EME 2283 Recyling Technology

DR. MOHAMAD BASHREE BIN ABU BAKAR

bashree.ab@umk.edu.my

PN. ARLINA ALImahani@umk.edu.my

EN. MAZLAN MOHAMEDmazlan.m@umk.edu.my

Chapter Overview Questions

What is solid waste and how much do we

produce?

How can we produce less solid waste?

What are the advantages and disadvantages

of reusing recycled materials?

What are the advantages and disadvantages

of burning or burying solid waste?

What is hazardous waste and how can we

deal with it?

Chapter Overview Questions

What can we do to reduce exposure to lead

and mercury?

How can we make the transition to a more

sustainable low-waste society?

Core Case Study:

Love Canal

Between 1842-1953, Hooker Chemical Company

sealed multiple 22,000 tons of chemical wastes

(toxic waste) into steel drums and dumped them

into an old canal excavation (Love Canal).

In 1953, the canal was filled and sold to Niagara

Falls school board for $1

The company inserted a disclaimer denying

liability for the wastes.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hooker_Chemical_Companyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxic_waste

Core Case Study:

Love Canal

In 1957, Hooker Chemical warned the school not

to disturb the site because of the toxic waste.

In 1959 an elementary school, playing fields and

homes were built disrupting the clay cap covering the

wastes.

In 1976, residents complained of chemical smells and

chemical burns from the site.

Core Case Study:

Love Canal

President Jimmy

Carter declared Love

Canal a federal

disaster area.

The area was

abandoned in 1980

(left).

Core Case Study:

Love Canal

It still is a controversy as to how much the

chemicals at Love Canal injured or caused disease

to the residents.

Love Canal sparked creation of the Superfund

law, which forced polluters to pay for cleaning up

abandoned toxic waste dumps.

WASTING RESOURCES

Solid waste: any unwanted or discarded material we produce that is not a liquid or gas.

Municipal solid waste (MSW): produce directly from homes.

Industrial solid waste: produced indirectly by industries that supply people with goods and services.

Hazardous (toxic) waste: threatens human health or the environment because it is toxic, chemically active, corrosive or flammable.

WASTING RESOURCESSolid wastes

polluting a river in

Jakarta, Indonesia.

The man in the boat

is looking for items

to salvage or sell.

WASTING RESOURCES

The United States produces about a third of

than half of it in landfills.

About 98.5% is industrial solid waste.

The remaining 1.5% is MSW.

About 55% of U.S. MSW is dumped into landfills,

30% is recycled or composted, and 15% is burned in

incinerators.

Electronic Waste (E-Waste) : A

Growing Problem

E-waste consists of

toxic and hazardous

waste such as PVC,

lead, mercury, and

cadmium.

The U.S. produces

almost half of the

world's e-waste but

only recycles about

10% of it.

Definition

Solid waste is placed in a hole,

compacted, and covered with soil.

Reduces the number of rats associated

with solid waste, lessens the danger of

fire, and decreases the odor.

Landfills

Current Criteria

Landfills cannot pollute surface or groundwater.

Compacted clay and plastic sheets are at the

bottom (prevents liquid waste from seeping into

groundwater)

A double liner system must be present (plastic,

clay, plastic, clay), and a system to collect

leachate (liquid that seeps through the solid

waste)

Oil

Not allowed

Must go to an automotive or

environmental company for recycling.

Tires

Are usually allowed if they are

quartered or shredded.

Antifreeze

Not allowed.

Must be sent to an automotive or

environmental company for

recycling.

Air Conditioner Coolants

Not allowed

Must be sent to an automotive or

environmental company for

recycling.

Lead Acid (Car Batteries)

Not allowed

Must be sent to an automotive or

an environmental company for

recycling.

Definition

A sweet-smelling, dark-brown,

humus-like material that is rich in

organic material and soil nutrients.

Composts

Benefits

Aerates the soil.

water and nutrients.

Helps prevent erosion.

Prevents nutrients from being

dumped in landfills.

Needs

6 to 12 inches of grass clippings

leaves or other plant material

shade

garden fertilizer or manure

soil

water

air

Introduction

History and concept of recycling materials (3R)

Reduce

Reuse

Recycle

Recycling is nothing new.People have been doing it for thousands of years.And

not just people: Nature has been recycling plants, trees, insects, and creatures for as

long as there has been nature.So, recycling is as old and as natural as the earth itse

an essential tool out of a whole toolbox to better

Why recycle? Mostly because it's the wise thing to do.Even the earliest humans

understood that throwing things away was wasteful and created health problems

Today we recycle for a variety of reasons.We understand that recycling helps

conserve limited resources.Recycling also saves energy, creates jobs, and helps

build a strong economy.And it reduces problems associated with litter and trash.

So, recycling is still the wise thing to do.Here is a brief history of recycling,

showing how it has developed and how it has become a way of life for millions of

people.

65 million years ago

As dinosaurs die off and become extinct, they are recycled into oil and gas.The

process takes place as the decaying remains of dinosaurs along with other sea animals

and plants settle on the seabed.Over time, the animals, plants, mud, and sediment will

gradually compress into sedimentary rock and change into gas and oil through heat and

pressure.Millions of years later they will be mined and refined into petroleum, plastics,

and thousands of other products.

10,000 B.C.

Nomadic tribes begin to settle.Now that they no longer travel from place to place,

leaving their garbage behind, they must learn how to dispose of their trash.The

challenge of what to do with waste begins.

