en 322 จุดมุ่งหมาย หลักการ และวิธีแปล...
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ISBN 978-616-513-797-3
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EN 322
translate ( v.): to render into another language, to interpret; to explain
by using other words; to express in other tenns
tl a I 0 I Ql .J' d 1 tl I
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"Analyzing source-text (lexica , the grammatical structure, the commu
nication situation and the cultu 1 context) in order to determine its meanin~
and, reconstructing it using th lexicon and the grammatical structure which
are appropriate in the receptor anguage and its cultural context."
(Larson, 1984: 3)
EN322
EN 322
"Translation is a craft consisting of the attempt to replace a written message
and/or statement in one language by the same message and/or statement in
another language." (Newmark, 1981: 7)
"Translation is a process by which a spoken or written utterance takes place in
one language which is intended and presumed to convey the same meaning
as a previously existing utterance in another language. " (Rabin, 19 8 0:
123)
"Translation is often considered as a code-switching operation implying that a
sequence of symbols from one language is substituted for a sequence of
symbols in another language." (Seleskovitch, 1976: 1)
"Translation is the general tenn referring to the transfer of thoughts and ideas
from one language (source) to another (target), whether the languages are
in written or oral fonn; whether the languages have established orthographies
or do not have such standardization, or whether one or both languages is
based on signs, as with sign languages of the deaf." (Brislin, ed., 1976:
1)
"Translating means basically that a person, the translator, who has a certain
competency of a language 1, and also a certain competency of a language 2,
attempts to produce for a given text of language 1 and equivalent text in
language 2, which is the translation." (Eppert, 1976: 1)
"Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest
natural equivalent of the source-language message, flrst in tenns of meaning
and secondly in tenns of style." (Nida and Taber, 1974: 12)
3
"Translation is the replacement of a text in one language by a representation of
an equivalent text in a second Jan uage." (Hatmann and St~rk, 1972: 713)
"Translation is an operation perfo ed on languages: A process of sub- .
stituting a text in one language f4 a text in another." ( Catford, 1965: 1)
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· L~11::LtluLantt11~~91a~L~a~LtirJ1nu Ldafl11JJLtlfJ1nu Rit1911ni',ii1N::u"J~L\Ju " ..1 ..1 I ... .. ., _l ... .I .. ,
Lil Oil1"in~fi1SU1fi\J ilO'l1JJfl11il11~1tl 1JJ::JI~L 1'4 fl,tlu1::~fl il::L 1
6 EN 322
lua,j'£taqHm 'Hu~i1Dutlaubm1nfiihnrnJ1Ut111nfJ AD · UH1fl1ithHa'N
ti~aaJL~~'W1::u•nJ 1011lanu1a tt11tt, l\111t~.Uw;;fiLLtlaua::uo1~tfu LdD 'W.ff. 202 5
l ua,j'fJi't~u tniut~i' 1iiln11LLtla~1nll1~1il~ nq~L tJun1~11 t~£1fl1£1L 'Hfl ~at11~ ·, .
ff1EfU1LtfUflU mh1AD luaJfJi'tfn1afi 3 'W1fliltfiUU1;DLll;flufiLti'1111L~fJLL'W~ fl;fffi'f11ffU1l ~tJ·s:a f1f11 f1£1 1fl't\1fl11LL tli\tl1ffDUtJD~f11ifU1fl;fffi'L tJUil1~11 f1£1
LUff,j'£ti'tffl1i\fi 4 1fl'L~JJiJfl11ffDULLtli\LtJU'YI1~11tffl11LyjD~atJ1::lfJtiU1Ufl1U fl11LilD~ jjm1if~flU 1 tlflfl~1olD l Uol1~ti1::L f1f1 ilfl11D Dfl'HU~i1DoWJJ'W1fl fJ'm.l D\Ji'fl Lad
LtJU\J11CIJ1Hfl11 ilm1-ifloWJJWtlf11~fl12JLLUafl112J'H2.11fJ!ID~thll1~11 f1fJ DDn1 tJ L tJu - ~ u .
