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Low Energy Nuclear Reactions

Collection of information regarding a

controversial phenomena

Elforsk report 13:90

Margaretha Engstrm, Vattenfall Research & Development AB

Sten Bergman, StonePower AB

15 November 2013


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Foreword

Elforsk which is electricity industry joint R&D company, isresponsible for gathering the electricity industry on issues that maybe of strategic importance and have great impact on tomorrowenergy systems. The program area Surrounding world and Systemsin Elforsk scans ongoing research and development to beable to prepare the industry on important breakthroughs and buildnecessary knowledge to challenge or affirm further development.

Low Energy Nuclear Reactions, LENR, is an area withincreased attention over the past two to three years. When adozen companies present that they are engaged in commercializingLENR technology, this may possibly indicate an unexpected

discovery and that this discovery in the future may affect the energysupply in the community.

For Elforsk it is thus not about to decide whether LENR phenomenaexists or not, but to be prepared if the unexpected shouldoccur. The theory behind the phenomena is not yet clear andverification of its functionality in practical application has been goingon and continues.

This report, which is written by Margaretha Engstrom on Vattenfall

Research and Development and Sten Bergman, Stone Power AB, is ageneral summary of information that in various ways is accessibleabout LENR technology. The report makes no evaluation of scientificveracity.

Stefan MontinProgram area Surrounding world and SystemsELFORSK2013-11-15


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Summary

Are we on the verge of a new era when it comes to environmentaland sustainable power generation? Is there anything new coming uparound the corner, which could revolutionize our way in generatingheat and electricity and driving tomorrows vehicles? Those are thequestions that have arisen owing to the field Low Energy NuclearReactions (LENR) again has been shown attention.

This report is an overview of the field Low Energy Nuclear Reactionsor what it sometimes is called Cold Fusion. Devices andarrangements, which are declared to be based on the LENRtechnology, are now beginning to being demonstrated at some

different locations in the world. The energy efficiency of thosedevices is said to substantially exceed the supplied energy needed tostart and stabilize the process. If this is right which is in questionby many we are confronted with the unexpected, that there isperhaps a new process which by far surpasses conventional fuelbased energy conversion. Furthermore the devices are said to workwithout any appreciable environmental disadvantage. Or are thoseresults now being shown consequences of error measurements andwishful thinking?

Some of what has happened in the area:

Andrea Rossi, an Italian inventor and chemist has developeda reactor called the E-Cat. It's a seemingly simple device,consisting of a metal tube containing a small catalyst of nickelpowder in nano size. At startup the tube is filled with i.a. smallamounts of hydrogen and is stated to produce a significantexcess heat for several months. The company that developsRossi's device, Leonardo Corporation, claims that theirreactors soon are "scientifically" validated and ready for

market launch. The Greek company Defkalion, now placed in Canada, had

from the beginning a partnership with Andrea Rossi, but haslater gone its own way in developing its hydrogen-nickelreactor Hyperion. Defkalion has announced that theirtechnology will be launched in 2014.

Brillouin Energy Corporation, an American company, claimsto have invented what they call, the controlled electroncapture reaction.


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Joseph Papp already thought in the 70s that energy could berecovered by compression and electromagnetic stimulation ofan rare gas plasma. Papp and his latter-day successors asRohner, Klostermann and Weber et. al. claimed that theycould extract energy from a conventional piston engine usinghydrogen, rare gases, lightning discharge and optionallyelectromagnetic resonance.

Eric Lerner, plasma physicist in the U.S., since the early 90'sargued that it is possible to build an inexpensive electricitygeneration plant by magnetically compress protons and the

element boron to directly generate electricity from the formedhelium nuclei. He calls his device for Dense Plasma Focus(DPF) Machine. Experiments have taken place in Chile andelsewhere and there are also market agents running. Theresearch is based on private contributions.

Fleischmann and Pons, described in 1989 how they managedto create "Cold fusion" using palladium electrodes in anelectrolyte of heavy hydrogen. However, it has been difficultto repeat their experiments and the cold fusion cooledfurther.

What has now these in common? Well they are possibly differentexamples on LENR technology or variants thereof. Scientificvalidations are now underway in some quarters to confirm functions,managing the engineering aspects and understand the underlyingphysical mechanisms.

Chapter 2 describes some of the model explanations that aboundabout LENR technology and points at research areaswhere progress possibly can be expected.

Chapter 3 deals with how far validations have come (of thoseplanning commercialization shortly), as well as who has validatedwhat. Skeptics argue that much is untrue. Inventors try to hide theirsecrets from the public before they are ready to enter themarket. Patents taken omits the most essential in the explanations.

Chapter 4 addresses a variety of applications , primarily the nickel-hydrogen-based LENR-technological inventions. Whatcould be the result of successful demonstrations and test runs?


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Chapter 5 deals with specific issues that might relate to theelectricity industry. What is the consequence of small cheap heating/ electricity production units?

In Chapter 6 the authors discuss some of the more generalconclusions coming out of the current development and also thecurrent situation regarding validations.

In Chapters 7 and 8 are found some references not given inrunning text


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Summary

Are we on the verge of a new era when it comes to environmentaland sustainable power generation? Is there anything new coming uparound the corner, which could revolutionize our way in generatingheat and electricity and driving tomorrows vehicles? Those are thequestions that have arisen owing to the field Low Energy NuclearReactions (LENR) again has been shown attention.

This report is an overview of the field Low Energy Nuclear Reactionsor what it sometimes is called Cold Fusion. Devices and

arrangements, which are declared to be based on the LENRtechnology, are now beginning to being demonstrated at somedifferent locations in the world. The energy efficiency of thosedevices is said to substantially exceed the supplied energy needed tostart and stabilize the process. If this is right which is in questionby many we are confronted with the unexpected, that there isperhaps a new process which by far surpasses conventional fuelbased energy conversion. Furthermore the devices are said to workwithout any appreciable environmental disadvantage. Or are thoseresults now being shown consequences of error measurements and

wishful thinking?


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Contents

1 Introduction 1

1.1 Is there a new kind of energy conversion .............................................................11.2 How it all started ............................................. .................................................21.3 A controversial research .............................................. ......................................3

2 State of knowledge of LENR 42.1 What is meant by LENR technology? .................................................. .................42.2 Which are the explanatory models? .................................................. ..................62.2.1 Explanatory models on ball lightning and other plasmoids .....................................72.2.2 Some explanatory models around ultracold neutrons ............................................82.2.3 Other explanatory mechanisms around low-energy fusion ...................92.2.4 Rydberg and Bose-Einstein condition as elements in nuclear reactions ................. 102.2.5 Hidetsugu Ikegami hypothesis pycnonuclear fusion ............................................122.3 How much is spent on LENR developments? .............................................. ..132.3.1 R & D efforts within the academic world and the authorities 132.3.2 R & D in companies ............................................ ........................ .142.4 Ongoing research in the LENR field ............................................ ........................152.4.1 Credibility of practical experiments ........................................... ..162.5 EU research .............................................. ......................................... ...172.6 Commercialization state ................................................ ....................... ..182.7 Applications of interest .............................................. .......................................20

3 Validated energy plants 213.1 Validated plasma equipment ........................................................................... 213.2 "Validated" nickel-hydrogen LENR plants ........................................ 223.2.1 E-Cat Leonardo Corporation .......................................... ..223.2.2 Hyperion Defkalion Green Technologies ........................................................... 243.2.3 BEC Brillouin Boiler TM Brillouin Corp. ............................................ .. 25

3.2.4 CIHT cell - BlackLight Power ......................................................................... 263.2.5 NANORTM Jet Energy ............................................ . 28

4 Possible applications of LENR technology 29

4.1 Generation of electricity and heat ............................................. ..................... 294.2 Vehicle applications ................................................ ........................... 294.3 Aerospace and Space applications .............................................. ....................... 304.4 Transmutation of radioactive waste .................................................................... 314.5 Consumer products ................................................ ..........................................32

5 Questions for the power industry 33

5.1 Market scenarios ................................................ .......................................... 345.2 Environmental and safety issues .............................................. ..................... 355.2.1 Unknown negative characteristics ............................................................. 365.2.2 Security .............................................. ........................ 37

6 Conclusions 386.1 Where does the research on LENR technology today? ....................................... 386.2 Where is the explanation / why? .................................................. . 386.3 Where are the biggest challenges? .................................................. . 39

7 References 40


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7.1 Articles, reports and protocols ........................................................................ 407.2 Websites................................................ ..................................................... 44

8 Attachments 47

8.1 Patents ................................................ ................................................ ......478.1.1 U.S. .............................................. ...........................................................478.1.2 Asia .............................................. ...........................................................488.1.3 Europe .............................................. .......................................................48


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1 Introduction

Is it possible to build devices that are inexpensive, safe andgenerates heat and electricity at a fraction of today's cost? Canthese devices be used for stationary and/or mobile applications?Are they safe and sustainable?

This report briefly outlines a handful of such techniques,which in a sense can be classified into the area Low Energy NuclearReactions (LENR).However, since much of what is described

below have not yet been validated and accepted by the scientificcommunity the are significant question marks. But the question iswhether now after all new knowledge keeps emerging that mightsupport the hope for LowEnergy Nuclear Reactions?The consequences of any breakthrough can be substantial.

1.1 Is there a new kind of energy conversionThe breakthrough of Quantum physics at the beginning of the lastcentury led to development of today's nuclear technology. Duringthe past 70 years has we have learned the technical and commercialmastering of many fissions processes and we are now trying todevelop fusion technology not least by the ITER project.

