emc 1
TRANSCRIPT
1
Electromagnetic Electromagnetic CompatibilityCompatibility
Dr.Ir. Agus Hartanto, M.EngDr.Ir. Agus Hartanto, M.Eng
2
Electromagnetic compatibilityElectromagnetic compatibility (EMC) (EMC)
Kompatibilitas elektromagnetik (EMC) adalah cabang ilmu yang mempelajari munculnya listrik tak sengaja, perambatan dan penerimaan energi elektromagnetik yang disebabkan efek yang tidak diinginkan (gangguan elektromagnetik, atau EMI).
Tujuan EMC adalah operasi yang benar dari berbagai peralatan, dalam lingkungan elektromagnetik yang sama, untuk menghindari efek saling mengganggu.
3
2 masalah dlm EMC2 masalah dlm EMC
1. Radiasi yang terkait dengan munculnya gelombang elektromaknetik yang tidak diinginkan oleh beberapa sumber, dan langkah penanggulangan yang harus diambil untuk mengurangi dampak tersebut.
2. Susceptibility (Kerentanan) atau immunity (kekebalan) dari peralatan listrik yang disebut sebagai korban terhadap gangguan elektromagnetik yang tidak direncanakan.
4
PEMAKAIAN SPEKTRUM FREKUENSIPEMAKAIAN SPEKTRUM FREKUENSI101510141kHz 10kHz 100 kHz 1MHz 10 MHz 100 MHz 10 GHz1 GHz 100 GHz
Ultraviolet
Cahaya
Infrared
Serat Optik
Percobaan
Wideband data
3 mm3 m3 km
Laser beam
Radio Gelombang tanah
Radio Garis pandang
Radio Gel Angkasa
Kabel 2 jalur Kabel Coaxial Waveguide
Satelit
Microwave Relay
3 mm3 m3 km
1 Cm10 Cm
EHFSHFUHFVHFHFMFLFVLFAudio
Cellular, Pager, TV, PCS
TV, FM
Radio CB, Radio amatir
Navigasi Kapal
Telepon, telegraph
5
Electromagnetic InterferenceElectromagnetic Interference(EMI) ?(EMI) ?
6
EMIEMI
EMI is a disturbance that affects an electrical circuit due to either electromagnetic conduction or electromagnetic radiation emitted from an external source.
The disturbance may interrupt, obstruct, or otherwise degrade or limit the effective performance of the circuit.
The source may be any object, artificial or natural, that carries rapidly changing electrical currents, such as an electrical circuit, the Sun or the Northern Lights
7
InterferenceInterference Continuous Interference
– Audio Frequency, from very low frequencies up to around 20 kHz. Frequencies up to 100 kHz (Mains hum from power supply units, nearby power supply wiring, transmission lines and substations)
– Radio Frequency Interference, RFI, from 20 kHz to a limit which constantly increases as technology pushes it higher (Wireless and Radio Frequency, Transmissions, Television and Radio Receivers, Industrial, scientific and medical equipment, High Frequency Circuit Signals (microcontroller activity))
– Broadband noise may be spread across parts of either or both frequency ranges, with no particular frequency accentuated (Solar Activity Continuously operating spark gaps such as arc welders)
Pulse or transient interference – Sources of isolated EMP (electromagnetic Pulse) events include (Switching action of
electrical circuitry, Electrostatic Discharge (ESD), as a result of two charged objects coming into close proximity or even contact, Lightning Electromagnetic Pulse (LEMP), Nuclear Electromagnetic Pulse (NEMP), as a result of a nuclear explosion, Non-Nuclear Electromagnetic Pulse (NNEMP) weapons, Power Line Surges/Pulses)
– Sources of repetitive EMP events, sometimes as regular pulse trains, include: Electric Motors, Gasoline engine ignition systems, Electric Fast Transient/Bursts (EFT)
Coupling Mechanisms – noise source, coupling path and victim, receptor or sink, natural phenomenon such as
a lightning strike, electrostatic discharge (ESD) or, in one famous case, the Big Bang
8
Natural
9
Man MadeMan Made
10
electromagnetic interference electromagnetic interference (EMI) coupling modes (EMI) coupling modes
conductive, capacitive, magnetic or inductive, and radiative
11
Conducted EmissionConducted Emission
12
Radiated EmissionRadiated Emission
13
EMI in 2.4 GHzEMI in 2.4 GHz
Phone: Many cordless telephones and baby monitors in the United States and Canada use the 2.4 GHz frequency, the same frequency at which Wi-Fi standards operate
Bluetooth devices intended for use in short-range personal area networks operate from 2.4 to 2.4835 GHz.
