up some strange ‘partnerships’ – Norba

ended up as a division of Geesink when, from a technical

viewpoint, it should have been the other way around. How both

ended up as part of US manufacturer Oshkosh is another story.

The coming together of bin lifter manufacturer Otto,

compaction body manufacturer HN Logistics and several other

suppliers of bins and containers seemed an excellent idea, but

‘common sense’ doesn’t always work, and design-lead HN

Schorling is now owned by the Spanish Ros Roca Group.

So, how the sale of UK-based manufacturer Johnston

Sweepers to Swiss-based Bucher works out remains to be seen.

Bucher already owned German sweeper manufacturer Schorling

and the Johnston sale included specialist manufacturer Johnston-

Beam. This meant two major previously competing suppliers of

airport sweeping equipment under the same corporate ownership.

Likewise, Johnston and Schorling were often competing against

each other in global markets for municipal street cleansing orders

and, in such circumstances, there is a corporate temptation

to badge the cheapest product in the group portfolio with

whichever brand logo has the greatest chance of sales. Examples

from the car and truck world suggest this is not always the best

way to go, and that even the launch of a genuine jointly produced

new product sold under a ‘dual branding’ policy is much harder

than a room full of Swiss accountants might think.

So, basically, the new Bucher Citycat 1000 and the Johnston

CN101 are the same product – but with numerous detail

differences. Both will be sold in world markets under whichever

brand has the strongest market presence, but it’s quite possible

both versions will be available in markets where large ‘turnkey’

contracts are bid for. In the Pacific Rim where traditionally

Johnston has been a major player, the CN101 will be the main

contender, while in others such as the wider Germanic markets,

the Citycat 1000 will be the strongest contender.

So the big question is – will this little one cubic metre capacity

vacuum sweeper be up to the job? Producing such a physically

small machine (it’s just 600 mm wide and under 2 m high) that

has the capacity to work all shift long without overheating either

the engine or the driver is a tough mission. Creating a sub-

compact design that has enough suction capacity and brushing

power to keep on working in an urban environment without

excessive downtime day-in, day-out for several years is even

harder. In spite of some manufacturers’ claims, many machines

in this capacity class do not tend to last very long.

Transverse power unit

So the news that the Johnston CN101/Bucher Citycat 1000 has

been designed specifically to work a typical northern European-

style week with minimal meal breaks – yet still only needs a 1000-

hour service schedule is a great starting point. Making a major

contribution to higher standards of reliability is the adoption of

a three-cylinder Deutz Diesel oil-cooled engine. And hopefully

adding further to its reliability is the decision to place the power

unit transversally across the chassis frame behind the cab, rather

than towards the rear of the machine.

While the transverse engine location has resulted in a widely

splayed chassis frame, it should help contribute to cooler running.

But I’m convinced that another major benefit of this transverse

location is that it places the mass of the engine and transmission

components nicely between the wheelbase, which helps provide

excellent handling characteristics.

There are several machines in this size class that don’t handle

well on windy days. There are several more that offer clever

design features in theory, but don’t translate into a friendly

environment for the driver – who has to spend hours cooped

up in a confined space. And we’ve already established that from

a service engineer’s viewpoint, there are several more that just

aren’t reliable enough to make the deployment of a fleet of sub-

compact precinct sweepers economical – especially when manual

sweeping and ‘street orderly’ carts are enjoying a revival in city

centres because they offer a highly visual image that the job is

actually being done, together with zero carbon emissions.



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SMALL WONDER • COLLECTION AND TRANSPORT SPECIAL


Sweepers boost tourism

So the fact that after several hours of working with a Johnston-

branded machine, the CN101/Citycat 1000 package offers

significant advances in all three areas – service schedules,

operational safety and driver comfort – should come as welcome

news to any city authority looking to encourage tourism for the

local economy.

What impressed me was that, with only

minimal familiarization, I could work

the machine. Everything was close

to hand and logical (the controls

are similar to the current

Johnston CX200), vision

was excellent and although

there is never going to

be too much space in

the cab of such a small

machine, the provision

of a proper truck-

style suspension

seat made the whole

‘driver experience’

a positive one. But

wait, it gets better ...

What really

impressed me was the

way in which the four-

wheel steering was able

to tackle kerbs. Some

competitive machines

have gone the ‘articulated’

route to help promote stability.

Sometimes this works (the Hako

‘Citymaster’ can be bounced up

high kerbs in enthusiastic style), but

some designs are too lightweight, or unstable

to survive harsh treatment. It is pointless suggesting

operatives shouldn’t hit kerbs at speed – it happens. It’s the

designer’s job to help ensure it doesn’t risk damage to life or

machinery when it does.

So it’s my job to take a brand new machine and find out what

it takes to flip it over, or get it hopelessly ‘grounded’ on a high

kerb. The answer is that it will take a great deal more abuse than

even I would meter out in the name of ‘testing’. The CN-101 I

drove would climb up a steep kerb square on – illustrating that

there was plenty of power available. Or it could be driven up at

an oblique angle without wagging a wheel helplessly in the air, or

catching the wheel-mounted collector box underneath.

Conclusions

There are just a couple of factors that could do with more thought.

First, there is not much room in the cab for driver’s things, such as

a waterproof jacket or anything which might need to go

in a ‘glove’ compartment. The only other ‘issue’

was when sweeping on a steep downgrade

from which I had to then reverse. I was

expecting the (single speed range)

hydrostatic transmission to ‘hold’

the machine while I switched

from forward to reverse

without the parking brake

being required. It didn’t.

As a result, I smashed the

brushes into some cast

iron gates!

The gates were

undamaged. But

amazingly, the sweep

gear of the CN101

survived as well. I’m

told that a stronger

‘hold’ position can

be set as standard and

this will be looked at on

production machines.

Sweeping performance and

water spray control are really well

up to ‘compact’ sweeper standards

with standard litter items like burger

wrappings and drinks cans disappearing up

the suction hose.

So will this single speed sweeper make big inroads

into the global market in both its branded guises? I think it might.





In

its element

– footpaths,

shopping precincts

and other tight areas

are what this new

sweeper was designed

for. Suction is comparable

with larger machines,

while the brushes

are independently

controlled



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MATERIAL SOLUTIONS IN WTE SYSTEMS • WASTE TO ENERGY

35WASTE MANAGEMENT WORLD May–June 2010

Here we look at how a unique coating composition developed by

ArcMeltTM Company can protect the low alloy steels used for heat

transfer surfaces in waste-to-energy systems from high-temperature

chloridation, oxidation and corrosion.

by Dr Juan Carlos Nava

The widespread implementation of waste-to-energy (WTE)

systems has been limited in principle by the lower efficiency

of current system designs.1 Higher efficiencies can be

achieved by operating at higher temperatures, which in

turn translates into lower emissions and a more effective

combustion of municipal solid waste (MSW). However, the major

limitation to higher operating temperatures is the corrosion rates

experienced by the heat transfer surfaces in the furnace cavity and in

recovery convective paths.1

High-temperature chloridation and hot corrosion are the

primary modes of component degradation in WTE systems.1–4

Chlorine-containing compounds in chlorinated plastics and in

paper, cardboard and wood products generate flue gases with a

relatively high HCl(g) content. The poor combustion characteristics

of the MSW fuel result in incomplete combustion, leading to the

condensation on heat transfer surfaces of aggressive deposits rich

in alkali metals (Na, K) and heavy metals such as lead, tin and zinc.

The alkali and heavy metals are condensed primarily in the form of

sulphates and chlorides which melt at relatively low temperatures

causing hot corrosion attack.

