electrochemical ag+ for preservative use

4
Vol. 5 8, N o . 1 2 PPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, Dec. 1992, p . 3834-3836 0099-2240/92/123834-03$02.00/0 Electrochemical A g + f o r Preservative Use N . SIMONEYTI,1 G . SIMONEYTI,2 F. BOUGNOL,2 AN D M. SCALZO2* Istituto d i Microbiologial and Dipartimento d i Studi d i Chimica e Tecnologia delle Sostanze Biologicamente Attive,2 Facolta d i Farmacia, Universita "L a Sapienza, " Rome, Italy Received 1 5 June 1992/Accepted 2 9 September 1992 I n contact experiments with different experimental conditions, electrochemical A g + solutions exhibited better antimicrobial effectiveness against bacteria, a yeast species, a n d a mold than d i d analogous silver solutions from inorganic salts. T h e particular characteristics o f electrochemical Ag+, such as the mode o f action, effectiveness a t concentrations, a n d stability, indicate that A g + could b e used effectively i n preservatives. T h e antimicrobial activity (oligodynamic action) o f small quantities o f metals (13), recognized since t h e nineteenth century, h a s been the basis f o r th e development o f many antimicrobial processes a n d products (8). Among t he metals, silver a n d silver salts have been widely employed, particu- larly f o r water disinfection (11). More recently, silver h as been utilized f o r topical applications, a n d a 1 t o 3 % silver sulfadiazine cream is usedworldwide t o prevent infection of burn wounds an d t o treat postinfection skin conditions (7). Th e A g i o n h a s been investigated i n terms o f i t s activity against different microorganisms, optimum A g + concentra- tion, time, p H , a n d temperature (11, 14), a n d cellular targets (9). With regard o t h e mechanism o f action, Goetz ( 5 ) stated that silver i s microbicidal only i t i s i n the ionic state, a n d Rochart andUzdins (10) pointed ou t th e selective absorption of these ions b y the cell surface. Silver compounds that ionize poorly d o n o t provide enough ions a r e still good antiseptics (6). Silver m a y b e used as a metal, bu t t h e active agent appears t o b e the ions produced (7). Although different salts appear t o work b y t he same mechanism, i.e., b y supplying t h e silver i o n a t different rates, there i s a difference o f opinion a s t o t h e effectiveness of t h e silver i n relation t o microbial attack (15) a n d microbial alteration (4). Reviewing t h e bactericidal effectiveness o f silver, Woodward (14) a s - certained several discrepancies i n t h e literature. F o r i n- stance, some authors have reported that th e silver activity is affected b y chlorides, sulfides, an d phosphates, whereas others have found no difference between silver nitrate a n d electrolytically produced silver (14). Using t h e broth dilution susceptibility test with 1 6 gram-positive an d -negative micro- organisms, Berger e t al. (1 , 2 ) found t h e bacteriostatic a n d bactericidal concentrations o f electrochemical A g + t o b e 1 0 t o 100 t im es lower than thos of silver sulfadiazine. They similarly showed that t h e activity of anode-derived A g + against yeast i n culture experiments w a s higher than that o f silver compounds. It i s n o t y e t completely understood whether t h e microbiological effectiveness o f silver solutions c a n b e correlated to t h e source o f silver, particularly i n contact experiments. Since w e are interested i n t h e potential u s e o f A g i n preservatives, f o r instance, i n pharmaceutical o r cosmetic preparations, t h e a i m o f o u r study w as t o investi- gate t h e microbicidal activity o f silver b y comparing t h e effectiveness o f an electrochemically obtained solution with that from inorganic salts against bacteria, a yeast species, a n d a mold i n contact experiments. * Corresponding author. MATERIALS A N D METHODS Sterile, purified (distilled o n permanganate) water w a s used f o r a l l solutions a n d microbial assays. T o prepare th e AgNO3 solutions, w e used analytical-grade silver nitrate that h a d been heated a t 120°C f o r 2 h . I n some experiments, w e used a silver chloride solution obtained from a silver nitrate solution with hydrochloric acid. The precipitate w a s washed until t h e N 0 3 disappeared a n d then poured into water t o form a saturated solution. T h e silver chloride solution w a s filtered off, a n d t h e A g + concentration w a s determined. The silver solution obtained b y t h e electro- chemical method [indicated a Ag(e)] w a s prepared b y using a 4.5-V battery connected with t w o silver electrodes (length, 8 c m ; area o f cross section, 4 mm2; distance between electrodes, 3 c m ) i n a 100-ml glass cylinder. This device supplied a n Ag(e) solution of - 2 x 1 0 - M after 1 5 min. This solution w as tested with I - a n d starch-water t o ensure that n o hydrogen peroxide w a s present. The A g + concentration w a s determined at room temperature b y using a n Ag2S electrode, a n d a l l potential readings were recorded after stabilization t o +0.1 mV/min. T h e function o f t h e electrode w as examined b y measuring t h e potentials ( in millivolts) o f 10-3 t o M AgNO3 solutions (593.92 + 61.37 x l o g C , where C i s t h e molar concentration; n = 1 0 ; R = 1.00). A l l silver solutions were protected from exposure t o light. A l l TABLE 1 . Microbicidal activity o f Ag(e) and AgNO3 solutions against E . coli, P . aeruginosa, C . albicans, n d A. nige& Species Agent ( M ) Intercept K R D E E. coli Ag(e) (10-5) 5.346 -0.242 0.950 4 . 1 1.17 AgNO3 (10-5) 5.421 -0.205 0.913 4 . 9 P. aeruginosa Ag(e) (10-5) 4.548 -0.026 0.987 38.7 1.61 AgNO3 (10-5) 4.429 -0.016 0.875 62.5 C . albicans Ag(e) (10-6) 4.794 -0.016 0.956 62.5 X AgNO3 (10-6) A . niger Ag(e) (10-6) 5.359 -0.021 0.979 47.6 X AgNO3 (10-6) Experiments were conducted a t 25'C an d pH 6.5. Microbial suspensions contained 106 cells p e r m l. Intercept, intercept o f regression curve; K , slope o f t h e regression curve; R2 , correlation coefficient from regression; D, time required t o achieve 9 0% reduction i n viable cells; E , KA9(>/KAgNo3 AgNO3 showed no activity against C. albicans andA. niger. 3834