Certain car manufacturers use the 2.4 GHz frequency for their car alarm internal movement sensors
Microwave ovens operate by emitting a very high power signal in the 2.4 GHz band.
14
Pemancar Radio atau Televisi Radar komersial maupun militer Satelit komunikasi Radio komunikasi (VHF, UHF, dll.) Radio navigasi (untuk pesawat terbang) dll.
15
BasicBasicElectromagneticElectromagnetic
16
Rangkaian SederhanaRangkaian Sederhana
ZV
Hukum Ohm ; V = I X Z
I
17
Magnetic FieldMagnetic Field
Magnetic fields arise from current flows. Their strength is measured in amperes per meter
(A/m). Commonly, EMF investigators use a related measure, flux density (in microtesla (µT) or millitesla (mT) instead.
Magnetic fields exist as soon as a device is switched on and current flows.
Field strength decreases with distance from the source.
Magnetic fields are not attenuated by most materials.
18
Magnetic (H) FieldsMagnetic (H) Fields
Gmbr.2
H = I / ( 2 H = I / ( 2 ππ r ) Amp./meter r ) Amp./meter
r = Jari-jari (meter)r = Jari-jari (meter)ΠΠ = dibaca phi = = dibaca phi = 3,143,14
rr
I = Arus listrik yang mengalir, dalam satuan AmperI = Arus listrik yang mengalir, dalam satuan Amper
19
Magnetic (H) FieldsMagnetic (H) Fields
Gmbr.3
20
Magnetic (H) FieldsMagnetic (H) Fields
Gmbr.4
V
H (t)
I(t)
Penomena ini disebut sebagai Coupling, dan ini merupakan
mekanisme utama terjadinya Electromagnetic Interference
21
Electric FieldElectric Field
Electric fields arise from voltage. Their strength is measured in Volts per metre
(V/m) An electric field can be present even when a
device is switched off. Field strength decreases with distance from the
source. Most building materials shield electric fields to
some extent.
22
Electric (E) FieldElectric (E) Field
Ground Plane
EEZ
+ + + ++++
V+
_
Gmbr.5
E = ( Voltage / Distance ) Volt/meterE = ( Voltage / Distance ) Volt/meter
Misal V = 12 VoltMisal V = 12 VoltD = 2cm= 0,02meterD = 2cm= 0,02meterE = 12 / 0,02 V/mE = 12 / 0,02 V/mE = 600 V/mE = 600 V/m
23
RadiationRadiation
Decreasing magnitude
24
Contoh Emisi dari peralatanContoh Emisi dari peralatan
25
Contoh Emisi dari Kabel PowerContoh Emisi dari Kabel Power
EE
““HI”HI”
““Return”Return”
26
Emisi dari Proses SwitchingEmisi dari Proses Switching Pengoperasian switch kecil atau peralatan switching (misal, swtching power supply) akan mengakibatkan perubahan arus yg. tiba- tiba. Hal ini akan menimbulkan perubahan medan magnit, sehingga akan menginduksikan tegangan serta arus pada rangkaian disekitarnya.