At the same time continued attempts to LENR develop technologyhas been made in some parts of the world. It is an area that manyregard with great skepticism and as basically impossible to realizeand even more impossible to explain with current knowledge.Development has mainly been driven by experimentalists andentrepreneurs. Knowledge of what has been achieved has notdisseminated in the normal academic spheres but often throughother media. Inventors have often been put against establishedscientists and LENR technology has more than once been rejected aspure falsehood or wishful thinking. Yet some of the results reportedcould not straight off be rejected. Nuclear reactions can probablyoccur in special environments that we do not yet understand. Thelaws of nuclear physics apply of course also in these environments.

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On 23 March 1989 scientists Fleischmann and Pons featuredtheir sensational discovery that energy could be extracted from

palladium electrodes in an electrolyte of heavy hydrogen .Neutronswas stated to play an important role. The term "cold fusion"was minted and many established research teams quicklystarted to try and repeat and verify the experiments.Very few reported success at the time and the matter cooled downeventually.

Today, 2013, a commercial development within LENR area isongoing. Andrea Rossi with his Energy Catalyst, E-Cat, is oneexample. In the late 1980s, a researcher from University of Turin,

Italy, Don Borghi, ran simple experiments with nickel andhydrogen. In 1993 a report was released from experimentsmade by CEN Laboratories in Recife ,Brazil , around hisexperiments in which, inter alia, neutrons and large energyproduction could be observed.1

Other experiments, roughly contemporary, was said to show thatnickel and hydrogen on several occasions caused the explosion of amagnitude, which probably could not be explained by the smallhydrogen quantity at hand. The question is whether in anyways energy was released, not derived from the chemically boundenergy of the hydrogen.

1.2 How it all started

We have chosen to go back to the mid-1980s, when somespectacular experiments were conducted in the U.S. and then invarious ways documented.

Joseph Papp conducted experiments based on a conventional

combustion engine. The piston space in the engine was redesignedand instead of gasoline was fed a noble gas mixture consisting ofhelium, argon, krypton and xenon. The machine developedgot the name "The Noble Gas Engine", name referringthe noble gases. Papp and colleagues (including John Rohner)could show that the machine (which is well documented in itspatents) could be run without any fuel additives for about 3 months.

1C. Borghi, C. Giori, A.A. DallOllio, Experimental Evidence of Emission of Neutronsfrom

Cold Hydrogen Plasma?, American Institute of Physics (Phys. At. Nucl.), vol 56,no 7,1993.

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The engine developed 40-50 kW of power continuously. Sometimes100 - 200 hp could be recovered during the months that the

machines were tested.This spectacular experiment was questioned by science world.

After Papps death in 1989 his aide, John Rohner, continueddevelopment into what came to be "The Plasmic TransitionMachine ". 2

Around 1985, Dr. Eric Lerner, plasma scientist from USA,Came up with a suggestion about a so-called Dense Plasma FocusMachine(DFP) 3. The principle was based on the acceleration of

protons, magnetic compression and bombardment of boron atoms ina relative small limited volume. DPF technology was validated onlypartially. Interestingly, however, was that Lerner's idea came fromastrophysical observations how galaxies rotate and formenergy, and that the device was reported to generate electricitydirectly.

1.3 A controversial researchThe LENR phenomenon is reported to have many properties similarto superconductivity and superflow. These phenomena consist of acollective behavior of elementary particles which show up asquasiparticles such as phonons, plasmons and polaritroner.

Many of the hypothetical explanations for LENR includequasiparticles such as phonons, polaritroner and plasmons.Plasma phenomena can also participate in some of the processes.Electric and magnetic fields can there via nonlinearities be connectedtogether via plasma resonances. Formation of neutrons can occurvia different hypothetical models. It should be emphasized that allphenomena that are present must give rise to

nuclear reactions to create the kinetic energy.

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2http://peswiki.com/energy/PowerPedia:Joseph_Papp%27s_Noble_Gas_Engine (2013-10-

15)3Lerner E., Magnetic self-compression in laboratory plasmas, quasars and radiogalaxes,

Part I, Laser and Particle Beams (1986) vol 4, part 2; pp 193-213

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2 State of knowledge about LENR"Cold Fusion" became a hot topic in the spring of 1989. ResearchersFleischmann and Pons came into the spotlight on March 23, 1989when they claimed that they have been experimentally shown thatslow neutrons could be produced by using palladium electrodes in aelectrolyte of heavy hydrogen. But the attempts have beenchallenged and been difficult to repeat. In recent years it seems thatthe interest in "Cold fusion" or LENR as it is now called, hasincreased. At the end of 2012 about 1700 published articles couldbe counted within LENR area.

2.1 What is meant by LENR technology?

So far, no validated theory or explanation model could be presentedwhich provides support for LENR. One reason may simply be thatLow Energy Nuclear Reactions cannot occur.Other reasons could be that:

Experiments on LENR have been performed in different andnon-repeatable manners, (which does not follow the practice

of performing similar experiments on several independentlaboratories to eliminate measurement errors, etc.).

The phenomenon is strongly non-linear. Sometimes it is saidthe same experimental setup has shown great energyexchange, sometimes nothing.

Or it is something entirely else entirely is going onBy use of heuristics increased knowledge has been reached on

conditions for generating an energy yield from processes by somedescribed as LENR. However, distinct scientific evaluations of theseexperiments are lacking.

The results reported from various experiments with devices thatis reportedly under LENR technology suggests the following:

It can not be solely chemical energy as the reportedenergy generation is several magnitudes higher than can beobtained from chemical bonds.

It may not be nuclear energy of the known type as there areno residual radionuclides nor4


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measured fast neutrons or gamma radiation. Bothfission, as we know it from today's nuclear power plants, and

thermo nuclear fusion, which we know from the sun, can beexcluded. It is known that very special conditions of nano-scale metal are required for the reaction.What role has the metal is not known.

Confidence in the operation of LENR is thus controversial and withincertain groups severely criticized. However, there is information thatindicates that scientists already at the early 1900s may have createdLENR effects.4As an example, the Swedish physicist John Tandbergin 1927 claimed that he had succeeded fusing hydrogen into helium

under pressure in an electrolytic cell with palladium electrodes, buthe did not get his claimed patent.

When Martin Fleischmann and Stanley Pons, made their attemptwith cold fusion, they used palladium and deuterium in aelectrolytic environment. The earliest experiments with LENRcontinued using palladium-deuterium in a electrochemical cell.Others tested different variants with other catalyticmaterials. Very few people reported successful trials and thenin a few experiments. The LENR effect was at that time notreplicable.

With time also other metals demonstrated the same phenomenaas with hydrogen and palladium.5Moreover the LENR process in dry environment developed in whichhydrogen gas is packed into in a metal.

The combination of nickel and hydrogen were first applied byprofessor Francesco Piantelli. Several other Italian professors havesince researched with nickel and hydrogen together withnanomaterials, as Sergio Focardi and Francesco Celani but also

American professor George Miley.

If we assume that the LENR phenomenon exists, then perhapsnickel-hydrogen-LENR is the process closest to commercialization

___________________

4Friedrich Panethand Kurt Peters, ber die Verwandlung von Wasserstoff in Helium,

Naturwissenschaften 14 (43): 956962, en artikel som senare drogs tillbaka.5Se F. Celanis presentation p CERN Colloquium den 22 mars 2012,

http://indico.cern.ch/getFile.py/access?resId=3 &materialId=slides & conf

Id=177379, dr ven vriga presentationer finns phttp://indico.cern.ch/conferenceDisplay.py?confId=177379

5
http://indico.cern.ch/getFile.py/access?resId=3http://indico.cern.ch/getFile.py/access?resId=3http://indico.cern.ch/getFile.py/access?resId=3http://indico.cern.ch/getFile.py/access?resId=3


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for energy applications. Against this background, thisreport mainly deals with validations of nickel-hydrogen reactors,

in addition to other information that may be of interest for furtherinvestigations of LENR technology from an energy industryperspective.

Knowledge of LENR-technology from manufacturers is notindependent . (See the chapter on validation studies below). Theonly,by independent researchers , conducted validation is doneby researchers from the University of Bologna together with Swedishresearchers from Uppsala University and KTH. But this one coversonly the energy exchange. This leaves many questions from an

industrial perspective, in addition to an accepted theoreticalexplanation of the whole process.

It should be of significant interest for the energy marketOperators if it is possible to develop and commercialize LENR.Such development would open for new business opportunities, butwould simultaneously challenge existing structure of the energysystem. A central issue is also time profile of the equipment claimedto be close commercialization as long lead times standsenergy investments, from both planning and commissioning as wellas depreciation periods. That the technology appears to be downscalable makes it of course very interesting in applications withdistributed power generation. From energy and climate perspectivecould LENR-technology, given that it is possible to develop thetechnology have undreamt of importance.

2.2 What are explanatory models?

It has been speculated that LENR-phenomena may occur in quitedifferent environments. It also means that the explanations forthese phenomena are very different. In many cases, there is a lack

of scientific stringency. In some cases there are no explanations atall. To give you a picture how different scientists, inventors andinnovators see it, there is below a selection of the hypotheticalexplanations which now prevail. The selection is the authors' ownchoice. If "new physics" is needed it is about phenomena that canoccur in particular environments. The basic physics can not bechanged.