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8/3/2019 Electrochemical Ag+ for Preservative Use

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/electrochemical-ag-for-preservative-use 1/3

V o l . 5 8 , N o . 1 2PPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL M I C R O B I O L O G Y , D e c . 1 9 9 2 , p . 3 8 3 4 - 3 8 3 6

0 0 9 9 - 2 2 4 0 / 9 2 / 1 2 3 8 3 4 - 0 3 $ 0 2 . 0 0 / 0

E l e c t r o c h e m i c a l A g+ f o r P r e s e r v a t i v e Use

N . SIMONEYTI,1 G . SIMONEYTI,2 F . BOUGNOL ,2 AND M. SCALZO2*

I s t i t u t o d i M i c r o b i o l o g i a la n d

D i p a r t i m e n t o d iS t u d i d i C h i m i c a e T e c n o l o g i a d e l l e S o s t a n z e

B i o l o g i c a m e n t e A t t i v e , 2 F a c o l t a d i F a r m a c i a , U n i v e r s i t a " L a S a p i e n z a , " R o m e , I t a l y

R e c e i v e d 1 5 J u n e 1 9 9 2 / A c ce p t ed 2 9 S e p t e m b e r 1 9 9 2

I n c o n t a c t e x p e r i m e n t s w i t h d i f f e r e n t e x p e r i m e n t a l c o n d i t i o n s , e l e c t r o c h e m i c a l Ag+ s o l u t i o n s e x h i b i t e d

b e t t e r a n t i m i c r o b i a l e f f e c t i v e n e s s a g a i n s t b a c t e r i a , a y e a s t s p e c i e s , a n d a mold t h a n d i d a n a l o g o u s s i l v e r

s o l u t i o n s f r o m i n o r g a n i c s a l t s . T h e p a r t i c u l a r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f e l e c t r o c h e m i c a l A g + , s u c h a s t h e m o de o f

a c t i o n , e f f e c t i v e n e s s a t l o w c o n c e n t r a t i o n s , a n d s t a b i l i t y , i n d i c a t e t h a t Ag+ c o u l d b e u s e d e f f e c t i v e l y i n

p r e s e r v a t i v e s .

T h e a n t i m i c r o b i a l a c t i v i t y ( o l i g o d y n a m i c a c t i o n ) o f s m a l l

q u a n t i t i e s o f m e t a l s ( 1 3 ) , r e c o g n i z e d s i n c e t h e n i n e t e e n t h

c e n t u r y , h a s b e e n t h e b a s i s f o r t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f many

a n t i m i c r o b i a l p r o c e s s e s a n d p r o d u c t s ( 8 ) . A m o n g t h e m e t a l s ,

s i l v e r a n d s i l v e r s a l t s h a v e b e e n w i d e l y e m p l o y e d , p a r t i c u -l a r l y f o r w a t e r d i s i n f e c t i o n ( 1 1 ) . More r e c e n t l y , s i l v e r h a s

b e e n u t i l i z e d f o r t o p i c a l a p p l i c a t i o n s , a n d a 1 t o 3% s i l v e rs u l f a d i a z i n e c r e a m i s u s e d w o r l dw i d e t o p r e v e n t i n f e c t i o n o f

b u r n w o u n d s a n d t o t r e a t p o s t i n f e c t i o n s k i n c o n d i t i o n s ( 7 ) .T h e A g i o n h a s b e e n i n v e s t i g a t e d i n t e r m s o f i t s a c t i v i t ya g a i n s t d i f f e r e n t m i c r o o r g a n i s m s , o p t i m u m Ag+ c o n c e n t r a -

t i o n , t i m e , p H , a n d t e m p e r a t u r e ( 1 1 , 1 4 ) , a n d c e l l u l a r t a r g e t s( 9 ) . W i t h r e g a r d t o t h e m e c h a n i s m o f a c t i o n , G o e t z ( 5 ) s t a t e dt h a t s i l v e r i s m i c r o b i c i d a l o n l y i f i t i s i n t h e i o n i c s t a t e , a n d