27
Contoh Emisi dari Proses SwitchingContoh Emisi dari Proses Switching
SS
CoilCoil
Effect dari perubahan medan magnitEffect dari perubahan medan magnit pada coil, relay, motor dlsb.nya, akan terasapada coil, relay, motor dlsb.nya, akan terasa
lebih kuatlebih kuat
28
Emisi dari Pemancar (Transmitter)Emisi dari Pemancar (Transmitter)
Enerji e.m. yang dipancarkan dari radio komunikasi, radar pesawat terbang, kapal laut atau pemancar-pemancar lainnya mempunyai level yg. tinggi sehingga akan mengganggu peralatan pesawat terbang lainnya, misalnya :
29
Misalnya (cont’)Misalnya (cont’)
Mengganggu sistim komunikasi lainnya.
Menginduksikan tone /nada yg. tak di-inginkan pada peralatan lainnya
Mengkacaukan sistim kontrol peralatan lainnya. Satellite dish
30
Radiated EmissionRadiated EmissionTest Set-upTest Set-up
CablePower
0,8m
Turn table
3m
1-4m
ToTest
Receiver
EUT
31
Radiated EmissionRadiated EmissionAntennaAntenna
32
Fasilitas Tes EMCFasilitas Tes EMC
Open Area Test Site (OATS) Shielded Enclosure atau Shielded Room Semi-Anechoic Chamber
33
Out Area Test SiteOut Area Test Site(OATS)(OATS)
34
Radiated EmissionTest Set-UpRadiated EmissionTest Set-Up
35
Open Area Test SiteOpen Area Test Site(OATS)(OATS)
KEUNTUNGAN KERUGIAN
1. Biaya murah
2. Dapat menciptakan lingkungan (environment) tes yang ideal, tapi sulit tercapai.
1. Sulit untuk meng-kontrol Lingkungan electromaknet (electromagnetic environment).
2. Sulit untuk mencari lokasi yang bebas dari polusi elektromaknit.
3. Repeatable Test sulit tercapai
36
Shielded EnclosureShielded Enclosure
37
Shielded EnclosureShielded Enclosure
KEUNTUNGAN KERUGIAN
1. Menciptakan lingkungan (environment) elektromaknit yang terisolasi, sangat baik.
2. Biayanya mahal.
1. Tidak dapat dipakai untuk melakukan pengukuran beberapa jenis tes EMC, karena adanya pantulan
38
Semi-Anechoic ChamberSemi-Anechoic Chamber
39
Semi-Anechoic ChamberSemi-Anechoic Chamber
Semi-Anehoic Chamber adalah Shielded Enclosures yang dilapisi dengan Radio Frequency (RF) Energy Absorber (peredam enerji frekwensi radio) sehingga efek pantulan berkurang.
Semua sisi dilapisi dengan RF absorber kecuali lantai, yang berfungsi sebagai ground plane seperti pada OATS.
40
Semi Anechoic ChamberSemi Anechoic Chamber
Keuntungan Kerugian
1. Menciptakan Gelombang elektromaknit (GEM) yang terisolasi sangat baik
2. Tidak ada pantulan GEM
3. Repeatable measurement
1. Biaya mahal
41
Semi-Anechoic ChamberSemi-Anechoic Chamber
42
Macam-macam RF AbsorberMacam-macam RF Absorber
Polyurethane Absorber Ferrite Tiles
43
Polyurethane AbsorberPolyurethane Absorber
44
Polyurethane Absorber didalam Polyurethane Absorber didalam Semi-Anechoic ChamberSemi-Anechoic Chamber
Menyerap Enerji Elektromaknit dengan cara mengubahnya menjadi Panas
Dirancang dalam bentuk Pyramid sedemikian hingga Impedansi berubah dari 377 Ohm (free space) menjadi minimum ketika berada dibelakang Absorber
Parameter Elektrik dari material berubah sebagai fungsi dari ketinggian Absorber.