Low alloy steels are the preferred choice for heat transfer

components in WTE boilers because of their affordability, excellent

heat transfer capabilities, and adequate mechanical properties within

the operating temperature range of the steam generating unit. However,

these iron-based alloys are highly susceptible to high-temperature

chloridation by flue gases containing HCl(g), resulting in the formation

of low vapour pressure chlorides of iron (i.e. FeCl2 and FeCl

3), with

vapour pressures in the order of 1 x 10-4 torr at temperatures as low

as 300ºC (578ºF), resulting in turn in the volatilization of the reaction

product. The iron chloride vapour is then oxidized to iron oxide; free

chlorine is pushed back to the metal surface due to thermophoresis, a

transport mechanism by which gases are delivered to the metal surface

under heat flux conditions, i.e. a hot gas and a cooler heat transfer

surface. This oxidation mechanism is known as ‘active oxidation’,3 a

self-supported oxidation process where the iron-based low alloy steel

is rapidly wasted away due to the continuous reaction of chlorine with

the metal surface.

Combating high-temperature chloridation

Surface modification technologies including thermal spray coatings,

weld overlays and diffusion layers represent an option to plant

operators to manage the accelerated wastage of low alloy steels due

to high-temperature chloridation attack. In particular, thermal spray

coatings represent a reliable and cost-effective approach to upgrade

the metal component surface by adding effective alloying elements

such as chromium at concentrations not practical in wrought or

cast alloys.

Of these surface technologies, twin wire arc spray (TWAS)

is the fastest application method and, under well-defined quality

controls, can generate protective surface layers with reasonable

life spans. Through its patent pending consumable manufacturing

process, ArcMeltTM Company is capable of producing any possible

alloy composition by the use of powder core wire technology.

ArcMeltTM core wire consumables can be sprayed significantly

faster when using a slightly modified spray gun and wire delivery

system. This results in well-adhered coated layers with porosity

levels below 5% and finely distributed oxides that impart lower

build-up stresses. Improved surface coverage translates into shorter

application times, meeting the most stringent outage schedules.

ArcMeltTM produces a composition marketed as AMC 3201

with 42% Cr- 8% Fe- Ni-balance. This chemical composition

is similar to alloy type 45CT. To understand the merits of this

composition in waste-to-energy applications we need to understand

the fundamental process of alloy protection in high-temperature

chloridating environments. Figure 1 shows the relative stability of

metal chlorides in the temperature range 200–550ºC (400–1000ºF).

This Ellingham diagram reveals that the most stable chlorides are

those of chromium.

Material solutions

in WTE systems



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WASTE TO ENERGY • MATERIAL SOLUTIONS IN WTE SYSTEMS


But in high-temperature chloridation, what matters is the

volatility of the metal chlorides, and in this scenario, the important

parameter is the vapour pressure of the chloride phase as a function

of temperature. High vapour pressure compounds are usually those

with low melting points. Iron chlorides are metal chlorides with the

lowest melting points, i.e. 282ºC (539ºF) and 350ºC (662ºF) for

FeCl2 and FeCl

3, respectively. The stable chlorides of chromium and

nickel, CrCl2 and NiCl

2, have higher melting points, 540ºC (1000ºF)

and 728ºC (1342ºF), respectively, with vapour pressures in excess

of 1 x 10-4 torr at temperatures above 450ºC (842ºF), conferring a

tremendous advantage compared with iron-based alloys.

Resistance to oxidation

The environments generated during the incineration of waste are not

only potentially chloridating but also oxidizing. Table 1 lists the typical

flue gas composition in WTE units as reported in the literature.

The flue gases generated during the combustion of MWS are also

oxidizing with SO2(g) concentrations varying from 300 to 600 ppm

in the presence of excess air (in the order of 7 v%). Thermodynamic

calculations using the chlorine and oxygen indicators, log PCl2 and

log PO2, respectively, for the gas compositions listed in Table 1

indicate that the formation of protective chromium-rich oxides.

The thermodynamic tendency to form this stable chromium

oxide is what provides the resistance of this high-temperature resistant

AMC 3201 alloy against most of the high-temperature oxidation

phenomena, including high-temperature chloridation attack.

Upon exposure to the flue gases typical of WTE environments,

the relatively low porosity of the coating structure will most likely

be sealed by the formation of chromium-rich oxides as indicated by

thermodynamic analyses and demonstrated in the scanning electron

micrograph shown in Figure 2.

TABLE 1. Flue gas compositions in WTE steam generators1,4

Gas constituent Concentration

CO2

7.5–10 v%

H2O 13–20 v%

O2

7–10 v%

HCl 1000–1500 ppm

SO2

300–500 ppm

N2

balance

–30000.00

–40000.00

–50000.00

–60000.00

–70000.00

–80000.00

–90000.00Fre

e e

ne

rg

y o

f fo

rm

atio

n (

ca

l/K

mo

l o

f C

l 2)

400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850

Temperature (K)

MoCl2

NiCl2

FeCl2

CrCl3

CrCl2

Figure 1. Ellingham diagram: free energy of formation of metal chlorides



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MATERIAL SOLUTIONS IN WTE SYSTEMS • WASTE TO ENERGY


Sulphur dioxide poses

a further problem

Additionally, the presence of SO2(g) in the

flue gas can also react with sodium/potassium

chlorides leading to the formation of the

respective sulphate. The formation of alkali

sulphates exacerbates wastage rates due of their

tendency to react with residual alkali and heavy

metals chlorides to form a low melting eutectic

phase. This eutectic phase is highly ionic

and it dissolves most of the protective oxides

including chromia. However, the dissolution of

chromia in sulphatic melts neutralizes the ionic

character of the flux through the formation of

alkali chromates arresting the wastage process.

Conclusion

Any material designed for long-term resistance

to all possible scenarios of high-temperature

oxidation in waste-to-energy applications needs

to be such that long-term protection relies on the

formation of protective chromium-rich oxides.

Alloy formulation AMC 3201 has been designed

with this purpose based on an understanding of

all plausible environments generated during the

incineration of municipal waste.

This article was prepared by Dr Juan Carlos

Nava, DBA ME Technical Services, San

Diego CA, on behalf of ArcMeltTM Company

L.C. a subsidiary of CIC Group, Inc.

email: [email protected]

web: www.arcmelt.com

■ This article is on-line. Please visit www.waste-

management-world.com

References

1. B.A. Baker, G.D. Smith, L.E. Shoemaker, Performance of commercial alloys in

simulated waste incineration environments.

2. Yuuzou Kawahara, Application of high temperature corrosion-resistant materials

and coatings under severe corrosive environment in waste-to-energy boilers, Journal of

Thermal Spray Technology, Volume 6, Number 2, 2007, pp. 202–213.

3. Shang-Hsiu Lee, Nickolas J. Themelis, Marco J. Castaldi, High-temperature

corrosion in waste-to-energy boilers, Journal of Thermal Spray Technology, Volume 16,

Number 1, 2007, pp. 104–110.

4. D.O. Albina, K. Millrath, N.J. Themelis, ‘Effects of feed composition on boiler

corrosion in waste-to-energy plants’, 12th North American Waste to Energy

Conference (NAWTEC 12).

Figure 2. Oxidation

resistance of ACM

3201 in still air at

816ºC (1500ºF)



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Jon McAteer, Technical Manager at Veolia Water Solutions &

Technologies, talks about the success of a Danish plant that

co-digests household waste, sewage sludge, food waste and organic

industrial wastewater to produce biogas for electricity generation.

by Jon McAteer

Disposal of sewage sludge is probably the biggest

problem currently facing the water industry. The most

widely used technology is anaerobic digestion. In the

UK, although the same process is used to generate

landfill gas from organic household waste, it is unusual

for both types of waste to be treated together. This is mainly due to a

lack of commonality between the organizations involved. In contrast,

Denmark has demonstrated ‘joined up thinking’ by developing a

major programme for biogas production using anaerobic digestion

technology. The Danish government’s ‘Energi 21’ plan sets out

integrated solutions for energy, waste management and nutrient

redistribution, and provides support for biogas development as

part of its policy target to meet 35% of the country’s energy needs

from renewable sources. With Germany now the leading EU user

of biogas, it is perhaps time for the UK to learn from Denmark’s

experience and adopt a joined-up approach to maximize energy

from waste and sewage sludge.