R o c h a r t a n d U z d i n s ( 1 0 ) p o i n t e d o u t t h e s e l e c t i v e a b s o r p t i o no f t he se i o n s b y t h e c e l l s u r f a c e . S i l v e r c o m p o u n d s t h a ti o n i z e p o o r l y d o n o t p r o v i d e e n o u g h i o n s a r e s t i l l g o o da n t i s e p t i c s ( 6 ) . S i l v e r m ay b e u s e d a s a m e t a l , b u t t h e a c t i v ea g e n t a p p e a r s t o b e t h e i o n s p r o d u c e d ( 7 ) . A l t h o u g h d i f f e r e n ts a l t s a p p e a r t o w o r k b y t h e same m e c h a n i s m , i . e . , b y

s u p p l y i n g t h e s i l v e r i o n a t d i f f e r e n t r a t e s , t h e r e i s a d i f f e r e n c eo f o p i n i o n a s t o t h e e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f t h e s i l v e r i n r e l a t i o n t om i c r o b i a l a t t a c k ( 1 5 ) a n d m i c r o b i a l a l t e r a t i o n ( 4 ) . R e v i e w i n gt h e b a c t e r i c i d a l e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f s i l v e r , Woodward ( 1 4 ) a s -c e r t a i n e d s e v e r a l d i s c r e p a n c i e s i n t h e l i t e r a t u r e . F o r i n -s t a n c e , some a u t h o r s h a v e r e p o r t e d t h a t t h e s i l v e r a c t i v i t y i sa f f e c t e d b y c h l o r i d e s , s u l f i d e s , a n d p h o s p h a t e s , w h e r e a so t h e r s h a v e f o u n d n o d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n s i l v e r n i t r a t e a n d

e l e c t r o l y t i c a l l y p r o d u c e d s i l v e r ( 1 4 ) . U s i n g t h e b r o t h d i l u t i o ns u s c e p t i b i l i t y t e s t w i t h 1 6 g r a m - p o s i t i v e a n d - n e g a t i v e m i c r o -

o r g a n i s m s , B e r g e r e t a l . ( 1 , 2 ) f o u n d t h e b a c t e r i o s t a t i c a n d

b a c t e r i c i d a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f e l e c t r o c h e m i c a l Ag+ t o b e 1 0

t o 1 0 0 t im es l o w e r t h a n t ho s e o f s i l v e r s u l f a d i a z i n e . They

s i m i l a r l y s h o w e d t h a t t h e a c t i v i t y o f a n o d e - d e r i v e d A g+a g a i n s t y e a s t i n c u l t u r e e x p e r i m e n t s was h i g h er t h a n t h a t o f

s i l v e r c o m p o u n d s . I t i s n o t y e t c o m p l e t e l y u n d e r s t o o dw h e t h e r t h e m i c r o b i o l o g i c a l e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f s i l v e r s o l u t i o n s

c a n b e c o r r e l a t e d t o t h e s o u r c e o f s i l v e r , p a r t i c u l a r l y i nc o n t a c t e x p e r i m e n t s . S i n c e w e a r e i n t e r e s t e d i n t h e p o t e n t i a lu s e o f A g i n p r e s e r v a t i v e s , f o r i n s t a n c e , i n p h a r m a c e u t i c a l o r

c o s m e t i c p r e p a r a t i o n s , t h e a i m o f o u r s t u d y was t o i n v e s t i -g a t e t h e m i c r o b i c i d a l a c t i v i t y o f s i l v e r b y c o m p a r i n g t h e

e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f a n e l e c t r o c h e m i c a l l y o b t a i n e d s o l u t i o n w i t h

t h a t f r o m i n o r g a n i c s a l t s a g a i n s t b a c t e r i a , a y e a s t s p e c i e s ,a n d a m o l d i n c o n t a c t e x p e r i m e n t s .

* C o r r e s p o n d i n g a u t h o r .

MAT ER IALS A N D M ETHO D S

S t e r i l e , p u r i f i e d ( d i s t i l l e d on p e r m a n g a n a t e ) water w as

u s e d f o r a l l s o l u t i o n s a n d m i c r o b i a l a s s a y s . To p r e p a r e t h e

AgNO3 s o l u t i o n s , w e u s e d a n a l y t i c a l - g r a d e s i l v e r n i t r a t e t h a th a d b e e n h e a t e d a t 1 2 0 ° C f o r 2 h . I n some e x p e r i m e n t s , w e

u s e d a s i l v e r c h l o r i d e s o l u t i o n o b t a i n e d f r o m a s i l v e r n i t r a t es o l u t i o n w i t h h y d r o c h l o r i c a c i d . T h e p r e c i p i t a t e was w a s h e du n t i l t h e N03 d i s a p p e a r e d a n d t h e n p o u r e d i n t o w a t e r t o

f o r m a s a t u r a t e d s o l u t i o n . T h e s u p e m a t a n t s i l v e r c h l o r i d es o l u t i o n was f i l t e r e d o f f , a n d t h e Ag+ c o n c e n t r a t i o n was

d e t e r m i n e d . T h e s i l v e r s o l u t i o n o b t a i n e d b y t h e e l e c t r o -c h e m i c a l m e t h o d [ i n d i c a t e d a s A g ( e ) ] was p r e p a r e d b y u s i n ga 4 . 5 - V b a t t e r y c o n n e c t e d w i t h two s i l v e r e l e c t r o d e s ( l e n g t h ,8 c m ; a r e a o f c r o s s s e c t i o n , 4 m m 2 ; d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n

e l e c t r o d e s , 3 c m ) i n a 1 0 0 - m l g l a s s c y l i n d e r . T h i s d e v i ce