45
Ferrite Tiles didalamFerrite Tiles didalamSemi-Anechoic ChamberSemi-Anechoic Chamber
Ferrite Tiles adalah carbon yang dipadatkan dan dibentuk mirip tegel / teraso.
Ferrite Tiles ini mampu meredam enerji EM yang sangat baik untuk frekwensi rendah hingga 1Ghz.
Oleh karena bentuknya rata dengan ketebalan sekitar satu senti meter, maka sangat menghemat tempat, jika dibandingkan dengan Polyurethane yang membutuhkan ketebalan 1 meter atau lebih.
46
PerbandinganPerbandinganFerrite Tiles terhadap PolyurethaneFerrite Tiles terhadap Polyurethane
Ferrite Tiles
(Keuntungan)
Polyurethane
(Kerugian)
1. Bekerja pada frekwensi rendah
2. Membutuhkan ruangan yang kecil untuk
3. Performance tidak berubah sepanjang masa
1. Membutuhkan ruangan yang sangat besar
2. Ukuran menjadi besar untuk frekwensi rendah
3. Performance makin buruk dengan pertambahan umur
47
PerbandinganPerbandinganFerrite Tiles terhadap PolyurethaneFerrite Tiles terhadap Polyurethane
Ferrite Tiles
(Kerugian)
Polyurethane
(Keuntungan)
1. Sangat berat
2. Mudah pecah, terutama kalau jatuh
3. Bekerja makin buruk untuk frekwensi makin tinggi
1. Sangat ringan jika dibandingkan dengan Ferrite Tiles
2. Tidak mudah pecah
3. Bekerja makin baik untuk frekwensi tinggi
48
Semi-Anechoic Chamber Semi-Anechoic Chamber Harus lulus beberapa jenis test berikutHarus lulus beberapa jenis test berikut
Shielding Effectiveness Test- Mil-Std 285 / NSA 65-6
Site Attenuation Test- FCC OST-55 / ANSI C63.4
Field Uniformity- IEC 1000-4-3
Absorber Test, - NRL 8093- MS-8-21- Texas Instrument Specification #2693066
49
Shielding EffectivenessShielding Effectiveness
50
Magnetic Field Attenuation TestMagnetic Field Attenuation Test
51
Electric Field Attenuation TestElectric Field Attenuation Test
52
Plane Wave Attenuation TestPlane Wave Attenuation Test
2. d1 = 72 inch2. d1 = 72 inch
53
Site Attenuation TestSite Attenuation Test
54
Regulatory and standards bodies Regulatory and standards bodies
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)– Technical Committee 77 (TC77), working on
electromagnetic compatibility between equipment including networks.
– Comité International Spécial des Perturbations Radioélectriques (CISPR), or International Special Committee on Radio Interference.
– The Advisory Committee on Electromagnetic Compatibility (ACEC) co-ordinates the IEC's work on EMC between these committees
International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which publishes standards for the automotive industry
55
National Organizations National Organizations
Europe: – Comité Européen de Normalisation (CEN) or European
Committee for Standardization).– Comité Européen de Normalisation Electrotechniques
(CENELEC) or European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardisation.
– European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI).
United States: The Federal Communications Commission (FCC).
Britain: The British Standards Institution (BSI). Indonesia: Badan Standarisasi Nasional (BSN)
56
StandardStandardMicrowave ovens, Bluetooth devices, baby monitors and cordless telephones
Tahun 2003
57
Medan Listrik dan Magnit pada Medan Listrik dan Magnit pada tubuh manusiatubuh manusia
58
Health effect at different Health effect at different frequencies frequencies
low frequency (1 Hz and 10 MHz) current density (J, in A m-2) for preventing effects in excitable tissues such as nerve and muscle cells; and
high frequency (100 kHz and 10 GHz), specific absorption rate (SAR, in W kg-1) for prevention of whole-body heat stress and local heating.
intermediate frequency (100 kHz and 10 MHz) current density and SAR,
very high frequency (10 and 300 GHz) incident power density (S, in W m-2) for excessive tissue heating near or at the body surface.