Veolia Environnment’s four business divisions (water, waste

management, energy and transport) make it well-placed to provide

complete solutions. Krüger A/S is part of Veolia Water Solutions &

Technology (VWS) (a subsidiary of Veolia Environnment’s water

division) and was responsible for developing much of the anaerobic

digestion technology currently being used in Denmark. Anaerobic

digestion requires a digestible feed and this often involves source

segregation. The availability of suitable industrial waste streams

can often be an advantage, adding to the capacity for biogas

generation and providing a cost-effective means for factories to

treat their waste. There also needs to be a viable disposal route for

sludge and for treated liquid digestate and, of course, the necessary

infrastructure for energy distribution.

A typical anaerobic digestion plant provides collection, storage

and blending of the waste to provide a consistent feed which is then

pasteurized prior to mesophilic digestion at 35°C. The dewatered

sludge is spread on land while the biogas produced by anaerobic

digestion is collected and burned in a combined heat and power

(CHP) plant to generate electricity.

The anaerobic digestion plant at Grindsted Kommune is one

such scheme. Designed by Krüger A/S, it produces almost 7000

Nm3/day of biogas which is used to generate electricity and provide

district heating. Grindsted Kommune is a mainly agricultural area

with local food processing industries. The anaerobic digestion plant

was designed in 1996 to co-digest organic household waste, sewage

sludge, food wastes from supermarkets and restaurants, and food

industry wastewater. Table 1 summarizes the composition of the

waste received and the amounts treated.

The greatest challenge to the engineers responsible for the

scheme was not a technical one, but having to arrange for household

waste to be sorted prior to collection. They considered the power

consumption required for mechanical sorting of the waste to be

too high in the context of plant sustainability, and undertook a

major programme to raise public awareness about the scheme.

The result was the introduction of a waste collection regime which

allows the organic fraction of household, restaurant and canteen

waste to be collected with minimum inconvenience to the public.

Each household is provided with a rack to hold a special degradable

paper bag for digestible organic material (but not garden waste) and

a plastic bag for the remainder. The bags are collected on alternate

weeks. The refuse collection team is specially trained and samples of

the separated waste are taken twice a year for quality testing.

Danes lead the way in

biowaste to energy

Table 1. Waste treated at Grindsted Kommune

Type of waste

1997 design

(tonnes/year)

2006 actual

(tonnes/year)

Organic fraction of household waste 1200 1150

Sewage primary and secondary sludge 40,000 39,000

Organic industrial wastewater 8,700 12,200

Waste from food stores and supermarkets 0 250

Total to biogas 49,900 52,600

DANES LEAD THE WAY IN BIOWASTE TO ENERGY • BIOWASTE




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Industrial waste is delivered into a 25-tonne capacity

underground blending tank before being comminuted and mixed

with liquid wastes in a 20 m3 slurry hopper. The bagged household

waste is added and the mixed solids conditioned in a strain press

before being transferred to the anaerobic digestion plant.

Pre-treatment consists of pasteurization of all the feed to ensure

that the final product can be used as a high quality soil improver.

The technology used is Veolia Water Solutions & Technology’s

BioPasteur®, which consists of two 20 m3 tanks operating on a

staggered fill–pasteurize–empty cycle so as to provide a semi-

continuous feed to the digester. Once filled, the tank’s contents

are heated to 70°C and held there for an hour. At the heart of

the BioPasteur process is the SWS (sludge–water–sludge) heat

exchanger, which is designed to recover as much heat as possible.

The pasteurized waste slurry is pumped through the SWS heat

exchanger where it is cooled to 35°C before entering the digester,

which has a hydraulic residence time of 14 days. Most of the heat

from the pasteurized waste slurry is recovered through its use to

pre-heat the raw waste slurry prior to pasteurization and to pre-heat

boiler make-up water.

The digester currently produces about 2.5 million m3 per year

of biogas. This is delivered, via a 500 m3 gas buffer storage bag, to

a gas engine that generates 250 kW of electricity and 340 kW of

heat. A gas boiler produces a further 700 kW of heat, with potential

to supply a district heating system. The odourless digested sludge is

dewatered to 22% dry solids (ds) on a belt press and then spread

on agricultural land. In the winter, when the ground is frozen or too

wet for spreading, it is held in store for use in the spring. Overall, the

plant achieves 60% degradation of the waste and reduces its mass

by a similar percentage.

The anaerobic digestion plant, together with suitable refuse bins

and collection vehicles, cost about €8.5 million in 1996. Table 2

summarizes the annual income and operating costs.

The success of the Grindsted Kommune anaerobic digestion

plant is in no small way due to the co-operation of the local public

and the policy of good communications which has provided

motivation to sort their waste at source – supported by a fines system

for households that fail to sort. Future plans include increasing the

throughput to over 6400 tonnes ds per year with biogas production

in excess of 26 million m3 per year, engine efficiency more than

30% to electric power, and the export of heat to district heating as a

benefit to the public.

The Danish model clearly works and has demonstrated the

ability of current anaerobic digester technology to co-digest

Table 2. Annual income and operating costs (2006 values)

Type Income (€ million) Cost (€ million)

Finance 0 0.54

Labour 0 0.05

Maintenance 0 0.09

Chemicals — 0.03

Electricity 0.15 0.11

Heat 0 0

Charges 0.47 0.09

Total 0.62 0.91

BIOWASTE • DANES LEAD THE WAY IN BIOWASTE TO ENERGY


More business, brighter future

More business, series 17.

What we can learn from Mister Messi.

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to develop and, along with the latest high efficiency CHP systems,

it is possible to maximize the economic benefits of waste to energy.

And, with double Renewables Obligation Certificates (ROCs)

currently available for biogas-produced electricity to help support

this development, the future is definitely bright – the future is biogas.

Jon McAteer is Technical Manager at Veolia Water Solutions &

Technologies, Birmingham, UK.



household waste, industrial waste and both primary and secondary

sewage sludge. There is a valuable lesson to be learned by countries

such as the UK. The UK already has a culture of sorting and

recycling waste, so the Danish approach could be easily adopted

here – with the political will. The reduction in the quantity of waste

going to landfill is significant and there are clear environmental

benefits to be gained. Anaerobic digestion technology is continuing

Above: Grindsted Kommune – mainly an agricultural area. Below: Anaerobic

digestion plant located near the sewage treatment works.

Figure 1. Anaerobic digester Stakeholders

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THE ‘SUSTAINABLE LANDFILL’ BECOMES A REALITY • LANDFILL


Adding air and moisture to a landfill to form an aerobic rather than an

anaerobic environment speeds up waste degradation and paves the

way for the recovery of valuable resources through landfill mining.

by Mark Hudgins, James Law, David Ross & Jun Su

Bioreactor landfills – also called ‘wet landfills’ – are

an emerging trend in waste management worldwide.

Adding moisture to the waste in a suitably designed

and operated landfill should increase its degradation,

leading to less risk and a move towards sustainability.

Adding air along with moisture in a bioreactor system holds

further promise as various laboratory, pilot- and field-scale

projects have demonstrated. Aerobic conditions can lead to lower

leachate treatment costs, reduced methane gas and less odour.

A landfill cell can be viewed as a ‘treatment system’ rather

than just a long-term waste containment structure. When the

‘treatment’ is complete, the conditioned waste, soil cover and

sacrificial plastic wells (used to inject air and water) can be mined

and excavated so that ‘new’ cell airspace can be created. From a

life-cycle perspective, the bioreactor landfill could be the basis for

a cost-effective sustainable solution to solid waste.