s u p p l i e d a n A g ( e ) s o l u t i o n o f - 2 x 1 0 - M a f t e r 1 5 m i n . T h i s

s o l u t i o n was t e s t e d w i t h I - a n d s t a r c h - w a t e r t o e n s u r e t h a tn o h y d r o g e n p e r o x i d e was p r e s e n t . T h e Ag+ c o n c e n t r a t i o n

was d e t e r m i n e d a t r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e b y u s i n g a n A g 2 S

e l e c t r o d e , a n d a l l p o t e n t i a l r e a d i n g s were r e c o r d e d a f t e rs t a b i l i z a t i o n t o + 0 . 1 m V / m i n . T h e f u n c t i o n o f t h e e l e c t r o d ewas e x a m i n e d b y m e a s u r i n g t h e p o t e n t i a l s ( i n m i l l i v o l t s ) o f

1 0 - 3 t o 1 0 - 7 M AgNO3 s o l u t i o n s ( 5 9 3 . 9 2 + 6 1 . 3 7 x l o g C ,

w h e r e C i s t h e m o l a r c o n c e n t r a t i o n ; n = 1 0 ; R = 1 . 0 0 ) . A l ls i l v e r s o l u t i o n s were p r o t e c t e d f r o m e x p o s u r e t o l i g h t . A l l

T A B L E 1 . M i c r o b i c i d a l a c t i v i t y o f A g ( e ) a n d AgNO3 s o l u t i o n sa g a i n s t E . c o l i , P . a e r u g i n o s a , C . a l b i c a n s , a n d A . n i g e &

S p e c i e s A g e n t ( M ) I n t e r c e p t K R D E

E . c o l i A g ( e ) ( 1 0 - 5 ) 5 . 3 4 6 - 0 . 2 4 2 0 . 9 5 0 4 . 1 1 . 1 7

AgNO3 ( 1 0 - 5 ) 5 . 4 2 1 - 0 . 2 0 5 0 . 9 1 3 4 . 9

P . a e r u g i n o s a A g ( e ) ( 1 0 - 5 ) 4 . 5 4 8 - 0 . 0 2 6 0 . 9 8 7 3 8 . 7 1 . 6 1AgNO3 ( 1 0 - 5 ) 4 . 4 2 9 - 0 . 0 1 6 0 . 8 7 5 6 2 . 5

C . a l b i c a n s A g ( e ) ( 1 0 - 6 ) 4 . 7 9 4 - 0 . 0 1 6 0 . 9 5 6 6 2 . 5 XAgNO3 ( 1 0 - 6 )

A . n i g e r A g ( e ) ( 1 0 - 6 ) 5 . 3 5 9 - 0 . 0 2 1 0 . 9 7 9 4 7 . 6 XAgNO3 ( 1 0 - 6 )

a E x p e r i m e n t s w e r e c o n d u c t e d a t 2 5 ' C a n d pH 6 . 5 . M i c r o b i a l s u s p e n s i o n s

c o n t a i n e d 1 0 6 c e l l s p e r m l . I n t e r c e p t , i n t e r c e p t o f r e g r e s s i o n c u r v e ; K , s l o p eo f t h e r e g r e s s i o n c u r v e ; R 2 , c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t f r o m r e g r e s s i o n ; D , t i m e

r e q u i r e d t o a c h i e v e 90% r e d u c t i o n i n v i a b l e c e l l s ; E , K A 9 ( > / K A g N o 3 A g N O 3s h o w e d no a c t i v i t y a g a i n s t C . a l b i c a n s a n d A . n i g e r .

3 8 3 4

8/3/2019 Electrochemical Ag+ for Preservative Use

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E L E C T R O C H E M I C A L A g + FO R P R E S E R V A T I V E U S E 3 8 3 5

T A B L E 2 . A g ( e ) a n d AgNO3 d i l u t i o n e x p o ne n t s w i t hd i f f e r e n t s p e c i e s a

i n o f :S p e c i e s

A g ( e ) AgNO3

E . c o l i 0 . 1 2 0 . 1 9P . a e n r g i n o s a 0 . 2 4 0 . 6 6

C . a l b i c a n s 0 . 0 7 7 0 0

a E x p e r i m e n t s w e r e c o n d u c t e d a t 2 5 ' C a n d pH 6 . 5 . a v a l u e s w e r e c o m p u t e dw i t h A g ( e ) a n d AgNO3 c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f 1 0 - 5 a n d 1 0 - 6 M.

pH v a l u e s w e r e a d j u s t e d w i t h 0 . 0 1 M c i t r i c a c i d - c i t r a t eb u f f e r .

S t r a i n s . T h e t e s t s w e r e c a r r i e d o u t a g a i n s t g r a m - n e g a t i v eb a c t e r i a ( E s c h e r i c h i a c o l i , P s e u d o m o n a s a e r u g i n o s a ) , ay e a s t ( C a n d i d a a l b i c a n s ) , a n d a m o l d ( A s p e r g i l l u s n i g e r ) ; t h es t r a i n s w e r e i s o l a t e d f r o m v a r i o u s c l i n i c a l s p e c i m e n s a n di d e n t i f i e d b y s t a n d a r d m e t h o ds . F o r t h e i n o c u l u m p r e p a r a -t i o n a n d f o r v i a b l e c e l l c o u n t i n g , e x p r e s s e d a s CFU, E . c o l ia n d P . a e r u g i n o s a w e r e g r o w n i n BHI a g a r ( B B L ) f o r 2 4 h a t3 7 ' C a n d C . a l b i c a n s a n d A . n i g e r w e r e g r o w n i n S a b o u r a u dd e x t r o s e a g a r ( B B L ) f o r 4 8 h a t 3 7 ° C . T h e c e l l s w e r e w a s h e db e f o r e u s e . T h e c e l l s u s p e n s i o n c o n c e n t r a t i o n was c a l c u -l a t e d b y m e a s u r i n g t h e o p t i c a l d e n s i t y a t 5 4 0 n m .