111~1a::t~u eh~Lflif ua::s~nq~
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.... 1" ... - " ., l: .: . ""' • ., ' !II ., c$ !S tr~ flfi'Wli'W~1)JLL tli\~1flll1 1D~fl(}~ f1~UL 'W11t~~flf11i\1ULLOIL lJU~"1 L 1~fl11VI fl~1~1fl
' tJ l "' .:... ' tJ ... - - 4 fl1~ 1tLf1f1 UffllfJU2Jfl11LL i\U1Ufl1£1 \Jf1i\::fl1 UmU ifll1~fl ~1flll1~1BU 1 2.11
L tlun1~1l f1£1Drh~JJ1flJJ1fJ 'L .,., "" vc$ ... ., t~DJJ1 uaJJ£11tfmat~ 6 DULUUf.!flLWD~\:jtJD~fl11LLtla111Wfl11JJffJJ£t
., l ~ " 1 .,.,. tl ' l: "" !'I -. 1fiU flaUf11 flllfl11LL i\111f1Jfl112Jfl1~ 1 2.11fl2.11fJ f1~f1L1JUU1U£11fJLLi\t\Jf1i\t,fl1
luti'l~tla1£1a"J£ti'1tn1afi 6 ~uil~aJmtJfirJuLLtla~m1tlflfl1D~lui'umafi 7 il 111Wfl11JJLLtla~1nn1~1a~nq~m.r;urJmiD~ fiD 111Wfl11JJt~1~f11ifu1L~a~ rnuii, ti·ua§fJ1lmf1f1LLatu1fl::tl1::iitiLLtla'-11fliuQU\Jil1~1D.:Jflq~iD The Pilgrim of Kama
nita
EN322 7
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1. fl11LLtht'rl1~fltl1tlnu LW fl11LLt1aicyqp L1aul1Jicycy1
Uflfl1"UJ9h~ 1 TUI..f~fl11U\Jai11J't1fl fl~'HJJ1tlfltLa ... t/ .( ., ., ... ., .,... al I
W1W!ftl fl{I'HJJ1tlu1:flUif~flJJ 1:L1Jtl W,1:Tl!fU'lJ'1JflLLatu1tfl1ft911~ 1
2. fl11LLUa'r11~q1n~.n11ti1 uutJaol'1ultJtia&1itutl'1 itliflt1n1a!u;n11
L~Ut1B~6U1fl11Vi1N!frn_'H,j 1 fl11LL~fl 1JJ fl11U1:!f1iuiutfq1il~ua::itufl'1 t~aatl~U
iaLtjti'ULLU:U1fl111J;fl11q1il~ il~~JJW ~~ 1
3. fl11UUatl1'Ufl11UW't1aua:: ft1ffl11N L!i'U fl11LL'UtU1tl1 if11Wflt:U1JB~tl1
ihutJ1:nauua:ion11~im n11~hitt fl11i'flti1L1fl ,a, fl11LLt1ath11i!f1n11tl1U
fl11LLW't1fl'ua:Wti11J1ft l 'UU1tL 'tlft 1 't1tld1 L vjJJ\J;JJ1WJJ1ntfu l uiJ~,UU 4. fl11LLUftfi'1Ul't1fJ1ff1iffli'LLft L'rlft lu tail luiJ~,UUi't1fJ1fl11LLa:L't1fl L U tail
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•.a "'" 1 flt " " · " T T... ~ .,.,. tluU116 fla1ULL91L uUfl11fl1:f!Ufl11JJ B~fl11\11~fl1ULflfl LU Latl UBfl'J1flUUfJ~JJfl11
al ..I ••"" .. - .. - t/ I LLuaLWBLLaflL uatiUfl1ULfltifl1~flif1'Hfl1 JJ LLa:1!f1fl11fl1~fl1U1't1t11f11if911if1tl1911~ 1
~Lfl~ wan a flN91f11ift~i'. ~jjfl11JJ a~fl11a~1u1:tl'ut11una1~ fl11LLtlauamtl~tlu fl11JJjm~tl1UflBJJoW1L91Bi'thft'~a~1Ufl JJUtiJJ LLatflBlloW1L91Bi'tha~flft1fJLUU
Lfl~a~nmhflt}ltiB~fl11LLtla fl11ieuu fl11LLtlalflt1liLfl~B~ (Machine Translation) .... !IJ I 1"( ) f'l "" .. ..._., fl11'HU1Ll.JUB!J1~JJ1fl ua::W~U1,.fl1JJ~ fl Talking Dictionary Lu'ULfl1B~JJBn aflt}l