International aerobic bioreactor projects

Depending on site-specific parameters, landfill bioreactor

systems can be anaerobic, aerobic or semi-aerobic. There are

also hybrid designs that first use an aerobic process and then

switch to an anaerobic process to create early onset of landfill gas

(LFG) production.

The aerobic landfill process involves the growth and control

of aerobic and facultative bacteria within the waste instead

of anaerobic micro-organisms; an ‘underground cousin’ to

composting, the rate of decay in aerobic landfills matches closely

rates observed in composting.

Proper aeration, moisture addition and gas extraction are

needed to control the environment required for aerobic processes

to thrive with optimum efficiency. Air is typically injected via

vertical injection wells installed through the landfill cover to

maximize air delivery and to help control the heat generated.

Because over two-thirds of the original water content in the waste

mass may be lost during decomposition, water or other liquids

are often added to maintain aerobic activity.

Carbon dioxide, trace amounts of non-methane organic

compounds (NMOCs), water and salts (typically the by-products

of aeration) are removed via a second set of vertical wells

connected to a gas vacuum and header system. This helps

transfer heat from the waste to minimize fires and is used for LFG

‘polishing’ (if needed). Atmospheric oxygen is made available

to microbes in sufficient quantities to promote vitality of the

aerobic types and to minimize odours, but not in concentrations

that promote explosions (methane is present during the aerobic

system start-up at 45–50% v/v and trace amounts can remain

during operation).

There are now over a dozen aerobic projects worldwide,1 with

many different versions reporting similar performance results.2

For example, the Fukuoka method, an anaerobic approach

practised in Japan is simple to construct and operate, while

the ‘Bio-Puster Method’ (a patented landfill aeration system)

has been used in Austria since 1991. In 2000, a Dutch study

of selected methane gas control technologies ranked landfill

aeration of waste as the highest and most economical.3 In the

USA, aerobic projects have been conducted in over 10 states.

Aerobic landfill projects set the stage for

landfill mining

These projects showed that using the aerobic process as a

remediation tool lowered the hazards and risks typically found

in anaerobic waste environments (high pathogen mortality,

reduced methane). Thus where waste excavation may have been

dangerous in the past, aerobic landfill projects can be conducted

to allow waste mining after the waste has been degraded.

For example, at the 6.5 ha Baker Place Road landfill in

Columbia County, Georgia (USA), air and leachate were

injected into the waste via vertical wells for 18 months. The

biodegradation rate reportedly increased by 50%, leachate

BOD fell by 65%, methane production decreased by 90%

and NMOC levels declined by 75%. A 1 ha aerobic test cell

was operated at a lined facility in Atlanta, Georgia, for nine

The ‘sustainable landfill’

becomes a reality



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LANDFILL • THE ‘SUSTAINABLE LANDFILL’ BECOMES A REALITY


months. Both tests demonstrated that solid waste degrades at a

significantly faster rate under aerobic than anaerobic conditions,

the volume and strength of the leachate are reduced and the

amount of methane generated falls.4 In another study, post-

aeration samples collected from waste excavations indicated

that the largest fraction (over 50%) appeared ‘as a suitable soil/

compost material with sufficient moisture content’ (30%).5 The

composted material was biologically stable, with little odour.

Plastic products, metals and glass made up over 30% of the

remaining materials, with inert materials as the balance. Lignin-

containing materials (e.g. wood and paper) degraded slightly.

Laboratory analysis showed that soluble salts, metals and pH

were within safe ranges, and no pathogens were detected in the

materials.6

Based on projects such as these, other aerobic projects

are moving forward. For example, the two-year project at the

closed 16 ha Heishitou landfill near Beijing began in 2007 to

stabilize the waste mass and lower risks as part of a possible site

redevelopment. Tsinghua Unisplendour Taihetong EnviroTech

Ltd (THUNIST), a subsidiary Jun Su of Tsinghua Group, was

contracted to design, construct and operate this first aerobic

bioreactor remediation system in China.

New mining projects advance landfill

sustainability

With a rapid, in-place waste decay process available, operators

can now recover airspace, reduce risks, lower post-closure care

and realize many other benefits in less time than nature can

achieve. For example, the Perdido MSW landfill in Escambia

County, Florida, recently undertook an innovative on-site mining

project. As a result of waste mining and materials recovery, the

landfill will be able to operate for an additional 26 years. The

expected benefits at these type of sites include:

• Enabling previously non-compliant sites to meet waste

management regulations.

• ‘Recovery’ of landfill airspace.

• Removing a source of leachate and landfill gas production.

• Reclaiming soils from excavated areas for on-site reuse and

recycling materials previously discarded.

The aerobic landfill bioreactor process moves from being

a remediation tool to a waste treatment method that is part of

an integrated landfill management strategy. Referred to as the

‘sustainable landfill’ (Figure 1), the aerobic bioreactor could

be the basis for a revolutionary new approach to solid waste

management and generally consists of the following steps:

1. Representative samples of incoming MSW are analysed

to determine the percentages of household waste, organic

matter, glass, metal, plastic and other inorganic solids present.

This helps the operator with waste placement, and the

designer in the layout and operation of the bioreactor cell.

2. Using traditional waste placement methods and conventional

equipment, the first cell is built atop a leachate drainage

collection and bottom liner system. After filling and reaching

its designed height, the waste is covered with an intermediate

soil cover.

3. The aerobic bioreactor system is installed into the landfill cell

and ‘energized’ (via air and liquid injection). Over a period

of about three to four years, the waste degrades aerobically, is

monitored closely and is treated to the point where it is safe

to excavate.

4. Using traditional earthmoving equipment, the waste is

excavated and separated (using rotating trammels) into at

least four waste streams for recycling or energy use:

a) High calorific value, or high Btu materials.

b) Recyclable materials (metals and glass).

c) Compost (soil and degraded organics).

d) C&D waste.

The high Btu materials are tested for use as refuse-derived

fuel (RDF). The metals and glass are characterized.

5. The composted materials and soils (generally over 50% by

volume) are tested for use as either daily cover material or as

a marketable agricultural product. The high Btu materials are

sent off-site to an RDF facility or a waste-to-energy (WTE)

plant. The metals and glass are added to similar recycling

streams. C&D and other landfilled materials that cannot be

recycled are shipped to another facility.

6. The cell floor is rehabilitated and the cell refilled with

incoming MSW. Alternatively the mined cell can be closed

and the land redeveloped.

The unique nature of every landfill can make development

of a sustainable landfill strategy a challenge. Successful strategies

also require a multi-discipline approach that addresses the many

environmental, political and social issues surrounding landfills.

Aerobic landfills, economics and carbon offsets

There are many financial incentives in developed countries to

consider aerobic landfills. For example, about $2 million has

been invested since 2000 in the development and operation

of an aerobic landfill in Williamson County, Tennessee, to

process 68,000 tons of MSW at a unit cost of about $29 per

ton (including electricity costs). Yet the landfill owner has saved

over $2 million in leachate treatment costs, does not require

LFG or odour control or a flaring system, stands to save over $1

million in closure capping and post-closure monitoring (due to

reduced risk), and potentially will avoid millions more that might

otherwise be spent on groundwater remediation.

Overall the costs, savings and additional revenues could

together be worth well over $10 million, making the unit ‘benefit

per ton’ of waste handled approximately $150 (a five-to-one

ratio). Furthermore, these benefits could be realized much sooner

than with other approaches. If desired, landfill mining performed

after degradation could increase the landfill’s capacity to receive

more waste. If the landfill is redeveloped, this could not only

generate additional revenues from the sale of the remediated

property but also increase property tax revenues.