59
WHOWHO
Understanding the health impact of electromagnetic fields (EMF) falls within the mandate of the World Health Organization (WHO) in the area of environmental health
WHO’s International EMF Project has provided a unique opportunity to bring together over sixty countries to identify criteria for EMF standards setting and to develop the Framework for Developing Health-based EMF Standards.
The overall purpose of this Framework is to provide advice on how to develop science-based exposure limits that will protect the health of the public and workers from EMF exposure.
60
Risk estimationRisk estimation
the definition of the biologically effective mechanism or characteristic of the field, which may vary with tissue or organ
an exposure-effect relationship, and identification of a threshold, if any
an exposure distribution and identification of sub populations with high exposure
differences in susceptibilities within a population.
61
Exposure limits using the hazard Exposure limits using the hazard threshold and biological threshold and biological
approaches approaches
62
Risk AssessmentRisk Assessment
For epidemiological studies, the strength of association between exposure and risk is important: is there a clearly associated risk with exposure? A strong association is one with a risk ratio (RR) of 5 or more. For tobacco smoking, many of the RRs were in excess of 10. However, the EMF studies of 50/60 Hz exposures, for example, suggest a RR of about 1.5 - 2 for childhood leukaemia
How consistent are the studies of association between exposure to EMF fields and the risk of some health outcome? Do most studies show the same risk for the same disease? Using the example of smoking, essentially all epidemiological studies of smoking demonstrated an increased risk for lung cancer
63
Dampak Medan ElektromagnetikDampak Medan Elektromagnetik Weaver dkk di tahun 1999: medan listrik di perumahan
dan ditempat kerja tidak memberikan dampak negatif Adair di tahun 1999 menyatakan bahwa tidak ada
dampak biologis dari medan magnit yang kurang dari 100 mG, karena dirumah biasanya hanya sekitar 0,7 mG.
World Health Organisation (WHO): medan elektromagnetik berpotensi menimbulkan kanker pada manusia (possibly carcinogenic to humans)
United States National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS): “medan elektromagnetik pada frekuensi rendah adalah possible carcinogens.”
64
Dampak Medan ElektromagnetikDampak Medan Elektromagnetik
mengubah pergerakan ion calcium didalam cel; mengurangi produksi melatonin, dapat mengubah berbagai hormon dan
neurotransmitter. dapat merubah struktur genetik, rebonucleic
acid (RNA). merubah aktivitas cel kekebalan melemahkan jantung
65
Exposure limits for ELECTRIC fields (50/60Hz)1 V/m Aaronia "E1" recommendation
10 V/m Aaronia "E2" recommendationRecommended 1996 as maximum for "private individuals" by the NCRP, but not yet official
100 V/m Recommended 1996 as maximum for "workers" and their working environments by the NCRP, but not yet official.Influences Melatonin synthesis**Already viewed as "critical" by many scientists
1.000 V/m Maximum limit as recommended by ACGIH for persons with pacemakers or other electronic implantsThough already probable as the future authoritative exposure limit. US state Montana already adopted this exposure limit. Might be authoritative in the EU soon
5.000 V/m Current limit in Germany and recommendation of IRPA/INIRC for "private individuals"
10.000 V/m Exposure limit for "workers" as suggested by IRPA/INIRC
20.000 V/m Exposure limit for "workers" as suggested by ACGIH
25.000 V/m Exposure limit for "workers" for a maximum of 2 hours, as suggested by IRPA/INIRC
NCRP = National Council of Radiation Protection and MeasurementsACGIH = American Conference of Governmental Industrial HygienistsIRPA/INIRC = International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection
66
Exposure limits for MAGNETIC fields (50/60 Hz)
10 nT Aaronia "M1" recommendation
100 nT Aaronia "M2" recommendation
1.000 nT Influences Melatonin synthesis**Already viewed as "critical" by many scientistsRecommended as maximum for "private individuals" by the NCRP in 1996, but not yet official
10.000 nT Considered as the future authoritative exposure limit. Might be authoritative for the complete EU soonRecommended as maximum for "workers" and their working environments by the NCRP in 1996, but not yet official
100.000 nT Current exposure limit in Germany and IRPA/INIRC recommendation for "private individuals" (daily, constant exposure).Maximum limit as recommended by the ACGIH for persons with pacemakers or other electronic implants.