The models of explanation described below are not entirelyrandomly selected. They reflect some models that in one or the

other way possibly can support each other as there

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can be logical connections and possibly causal chains. Some modelapproaches are criticized for violating established principles. Some

other theoretical explanations are based on the assumption that thestandard model of elementary particles is not adequate, which thencontradicts the established scientific perception.6

2.2.1 Explanatory models on flash of ball lightnings and otherplasmoids

Ball lightnings has long fascinated man. How can light globes beformed, move through solid materials such as walls and such? Whatmade that Papps and other second plasma machines seemed to

work?Clint Seward, at Electron Power System in US, has described howplasmoids (ball lightnings) can possibly be formed in nature from aninitial lighting discharge.7 The resulting magnetic field trapselectrons and gives these closed ring characteristics, which in turncreates a rotating current that maintains itself. (Maxwell's equationstakes care of both geometries and time derivatives.)

Other researchers, e.g. Sanduoloviciu8have experimentallydemonstrated a very unusual phenomenon occurring in plasmacontext. Namely something that just man is capable of in nature;that entropy decreases in the system.In other words, the plasma has the ability to self organizeand create a system that does not exhibit greater disorder when letloose but creates order out of chaos. It is interesting to note theplasmoid ability to create a negative (dynamic) resistance. In otherwords, a plasma, could then become "superconducting". (Is thissomething that might explain the extremely high magnetic fieldswhich can sometimes are observed in tornados?)

It may also be mentioned that the U.S. defense through DARPA isinvesting in R & D in ball lightning area in which to conduct researchinto as_______________________

6Exempelvis Einstein-Cartan-Evans, ECE, teorin, se

http://drmyronevans.files.wordpress.com/2013/10/paper230.pdf7Seward. C et al., Ball Ligtning explained as a stable plasma toroid,

http://www.electronpowersystems.com/8Sanduloviciu et al., Non-linear phenomena in plasma as a consequence of self-

organization, Dept. of Plasma Physics, Al.I. Cuza Univ., 6600 lasi, Romania

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they write "understanding and quantifying the interaction ofelectromagnetic and acoustic waves with the plasma in flames. "

DARPA plan for 2013 says further: "experimentally attempt3-D observation of HF-induced plasma structures andpotentially determine relative HF power absorption for differentaltitudes, frequencies and geophysical conditions ".

The Joseph Papps "Noble Gas Engine" created a toroidalPlasma by a compressed noble gas, which then probablyalso became ionized. A high voltage pulse generates a magnetic fieldand an electron plasma is formed (perhaps in the way that Sewardclaims?) By applying a radio frequency electromagnetic

radiation in the frequency range 50-350 MHz the systemresonances are exited.

These are explanatory models about the initiation of LENR-process, which however does not say anything about what nuclearreactions that provide the energy.

2.2.2 Some explanatory models around ultra cold neutrons

One in the LENR-world rather often referenced explanation isprovided by Preparata, Widom and Larsen, or W-L theory 9as it is usually termed. In short it says:

By supply of energy (in the form of heat or electro magneticenergy) so-called surface plasmons are created. When thoseget in the resonance condition the created plasmons (heavyelectrons) interact with protons or deutrons. According thepresented theory then cold neutrons (with ultra lowmomentum) and neutrinos are formed.

The cold neutrons transmute surrounding elements,hydrogen and e.g.nickel, which then form new (unstable / orstable) isotopes plus electrons and anti-neutrinos. From

____________________________

9WL theory, see eg http://newenergytimes.com/v2/sr/WL/WLTheory.shtml and their

explanation of neutron production in YN Srivastava, A. Widom, L. Larsen, A primer forelectro weak induced low-energy nuclear reactions, Pramana - journal of physics, Vol.75, no. 4, October 2010, p. 617-637, A Widom, L. Larsen, Ultra low momentumneutron catalyzed nuclear reactions on metallic hydride surfaces, European PhysicalJournal C - Particles and Fields, Vol. 46, No. 1, April 2006, 107-112, and A. Widom, J.Swain, YN Srivastava, Weak Interaction Neutron Production Rates in Fully Ionized

Plasmas, http://arXiv:1305.4899v1 [hep-ph] 19 May 2013

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Hydrogen chnage to alpha particles (ie helium nuclei). Theory

makers means that electron capture in protons and deutronsprocess becomes the process when plasmons has high energy,i.e. inverse beta decay.

The formation of heavier unstable nuclides leads to furtherdecay and radiation which is absorbed in the material and isassumed to be converted to heat. The released amount ofenergy keeps the system running leaving also quite a lot whichcan be taken out in heat or electricity. Any gamma radiationformed in connection with certain transmutations is converted

by surface plasmons to IR photons (i.e. thermal radiation).Some soft X-ray radiation may possibly also transpire.

It may be noted that a NASA scientist, Joseph Zawodny,has taken out a patent on a method of producing heavy electrons(U.S.20110255645A1). This is done by stimulating the resonance ofsurface plasmons / polaritons on electrically conducting surfaces.

2.2.3 Other explanatory mechanisms around low-energy fusion

Hanno Essn, at KTH, has put forward the following idea / modelpossible explanation behind the low-energy nuclear reactions andespecially for the Rossi-type nickel powder-hydrogen:

All materials emit electrons when heated. A metal powder willthus contain an electron plasma in the area between the metalparticles and density will increase with the temperature. Sucha system will be highly polarized and especially nickel, which iswell known to dissolve the H2 -molecules in individual atoms.

It is known that plasma can collapse over a given density,called Greenwald border 10. Zuin 11 et.al. has recentlydescribed that this occurs when the magnetic field energydensity comes up on par with the restmass energy density ofthe electron.

_______________________

10M. Greenwald, Density limits in toroidal plasmas, Plsma Phys. Control Fusion 44

(2002) R27-R8011

Zuin M., et al. A first principles explanation for the density limit in MagnetizedPlasmas, arXiv: 1001.4480 [physics.plasma-Ph] (2010)

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Essn 12believes that when this happens the magnetic energywill greatly dominate over the electric energy.

In this plasma dominated by very high magnetic energydensity, "filamentation" will take place 13. Spontaneous wireresembled growths of current paths and magnetic fields occur(Perhaps like solar flares?). These growths branching out andone could observe electrons dash off. Electrons possibly haverelativistic velocities.

Fast electrons and growths produce normal so called Pinch(pinch effect). This pinch effect, which is due to the magneticfield compresses the stream, can for sufficiently fast electronsmean that these will cause Coulomb barrier to break for thecharged particles present 14. Since Coulomb barrier is thelargest problem in fusion plasma physics (and normallyrequires temperatures of millions of degrees), this mechanismcould then be of very large interest. In the hot fusion plasmaPinch effect is not stable. In the metal powder plasma maybethere are ongoing random pincher who come and go,but enough of them to allow time for one or another fusion totake place.

The pinch in this case cause electron densities at the cores highenough to allow Coulomb barrier to be bypassed for fusion betweenprotons and / or protons and atomic nuclei, or the occurrence ofsome other transmutation process .15

2.2.4 Rydberg- and Bose-Einstein-conditions as elements innuclear reactions

Several theories addresses the conditions for quantum tunnelling

through Coulumb barrier to occur.

___________________

12H. Essn, Classical diamagnetism, magnetic interaction energies and repulsive

forces in magnetized plasmas, Europhysics Letters (EPL) 94, (2011) pp. 47003-1-513

http://www.plasma-universe.com14H. Essn, The exact Darwin Lagrangian, Europhysics Letters (EPL) 79, (2007) pp.60002-1-315

H. Essn, catalyzing Fusion with Relativistic Electrons, arXiv: physics/0607138v1[Physics.plasm-ph], July 2006

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Energy pulses of oscillating nano plasma (plasmons) or

mechanical oscillations (phonons) causes densification of thehydrogento super heavy hydrogen. There, ionized matter cancondense to Rydberg state.16Her dipole moment is believed to giverise to an electric field (plexitrons) that catalyze the fusion of thehydrogen nuclei or deuterium nuclei at the right frequency bytunnelling through Coulomb barrier.

The Shukla-Eliasson effect means that a new electrical potentialoccurs screened by degenerated electrons, which are relatedwith Bohm's quantum potential and other characteristics ofelectron correlations. This negatively charged potentialallows the positively charged particles and ions to becombined in the atomic structures of the nano plasma, as well as forcritical points and phase transitions in the nano plasma.17

Defkalion Hyperion reactor is explained by that hydrogen moleculesare ionized into excited hydrogen states in which Rydberg atoms areincluded.The hydrogen is assumed to resolve into electrons andprotons, where acceleration of the charged particles generatesmagnetic fields. The manufacturer has measured magnetic fieldpeaks at 1.6 Tesla lasting a few seconds after each high voltage

pulse. Here superconducting Bose-Einstein condensate from protonsassume to be accelerated from the high voltage pulses whichinitiate the process.18The protons are said to be capable to formpairs, which interact in integer spin forming boson clusters. In whatis called Bosenova deuteron-deuteron-reactions occurs that form theHe-4. This is done with nano explosions. Residual material withseveral different nuclides suggests that the high energy density inturn can give rise to fissions processes.