S u r v i v o r - t i m e c u r v e s . T h e m i c r o b i c i d a l a c t i v i t y was i n v e s -t i g a t e d w i t h d i r e c t c o n t a c t a t 2 5 ' C . T h e c o n t a c t t i m e s , f i v ep e r e x p e r i m e n t , w e r e s e l e c t e d i n r e l a t i o n t o s t r a i n s e n s i t i v -i t y . A f t e r c o n t a c t o f 9 m l o f a s u i t a b l e s i l v e r s o l u t i o n w i t h 1m l o f a s u i t a b l e m i c r o b i a l s u s p e n s i o n ( i n H20 a t pH 7 ) t h es u r v i v o r s w e r e c o un t e d . A 0 . 1 - m l s a m p l e was d i l u t e d 1 : 1 0 0 ,a n d t h e n 1 m l o r 0 . 1 m l was d i s p e r s e d i n t o 1 0 m l o f a g a rm e d i u m . C a r e was t a k e n t o d i l u t e t h e s a m p l e s a p p r o p r i a t e l ys o t h a t s i l v e r i o n a c t i v i t y was i m m e d i a t e l y a r r e s t e d . To a v o i di n t e r f e r e n c e , n o i n a c t i v a t o r s w e r e u s e d . A l l e x p e r i m e n t sw e r e r e p e a t e d t h r e e t i m e s .

S t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s i s . To t e s t f o r s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t d i f -f e r e n c e s among t h e a c t i v i t i e s o f s i l v e r s o l u t i o n s , t h e a n a l y s i so f v a r i a nc e was d e t e r m i n e d . A P v a l u e o f < 0 . 0 5 wasc o n s i d e r e d t o b e s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t .

T AB L E 3 . I n f l u e n c e o f i o n s on t h e a n t i m i c r o b i a l a c t i v i t i e so f Ag+ s o l u t i o n s a

E . c o l i C . a l b i c a n sA g e n t ( M )

% S u r v i v o r s b pc % S u r v i v o r s ' pc

A g ( e ) ( 1 0 - 6 ) 0 . 0 1 ± 0 . 0 0 5 2 + 1 . 0A g C l ( 1 0 - 6 ) 0 . 0 2 ± 0 . 0 1 2 0 . 1 7 6 ± 1 . 6 8 0 . 0 0 1 4

AgNO3 ( 1 0 - 6 ) 0 . 0 3 ± 0 . 0 1 4 0 . 0 2 3 7 . 4 ± 2 . 0 7 0 . 0 0 0 8

A g ( e ) ( 1 0 - 6 ) + KNO3 0 . 0 5 ± 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 0 4 1 0 ± 1 . 5 8 0 . 0 0 0 0( 1 0 - 6 )

A g ( e ) ( 1 0 - 7 ) 0 . 2 ± 0 . 0 7 9 3 0 + 1 0

A g C l ( 1 0 - 7 ) 0 . 4 ± 0 . 1 5 0 . 0 3 5 3 5 ± 1 1 . 7 2 0 . 4 8

AgNO3 ( 1 0 - 7 ) 0 . 5 ± 0 . 1 4 0 . 0 3 3 4 0 ± 1 6 . 2 0 . 2 7

A g ( e ) ( l 1 0 - 7 ) + KNO3 0 . 8 + 0 . 2 4 0 . 0 0 0 8 4 1 ± 1 1 . 4 0 . 1 4

( 1 0 - )

a E x p e r i m e n t s w e r e c o n d u c t e d a t 2 5 ' C a n d p H 6 . 5 . S u s p e n s i o n s o f E . c o i

c o n t a i n e d 1 0 6 c e l l s p e r m l , a n d t h e c o n t a c t t i m n e was 1 h . S u s p e n s i o n s o f C .a l b i ca n s c o n t a i ne d 1 0 4 c e l l s p e r m l , a n d t h e c o n t a c t t i m e was 3 h .

b D a t a a r e means + s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n s .c P v a l u e r e f e r s t o t h e a c t i v i t y o f s i l v e r f r o m e a c h d i f f e r e n t s o u r c e c o m p a r e d

w i t h A g ( e ) a c t i v i t y .