500.000 nT IRPA/INIRC recommendation for "workers" (daily, constant exposure)
1.000.000 nT IRPA/INIRC exposure limit for "private individuals" (daily exposure for few hours)
5.000.000 nT IRPA/INIRC recommendation for "workers" (daily exposure for few hours)
NCRP = National Council of Radiation Protection and MeasurementsACGIH = American Conference of Governmental Industrial HygienistsIRPA/INIRC = International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection
67
Kuat Medan Listrik dari Kuat Medan Listrik dari Transmisi 3 phasa Transmisi 3 phasa
Dokuments of the NRB , ELF Electromagnetic Fields and the risk of Cancer vol 12 no 1, 2001, National Radiological Protection Board Chilton, Didcot, Oxon OX11 ORQ
ACGIHAaronoa E2
US state Montana
EU Soon
IRPAPrivat Individual
68
Kuat Medan Magnit dari Saluran Kuat Medan Magnit dari Saluran Transmisi 3 phasaTransmisi 3 phasa
Dokuments of the NRB , ELF Electromagnetic Fields and the risk of Cancer vol 12 no 1, 2001, National Radiological Protection Board Chilton, Didcot, Oxon OX11 ORQ
NCRPworkers
EU Soon
IRPAPrivat Individual
100 T
Aaronia M2
69
70
71
72
NCRPworkers
Aaronia M2
NCRPPrivate
individual
73
Measurement of 50 Hz Magnetic Fields Measurement of 50 Hz Magnetic Fields by ARPANSAby ARPANSA
http://www.arpansa.gov.au/is_electricity.htm, 8 juli 2006
Aaronia M2NCRP workers
NCRPPrivate
individual
74
75
Hasil pengukuran medan magnit dari Hasil pengukuran medan magnit dari beberapa peralatan listrik [mGauss beberapa peralatan listrik [mGauss ((T)T)]]
Hartanto ARPANSA Inge dkk
Jarak dekat 30 Cm 1 m 30 Cm 0,5 Cm 30 Cm 1 m
Televisi25
(2,5)15
(0,15)2,2
(0,22)10
(0,1)25 – 500(2,5 - 50)
0,4 -20(0,04 - 2)
0,1 – 2(0,01-0,2)
Hairdryer50(5)
2,5(0,25)
1,5(0,15)
25,3(2,53)
50 – 20000(5 - 2000)
1 – 70(0,1 - 7)
0,1 – 3(0,04-0,3)
Elektric shaver100(10)
4,5(0,45)
1,8(0,18) -
150 -150000(15 - 15000)
1 – 90(0,1 - 9)
0,4 – 3(0,04-0,3)
Komputer6
(0,6)3
(0,3)1,6
(0,16)2,3
(0,23) - - -
Pompa Aquarium113
(11,3)15
(1,5)1
(0,1) - - - -
Pompa Air 300 W100(10)
10(1)
1(0,1) - - - -
NCRP < 1 T Aaronia M2 <0,1 T Aaronia M1 <0,01 T
76
PENGUKURAN MEDAN PENGUKURAN MEDAN MAGNITMAGNIT
1,6
1 m
Televisi29”
252.2
1 m
35
20
25 Cm3 m
0.3
Satuan dalam mGauss
Pengukuran dengan TRIFIELD
MonitorKomputer
15”
8
106
77
Alat ukur medan magnit: Alat ukur medan magnit: Tri-Field MeterTri-Field Meter
78
Reduces Emissions & Reduces Emissions & Susceptibility Susceptibility
Shielded Housings. Shielded Lines. Grounding Decoupled Cable Entries (Line filter, Signal
filter) using RF chokes, or RC elements Keep Distance
79
Dampak panas dari Dampak panas dari HandphoneHandphone
Radiated power from Antenna= 125 mW
Pada frekuensi 1900 MHzSAR = Specific Absorbed Radiation [W/kg]
Standar FCC: 1,6 W/kg
80
Pengaruh gangguan tidur karena Pengaruh gangguan tidur karena medan elektromagnetik medan elektromagnetik
Source: Environmental Management and Design ivisionLincoln UniversityNew Zealand
81
Banyaknya menara telekomunikasi yang didirikan.