In developing countries, however, it may be difficult to

finance such projects. Yet, new financial drivers in some countries

could help provide funding from the sale of emission reduction

credits. Provided a project follows the Clean Development

Mechanism Executive Board’s approved Baseline and Monitoring

Methodology AM0083, ‘Avoidance of landfill gas emissions by

in situ aeration of landfills’, MSW landfill owners who treat or

remediate their landfills aerobically by means of air venting or

low pressure aeration can generate carbon offsets, or credits.7

Now recognized as a technology that ‘avoids’ methane

generation and release to the atmosphere, governments have

enacted new legislation and protocols based on aerobic landfill



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5

Schedule of operations

Site redevelopment

cell mining

Site redevelopment

cell mining

Degraded

landfill

Degraded

landfill

Aerobic system

installed and

operating

Aerobic system

installed and

operating

Cell under

construction

Cell under

construction

Leachate

collection

system

Leachate

storage

Collected leachate

Air blower

units

Repeat filling

Injected leachate

Injected air

Construct cell/ Complete construction

Install & operate Aerobic system

Rapidly stabilize waste

Redevelop cell or landfill mining

Repeat as necessary the cycle

can be completed in less

than two years.

Waste

Sand

Gravel

Pipe

1

2

3

4

5

Figure 1. The sustainable landfill (courtesy LG Aerobic Solutions)

technology. For example, the ‘Quantification Protocol for Aerobic

Landfill Bioreactor Projects’ published by the Alberta Offset

System in Canada recognizes the opportunity to generate carbon

offsets by directly avoiding methane emissions from materials

anaerobically decomposing in landfills; instead, wells are drilled

to allow aeration and the addition and/or recirculation of leachate.

The Alberta protocol also offers a unique economic driver.

Although GHG offsets can be realized using methodologies such

as flaring or LFG-to-energy, the protocol allows all the estimated

Voluntary Carbon Units (VCUs) to be obtained in less than five



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This is significant in terms of net present value (NPV) as

it improves the economics of a GHG reduction project and,

through ‘forward trading’ of VCUs, aerobic landfill/sustainable

landfill projects can obtain upfront capital generation. Taking

into account the reduction of LFG collection and destruction

efficiencies over time, the aerobic approach compares even more

favourably since it converts much of the organic mass to carbon

dioxide, water and salts in a relatively few years.

For example, an economic analysis of various closure/LFG

control approaches was conducted in 2009 for a 6.3 ha unlined

landfill in northern Alberta that accepts MSW and varying

amounts of C&D waste. Its projected capacity on closure in

2010 is approximately 1.4 million tons. It has no leachate or LFG

collection system. The options evaluated were: capping-only,

LFG flaring, LFG-to-energy (LFGTE), aerobic degradation,

and methane oxidization.

Under the flaring and LFGTE options, modelling suggested

approximately 113,000 carbon dioxide equivalents (CO2e) per

year, or VCUs, could be captured each year. A LFG recovery

potential of approximately 160 standard cubic feet per minute

(scfm) was estimated assuming 70% system coverage, beginning

in 2010 and declining thereafter following closure. Capital and

operating costs were assumed for 13 years, and environmental

monitoring for 25 years thereafter. The value of a VCU was

estimated at $8.

The VCUs for the GHG reductions at this site were estimated

over three reporting periods of eight years each (24 years total)

(Figure 2). VCUs could be obtained annually for the flaring

and LFGTE options. However, the aerobic degradation option

years rather than say 30 years. It recognizes that, since aerobic

systems can ‘avoid’ the conversion of organic matter to methane,

such actions should be credited based on their ability to reduce

the potential for methane generation over the timeframe of this

reduction.

Economic analysis of landfi ll closure options

Option description Revenues minus expenses

Base case — capping only $(4,250,000)

1 – Flaring $(5,951,000)

2 – Landfi ll gas to energy $(5,480,000)

3 – Aerobic degradation $2,215,000

4 – Methane oxidation $(6,872,000)

Table 1. Operating period – 13 years; Monitoring period – 25 years

3500

20052012

20192026

20332040

20472054

20612068

20752082

20892096

21032110

21172124

21312138

Mg

CH

4/M

g w

ast

e

3000

2500

2000

1500

1000

Year

Emission

reductions

Not counted

3rd period

2nd period

1st period

500

0

Figure 2. Estimated methane offsets due to aerobic treatment



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The best ofThe best of

web: www.scsengineers.com


References

1. N. Berge, D. Reinhart, M. Hudgins, ‘The status of aerobic landfills in

the United States’, Annual Spring Technical Conference, Solid Waste

Association of North America, May 2006.

2. Examples (a) ‘A method and system for treating bio-degradable waste

material through aerobic degradation’, US Patent 5,888,022; (b) ‘The

aerobic landfill bioreactor’, US Patent 6,024,513.

3. L. Luning, A.A. Boerboom, M.J.J. Scheepers, J. Oonk, R.A. Mathlener,

‘Evaluation of effectiveness of methane emission reduction’, Proceedings

Sardinia 2001, 8th International Waste Management and Landfill

Symposium, Cagliari, Italy, October 2001.

4. M. Hudgins, S. Harper, ‘Operational characteristics of two aerobic

landfill systems’, Proceedings Sardinia 1999, 7th International Waste

Management and Landfill Symposium, Cagliari, Italy, October 1999.

5. M.C. Smith, D.K. Gattie, D.D. Boothe, K.C. Das, Enhancing aerobic

bioreduction under controlled conditions in a municipal solid waste

landfill through the use of air injection and water recirculation’, Advances

in Environmental Research, 2000, 3(4), 459–471.

6. R. Cossu, R. Raga, D. Rossetti, ‘Full scale application of in situ

aerobic stabilization of old landfills’, Proceedings Sardinia 2009, 12th

International Waste Management and Landfill Symposium, Cagliari,

Italy, October 2009.

7. SCS Engineers Technical Bulletin, www.scsengineers.com/Pubs-News/

SCS%20Technical%20Bulletin%20In%20Situ%20Aeration%20of%20

Landfills%20Nov09.pdf

would allow most to be captured in less than five years as it

would degrade the organic waste in much less time. Under these

conditions, capital costs were estimated to be within 25% of each

other with the exception of aerobic degradation. However, this

option offers the prospect of significantly more revenue from

VCU sales. Furthermore, its operating costs were lower due to

less operating time (four versus 25 years) and a less frequent

monitoring schedule (seven versus 25 years). Table 1 presents a

summary of the economic comparisons.

Conclusion

Whether as a remediation tool or as the basis for improved

landfill operations, the aerobic landfill bioreactor approach can

be valuable. Research and projects to date support the use of this

approach as a promising strategy that could be applied to many

landfills worldwide. Such an approach would help to:

• Address many public concerns.

• Lower post-closure care costs.

• Recover landfill airspace.

• Serve as the foundation for developing landfills into more

useful real estate in land-short countries such as China.

Mark Hudgins is a Project Manager, James Law is Project

Director and David Ross is Senior Vice-President at SCS

Engineers.

Jun Su is Assistant General Manager at Tsinghua

Unisplendour Taihetong EnviroTech Ltd (THUNIST), Beijing,

China.



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RECYCLING • WEEE’VE COME A LONG WAY


A look at the merits and limitations of the UK’s system for waste

electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) and how the lessons

learnt have been put to good use in creating the Battery Regulations.

by Philip Morton

Since the introduction of the UK WEEE Regulations

in 2007, there have naturally been some teething

problems. Intentional over-collection by compliance

schemes, low public awareness of WEEE recycling,

illegal exporting and excessive evidence trading

threatened to blight the progress of the WEEE Regulations.

However, these growing pains have actually proved valuable

lessons that only served to improve the UK system.

In July 2009, the long-waited outcome of a judicial review

confirmed that a practice fairly common in the UK WEEE

system, the intentional over-collection of WEEE by compliance

schemes, was unlawful. Over-collection does not mean more

WEEE is collected (there is only ever the same amount of

WEEE), it simply means that if a compliance scheme collects

more than its percentage share (i.e. what it needs to cover

its members’ obligations), other schemes are forced

to buy evidence of collection from it.