iini'u..,rl~lun11LLt1a al -1... al I ... ..I ~ -5. fl11Uuft'l110&fl"J1a.t L'D-u fl 1LLl.lfttn1 1J't1ft11JJ &fl1ftfl L1B~ifU U1'UfJ1tl
fttft1 1Jflll1WfJU91i'Uftt~1'UUULmfttl 1tiLLutJ§u 1 fl11LLUft9hTli!f1fl11't11~111Nflft ., 1J't1i~11N'HU~ial1;BUflll1WtiU91i' U't1fi11JJUUtU1'HU~ia~rha~LUU~flB~fl111JB~ a1un'Wu~9i1~ 1
8 EN 322
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aJ10tiU
EN322 9
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.d U'fl'fl 2
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LLtiLils.mi1u.\Ja 1,jij,.q~~ umL\Jath~nu.\Ja~1Ufl1s.~i6m1t~a~fluuH
f11£ffl11~11fi' f\1. iltyqp u;if'nO mh111tunq1t6"a:fl6tl8uiitun11"thrh fl11s.~f ... ·'1".:. ,1; 3 ... t 1:..1 .t ... 3 " ... ~:,
'n1~'n'l~!)fl11LLua f\L1J.Iflilfi~'!IU\1a~a~fi11J.I anfl1~'n 2 flfJY4 .. U1'!1U,Y41ils.JOU'n~ U
awi')ilLJ.I;fl1LLa:: l uq t 1\J lflfJLUf! t 1U,fU011oW~11W1fliiil1!f'lJ101£f~fl11li~Lila~ 1JL1s.~LiHn (Nuremberg) lu\J1::L'nf1LfJa1Ju\l luti-1~\J fl.fl. 1945-1946 1~,-;,ttXLnfl
n11Utla"uua1NnUFI'1'u (Simultaneous Interpretation) if~ 1~LLW~'Ha1fJ 1tllum1
U1::!fs.JU1U1!f1flflf~~u 1 unu.\J&uhs.~rniWL'Hihifi~u.amufifJUfl1111-i' U1::£f\J011W . ~
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1~t~fJ1fJ111~1~n11LLtla lflfJ~11tl ft~~&hAqJ flil 'rl'l~~~~Lnfl~1nU1::aun11Wn11LLtla a111luql1tld ilLLU1'rl1~£filflflail~O\J'Han'rlq'1:t~'!lil~,!nutlalua'Hi'!ilL11;m ~~Lifl1111 aut~ l um1fl~1~aauu'rlu.uatn::A'Nn11tJ&1ia (Bible) ~1n111~1 t u11W111 L uull1'1:t1
a-3nq1:t LLa::Lauau.u1·rn~lum,u.uaitltl'i .. u1s.J1LUu'Hannq~~~~na11 uu 1fl'11
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1: ..1 !'t " fl1~'rl 2 L uUfiUJ.I1
fl11s.~fLiffJ1n'U'n'l~~u.ua,;,ti~u.\Jaij..,ann,,eflaamil~~aLiJau,1uu~uil '"" l .., • ' .,. .1 !'t .., "" ,f 11 .1 ..! ~
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.I !'I ...... ... ...... ... ~ ..1 !'I ~ .I I
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EN 322 11
fl11JJfLi~f11£fOli'£fmfls1n11 1JJ1tl' unn n~utJa'J:oin~iifl11JJfLi~f11£fOli'fi1~ , 'Hit1tJ
LLtiU~ L!JU fl11JJJfl1~1l11!t1f11£fOl{ fl 'Olifi!J1 fi~011ifil£f11JJ1it!fULLft1 J~tlil~iJ " ... " l ~ ..... ..... .... J
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umnla" fJ1£fQl111\l11rJ fl1. ifltn wu 1J1flit li£f1tJnqt~QifUJ1UfliNn1'1&&UflifNV UVYVUL~UU~U1Jni~fiD1tJd
~ . ll1~1A1£f0l1Uti'U~R1~ ,
.... 1\lR1fi!J1
... n11L 1su nT1£fil'U
Morphosyntax
Semantics
Socio-linguistics
n11ifil£f1''S n11i'tJif11 ...