T A B L E 4 . E f f e c t o f t e m p e r a t u r e o n t h e m i c ro b i ci d a l a c t i v i t i e s o f

A g ( e ) a n d AgNO3 a g a i n s t C . a l b i c a n s '

Mean % s u r v i v o r s _ SD i n c u l t u r e s

Temp ( ' C ) t r e a t e d w i t h :

A g ( e ) AgNO3

3 5 1 . 4 + 0 . 5 5 1 0 5 . 2 t 2 . 5 92 5 9 . 2 ± 4 . 8 7 b 1 0 5 . 6 ± 2 . 3 0

a E x p e r i m e n t s w e r e c o n d u c t e d a t t h e i n d i c a t e d t e m p e r a t u r e a n d pH 6 . 5 .C on t ac t t i me was 3 0 m i n . A g ( e ) a n d AgNO3 w e r e b o t h u s e d a t 106 M. T h ei n i t i a l c u l t u r e c o n t a i n e d 1 0 6 C a l b i c a n s c e l l s p e r m l .

b p = 0 . 0 0 7 4 ; c o m p a r i s o n o f t h e d i f f e r e n t A g ( e ) a c t i v i t i e s a t 2 5 a n d 3 5 ' C .

R E S U L T S

T h e s i l v e r s o l u t i o n s s h o w e d v e r y d i f f e r e n t a c t i v i t i e sa g a i n s t d i f f e r e n t m i c r o b i a l s p e c i e s . A f t e r 6 0 m i n o f c o n t a c t a tpH 6 . 5 w i t h s u s p e n s i o n s ( 1 0 6 c e l l s p e r m l ) o f E . c o l i , P .

a e n r g i n o s a , C . a l b i c a n s , a n d A . n i g e r , a 1 0 - 6 M A g ( e )s o l u t i o n r e s u l t e d i n s u r v i v o r p e rc e n ta g e s o f 0 t o 1 % , 1 4 t o1 6 % , 8 . 5 t o 1 5 % , a n d 6 . 4 t o 1 0 % , r e s p e c t i v e l y . T h e a c t i v i t i e s

o f A g ( e ) a n d AgNO3 s o l u t i o n s a g a i n s t d i f f e r e n t m i c r o b i a ls p e c i e s a r e c o m p a r e d i n T a b l e s 1 a n d 2 . T h e c a l c u l a t e d s l o p eo f t h e r e g r e s s i o n c u r v e , t i m e r e q u i r e d t o a c h i e v e a 90%r e d u c t i o n i n v i a b l e c e l l s , a n d K A g ( C K A N 0 3 s h o w t h a t ,a l t h o u g h E . c o l i , P . a e n r g i n o s a , C . a t b i c a n s , a n d A . n i g e rd i s p l a y e d d i f f e r e n t s e n s i t i v i t i e s , t h e a c t i v i t y o f t h e A g ( e )s o l u t i o n was a l w a y s h i g h e r ; m o r e o v e r , t h e - v a l u e s { [ ( l o gd e a t h t i m e a t c o n c e n t r a t i o n C 2 ) - ( l o g d e a t h t i m e a t c o n c e n -t r a t i o n C 1 ) ] x 1 / ( l o g C 1 / C 2 ) } d e m o n s t r a t e d t h a t A g ( e ) wasl e s s i n f l u e n c e d b y d i l u t i o n t h a n was AgNO3 ( T a b l e 2 ) . I t h a sb e e n s h o w n t h a t t h e b i o l o g i c a l a c t i v i t y o f e l ec t ro c he m ic a lAg+ i s s i m i l a r t o t h a t o f Ag+ f r o m i n o r g a n i c s a l t s ( 1 2 ) ;n e v e r t h e l e s s , q u a n t i t a t i v e d a t a f r o m c o n t a c t e x p e r i m e n t s( T a b l e 3 ) , c o m p a r i n g A g ( e ) w i t h A g N O 3 , A g C l , a n d A g ( e ) -KNO3 s o l u t i o n s a g a i n s t E . c o l i a n d C . a l b i c a n s s h o w e d t h a tt h e m i c r o b i o l o g i c a l e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f Ag+ was r e a l l y i n f l u -e n c e d b y N03 a n d C l - . T h e i n f l u e n c e o f t h e s e i o n s was w e l ld i s p l a y e d b y t h e v a r i a t i o n o f t h e a c t i v i t i e s o f 1 0 - 6 M Ag+f r o m d i f f e r e n t s o u r c e s a g a i n s t C . a l b i c a n s . T h e d a t a r e p o r t e di n T a b l e 4 s h o w t h a t t h e A g ( e ) a c t i v i t y i m p r o v e d w i t h r i s i n gt e m p e r a t u r e . T h e m i c r o b i c i d a l e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f A g ( e ) a p -p e a r e d m or e a f f e c t e d b y pH a n d was e n h a n c e d i n a l k a l i n em e d i u m ; t h e a c t i v i t y - p H c o r r e l a t i o n a n d d e g r e e o f a c t i v i t yw e r e more e v i d e n t w i t h A g ( e ) t h a n w i t h a n a l o g o u s AgNO3s o l u t i o n s ( T a b l e 5 ) . A g ( e ) a c t i o n was a f f e c t e d b y m i c r o b i a l

c o n c e n t r a t i o n , b u t A g ( e ) was s i g n i f i c a n t l y m or e e f f e c t i v et h a n AgN03 ( T a b l e 6 ) . T h e p e r c e n t a g e s o f s u r v i v o r s ( ±s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n s ) i n c u l t u r e s t r e a t e d w i t h a f r e s h l y p r e -

p a r e d A g ( e ) s o l u t i o n a n d a n o t h e r s o l u t i o n p r e p a r e d 3 0 d a y s