As a result of a judicial review’s findings,

the UK system is experiencing tangible

benefits as all compliance schemes are

now required to agree mutually acceptable

collection and balancing arrangements in

advance. Schemes deliberately collecting more

(or less) WEEE than detailed in their plans, without

a prior arrangement, will be in breach of their ongoing conditions

of approval and guilty of a criminal offence. The practice of

over-collection has undermined the UK WEEE system since its

inception, so REPIC (a compliance scheme) welcomes the clarity

and positive changes that more proactive enforcement of the

legislation will bring.

Proposed changes to WEEE Directive

Benefits are also anticipated from the recast of the WEEE

Directive announced by the European Commission in December

2008. REPIC is pleased that the report on the recast proposals

from the European Parliament’s environment committee

published in February this year takes into consideration input

from stakeholder groups and deals with a number of issues which

will definitely help to make the recycling of WEEE more efficient

and more secure. If the key proposals outlined in the recast are

adopted, it will give the UK Government real scope to improve

the current system.

For REPIC, the most important outcomes of the recast are

the proposed revisions to the directive which clarify producer

responsibility and give consumers positive involvement in

ensuring that end-of-life electronic or electrical equipment

(EEE) is taken to collection facilities, thereby engaging the public

and improving collection rates. It’s clear that, combined with the

outcome of the judicial review, the wheels are already in motion

to make the UK WEEE system more robust.

In addition, the recast’s proposal to count WEEE from all

stakeholders, rather than just the WEEE

handed to producer schemes, should plug

more gaps and impede the illegal export

of WEEE. Properly implemented, this

will help the environment, reduce the

cost burden and raise the amount of

reported WEEE. The increased focus on

procedures to protect the environment during

this process by harmonizing standards for the collection,

treatment and recycling of WEEE is a significant move towards

a level playing field in all EU member states.

The proposal to tighten export requirements is sensible too,

as it will encourage more direct relationships between those

collecting WEEE and funding producer compliance schemes,

thereby shortening the audit trail and enhancing the security of

the recycling process. A short chain from collection to treatment

and a direct relationship with the funding producer compliance

scheme makes it easier to know where WEEE comes from, where

it goes to and who pays for it.

These changes all help reinforce REPIC’s operational goal.

REPIC has always sought to nurture direct relationships with its

partner designated collection facilities (DCFs) rather than deal

through intermediate third parties in order to:

• maximize the separate, efficient collection and treatment of

WEEE

• minimize the opportunities for the illegal export of WEEE or

the need to engage in evidence trading.

WEEE’ve come a long way



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WEEE after collection

Change is afoot

Three years on since the introduction of the WEEE Regulations,

more and more local authorities and those operating their sites

are reaping the benefits of nurturing direct relationships with

producer compliance schemes. Evidence trading is on the

decline, and visibility of where WEEE comes from and goes to is

increasing as middlemen are cut out from the chain, giving much

greater comfort to those collecting WEEE. A short chain means

the payment process is speeded up and the available money

doesn’t leak from the system.

The lessons learned are particularly evident in the younger,

more streamlined UK Battery Regulations. This system is

developing a robust infrastructure for battery collection, has

a definitive collection target that is directly proportional to

production (and so eliminates over- or under-collection and the

subsequent necessity for evidence trading), and which requires

producers to finance the net costs of collection, treatment and

recovery. The inclusion of this simple word ‘net’ gives a world

of clarity.

The Battery Regulations bring the UK into line with a

number of other EU countries that already legislate to minimize

the proportion of batteries being sent to landfill by increasing the

level of recycling in this market. In February 2010, additional

legislation was brought in which requires all retailers that sell

more than 32 kg of batteries a year to provide in-store take-back

facilities for consumers to return their waste batteries.

The UK recycling targets call for stepwise increases in the

proportion of batteries that need to be recycled from around

3% cent in 2009 to 45% by 2016. The figures may look steep,

but they are achievable. Belgium, for example, claims to recycle

over half of its batteries. How quickly the UK can reach this level

of activity remains to be seen, however, and as with the WEEE

system, it is likely to be a challenging journey.

In many ways, the UK’s experience of the WEEE Regulations

has helped shape a more workable set of Battery Regulations.

There are many obvious similarities between the two systems,

but it is their differences that demonstrate the progress that has

been made. The first difference between the WEEE and Battery

Regulations is that the latter have a definitive collection target,

with each producer responsible for recycling a finite tonnage of

batteries directly proportional to the weight of batteries it has



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WEEE’VE COME A LONG WAY • RECYCLING


released onto the market in any given year. This means that, in

the UK battery recycling industry, the concept of over-collection

does not exist and forced evidence trading is not necessary.

Another difference comes in the form of batteries being

routinely recycled without any additional cost burden. This is

because some items, such as car batteries, have a value that

is high enough to cover the cost of recovering them. So for

batteries, economic operators just carry on pretty much as

before, with producers there to provide a safety net if the process

ever becomes a cost. Perhaps this approach ought to be adopted

by the UK WEEE system too?

Safety nets

The UK Battery Regulations also state that producers are

required to finance the net costs of collection, treatment and

recovery. The word ‘net’ is a crucial inclusion; it means that any

value created from collection, treatment and recycling should

be deducted from the costs paid and thereby minimize the

speculative element of the market. This was certainly intended

for the WEEE Regulations too, but the key word ‘net’ is

unfortunately absent.

The lack of an opt-out clause for battery retailers is another

interesting differentiator. Within the WEEE system, retailers

wishing to opt out of in-store take-back have a second option,

i.e. to join the UK’s WEEE distributor take-back scheme (DTS),

which allows retailers to direct their customers to one of a

number of DCFs where they can take their WEEE for recycling.

When this was introduced in 2007, a number of retailers

opted out of the in-store take-back scheme and instead were

required to contribute to a central fund, which allowed a country-

wide network of civic amenity sites (Household Waste Recycling

Centres) to be upgraded to DCFs. With batteries, consumers will

still be able to take their batteries to their local civic amenity site,

but retailers do not have the option specifically to request this.

The Battery Regulations are generally viewed in the UK as

a solid piece of legislation, but their introduction has not passed

without some concerns. The responsibility for meeting battery

collection and recycling targets lies with battery manufacturers

but they, in turn, rely on the retailers and consumers to deliver

the results and actually take action to recycle their waste batteries.

Dumped computer monitors



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UK: (+44) 1473 745769 or (+44) 7961 915478

Spread the word

The subject of creating a national WEEE awareness campaign has

been raised regularly since the Regulations were introduced and I

hope the same will be considered for batteries because a number

of organizations have shown that education campaigns can have a

significant effect on recycling levels.

A recent survey found that 72% of industry experts believe low

public awareness of recycling of waste electrical goods is one of the

biggest challenges faced by the sector. The same will undoubtedly be

true for batteries, so cohesive and consistent awareness campaigns

are important to encourage households to think more carefully

about how they dispose of their WEEE and their waste batteries.

We know that awareness campaigns work on a regional scale, so

it makes sense to engage the public on a national level.

When REPIC set up a regional recycling fund, Leicestershire

County Council was one of the first local authorities to apply for a

grant to support its county-wide publicity campaign to boost small

WEEE recycling. Part of this initiative included a simple competition

whereby every Leicestershire resident taking a small electrical item

to one of the County Council’s 14 recycling and household waste

sites was given a scratchcard with a 1-in-16 chance of winning a

range of prizes, including holiday vouchers worth £200.

By the end of the campaign, Leicestershire County Council had

generated a 45% increase in the level of small WEEE items collected

for recycling – a phenomenal result which demonstrates the power

of public awareness in encouraging households to recycle.

As well as collecting a larger proportion of the county’s WEEE,

the project demonstrated unequivocally that engaging the public is

a really effective way of enhancing the proportion of WEEE and

batteries collected by councils. REPIC is now keen to hear from

other councils planning to run their own recycling campaigns so that

we can replicate these results across the country.