n11LtltJU I
n11il1U
Demand
Supply
unmnnd f11£f0l111\l11Ei' 011. ifltn wus.JIJ1fla J~1tl'£tlt1i1fl'l1!tan11LLtJaluaJtJ iJs.J'iuutJ1:nnutl'1s
... t1 ..,( ~ ...! • • • .I 'r. ...! 1. fl'l~!Jil1~1ff1£fR1 tf~L UL1 ~R1 niJNA1 u1~&tlfl L1il~ff11UJfJ./1E/fliN
ft1 i~fl11JJ'HJJ1tJfl1~ fl11JJ'HJJ1£1LL~~ L il~fNANn1'tl1fJ1iJOJ{ (Socio-linguistics) ~-:! "' I "' .... .,S "' ~ ~" .... .. .. "'( 1~U511JJLLflittif~flJJJJ\Jfi\J1fl"1fl'll L un 1 L!fll11!t1 L1il~VOJ1ntJ1n1'tl1f11iff»1 Psycho-
linguistics) i-:~!l1sl~unutJaLannlid'n th141u1unei~iivnr~ iitlatJt il1ati19iLLatil
iil'lth1
12 EN322
3. 't1q'tfQfl1'UUn61 ~1ULLUatn~u1::Lil't1LUUaUA1~L\Ju1uOl1~01::'U1Un110'1a10'1 10'1uL~~~1nfl11~tia~n11LLa::m10lauaua~fl11~9l'a~m1 fia~1t1R1::u1un11e.Ja01 ua::
I .!'t II "'t d .... "' a I ... ,.f a I.J a I 1a I II II a I 1l l na~LuTYI~1tle.J'U1 llfl'lf~~Ol1LLu1LOO'ItiULLa::Luati'\JLLua~ u0laa01na1 tl1e.JLLua ~au \i) , " " 0110la10'1fl a1"1i1l-H' 011Laan'Yiu~aa ~1LL ua 1,j aa01 fla a~O'Ufl11~oia~011t1El~O'Ia10'1
4. nqtifiaaa11a.t1a"lfu ~uuatl'a~~n~au1::Lilnfi1~ 1 lui'J\i)-;uu~~ijad 'Yia1n'Yia1u i~~ti'Uflfla. ·~a~~-w~vt ~aihan't11ailmf ~~rha'~ij'U't1'U1't1~1n lucl'~V~~ • U\i)\i)UU ~utJa\i)::tl'a~L.J1l\i)ifim1~aa11LLa::i'ua11~~ije..~afiam1u~uOi~,uutJa m1 . " .
LLua~O'Ii1LtJui'i1und~vENn11Raif1'1 &UJ::~1uutlaLiJua11 (message) ~~,fu on~ 't1qtiam1~aa11 (Theory of Communication) n1::\J1Un11LLUaL~~mu~1tl if1'1 1 va~
"..J ..1 ~I " .... " "' 1a I I ' " ""' ..1 ~I " I ~ " - I e/rt~if1"S 1 'l:f~L u\Je..!Ltlti\JO'I\Jil'U'Uil1ti1 u0'180'11E.IeJ"StJif1'1 1 'lf~L u\Je..la1U11~'t1~e..l LL ua u " u " "
Gia~1E.Ief11 2 VEJ~UB~iT11 2 ~~L~EJnanath~'Yirl~-h ~L~E.I'\Jil1ti1~1 fltl ~LLUaflti~1E.I u " "
""' ... " I a I c$ 1 " I " tl ~I e "..J .,..., ..1 ... eJ"StJif1'1 2 Y!El e..la1U~1ULLua ~::L'YIU 0'111 elL& if&u'UH~eJtt~81'1L&H::eJ"StJ81"S 'lf~LtJEJU u " u u u
~I ... 1 ""' .: LuULLe..IU-t)~ 0'10'1~\J
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( ~L!itJum•en hi) ( ~rhu,i'11 \Jua::~u\Ja)
EN322 13
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fi"tla&ilufitl~s,,ua::fii11u~1uutltuil fi;'utn7 H1n~1u"tla l~t lus1U11ois 19111.JHII1t11~tifsi1~1UUUatfu liJiJ'ftU
fl1~\J1Ufl11LLtlft
011ilm L'lfLftlflnitttf (Danica leskovltch) f11lffl11~11d'~Lift11!ntyi1Un11 LLUft!lll~lfa1UU E.S.I.T. LL~~n1~U,;a 1 ,;'thil!J1JJ011LLUa 11'11 ui~R&nutlaJuiJlrl liln11!11 H1nuf1idJufJ1111HII1t1B~fit# tn1ls~n,,;, ltiS~fi;'u" thilmJJi~na11
I .1 .. I "''I.IJ... .J "I !"'' .. 'HJJ1!Jfl11JJ11 011LLuit flll 011a1tlfllltl 11JJ'HJJ1tl~101l1~1'HU~ L u\lll01l1'M1'HU~ L'H Ltl
fl1~rlU i~L 'Yhnu:h ~LLUitolll~~t11!11JJ ,;'~~1U~B1Uillfl11JJLLUaLti'11'lft~LfitJ1rlUrl\l .. I 'II II ..