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16Hydrogen in the Rydberg state described eg in Leif Holmlid, Largeion-cluster HN+

of RydbergMatter: Stacks of the planar cluster H7, International Journal of MassSpectrometry, Vol. 300, Issue 1, 30 January 2011, pp. 50-58, Rydberg Materials will alsobe discussed as an explanation in Pekka Soini's LENR-invention described in patentapplication WO2013076378 A2

17PK Shukla, B. Eliasson, Novel attractive force between ions in quantum plasmas,

Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 165007 (2012), Erratum: PRL 108, 219 902 (E) (2012); PRL 109,019 901 (E) (2012)

18Yeong E. Kim, John Hadjichristos, Theoretical Analysis and Reaction Mechanisms for

Experimental Resultas of Hydrogen-Nickel Systems, Purdue Nuclear and Many Body

Theory Group (PNMBTG) Preprint-PNMBTG-10-2013 (October 2013), Invited paperpresented at ICCF-18, University of Missouri, July 21-27, 2013

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2.2.5 Hidetsugu Ikegami hypothesis on pycnonuclear19fusion

In contrast to the thermonuclear fusion that takes place on the sun,

there is a fusion that occurs due to pressure, pycnonuclear fusion.Astrophysicists have shown in ultra-dense materials fusion reactionsmay be observed down to the temperature of zeroKelvin. Furthermore, these nuclear reactions have been shown tobenoticeable in the laboratories where explosive chain reactions offrom the fusion are possible.20

Neutron production has also been reported in the experimentsperformed with proton beams against lithium led by Professor

Hidetsugu Ikegami from the University of Osaka. The result ofcollaboration between the Universities of Uppsala and Osaka isdocumented in various reports from 2002 to 2006. The experimentsresulted in an exchange of energy that could not be explained withordinary thermonuclear fusion. These are the known experimentaltrials in the LENR area in Sweden as presented in Ultradense NuclearFusion in Metallic LithiumLiquid.21

The description model of pycnonuclear fusion made by Ikegamiin The Nature of the Chemonuclear Transition22explains how chemonuclear fusion is a pycno nuclear fusion, which thus is known fromastrophysics. Deuterons in the keV-range are penetrating the lithiumatoms s-orbital elektron cloud to form intermediate LiD-atoms. Atthis energy nuclear collisions dominate over the electric in theattenuation process. Energy of the deuterons is sufficient tocompress the molecule down to approximately 7% of the originalvolume, hence the name pycno which means dense. This leads to aformation of the two cores inside the now common K- and L-electronshells with a distance of less than 1 pm. The fusioned atomic statemakes an adiabatic transition to nuclear fusion reaction with acertain probability as determined by Gamow factor, i.e. the

probability factor of two nuclei opportunity to break Coulomb barrierto perform a nuclear reaction._________________

19Pycno = dense20S. Son, NJ Fisch, Pycnonuclear reaction and possible chain reactions in an ultra-dense DT plasma, Physics Letters A 337 (2005) 397-40721

H. Ikegami, T. Watanabe, R. Pettersson and K. Fransson, Ultradense Nuclear Fusionin Metallic Lithium Liquid, A report on Research Performed at the R & D Center,Sakaguchi EH VOC Co.. under the auspices of the Swedish Energy Agency, ER 2006:4222

H. Ikegami, The Nature of the Chemonuclear Transition, TSL note, Uppsala 2012


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The process can be considered within the framework of thermodynamics of chemical reactions in dilute solutions. Arrheniusequation for spontaneous chemical reactions is applied. Arrheniusequation defines a chemical reaction rate at a certain temperatureby starting with the activation energy and the likelihood forsuccessful collisions between the molecules. The change in Gibbsfree energy in the exponent of the amplification factor is negative inthe case presented by the reaction of deuterons and lithium to theLiD. Accordingly, a gain of e(-G/kT)with many magnitudes of nuclearfusion reactions in metallic lithium liquid is achieved.

It is easy to fall into complex scientific reasoning including quantumphysics, plasma physics, quantum electro dynamics , etc. The abovediscussion intents only to describe some hypothetical mechanismsthat theorists explore. Experimentalists care maybe slightly less fortheories , as long as things go in the right direction and theexplosions are controllable.

As a summary you can say that among all the explanatory modelsthat abound around the LENR phenomena it may be possible that

the same phenomena manifests itself in different ways, or differentphenomena manifest themselves in the same way or in differentways . It is quite possible, however, that certain commoncharacteristics can be distinguished. These will be discussed at theend. Ikegami's model still explains how nuclear reactions comeabout, even if the road to them is full of ambiguities.

2.3 How much is spent on LENR developments?

Investments on LENR are difficult to estimate, since no public figures

are stated with the exception of a few cases. Therefore below only afew examples are mentioned.

2.3.1 R & D efforts in the academic world and by authorities

A university with a focus on LENR is the University of Missouri. Theyhave established the Sidney Kimmel Institute for NuclearRenaissance ( SKINR ) from a donation of $ 5.5 million made byphilantropist Sidney Kimmel . The institute was established in April2012


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as a unit within the Department of Physics and Astronomy at theUniversity of Missouri , reporting directly to the Vice Chancellor for

Research Dr. Robert V. Duncan.23Examples of R & D funds for military research are DARPA ( U.S.Department of Defense ) budgets for 2013 and 2014. For example,the area Fundamentals of Nanoscale and Emergent Effects andEngineered Deviceshas a budget of $ 5.159 million for 2013 and $6.5 million for 2014. Program content describes, i. a, the intentionto " try to understand and exploit natural phenomena for thedevelopment of more effective and powerful devices . This includesthe development of devices and structures to enable photonicdevices at multiple wavelengths, construct palladium

microstructures with large deuterium loads to study absorptionthermodynamics and effects, and enable real-time detection as wellas the analysis of signals and molecules and origin of emergentbehaviour in correlated electron systems . "

2.3.2 R & D within business companies

An example of how R & D is financed by manufacturing enterprisesis Brillouin Energy Corp. They got the funding for a "second stage"of $ 20 million as a conditional agreement with Sunrise Securities ofNew York , NY ( www.sunrisecorp.com ): 24

In Sunrise 's offer is included a purchase of 15% of BEC 's"post -money" , conditional on BEC goes back and completessuccessful testing of its reactor NHB at SRI

Sunrise also offer conditional provisional agreement onacquiring at least a " stranded asset" of a conventional firedsmall-scale power plants (5-10 MW) with existing conventionalgeneration equipment, and replace old boiler with Brillouin 'shot reactor NHB , along with the renewal of a power

contracts or steamheat contract with an industry or a powercompany.

___________________________

23http://iccf18.research.missouri.edu/files/day2/SKINR_Overview.pdf

24http://www.slideshare.net/ssusereeef70/brillouin-bus-sum4512


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Key experts connected to the Sunrise, including formerDirector of the California Public Utilities Commission ( CPUC )'s independent power division, has already offered possiblecandidates for takeovers which are available at negligible costand who already have power contracts

Upon successful testing of NHB at SRI , Sunrises offer of $20 million will fund a full commercial launch of this model,including"Merchant power supplyretrofit "

2.4 Ongoing research in the LENR field

Today there are over 1000 peer-reviewed articles about LENR ,sometimes up to 1700 are mentioned. Many of these can be read onthe websitehttp://lenr-canr.org. Most deal with palladium anddeuterium in the electrolytic environment, as this was the reactionwhich in 1989 was described by Fleischmann and Pons. The focus ofthe disciplines of researchers in the field belongs to iselectrochemistry, solid state physics, nanotechnology , analyticalchemistry and quantum electrodynamics.

LENR is not found in the situations nuclear scientists normally workwith namely core processes where neutrons are moving pretty

quickly (2000-3000 m / s). By process of elimination, one mightthink that LENR is a complex physical process (perhaps includingweak interactions ) 25and not a normal nuclear physics stronginteraction process such as fission and fusion. It happenstransmutations of hydrogen into helium and even heaviersubstances in some LENR experiments. How this in detail proceedsis difficult to say as the process in some cases occurs in crystallinematerials at a scale of 2 to 10 nanometres, possibly larger, withpulses of the correct frequency or " dusty plasma " or noble gasplasma .

Many competing explanations exist. A validated theoreticalexplanation probably will take many years to find. The process, tofirst find phenomena which can not be explained theoretically untillater, is the usual way of transformative knowledge. However thelack of theory on LENR technology does not prevent it to beintroduced on the market. To become market approved there is aneed of a

________________________

25An example of such a complex interaction is described in J. Swain , A. Widom , YN

Srivastava, Electro Strong Nuclear Disintegration in Condensed Matter , http:// arXiv:1306.5165v1 [nucl-th] 19 June2013
http://lenr-canr.org/http://lenr-canr.org/http://lenr-canr.org/http://lenr-canr.org/


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security certificate from an approving organization , such asUnderwriters Laboratories, UL. Leonardo Corporation received such a

safety certificate for the industrial version of the E-Cat 1 MW fromSGS. 26

2.4.1 Credibility of practical trials

With the trial-and-error method, researchers have come a long way.On the Internet there are recipes with materials and processexplanation for how LENR experiments can be performed.27 Anexample is the Pirelli experiment in electrochemical environment ,implemented by teachers and students at the Leopoldo PirelliIndustrial University in Rome and described in the Web.28 One of

the experiments in the reactor Athanor achieved a surplus energy of400%.

It is more difficult to independently carry out experiments with thedry gas version including nickel and hydrogen. This requires skills ongeometric relationships of nickel container, grain size of the powderand the amplitude and frequency of electric pulse to start theprocess . Furthermore, knowledge about controlling the process sothat it does not end in an explosion (which happened numeroustimes). Therefore, a deeper knowledge should be acquired abouthow this commercial nickel-hydrogen process works. From the below

described validations of commercial processes , as far as known ,only two were performed by researchers not funded by thecompanies whose devices were validated. This involves equipmentfrom Defkalion and Leonardo Corporation. The validation ofDefkalion Hyperion reactor was performed, however, by an industrialscientist with the commercial company personnel present.