Final thoughts

It is absolutely vital that all stakeholders work together in making

a concerted effort to raise awareness among the public, ensuring

that WEEE and battery recycling becomes second nature in our

households. An essential part of the success of meeting WEEE and

battery recycling targets is a well-run, robust national network of

DCFs and battery collection points.

For batteries this would ideally include retailers providing

in-store take back as well as a number of other high-traffic locations

such as schools, libraries and shopping centres offering collection

facilities.

In some ways, some of the problems encountered with the UK

WEEE system could have been avoided if it had come after the

Battery Regulations, which for some reason feel more manageable.

In any case, both sets of regulations are likely to undergo further

amendments as technology and market influences change or the

respective directives are revisited. Let’s hope that any adjustments

serve only to enhance the systems and make them more effective in

achieving the initial aims of reducing waste sent to landfill.

Philip Morton is chief executive of REPIC Limited, Bury, UK.





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information

Visit www.iswa.org, for more information

www.iswa.org

WASTE MANAGEMENT WORLD May–June 2010 ISWA INFORMATION 53

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STAFF CHANGES AT ISWA GENERAL SECRETARIAT

Helena Bergman left ISWA GS at the end of April to move to new professional activities. ISWA thanks Helena for her work in ISWA over the years!

Maie Knoebl, ISWA membership manager, has also left her position to take up a new role. ISWA thanks Maie for her work and especially for her

efforts in connection with the two moves of the ISWA office!

Gerfried Habenicht joined the ISWA GS team in April 2010. With several years of experience in the waste management business, both in the fields

of PR /communications and as a legal advisor, he now acts as Communications Manager for ISWA. Welcome on board!

ISWA WHITE PAPER ON CLIMATE CHANGE AND WASTE

ISWA is very pleased to introduce its updated White Paper on Climate Change and Waste Management. The White Paper was issued at the

Copenhagen Conference on Waste and Climate Change in December 2009, where more than 250 participants discussed this issue. The results of the

White Paper show that sustainable and efficient waste management can lead to net saving of greenhouse gases.

The White Paper has been reprinted with some amendments and updates. You can download the actual version from the ISWA homepage.

ISWA PARTICIPATES AT THE UN COMMISSION ON SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

The UN Commission on Sustainable Development works with multi-year programmes and cycles. Each cycle focuses on selected thematic clusters

and one of the four thematic clusters for 2010/2011 is waste management. In each cycle, the thematic clusters of issues are addressed in an

integrated manner, taking into account the economic, social and environmental dimensions of sustainable development.

In preparation of the next major meeting CSD-18, ISWA President, Dr Atilio Savino, has been participating and speaking at an Intersessional

Meeting: International Consultative Meeting on Expanding Waste Management Services in Developing Countries. The meeting took place in Tokyo,

Japan, on 18-19 March 2010. President Savino spoke about 'best cases from the view of private operating companies'.

CSD-18 took place in New York on 3-14 May 2010. It provided a timely and valuable opportunity to review and analyse the challenges and con-

straints impeding the implementation of the sustainable development agenda in the area of waste management and the ten-year framework of pro-

grammes on sustainable consumption and production patterns. This review will serve as the basis for mobilizing political will for identifying concrete

policy actions and measures, as well as partnerships to accelerate the implementation.



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ISWA CALENDAR 2010

54 ISWA INFORMATION May–June 2010 WASTE MANAGEMENT WORLD

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May

20-21 ISWA Beacon Conference on

Prevention, Reduction and Recycling

Leeuwarden, The Netherlands

[email protected]

21 Working Group on Recycling and

Waste Minimisation meeting

Leeuwarden, The Netherlands

[email protected]

22 STC meeting

Leeuwarden,The Netherlands

[email protected]

31-1 Jun ISWA Beacon Conference on

Engineered Landfills

Buenos Aires, Argentina

[email protected]

June

3-5 Save Energy, Save Water, Save the

Planet Conference, Sofia, Bulgaria

[email protected]

17-18 Working Group Landfill meeting

London, UK, [email protected]

28-30 NEA/WMRAS/ISWA World Cities Summit

Singapore, Singapore

[email protected]

July

29 Jun-3 Orbit/ISWA International Conference:

Organic Resources in Carbon

Economy, Crete, Greece

[email protected]

3-4 Board Meeting, Vienna, Austria

[email protected]

September

17 STC meeting, Crete, Greece

[email protected]

18-19 Board Meeting

Chania, Greece

[email protected]

23-24 Working Group Collection and

Transport Technology meeting

Copenhagen, Denmark

[email protected]

October

14-15 Working Group Energy Recovery

meeting, Lyon, France, [email protected]

November

12 STC meeting, Hamburg, Germany

[email protected]

14 ISWA General Assembly, Hamburg,

Germany, [email protected]

15-18 ISWA Annual Congress Hamburg,

Germany, [email protected]

15-18 Working Group Communications

meeting, Hamburg, Germany,

[email protected]

15-18 Working Group Landfill meeting,

Hamburg, Germany,

[email protected]

December

4-9 ARCPE/ISWA International Conference:

Sustainable Solid Waste Management,

Hong Kong, [email protected]

May 20-21 ISWA Beacon Conference on Prevention, Reduction and Recycling in Nijmegen, The Netherlands

June 1-3 ISWA Beacon Conference on Engineered Landfills, Buenos Aires, Argentina

June 28 – July 1 World Cities Summit, Singapore

SPRING 2010 BEACON CONFERENCES

You can find more information on all ISWA activities at the ISWA webpage www.iswa.org

We would like to flag our next Beacon Conferences coming up in the spring

ISWA

Auerspergstrasse 15, Top. 41, 1080 Vienna, Austria

Tel: +43 1 253 6001 Fax: +43 1 253 600199

SPRING 2010 Beacon Conferences



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2010BIR Spring Convention

Istanbul, Turkey

30 May– 2 June 2010

Bureau of International Recycling,

24 Avenue Franklin Roosevelt,

1050 Brussels, Belgium

Tel: +32 2 627 57 70

Fax: +32 2 627 57 73


web: www.bir.org

POWER-GEN Europe 2010

Amsterdam, The Netherlands

8–10 June 2010

Crispin Coulson, PennWell

Corporation, Horseshoe Hill,

Upshire,

Essex EN9 3SR, UK

Tel: +44 1992 656 646

Fax: +44 1992 656 700


web: www.powergeneurope.com

Paper Recycling Conference and

Trade Show

Chicago, Illinois, USA

13–15 June 2010

Paper Recycling Conference &

Trade Show, Maria Miller, 4020

Kinross Lakes Parkway, Suite 201,

Richfi eld, OH 44286, USA

Tel: +1 330 523 5400

Fax: +1 330 659 0823


www.paperrecyclingconference.

com

Futuresource

London, UK

15–17 June 2010

The Chartered Institution of Waste

Management, 9 Saxon Court, St

Peter’s Gardens, Northampton,

NN1 1SX, UK

Tel: + 44 1604 620426

Fax: + 44 1604 604467


web: www.futuresourceuk.com

POWER-GEN Asia

Bangkok, Thailand

2–4 November 2010

Neil Walker, PennWell Corporation,

Horseshoe Hill, Upshire, Essex EN9

3SR, UK

Tel: +44 1992 656 643

Fax: +44 1992 656 700

e-mail: attendingpga@pennwell.