T A B L E 5 . E f f e c t o f pH on t h e m i c r o b i c i d a l a c t i v i t i e s o f A g ( e )a n d AgNO3 a g a i n s t C . a l b i c a n s a

Mean % s u r v i v o r s + S D i n c u l t u r e s t r e a t e d w i t h :pH

A g ( e ) AgNO3

5 1 8 . 4 ± 2 . 3 2 1 0 5 . 8 ± 1 7 . 3 4

6 . 5 9 . 2 ± 4 . 8 7 1 0 5 . 6 ± 2 . 3 0

7 . 5 0 . 4 ± 0 . 5 5 b 4 4 . 6 ± 4 . 4 5

a E x p e r i m e n t s were c o n d u c t e d a t 2 5 ' C . C o n t a c t t i m e was 3 0 m i n . A g ( e ) a n d

AgNO3 were b o t h u s e d a t 1 0 - 6 M. T h e i n i t i a l c u l t u r e c o n t a i n e d 1 0 6 C .a l b i c a n s c e l l s p e r m l .

b p = 0 . 0 0 0 0 ; c o m p a r i s o n o f t h e A g ( e ) a c t i v i t i e s w i t h d i f f e r e n t pH v a l u e s .

V O L . 5 8 , 1 9 9 2

8/3/2019 Electrochemical Ag+ for Preservative Use

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3 8 3 6 SIMONETTI E T AL.

T AB L E 6 . E f f e c t o f m i c r o bi a l c o n ce n tr a t i o n o n t h e m i c r o b i c i d a l

a c t i v i t i e s o f A g ( e ) a n d AgNO3 a g a i n s t C . a l b i c a n s a

Mean % s u r v i v o r s + S D i n c u l t u r e sI n o c u l u m t r e a t e d w i t h :( c e l l s / m l )

A g ( e ) AgNO3

1 0 6 9 . 2 ± 4 . 8 7 1 0 5 . 6 ± 2 . 3 0

1 0 7 1 8 ± 4 . 1 8 1 0 4 . 6 ± 3 . 5 1

a E x p e r i m e n t s w e r e c o n d u c t e d a t 2 5 ' C a n d pH 6 . 5 . C on t ac t t i me wa s 3 0

m i n . B o t h A g ( e ) a n d AgNO3 w e r e u s e d a t 1 0 - 6 M.b p = 0 . 0 1 5 ; c o m p a r i s o n o f t h e A g ( e ) a c t i v i t i e s w i t h d i f f e r e n t c o n c e n t r a t i o n s

o f o r g a n i s m s .

b e f o r e t e s t i n g w e r e 0 . 4 % + 0 . 5 5 % a n d 0 . 2 % + 0 . 4 8 % ,r e s p e c t i v e l y ( P = 0 . 5 4 4 ) .

DISCUSSION

O u r e x p e r i m e n t s s h o w e d t h a t t h e c o n t a c t a n t i m i c r o b i a la c t i v i t y o f A g ( e ) w a s s u p e r i o r t o t h a t o f AgNO3 a g a i n s tg r a m - p o s i t i v e a n d - n e g a t i v e b a c t e r i a , C . a l b i c a n s , a n d a

f i l a m e n t o u s m y c e t e . O u r c o n t a c t t e s t s c o n f i r m e d t h e e x c e l -l e n t a n t i b a c t e r i a l s p e c t r u m a n d t h e h i g h p o t e n c y o f e l e c t r i -c a l l y g e n e r a t e d s i l v e r d e m o n s t r a t e d p r e v i o u s l y i n b r o t h

d i l u t i o n s u s c e p t i b i l i t y t e s t s ( 1 ) . T h e Woodward r e p o r t ( 1 4 )c o n t a i n e d d a t a r e g a r d i n g t h e a c t i v i t y o f s i l v e r a g a i n s t o n l y E .c o l i ; b e c a u s e E . c o l i i s h i g h l y s e n s i t i v e t o s i l v e r i o n s , i t c o u l d

b e i n a d e q u a t e f o r d i f f e r e n t i a l a n a l y s i s , a s was o b s e r v e d i no u r e x p e r i m e n t s . I n d e e d , we p r e f e r r e d t o u s e t h e l e s ss e n s i t i v e s p e c i e s C . a l b i c a n s t o s h o w t h a t t h e m i c r o b i a l

e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f s i l v e r i s r e d u c e d b y t h e NO3 i o n . E x a c t l yh ow i o n s i n f l u e n c e m i c r o b i o l o g i c a l a c t i v i t y i s n o t k n o w n .C h l o r i d e s m ay a c t b y f o r m i n g c o m p l e x e s , a n d t h e l o ws o l u b i l i t y o f s i l v e r s u l f i d e s m ay h a v e s o m e e f f e c t , b u t t h e s ee x p l a n a t i o n s w o u l d n o t a p p l y t o t h e e f f e c t s o f p h o s p h a t e sa n d n i t r a t e s o r t o pH d e p e n d e n c e . I n c o n c l u s i o n , e v e nt h o u g h A g ( e ) a n d Ag+ f r o m i n o r g a n i c s a l t s h a v e s i m i l a r ,a p p a r e n t l y m e m b r a n e - r e l a t e d a c t i v i t i e s ( 1 2 ) , t h e m i c r o b i -c i d a l a c t i v i t y o f s i l v e r i s s i g n i f i c a n t l y i o n i n f l u e n c e d . T h em a i n p r o b l e m i n p h a r m a c e u t i c a l a n d p a r t i c u l a r l y i n c o s m e t i cp r e p a r a t i o n s i s t o d e v e l o p a s a f e a n d s t a b l e p r e s e r v a t i v e t h a ti s a l s o v e r y a c t i v e a g a i n s t a b r o a d s p e c t r u m o f m i c r o o r g a n -i s m s . A n o d i c s i l v e r i o n s a r e v e r y e f f e c t i v e a g e n t s a t l o wc o n c e n t r a t i o n s w i t h o u t a n y d e t r i m e n t a l e f f e c t u p o n n o r m a lm a m m a l i a n c e l l s ( 2 ) , a n d t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s n e e d e d t o