MIT has had open courses on LENR technology in January 2012 and2013.29 In 2012 the course was demonstrated LENR equipmentfrom Jet Energy , which reportedly worked during 6 months.30 Atthe conference, ICCF -18 at Missouri University a video test was

shown July 23 2013 where Defkalion from Milan in publicdemonstrated the function of its

_________________________________

26 SGS Italia SpA , the Voluntary Certificate of Compliance with Safety Requirements ofDirective 2006/42/EC (Annex SGS I)

27 e.g. onhttp://22passi.blogspot.se/2012/04/lathanor-delliis-pirelli-di-roma-1.html

28 See burst ofhttp://roma.repubblica.it/cronaca/2012/04/19/foto/il_reattore_costruito_dagli_studenti-33583028/1/

29http://student.mit.edu/searchiap/iap-BD6D0CF8E170B284E0400312852F4A61.html,2013-08-19

30http://cdn.coldfusionnow.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/HagelsteinPdemonstra.pdf,2013-08-19
http://22passi.blogspot.se/2012/04/lathanor-delliis-pirelli-di-roma-1.htmlhttp://22passi.blogspot.se/2012/04/lathanor-delliis-pirelli-di-roma-1.htmlhttp://22passi.blogspot.se/2012/04/lathanor-delliis-pirelli-di-roma-1.htmlhttp://roma.repubblica.it/cronaca/2012/04/19/foto/il_reattore_%20costruito_dagli_studenti-33583028/1/http://roma.repubblica.it/cronaca/2012/04/19/foto/il_reattore_%20costruito_dagli_studenti-33583028/1/http://roma.repubblica.it/cronaca/2012/04/19/foto/il_reattore_%20costruito_dagli_studenti-33583028/1/http://roma.repubblica.it/cronaca/2012/04/19/foto/il_reattore_%20costruito_dagli_studenti-33583028/1/http://student.mit.edu/searchiap/iap-BD6D0CF8E170B284E0400312852F4A61.htmlhttp://student.mit.edu/searchiap/iap-BD6D0CF8E170B284E0400312852F4A61.htmlhttp://student.mit.edu/searchiap/iap-BD6D0CF8E170B284E0400312852F4A61.htmlhttp://cdn.coldfusionnow.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/HagelsteinPdemonstra.pdfhttp://cdn.coldfusionnow.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/HagelsteinPdemonstra.pdfhttp://cdn.coldfusionnow.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/HagelsteinPdemonstra.pdfhttp://cdn.coldfusionnow.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/HagelsteinPdemonstra.pdfhttp://student.mit.edu/searchiap/iap-BD6D0CF8E170B284E0400312852F4A61.htmlhttp://roma.repubblica.it/cronaca/2012/04/19/foto/il_reattore_%20costruito_dagli_studenti-33583028/1/http://roma.repubblica.it/cronaca/2012/04/19/foto/il_reattore_%20costruito_dagli_studenti-33583028/1/http://22passi.blogspot.se/2012/04/lathanor-delliis-pirelli-di-roma-1.html


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Hyperion reactor.31This should be looked at as a commercialcompany showing their product under development. There is a testprotocol from the public demonstration.32

A general acceptance of LENR - validations comes first when LENRdevices have been tested at a, from manufacturer independent, siteand by independent researchers. In addition, probably openness onall the materials and parameters for interpreting the devices'behaviour is probably needed. Credibility at large comes first if alsoother LENR manufacturers make demonstrations of their equipment.

So far, no complete independent demonstration of all parameters ina LENR reactor was performed. Researchers from Bologna andUppsala University only had the opportunity to study the energyexchange from Leonardo Corporation Hot -Cat reactor in December2012 and March 2013, see results under "Validated " nickel -hydrogen LENR plants.

2.5 EU research

ENEA (Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and

Sustainable Economic Development ) has in different Europeancontexts rendered needs to invest EU research on LENR . Examplesinclude a proposal on materials research for LENR in the EU33andthe meeting arranged by Amalia Sartori , chairman of the ITRECommittee of the European Parliament and ENEA CommissionerGiovanni Lelli at 3 June 2013.34 The meeting was hosted by themember of the ITRE Committee Edit Herczog .

At the meeting, cooperation in LENR research between ENEA inItaly, Stanford Research International and Energetics LLC in theUnited States since 2004 was presented. The Naval ResearchLaboratory , NRL , The United States joined the collaboration in2008 and since 2010 is also the University of Missouri involved inresearch collaboration.

_____________________________________

31See the webcast onhttp://new.livestream.com/triwu2/Defkalion-US

32Hyperion devise Functional & Performance Test Plans & Test Results , Test code: 3.2.30,http://iccf18.research.missouri.edu/files/day2/Protocol_and_test_results.pdf2013-08-19

33John Veiga Benesch ( Ed ) , Forward Looking Workshop on Materials for EmergingEnergy Technologies , EUR 25350 EN, European Union 2012

34See ENEA 's website where participants' presentations are available.
http://new.livestream.com/triwu2/Defkalion-UShttp://new.livestream.com/triwu2/Defkalion-UShttp://new.livestream.com/triwu2/Defkalion-UShttp://iccf18.research.missouri.edu/files/day2/Protocol_and_test_results.pdfhttp://iccf18.research.missouri.edu/files/day2/Protocol_and_test_results.pdfhttp://iccf18.research.missouri.edu/files/day2/Protocol_and_test_results.pdfhttp://iccf18.research.missouri.edu/files/day2/Protocol_and_test_results.pdfhttp://new.livestream.com/triwu2/Defkalion-US


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At the meeting was also a review of palladium - deuteriumresearchers about LENR's reproducibility and real effect. Theparticipants were from the United States, electro chemist MichaelMcKubre (Stanford Research International, SRI) , Robert Duncan (Vice Chancellor for Research , University of Missouri ) and GrahamHubler (Director of the Sidney Kimmel Institute for Nuclear ,University of Missouri ) , from Italy participated Vittorio Violante (LENR Research Coordinator , ENEA and professor at UniversitdegliStudi di Roma Tor Vergata , Rome ) and from Germany participatedKonrad Czerski (Professor at Uniwersytet Szczeciski , Poland andthe Technische Universitt Berlin) .

2.6 Commercial status of LENR

A number of companies are planning to commercialize products thatthey claim are based on LENR technology. Their products willprobably be launched in the energy market before a theoreticalgenerally accepted explanation exists. Market introduction isdependent upon many factors, including functionality and technologymaturity, security, patent rights , economics, environmental benefitsand acceptance among politicians and the public.

Leonardo Corporationhas three types of devices: E-Cat , Hot-Cat( high temperature E-Cat ) and a device that is controlled by gas.The Hot -Cat device is designed for electricity generation combinedwith steam turbine. They have launched the Industrial 1 MW plantfor heat called the E-Cat, which as stated by the company, can bedelivered four months after order. The company is said, to hisAmerican partner to have delivered three plants, one E-Cat forwarmth, an E-Cat with gascontrol and a Hot-Cat for electricity

generation. These three plants have the american partner as statedby the company further delivered to customers, not clear to who.

Defkalion Green Technologieshas two main tracks in the launchof its technology: devices for energy conversion and licensing itstechnology to consumer product manufacturers whose productsrequire energy for their function . They claim to have licensed itstechnology to about 20 companies for the operation of variousproducts .Two of these companies have been presented as one of

Europe's largest car manufacturer and the world's largest mobilephone company. Hyperion is planned to be ready for market in


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2014 in the range of 10 kW to 1 MW + with a COP (Coefficient ofPerformance), i.e. energy yield, of 6 - 18.

At the public demonstration during the ICCF -18 from Milan on 22July 2013 technology arrangement and instrumentation was underthe full control of Defkalion. Due to problems with degassing thereactor, which was reported to be sensitive to small amounts ofother gases than hydrogen, it gave only a COP of 2. This is not thentaken into account entalpi content in heat of vaporisation, which hadgiven a much higher COP.

Brillouin Corporation'sdevice is called BEC Brillouin Boiler.

They have received $ 20 million in venture capital from SunriseSecurities Corporation in New York City to outfit a coal power plantwith a LENR -powered boiler in size 5-10 MW.35 The agreementincludes key expertise in contact with Sunrise, where previously theDirector of the independent power division at the California PublicUtilities Commission, CPUC , has already offered potential acquisitioncandidates available for minimal costs , with the existing electricity

contracts. When Brillouin has a developed reactor for industrial useis not known.

BlackLight Power'stechnology is a wet electrolytic cell , wherehydrogen from water steam is used as the energy source. Theirtechnique is said to be able to generate electricity directly withoutintermediate heat generation . BlackLight Power has also a dryprocess which is adapted for heat and steam-powered electricitygeneration. Also here are the plans unknown to market launch.

Jet Energy'sappliance Nanor with designer Mitchell R. Swartz isstill in the demonstration phase.

LENUCO whose device today generates 100-300 W, planscommercial scale of 3 kW to 30 kW in 2013 / 14. Owner George H.Miley , holds the first American LENR patent, which was issued July24, 2012 : U.S. 8 227 020.

_____________________35See p. 14 in the presentationhttp://www.slideshare.net/ssusereeef70/brillouin-ppt-

technical32712
http://www.slideshare.net/ssusereeef70/brillouin-ppt-technical32712http://www.slideshare.net/ssusereeef70/brillouin-ppt-technical32712http://www.slideshare.net/ssusereeef70/brillouin-ppt-technical32712http://www.slideshare.net/ssusereeef70/brillouin-ppt-technical32712http://www.slideshare.net/ssusereeef70/brillouin-ppt-technical32712http://www.slideshare.net/ssusereeef70/brillouin-ppt-technical32712


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NicHEnergy , a R & D company started by Francesco Piantelli , hasequipment which today generates 10-100 W. Metal Energy is a sistercompany that plans to commercialize the technology.