com

web: www.powergenasia.com

Canadian Waste & Recycling

Expo 2010

Toronto, Canada

3–4 November 2010

Arnie Gess, Messe Frankfurt, Inc.,

1600 Parkwood Circle, Ste. 615,

Atlanta, GA 30339, USA

Tel: +1 770 984 8016

Fax: +1 770 984 8023

e-mail: cwreinfo

@usa.messefrankfurt.com

web: www.cwre.ca

Ecomondo 2010

Rimini, Italy

3–6 November 2010

Rimini Fiera S.p.A., Via Emilia, 155,

47900 Rimini, Italy

Tel: +39 0541 744632

Fax: +39 0541 744751

e-mail: r.masini@riminifi era.it

web: www.ecomondo.com

ISWA World Congress 2010

Hamburg, Germany

15–18 November 2010

ISWA General Secretariat,

Mariahilfer Strasse 123, 3rd fl oor,

1060 Vienna, Austria

Tel: +43 159 999 8038

Fax: +43 159 999 700


web: www.iswa2010.org

RWM - Recycling and Waste

Management Exhibition 2010

Birmingham, UK

14–16 September 2010

Emap Connect, Greater London

House, Hampstead Road, London,

NW1 7EJ, UK

Tel: +44 20 7728 3898

Fax: +44 20 7728 4200


web: www.rwmexhibition.com

2010 Global Waste Management

Symposium

San Antonio, Texas, USA

3–6 October 2010

Florence Torres, Penton Business

Media Inc., 11 River Bend South,

Stamford, CT 06907, USA

Tel: +1 203 358 9900

Fax: +1 203 358 5816

e-mail: fl [email protected]

web: www.wastesymposium.com

POWER-GEN Middle East

Doha, Qatar

4–6 October 2010

Neil Walker, PennWell Corporation,

Horseshoe Hill, Upshire,

Essex EN9 3SR, UK

Tel: +44 1992 656 643

Fax: +44 1992 656 700


web: www.power-gen-middleeast.

com

BIR Autumn Convention

Brussels, Belgium

24–26 October 2010




Tel: +32 2 627 57 70

Fax: +32 2 627 57 73


web: www.bir.org

Enviro 2010

Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

21–23 July 2010

Waste Management Association of

Australia, Veronica Dullens, Suite

4D, 5 Belmore Street, Burwood,

NSW 2134, Australia

Tel: +61 2 8746 5055

Fax: +61 2 9701 0199


web: www.enviro2010.com.au

WASTECON 2010

Boston, Massachusetts, USA

14–18 August 2010

SWANA, Solid Waste Association

of North America, 1100 Wayne

Avenue, Suite 700, Silver Spring,

Maryland 20910, USA

Tel: +1 800 467 9262

Fax: +1 301 589 7068


web: www.swana.org

21st World Energy Congress

Montréal, Québec, Canada


World Energy Congress, Marie

Cloutier, 740 Notre-Dame Street

West, 8th Floor, Montréal, Québec,

Canada, H3C 3X6

Tel: +1 514 397 1474

Fax: +1 514 397 9114

web: www.wecmontreal2010.ca

IFAT ENTSORGA

Munich, Germany


Messe München GmbH,

Messegelände, 81823 München,

Germany

Tel: +49 89 9 49 1 1358

Fax: +49 89 9 49 1 1359


web: www.ifat.de

Diary of events



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http://www.qmags.com/clickthrough.asp?url=www.ecomondo.com&id=15133&adid=P55E11

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http://www.qmags.com/clickthrough.asp?url=www.wastesymposium.com&id=15133&adid=P55E6

http://www.qmags.com/clickthrough.asp?url=www.powergeneurope.com&id=15133&adid=P55E5

http://www.qmags.com/clickthrough.asp?url=www.powergenasia.com&id=15133&adid=P55E4

http://www.qmags.com/clickthrough.asp?url=www.rwmexhibition.com&id=15133&adid=P55E3

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DIARY


ARJES GMBH 45

BABCOCK & WILCOX VOLUND 34

BIOWAYSTE.COM 5

BMH TECHNOLOGY OY 1

CARGOTEC SWEDEN AB 15

CATERPILLAR S.A.R.L. IFC

DOPPSTADT CALBE GMBH 38

ELDAN RECYCLING A/S 47

GICOM B.V. 11

HAKO WERKE 17

HAMMEL RECYLINGTECHNIK GMBH 46

HYDRATECH MATERIAL HANDLING & SERVICES BV 33

INASHCO B.V. 37

ISWA 53-54

JCB SALES LTD 23

KOMPTECH GMBH 40

LINDNER RECYCLINGTECH 51

MAGNAPOWER EQUIPMENT LTD 8

MASIAS RECYCLING SL 49

MATTIUSSI ECOLOGIA SPA 27

MESSE MUNCHEN GMBH 36

METSO DENMARK A/S OBC

MEWA RECYCLING 52

NTM AB 31

ORKEL COMPACTION AS 41

PENNWELL 10

PLANT AND WASTE RECYCLING SHOW 19

ECOMONDO 2010 7

SID SA 9

SITI - B & T GROUP IBC

SOTKON UK LIMITED 24

SSAB OXELÖSUND AB 20

WASTECON 2010 42

TANA OY 50

TERBERG MACHINES BV 25

WMW ADVERTISERS’ INDEX

5th World Recycling Forum

Hong Kong, China


ICM AG, Schwaderhof 524,

5708 Birrwil, Switzerland

Tel: +41 62 785 1000

Fax: +41 62 785 1005


web: www.icm.ch

Poleko 2010

Poznań, Poland


Poznań International Fair Ltd,

Glogowska Street 14, 60734

Poznań, Poland

Tel: +48 61 869 2000

Fax: +48 61 869 2999


web. www.poleko.mtp.pl

Pollutec 2010

Lyon, France

30 November –3 December 2010

Reed Expositions France, 52-54 quai

de Dion-Bouton, CS 80001, 92806

Puteaux Cedex, France

Tel: +33 1 47 56 50 97

Fax : +33 1 47 56 21 10

e-mail: antoinette.viellard@

reedexpo.fr

web: www.pollutec.com

2011

10th International Electronics

Recycling Congress

Salzburg, Austria

19–21 January 2011

ICM AG, Schwaderhof 524,

5708 Birrwil, Switzerland

Tel: +41 62 785 1000

Fax: +41 62 785 1005


web: www.icm.ch

Waste Expo 2011

Dallas, Texas, USA

10–12 May 2011

Kimberly Stolfi , Penton Business

Media Inc., 11 River Bend South,

Stamford, CT 06907, USA

Tel: +1 203 358 4252

Fax: +1 203 358 5816

e-mail: kimberly.stolfi @penton.com

web: www.wasteexpo.com

Metalriciclo 2011

Montichiari, Brescia, Italy

19–21 May 2011

Edimet Spa, Roberta Bordiga, Via

Brescia 117, 25018 Montichiari,

Brescia, Italy

Tel: +39 030 998 1045

Fax: +39 030 998 1055

e-mail: roberta.bordiga@edimet.

com

web: www.metalriciclo.com

2011 World Recycling Convention

& Exhibition

Singapore

22–25 May 2011


24 Avenue Franklin Roosevelt, 1050

Brussels, Belgium

Tel: +32 2 627 57 70

Fax: +32 2 627 57 73


web: www.bir.org

WasteTech 2011

Moscow, Russian Federation

31 May –3 June 2011

SIBICO International Ltd., POB 105,

105062, Moscow, Russia

Tel: +7 495225 5986

Fax: +7 495 225 5986


web: www.waste-tech.ru

POWER-GEN Europe

Milan, Italy

7–9 June 2011

PennWell Corporation, Crispin Coul-

son, Warlies Park House, Horseshoe

Hill, Upshire, Essex EN9 3SR, UK

Tel: +44 1992 656 646

Fax: +44 1992 656 700


web: www.powergeneurope.com

BIR Autumn Convention

Munich, Germany

23–25 October 2011




Tel: +32 2 627 57 70

Fax: +32 2 627 57 73


web: www.bir.org



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Shredding power

Metso Denmark A/S · Tel: +45 7626 6400 · www.metso.com/recycling

Metso is one of the world´s leading manufacturers of heavy-duty

shredder equipment, capable of effectively and reliably shredding

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