i n h i b i t t h e b a c t e r i a i n i n v i t r o e x p e r i m e n t s h a v e b e e n c o n -

f i r m e d b y c l i n i c a l d a t a ( 7 ) . O u r e x p e r i m e n t a l r e s u l t s c o n f i r m

t h e p o t e n t i a l o f A g ( e ) f o r u s e a s a p r e s e r v a t i v e ; t h i s a n i o n -

f r e e p r e s e r v a t i v e s y s t e m m i g h t s h o w a r e d u c e d i n t e r f e r e n c ew i t h t h e o t h e r m a t e r i a l s u s e d i n m o s t f o r m u l a t i o n s .

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1 . B e r g e r , T . J . , J . A . S p a d a r o , R . B i e r m a n , S . E . C h a p i n , a n dR . 0 . B e c k e r . 1 9 7 6 . A n t i f u n g a l p r o p e r t i e s o f e l e c t r i c a l l y g e n e r -

a t e d m e t a l l i c i o n s . A n t i m i c r o b . A g e n t s C h e m o t h e r . 1 0 : 8 5 6 - 8 6 0 .2 . B e r g e r , T . J . , J . A . S p a d a r o , S . E . C h a p i n , a n d R . 0 . B e c k e r .

1 9 7 6 . E l e c t r i c a l l y g e n e r a t e d s i l v e r i o n s : q u a n t i t a t i v e e f f e c t s o n

b a c t e r i a l a n d m a m m a l i a n c e l l s . A n t i m i c r o b . A g e n t s C h e m o t h e r .9 : 3 5 7 - 3 5 8 .

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c h em i c al b e ha v i o r o f s i l v e r i n l o w c o n c e n t r a t i o n s . T e c h n i c a l

R e p o r t w 6 0 - 4 o f t h e U . S . P u b l i c H e a l t h S e r v i c e . R . A . T a f t

S a n i t a r y E n g i n e e r i n g C e n t e r , C i n c i n n a t i , O h i o .

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W o r k s A s s o c . 3 5 : 5 7 9 .6 . G o o d m a n , L . S . , a n d A . G i l m a n s . 1 9 8 0 . P h a r m a c o l o g i c a l b a s i s o f

t h e r a p e u t i c s , 6 t h e d . , p . 9 7 7 . M a c m i l l a n P u bl i sh i ng C o. , I n c . ,Ne w Y o r k .

7 . G r i e r , N . 1 9 8 3 . S i l v e r a n d i t s c o m p o u n d s , p . 3 7 5 - 3 8 9 . I n S . S .B l o c k ( e d . ) , D i s i n f e c t i o n , s t e r i l i z a t i o n , a n d p r e s e r v a t i o n , 3 r d e d .L e a & F e b i g e r , P h i l a d e l p h i a .

8 . H o l d e n , W . S . 1 9 7 0 . W a t e r t r e a t m e n t a n d e x a m i n a t i o n , p .3 5 0 - 3 6 0 . C h u r c h i l l L i v i n g s t o n e , L t d . , E d i n b u r g h .

9 . H u g o , W. B . 1 9 8 7 . C h a p t e r X I I I , p . 2 8 1 - 2 8 7 . I n A . D . R u s s e l( e d . ) , P h a r m a c e u t i c a l m i c r o b i o l o g y , 4 t h e d . B l a c k w e l l S c i e n t i f i cP u b l i c a t i o n s L t d . , O x f o r d .

1 0 . R o c h a r t , C . , a n d K . U z d i n s . 1 9 4 7 . K a t a d y n ( s i l v e r p r e p a r a t i o n ) ;c l i n i c a l a p p l i c a t i o n . S c h w e i z . M e d . W o c h e n s c h r . 7 7 : 1 1 0 0 - 1 1 0 4 .

1 1 . R o m a n s , I . B . 1 9 5 4 . O l i g o d y n a m i c m e t a l s , p . 3 8 8 - 4 2 8 . I n G . F .R e d d i s h ( e d . ) , A n t i s e p t i c s , d i s i n f e c t a n t s , f u n g i c i d e s a n d c h e m -i c a l a n d p h y s i c a l s t e r i l i z a t i o n . L e a & F e b i g e r , P h i l a d e l p h i a .

1 2 . R o s e n k r a n z , H . S . , a n d H . S . C a r r . 1 9 7 2 . S i l v e r s u l f a t i a z i n e :e f f e c t o n t h e g r o w t h a n d m e t a b o l i s m o f b a c t e r i a . A n t i m i c r o b .

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A P P L . E N v i R O N . M I C R O B I O L .