2.7 Applications of interest

If LENR technology is shown to work and be repeatable, controllableand scalable, there are a variety of application areas where it couldbe applied. As we can not yet say anything about the cost of thecommercial installations that may be considered ( at large scale ) ,we have to make a rough hypothetical approach. Regardinginvestment costs, we can assume that manufacturers use marketprices for their goods to become very competitive compared withestablished energy sources. The actual material for reactors as wellas hydrogen and nickel , are however low cost. Operating costsamounts to, if we start from nickel - hydrogen reactions, the cost ofnickel powder and hydrogen / deuterium refills. The differentdesigns that figure has probably different ways of dealing with refillsetc. The original fuel charge is also likely to be affected in differentapplications. A stationary power plant can get more volume andlonger operating cycle, a vehicle maybe less.


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3 Validated energy facilities

Since many experiments are carried out for a long time, but onlyrecently begun to be classified as LENR , we have chosen to describethe validation of some energy facilities , which can be attributed tothe class unknown phenomena , but with a possible connection tonuclear processes. We also take up some of the initial experiments,

which have pure plasma physical background and some laterexperiments , which are collectively termed LENR technology.

3.1 Validated plasma machinery

One of the machines that are documented and partly officiallyvalidated is Joseph Papps "Noble Gas Engine". Papp, as in 70 - and80's worked with brothers Robert and Tom Rohner. "The RohnerGroup" has continued to work with Papps machine and some videofootage is available.36

In the scientific validation, conducted by Richard Feymann atCalTech , Papp worked with Jimmy Sabori and brothers Tom andRobert Rohner. The validation was debated when the machineexploded. Machine development continued after Papps death 1989med different mechanical variants of Papps original machine. It isunclear whether these were validated. John Rohner was granted apatent on a " Plasmic Transition Process Engine " on November 18,2009 ( US20110113772A1 )

Heinz Klostermann eventually came into the picture and took in2006 also his own patent (US7076950B2) . Several differentdevelopment companies have been relevant but it is unclear whatsubstance has come out. In December 2012, a plasma machine,rather like Rohner later models was seen in a German patent. Thispatent (DE102011103832A1), by Jrgen Weber is based on a nickelpiston and hydrogen. Whether this has been built or not is unclear.What is clear however is that the hydrogen gas must be heated totemperatures between 150-500 C.

_____________________36http://pappengine.com/videos.htm
http://pappengine.com/videos.htmhttp://pappengine.com/videos.htmhttp://pappengine.com/videos.htmhttp://pappengine.com/videos.htm


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3.2 " Validated " nickel-hydrogen LENR facilities

We have in our screening found eight "surveys" of the LENR processas such. One of these was conducted by Edmund Storms andpublished in 2010 in Naturwissenschaften.37 In addition to theseprocessvalidations there are a number of validations of more or lessdeveloped plants for commercialization, which are those presentedbelow. Validation of energy generation in the below reports concernsCOP (Coefficient Of Performance), outbound useful energy dividedby the energy input.

3.2.1 E-Cat Leonardo Corporation

Leonardo Corporation has several public validations of their LENRdevices, of which only the last one was made by an independentthird party. The various devices are described on their website.38

The industrial 1 MW E-Cat has a safety certification by SGS ItaliaS.p.A. The first validation is not performed by an independent thirdparty but published by Leonardo Corporation. The report named

Report on the internal test Performed on the Hot-Cat" is dated 16July 2012. Executors of the validation was Fabio Penon , M.Eng. innuclear power , product specialist Fulvio Fabiani , M.Eng. , and DavidBianchini, M.Sc. in physics and specialist in measuring radiation. Thetest lasted for 6.48 hours with an average power density between58 and 117 kW / kg and an energy density of 378-758 kWh / kgCOP is not calculated in the report, but it is mentioned that theenergy emitted can not come from chemical reactions.

The next report from the Leonardo Corporation is dated October 9,2012 and the test is conducted by Fabio Penon . The reactor was

studied in self-sufficient state for 118 hours. The power density wascalculated to 163.4 MW / kg. Energy input was 278.4 kWh of energyproduced 3 357 kWh, giving a COP of 11.7. Leonardo Corporation'sown Hot Cat tests have been questioned in terms of electricalmeasurement of the input power to the

____________________________

37Edmund Storms , Status of cold fusion, Naturwissenschaften October 2010 , Volume 97 ,Issue 10, pp. 861-881

38Leonardo Corporation product descriptions onhttp://ecat.com/ecat-products/ecat-1-mw

andhttp://ecat.com/ecat-products/ecat-ht-hot-cat-prototype
http://ecat.com/ecat-products/ecat-1-mwhttp://ecat.com/ecat-products/ecat-1-mwhttp://ecat.com/ecat-products/ecat-1-mwhttp://ecat.com/ecat-products/ecat-ht-hot-cat-prototypehttp://ecat.com/ecat-products/ecat-ht-hot-cat-prototypehttp://ecat.com/ecat-products/ecat-ht-hot-cat-prototypehttp://ecat.com/ecat-products/ecat-ht-hot-cat-prototypehttp://ecat.com/ecat-products/ecat-1-mw


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times that of gasoline and a power density of about 1 000 times thatof gasoline.

Forbes has published a Ragonediagram where the Bologna result isplotted, see:http://www.forbes.com/sites/markgibbs/2013/05/20/finally-independent-testing-of-rossis-e-cat-cold-fusion-device-maybe-the-world-will-change-after-all/

3.2.2 Hyperion Defkalion Green Technologies

Defkalion Green Technologies Hyperion reactor was tested byMichael A. Nelson, who is an independent energy consultant, with abackground as a NASA employee for 30+ years. He conducted thetest not as NASA employee, but as a representative of the NewEnergy Foundation ( a non-profit organisation which was establishedin 2002 and based in the state of New Hampshire) and who paid thetest. Hyperion has also been demonstrated for the Greekgovernment.

In Michael A. Nelson test summary, published October 18, 2012 thefollowing is stated:

1. The device generated surplus energy.

2. Demonstration showed that Defkalion could have full controlover the reaction to start it, stop it, increase and decrease.

3. The reaction is dependent of hydrogen.

4. The reactor contents were removed and weighed to 59grams, most of which were ceramic containers. Reaction wasfound to emit more energy than a chemical reaction from theknown amount of the corresponding mass, suggesting that anuclear reaction is involved.

5. There were error ranges associated with all the data thatare not yet fully secured.

6. Defkalion is sincere in their efforts with accuratemeasurements and to demonstrate their technology'sperformance with its confidence that they can achieve a

COP > 1 for a sufficiently long time in order to exclude thepossibility of a chemical reaction. A preliminary glance at thefacts reactor has had a good operation on COP > 3.
http://www.forbes.com/sites/markgibbs/2013/05/20/finally-%20independent-testing-of-rossis-e-cat-cold-fusion-device-maybe-the-world-will-change-after-all/http://www.forbes.com/sites/markgibbs/2013/05/20/finally-%20independent-testing-of-rossis-e-cat-cold-fusion-device-maybe-the-world-will-change-after-all/http://www.forbes.com/sites/markgibbs/2013/05/20/finally-%20independent-testing-of-rossis-e-cat-cold-fusion-device-maybe-the-world-will-change-after-all/http://www.forbes.com/sites/markgibbs/2013/05/20/finally-%20independent-testing-of-rossis-e-cat-cold-fusion-device-maybe-the-world-will-change-after-all/http://www.forbes.com/sites/markgibbs/2013/05/20/finally-%20independent-testing-of-rossis-e-cat-cold-fusion-device-maybe-the-world-will-change-after-all/http://www.forbes.com/sites/markgibbs/2013/05/20/finally-%20independent-testing-of-rossis-e-cat-cold-fusion-device-maybe-the-world-will-change-after-all/http://www.forbes.com/sites/markgibbs/2013/05/20/finally-%20independent-testing-of-rossis-e-cat-cold-fusion-device-maybe-the-world-will-change-after-all/


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The product sheet from Defkalion highlights the selling points : 40

Nickel and hydrogen, electric power heating, chemical assistingpreheating media not to be disclosed, max pressure 150 bar,

continuous use temperature max 1100C, COP better than 1:25 for

5-11 kW series A and C, better than 1:35 for 10-45 kW series B andD.

These high rates of energy exchange have not been verified publicyet .Not verified information mentions that previous tests haveshown a COP > 20.

3.2.3 BEC Brillouin BoilerTMBrillouin Corp.Several researchers have suggested that deuterium fusion may haveoccurred in certain metal hydrides. BEC means that there may beother mechanisms that release the binding energy of the e.g.helium.

A lot of experimental results are reminiscent of those that can bepaired with deuterium fusion, for example, the amount of heliumformed, heat production etc. and also the production of tritium.

Deterium fusion is quite close as hypothesis. No gamma ray formed.

No fast neutrons can be observed. Also there is no need for energylevels to break down Coulomb barrier. Brillouins hypothesis amongother things says that it would be possible to:

Runthe reaction at significantly fewer protons in the metalmatrix than the 85 % + that other groups need

Start the reaction process in milliseconds, rather than waitfor unknown factors that cosmic rays

Freeexcess heat and produce helium using protons insteadof deutrons

Run the reaction in normalpalladium, nickel or tungsten

Increase the power output of the high pressure / hightemperature designs

_____________________________

40Defkalion Green Technologies leaflet about Hyperion Series A, B, C and D are available

onhttp://aromapress.com/~ defkalio/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/2011-11-30_Hyperion-

Spec-Sheet.pdf
http://aromapress.com/http://aromapress.com/http://aromapress.com/http://aromapress.com/


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Brillouin Energy Corporation apparatus, BEC Brillouin Boiler , hastwo validations of independent testers .41However, they areprobably paid by Brillouin Energy Corp. and therefore not ranked as"third party validations.