Tidak efisiennya pendirian tower: setiap penyelenggara komunikasi/penyiaran satu tower. Terdapat lebih dari 20.000 menara BTS tersebar diseluruh Indonesia
Banyaknya menara telekomunikasi yang dalam pembangunannya tidak/kurang memperhatikan keamanan lingkungan dan estetika.
Kondisi EksistingKondisi Eksisting
Source: Dirjen Postel
82
Beam Shapes and Directions Beam Shapes and Directions
83
Pattern Pattern AntennaAntenna
84
Pengukuran Kuat PancaranPengukuran Kuat Pancaran
85
Medan dekat & jauhMedan dekat & jauh
R2
R1
Medan Jauh
Daerah Fresnel
Medan dekat
R2 = 2 d2/
R1 = 0,62 (d2/
d = panjang antenna
jika panjang antenna 2 m dan
Frekuensi 900 MHz maka R2 = 24 m
86
87
Data Standard 900 Data Standard 900 (1800)(1800) MHz MHz0,000.000.01 W/m² Aaronia recommendation HF1-2003
0,000.45 W/m² BUND recommendation 1997
0,001 W/m² "Precautionary limit" in Austria
0,02 W/m² Exposure limit in Russia
0,045 W/m² ECOLOG-recommendation 1998 (Germany)
0,1 W/m² Exposure limit in Poland
0,1 W/m² Exposure limit in Italy
0,24 W/m² Exposure limit in CSSR
2 W/m² Exposure limit in New Zealand
3 W/m² Exposure limit in Canada (Safety Code 6, 1997)
4,5 W/m² (9 W/m²) Exposure limit in Germany and ICNIRP recommendation 1998
30 W/m2 (6 W/m2) FCC Occupational (General population)
Hasil Pengukuran : - 22 dBm atau 0,000.763 W/m² =0,000.0763 mW/Cm²
- 55 dBm atau 0,000.000.382 W/m²= 0,000.000.38 mW/Cm²
88
Hasil Pengukuran : 0,000.763 W/m² di Atap Gedung 20 LIPI Bdg
Frekw=900 MHz 0,000.000.382 W/m² di dalam Gedung 20 LIPI Bdg
Daerah Frekuensi (MHz)
Kuat Medan Listrik (V/m)
Kuat Medan Magnit (A/m)
Kerapatan Daya (W/m2)
0.1 < f < 3 60 0,20 -
3 < f < 3000 20 0,05 1
3000 < f < 300000 40 0,10 4
Batas Radiasi Peralatan Telekomunikasi dan Penyiaran yg Diusulakn ke Dirjen Postel
Daerah Frekuensi (MHz) Kuat Medan Listrik (V/m)
Kuat Medan Magnit (A/m)
Kerapatan Daya (W/m2)
0.1 MHz < f < 300 GHz 6 0,016 0,10
Batas Radiasi Peralatan Telekomunikasi dan Penyiaran Untuk Daerah Khusus yg Diusulakn ke Dirjen Postel
89
Alat UkurAlat Ukur
90