500 B.C.

Athens organizes the first municipal dumps in the western world.Local laws dictate

that waste must be disposed of at least one mile from the city walls

1031

Japan begins the first recorded use of waste paper for making new paper.All

documents and paper are recycled and repulpedinto new paper sold in paper shop

History of Recycling

More info about A Brief History Of Recycling, please refer:

http://www.motorcityfreegeek.net/index.php?option=com

_content&view=article&id=69&Itemid=78 or

http://www.buschsystems.com/2014/05/a-brief -timeline-of-

the-history-of-recycling/

History of Recycling

http://www.motorcityfreegeek.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=69&Itemid=78http://www.buschsystems.com/2014/05/a-brief-timeline-of-the-history-of-recycling/

E-Waste

Figure 2: Conventional extraction processes can recovery various elements from

geological ores economically, while much work has to be done to recover all metals

What is Recycling, Reduce, Reuse?

According to Worrell and Reuter, 2014:

- Recycling is the reprocessing of recovered materials at the end of

product life, returning or converting them into the new

product/supply chain

Recycling has a key role to play in a resource efficient economy.

In past decades, recycling was mainly considered a waste

management issue, whereas today the vision is slowly moving

toward resource efficiency as a driver for recycling

Definitions and Terminology

Definition

Conservation of resources by

converting them into new product.

Recycling

Did you know

80% of the contents of your bin can be recycled.

Recycling one glass jar saves enough energy to light a light

bulb for 4 hour.

For every tonneof paper used for recycling, 17 trees are

spared, 31,500 litresof water are saved and 4200 KWh less

electricity is used.

Textiles that are not used by charities are shredded into fibres

& used to make new products, such as sound-deadening

materials for the automotive industry, archival-quality paper,

blankets and even plastic fencing!

Plastic production uses 8% of the world's oil production.

For every tonneof recycled glass used, 1.2 tonnesof raw

materials are preserved

Waste Management

example, also known as the 3 Rswhich stands for reduce, reuse and

recycle):

1. Reduce or avoid waste

2. Reuse the product

3. Recycle

4. Energy recovery

5. Treatment and landfilling

Waste ManagementReduction (or avoidance) describes the impact of material efficiency and

demand reduction to minimize the amount of material that is needed to

satisfy a material service (Worrell et al., 1995).

Reuse allows for the reuse of the product in which the material is

contained, by (re-) designing a product for multiple uses (e.g. refillable

bottle versus single-use bottles) or setting up a market for reusable goods

(of which many can be found, both in industry and households).

Recycling aims at recycling the materials contained in the products that are

recovered from the waste stream.

Energy Recovery generally applies to the recovery of (part of the)

embodied energy in the materials in the products, using a number of

techniques, including the production of refuse-derivedfuel for industrial

processes (e.g. in cement making) or specialized boilers, incineration with

energy recovery in waste-to-energy (WTE) facilities, or through anaerobic

digestion of biologic/organic materials in the waste.

Waste Management

Treatment and landfilling are waste

management techniques to reduce the

environmentaland healthimpacts(if properly

controlled) of waste, and do generally not

resultin recyclingor recoveryfrom resource.

Organic

Comprise over 1/2 of the solid waste

Includes yard debris, wood materials, bio-

solids, food, manure and agricultural

residues, land clearing debris, used paper,

and mixed municipal organic waste.

Organic materials have been dumped in

landfills or burned. Why not use them!

General Purpose

Recycling saves land,

reduces the amount of solid

waste, energy consumption

and pollution.

Ex. recycling one aluminum

can saves the energy of about

6 oz. of gasoline.

Examples

Gold, lead, nickel, steel, copper,

silver, zinc, and aluminum are

recyclable.

Problems

Recycling does have environmental costs.

It uses energy and generates pollution.

Ex. the de-inking process in paper recycling requires energy, and produces a toxic sludge that contains heavy metals.

Benefits

Conserves our natural resources

Has a positive effect on the economy by

generating jobs and revenues.

For example, the Sunday edition of the New

York Times consumes 62,000 trees.

Currently, only about 20% of all paper in

North America is recycled.

Specific Recycled

Items

Glass

U.S. recycles about 36% of its glass

containers.

It costs less to recycle glass than to

make new glass.

glassphalt, a glass/asphalt mixture.

Aluminum

This is the most recycled material in the U.S. because of $.

Making a new can from an old one requires a fraction of the energy than to make a new can from raw materials.

Approximately 2/3 of cans are recycled each year, saving 19 million barrels of oil annually.

Paper

U.S. currently recycles 40% of its paper and paperboard.

Denmark, recycles about 97% of its paper.

Many U.S. mills are not able to process waste paper.

Many countries like Mexico, import a large amount of wastepaper from the U.S.

We export about 19% of our recycled paper.

Recyclable

Plastics

#1 - PET (Polyethylene terephthalate)

PET is used to make soft drink bottles,

peanut butter jars, etc.

PET can be recycled into fiberfill for

sleeping bags, carpet fibers, rope, and

pillows.

#2 - HDPE (High-density

polyethylene)

HDPE is found in milk

jugs, butter tubs, detergent

bottles, and motor oil

bottles.

HDPE can be recycled

into flowerpots, trashcans,

traffic barrier cones, and

detergent bottles.

#3 - PVC (Polyvinyl chloride)

PVC is used in shampoo and

cooking oil bottles & fast-food

service items.

#4 - LDPE (Low-density polyethylene)

LDPE is found in

grocery bags, bread

bags, shrink-wrap, and

margarine tub tops.

LDPE can be recycled

into new grocery bags.

#5 - PP (Polypropylene)

PP is used in yogurt containers, straws,

pancake syrup bottles, and bottle caps.

PP can be recycled into plastic lumber,

car battery cases, and manhole steps.

#6 - PS (Polystyrene)

PS is found in disposable hot cups,

packaging materials (peanuts), & meat trays.

PS can be recycled into plastic lumber,

cassette tape boxes, and flowerpots.