One of them is conducted by Los Alamos National Laboratories. Theother of DR. Michael McKubre from Stanford Research International( SRI) , which also thereafter joined their advisory board.42

3.2.4 CIHT-cell - BlackLight PowerBlackLight Power's continuous process for power generation convertsregular water vapour (H2O) into electricity, oxygen, and a new,more stable form of hydrogen which the company calls hydrino. Thisreleases more than 200 times more energy than pure hydrogen atincineration, according to Dr. Randell Mills, Chairman, CEO andPresident of BlackLight Power, Inc., and inventor of BlackLight Powerprocess.

Dr Mills says BlackLight Power has reached an important milestonein the upscaling of the process, which typically produces a gain(COP) of more than 10 times over a long period and in the scale 10W.

Now the company reportedly plans a 100W system and believes thata 1.5 kW unit for household use will be in operation as early as2013.43

BlackLight Power's cell has been validated for 30 to 70 days ofcontinuous operation of six different configurations of individual and

groups of researchers, which they consider to be independent. Theyhave their doctorates from universities such as MIT and Caltech .

Whence these researchers have received payment for theirvalidations are not known . Therefore, the following result from sixvalidation protocol are not considered third party validations.

________________________41

Seehttp://nextbigfuture.com/2012/04/brillouin-had-los-alamos-and-sri.html2013-08-19 , image 13 in the presentation:http://www.slideshare.net/ssusereeef70/Brillouin-ppt-technical32712andhttp://episin.blogspot.se/2011/07/brillouin-energy-reactor-being-tested.html,2013-08-19

42Board of Brillouin Energy presented onhttp://brillouinenergy.com43See BlackLight Power's websitehttp://www.blacklightpower.com
http://nextbigfuture.com/2012/04/brillouin-had-los-alamos-and-sri.htmlhttp://nextbigfuture.com/2012/04/brillouin-had-los-alamos-and-sri.htmlhttp://nextbigfuture.com/2012/04/brillouin-had-los-alamos-and-sri.htmlhttp://www.slideshare.net/ssusereeef70/Brillouin-ppt-technical32712http://www.slideshare.net/ssusereeef70/Brillouin-ppt-technical32712http://www.slideshare.net/ssusereeef70/Brillouin-ppt-technical32712http://www.slideshare.net/ssusereeef70/Brillouin-ppt-technical32712http://episin.blogspot.se/2011/07/brillouin-energy-reactor-being-tested.htmlhttp://episin.blogspot.se/2011/07/brillouin-energy-reactor-being-tested.htmlhttp://episin.blogspot.se/2011/07/brillouin-energy-reactor-being-tested.htmlhttp://episin.blogspot.se/2011/07/brillouin-energy-reactor-being-tested.htmlhttp://brillouinenergy.com/http://brillouinenergy.com/http://brillouinenergy.com/http://www.blacklightpower.com/http://www.blacklightpower.com/http://www.blacklightpower.com/http://www.blacklightpower.com/http://brillouinenergy.com/http://episin.blogspot.se/2011/07/brillouin-energy-reactor-being-tested.htmlhttp://episin.blogspot.se/2011/07/brillouin-energy-reactor-being-tested.htmlhttp://www.slideshare.net/ssusereeef70/Brillouin-ppt-technical32712http://www.slideshare.net/ssusereeef70/Brillouin-ppt-technical32712http://nextbigfuture.com/2012/04/brillouin-had-los-alamos-and-sri.html


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K.V. Ramanajachary was a professor of chemistry and biochemistryat Rowan University. His areas of expertise are metals oxidationchemistry , electrical and magnetic properties of materials , and ion-conducting polymers and oxides. Professor Ramanajachary foundthat CIHT-cells had a COP between 1.6 and 7.35.

Terry Copeland, a chemical engineer from MIT, who has worked atDuracell and other battery manufacturers and at AltairNanotechnologies Inc., evaluated CIHT cells during two occasions in

November and December 2011. Dr. Copeland found that the COPwas between 2 and 5.5.

Henry Weinberg was during the validation currently professor ofchemical engineering and chemical physics and a professor ofmaterials engineering at the California Institute of Technology , andhas a long resume in academia with various professorships atvarious universities. Professor Weinberg found that CIHT cell had aCOP = 10.

A team from the Fortune 500 companies list of U.S. DOD advisers,which consisted of an R & D program director who has worked forNASA, a Ph.D. in Physics and a Ph.D. in chemistry with fuel cellexpertise. These researchers found that CIHT-cells with nickel hadfor 5 - 27 days COP > 2 after stabilization, but some even over 300.Cells with molybdenum instead of nickel had a COP of up to 2420.

Nick Glumac was a professor at the University of Illinois inMechanical Engineering since August 2007. He conducted the

validation as a technology consultant at Mahomet. Professor Glumacfound the energy yields from 10 and up. Cells with molybdenumgave a COP ~ 2000 while nickel cells had after 17 days COPbetween 9.1 and 14.4.

Two Ph.D. from the Enser Corp. have made an evaluation. Enser is acompany working for the U.S. military with missile batteries. Theyhave 25 researchers in electrochemistry. James K. Pugh is ENSERstechnical director. He is an expert in physical organic chemistry and

electrochemistry. Ethirajulu Dayalan is a research fellow inelectrochemistry who worked for, among other things NASA and theU.S. Army. The two researchers found that CIHT cells had a COP~ 100.


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3.2.5 NANORTM Jet Energy

Jet Energy's device NANOR in mW rangewas tested at MIT inJanuary - June 2012 and was displayed publicly. The equipment wasclaimed to have a COP of 12-14 during testperioden.44

Their LENR reactor shows similar energy and power densities asLeonardo Corporation's Hot-Cat, as evidenced by Ragone diagramon their website: http://world.std.com/~mica/cft.html,entitled"Why is cold fusion so important ? "The diagram was presented July23, 2013 at the Conference ICCF18.

_____________________________________

44 http://nextbigfuture.com/2012/06/mit-lenr-device-publicly-running-for-6.html

2013-08-19
http://world.std.com/~mica/cft.htmlhttp://world.std.com/~mica/cft.htmlhttp://nextbigfuture.com/2012/06/mit-lenr-device-publicly-running-for-6.htmlhttp://nextbigfuture.com/2012/06/mit-lenr-device-publicly-running-for-6.htmlhttp://nextbigfuture.com/2012/06/mit-lenr-device-publicly-running-for-6.htmlhttp://world.std.com/~mica/cft.html


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4 Possible applications of LENRtechnology

4.1 Electricity and heat production

If LENR technology works as it is said today highly conceivableapplications are district heat production and heat- and steamgeneration for industrial processes. The reason why the equipmentwould likely come first to engineer frequent customers is safety.

Leonardo Corporation has only security certificates to 1 MWmachines and still has a process underway for the securitycertificate for small plants to residential customers. The companyexpects that retail market is taking off if the experiences of theindustrial customer facilities are good. LENR devices, if they work ,would in the future be able to compete against both the centralheating side as the retail side, including be alternatives to heatpumps and bio energy.

Even plants for electric power generation could be possible. Oneexample is the Hot Cat for electricity generation tested in Bologna.Again, one can expect that the industrial customer experiences areexpected to underpin security certification for the consumer market.U.S. reports concerning plans to reinvest in old coal plants byreplacing coal boilers against LENR-reactors. LENR-devices might inthe future compete with fossil-and nuclear power generation as wellas electricity sales to retail and industrial customers. The companyKresenn report development underway for LENR - operation ofdatacentraler.45

4.2 Vehicle applications

If LENR technology works one important application might be vehiclefuelling. Papps original machine was based on a conventionalcombustion engine. Rohner, Klostermann and Weber's designs areall motor applications with pistons and flywheel. The explosionchamber, however, is replaced with the plasma compartment.

___________________________45Seehttp://www.kresenn.com/ 2013-08-19
http://www.kresenn.com/http://www.kresenn.com/http://www.kresenn.com/http://www.kresenn.com/


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LENR-reactors for vehicle drive are also studied by LENR Cars Srl inLausanne.46The construction displayed on this site reminds of otherLENR-devices with the difference that it will provide electricity.

Possibly this is done via the thermoelectric conversion. Options as aheat source in Stirling engines are also mentioned in terms ofvehicle drives. LENR Cars Srl has a patent application by the nameof Low Energy Nuclear Thermoelectric Systems , U.S. 2013 /0263597 A1 , publication date 10 October 2013.

There are reports that Toyota and Honda have investments in LENRresearch to produce LENR powered cars.47 Toyota has alsocollaboration with researchers at the Universities of Osaka andKobe.48If and so, when the application in vehicles arises, it will be incompetition with electricity, biogas and hybrid vehicles.

SPAWAR , NRL , DARPA , DTRA and DIA have conducted research onLENR, i.a. for military transports.49DIA published Nov. 13, 2009report, Technology Forecast: Worldwide Research on Low- EnergyNuclear Reactions Increasing and Gaining Acceptance, and theyconclude : " ... the military potential of Such high-energy -densitypower sources is enormous . And since the U.S. military isUnmatched user of liquid fuel for transportation, LENR powersources could produce the greatest transformation of the battlefieldfor U.S. forces since the transition from horsepower to gasolinepower." 50

4.3 Aerospace and Space Applications

NASA and Boeing are exploring opportunities with future LENR -operation for eco-friendly operation of the flight, as described in theNASA report: NASA/CR-2012-217556Subsonic Ultra Green AircraftResearch Phase II: N +4 Advanced Concept Development.51Animportant

______________________________

46Nicolas Chauvin , LENR Powered Electric Vehicles , Proceedings ILENRS -12,

Williamsburg, USA , July 1-3 , 2012

47http://coldfusiondevices.com/cold-fusion/cold-fusion-devices-to-power-cars-in-the-future

48http://energycatalyzer3.com/news/toyota-is-active-in-cold-fusion-research-again,2012-10-01

49These organizations are the Space and Naval Warfare Systems Command , U.S.NavalResearch Laboratory , the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency , DefenseThreat Reduction Agency and Defense Intelligence Agency whose publications can bedownloaded fromwww.lenr-canr.org

50DIA - 08 911003 , p. 6

51

The report is available onhttp://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20120009038_2012008934.pdf
http://coldfusiondevices.com/cold-fusion/cold-fusion-devices-to-power-cars-in-the-futurehttp://coldfusiondevices.com/cold-fusion/cold-fusion-devices-to-power-cars-in-the-futurehttp://coldfusiondevices.com/cold-fusion/cold-fusion-devices-to-power-cars-in-the-futurehttp://coldfusiondevices.com/cold-fusion/cold-fusion-devices-to-power-cars-in-the-futurehttp://energycatalyzer3.com/news/toyota-is-active-in-cold-fusion-research-againhttp://energycatalyzer3.com/news/toyota-is-active-in-cold-fusion-research-againhttp://energycatalyzer3.com/news/toyota-is-active-in-cold-fusion-research-againhttp://www.lenr-canr.org/http://www.lenr-canr.org/http://www.lenr-canr.org/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20120009038_2012008934.pdfhttp://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20120009038_2012008934.pdfhttp://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20120009038_2012008934.pdfhttp://www.lenr-canr.org/http://energycatalyzer3.com/news/toyota-is-active-in-cold-fusion-research-againhttp://coldfusiondevices.com/cold-fusion/cold-fusion-devices-to-power-cars-in-the-futurehttp://coldfusiondevices.com/cold-fusion/cold-fusion-devices-to-power-cars-in-the-future


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aspect is how aviation could be developed if the fuel weight isreduced to almost zero.

For military flight applications it is seen the possibility of developinga supersonic plane that has almost unlimited mileage. For spaceapplications , reusable launch vehicle with increased payload (50%more ), no maintenance and the ability to build ever smallerspaceship. NASA is therefore studying LENR - operation ofrymdsonder.52

4.4 Transmutation of radioactive waste

Transmutation of nuclides present in used nuclear fuel into stablenuclides have been performed at Mitsubishi Heavy Industries by

Yasuhiro Iwamura.53These experiments have been independentlyreplicated by Toyota Central Research and DevelopmentLaboratories.54Although Osaka and Iwate University in Japan hasreplicated frsken.55Among others , successful experiments were

conducted with the transmutation of 133Cs55to 141Pr59 and 88Sr38to96Mo42.

Francesco Piantelli has a patent application for the treatment ofradioactive waste, WO/2013/046188 -A Method and a device fortreating radioactive material , with publication date 4 April 2013.

SPAWAR has April 16, 2013 received patent U.S. 8,419,919 ,entitled System and method for generating particleswhere

"Generated particles may be captured by other nuclei to create newelements, to remediate nuclear waste ...". If this transmutationmethod can be carried out in a larger scale and with reasonableeconomy, there may be a possibility of neutralizing the nuclides

_________________________

52Xiaoling Yang and George H. Miley , A Game- Changing Power Source Based on Low

Energy Nuclear Reactions ( LENRs ) , presentation at NETS 2012, March 19-23, 2012

53

Y. Iwamura , Observation of Nuclear Transmutation Reactions induced by D2 GasPermeation through Pd Complexes , in Eleventh International Conference on CondensedMatter Nuclear Science , Marseille, France 2004 andhttp://indico.cern.ch/getFile.py/access?resId=5&materialId=slides&confId=177379

54Introducing the Yasuhiro Iwamura at the American Nuclear Society LENR session 2012-

11-14 San Diego, which can be viewed on video tohttp://www.lenr-coldfusion.com/2012/12/09/yasuhiro-iwamura-ans- presentation - LENR transmutation/

and scientific publishing : T. Hioki , N. Takahashi, S. Kosaka , T. Nishi, H. Azuma , S. Hibi ,Y. Higuchi , A. Murase , T. Motohiro , Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass spectrometry Studyon the Increase in the Amount of Pr Atoms for Cs -Ion - Implanted Pd / CaO MultilayerComplex with Deuterium Permeation, Jpn . J. Appl. Phys. 52 (2013) 107301 (8 pages ) ,DOI: 10.7567/JJAP.52.107301

55http://www.e-catworld.com/2012/12/report-toyota-replicates-mitsubishi-lenr-transmutation-experiment/2012-12-07
http://indico.cern.ch/getFile.py/access?resId=5&materialId=slides&confId=177379http://indico.cern.ch/getFile.py/access?resId=5&materialId=slides&confId=177379http://www.lenr-coldfusion.com/2012/12/09/yasuhiro-iwamura-ans-%20presentation%20-%20LENR%20transmutation/http://www.lenr-coldfusion.com/2012/12/09/yasuhiro-iwamura-ans-%20presentation%20-%20LENR%20transmutation/http://www.lenr-coldfusion.com/2012/12/09/yasuhiro-iwamura-ans-%20presentation%20-%20LENR%20transmutation/http://www.lenr-coldfusion.com/2012/12/09/yasuhiro-iwamura-ans-%20presentation%20-%20LENR%20transmutation/http://www.e-catworld.com/2012/12/report-toyota-replicates-mitsubishi-lenr-transmutation-experiment/http://www.e-catworld.com/2012/12/report-toyota-replicates-mitsubishi-lenr-transmutation-experiment/http://www.e-catworld.com/2012/12/report-toyota-replicates-mitsubishi-lenr-transmutation-experiment/http://www.e-catworld.com/2012/12/report-toyota-replicates-mitsubishi-lenr-transmutation-experiment/http://www.e-catworld.com/2012/12/report-toyota-replicates-mitsubishi-lenr-transmutation-experiment/http://www.e-catworld.com/2012/12/report-toyota-replicates-mitsubishi-lenr-transmutation-experiment/http://www.lenr-coldfusion.com/2012/12/09/yasuhiro-iwamura-ans-%20presentation%20-%20LENR%20transmutation/http://www.lenr-coldfusion.com/2012/12/09/yasuhiro-iwamura-ans-%20presentation%20-%20LENR%20transmutation/http://indico.cern.ch/getFile.py/access?resId=5&materialId=slides&confId=177379


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from today's nuclear fuel that can not be used as fuel for generationIV reactors .

4.5 Consumer products

Defkalion has stated that they license their technology to variousmanufacturers of consumer products. Themselves, they willreportedly commercialize their technology for sea vehicles. Ifsuccessful, it means a competition with electricity for chargingmobile phones and operation of portable consumer products of allkinds. Alex Xanthoulis , CEO of Defkalion , has stated that : 56

Collaboration is ongoing with six companies for the development ofspecial applications. Many of these companies are included in thetop 10 companies in the world in their field. Applications coveredinclude: unmanned aerial vehicles , computers , water heaters,electric power generation , greenhouse , ship management, cars,water desalination / purification and large turbines .

License agreement for the manufacture of consumer products are

signed with companies in Italy, France , Greece ( Defkalion 50%),Canada and South Africa. 1,300 companies in about 78 countries areinterested . License price has previously been 40.5 million.

_____________________56

http://matslew.wordpress.com/2013/07/24/comments-on-defkalion-reactor-demo-in-

milan/2013-08-15
http://matslew.wordpress.com/2013/07/24/comments-on-defkalion-reactor-demo-in-milan/http://matslew.wordpress.com/2013/07/24/comments-on-defkalion-reactor-demo-in-milan/http://matslew.wordpress.com/2013/07/24/comments-on-defkalion-reactor-demo-in-milan/http://matslew.wordpress.com/2013/07/24/comments-on-defkalion-reactor-demo-in-milan/http://matslew.wordpress.com/2013/07/24/comments-on-defkalion-reactor-demo-in-milan/http://matslew.wordpress.com/2013/07/24/comments-on-defkalion-reactor-demo-in-milan/


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5 Questions for the power industryLENR - effects appears to be demonstrated in laboratoryexperiments. Now lacking is evidence that the energy conversionprocess is suitable for industrial electricity- and heat -production.

Experiences from development of other techniques show thatpractical problems can arise on the way to commercialization.Therefore, there is considerable uncertainty about if and whencommercialization will occur.

The validation of the Leonardo Corporation's Hot Cat was conductedby several university researchers together. While academic criticismhas been directed at university researchers validation, it seems stillvery thrustworthy.57A Hot-Cat is operating at high temperature withmuch its energy emitted as radiation.

Earlier LENR - devices have been measured with calorimetry, wherefluid calorimetry has proven to provide the most accurate results.Calorimetry is well suited for lower temperatures that emit energy in

the form of convection. Presumably, therefore, the morecomplicated method of measurement with measuring radiation waschosen for validation of Hot-Cat .The researchers stated in thearticle that th

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