~li1U!Illfl11JJ~10flU~\J\I "
UOLLUft LtiU U~U Lll 1utt1 ll1i' LfiLtllli'
(Charles R. Taber) 1fl1,;''Htl'n1un11iL n=~illfl11JJUat'Han1um1iifl11JJI11ti1 lfltl
LiitJuLtlUU\I\J~1all~ ( model)!lll~n1t\J1 n11U\Ja 1i'i~d
14
Source Language
Text
Analysis
·~
I
Receptor Language
Text
t Restructuring
t
(Model, Nlda & aber,. 1974: 484)
EN322
I •
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.. ., ll1"rJ1fi'UO\l\l
Good-bye
4,
. 111V10U\ILL\Ja
a1riuu
iLfl11t~i1L fluthii1a1 .. ., LlJD11!1nnu
L \J~!l'Uiil1ni11V1~~~
Lflufinmv1~d~ t ------+ -----
'hu ijiUOl,Ol LDll ini'uu (Mildred M. Larson) umLtJaan~l1d~ lot'l1-i'LL~U.tlij " "
(diagram) lun,~tJ1UOl,LLtJa li'ol'~;f
EN 322
Source Language
Text k> be
Translated
\ Di~ver
Receptor Language
~ :
1 ! :
Re-express
the meaning the meaning
~ / -~ ... -·--/
(Diagram, Larson, 1984: 4)
15
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...
fiU'H1fl11)1'HVlfJ
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/ ;
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....................
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it1'1CtU aJtJUt~DUflit1fJflit~nu un1nL n~l'l,,flfiU,1fi11JJ,aJ1fJtJD~LuD,1'ri~~LL a
riou~~~chtJ'rliltlfi11JJ'HaJ1fJDDnmLfluth tla n1~\J1U011LLtlauuuifLfJun1~\J1Un11 LLUit9J11Jfli}1!1QfJl1UHIJ1fl (Theory of Sense) ~i1 011LLtlit flil 011fhEJ'rlilfl
fl111J,IJ1EJ 1u1!ln11fhEJil11:f1 (Transcod ge) LLtiLMEJ~Drh~LfiEJ1
16 EN322
vezy modified inconsistent near unduly
literal literal literal mixture idiomatic idiomatic · free
(Diagram, Larson, 1984: 15)
011LLtlaLL1J'U Literal Translation ~~111ti1lrtt1L;flfl'l1 LUU011LLtlaLL\J\JVI1~m1/ utlauuufhviafh 1 utlauuuVJ1JJm1crnti1 Lflum,utlaluantitu:itliaat~fhluanl11ti1
""""'"" l ., .... .., ., ·t., "' ,~ .., 1 ........ ., .... 'MU~'rtJJfl11JJ'HJJ1tl naLflfi~O\Jt'liltlf\1 UVIUw\J\JLLa: '!I'Lfl1~if11~'rt1~ 1tl10"itu'rt LOaLfltl~
nulf'l"i~ai'1~luiuw,j'u e..~a~LnV~tfuf1t~ n1tni/tf1tuumn./a9::Lnlamu./-i~D~a1'11-lfl1i A11U'nU1 tJ 1ufi~L9U uui1L UU 01"iLL tla~a:aatl fi11JJ'HJJ1tiL U 01"i~£l if1"iti£J~iuw,j'\J l ."1 al tl ,.r_, l" I .J tl o' I tl "' ... !"J ... Uu~'fUU01"iLL aLL\J\JUtl~fl~ '!f£l~L'W£l'ifl 1:if~fiL\l'W1Z L!fU 011LL afiJJil'S L\JL\Ja
m"iLLtlan!}'HJJ1tlifufiitlltll11:wh~tl1:L'Yif1 LLa:m"iLLtlatl"i:01f1'Y11~"i1tin1"i Ltluiu
tVJett11tlLLa1unLLtlaJn~:LLtlatuuuu Modified Literal JJ1nn·h f1a iim1
L tl~fJU lfl"i~iti'1~'YI1~ 11fJ101WLLa:m"i LithU1~ L Ul11ti1Q,j'\J LL t.Ja~~L tJU01"iL t.JfitJUL ~B .... ..I l" ..I t.J t.J I .. .. ... I l ...r. 1 .,.,..,¥ I ..
'MttOLafJ~01"i '!1'111ti1'YILL anLL "i~e.Jfi611JJ~VI L'WB'!f1fJ 'Mif£lfl11JJ'MJJ1fJ flfltiU LLV!t'l~
01:Ju~VJ1JJ 011LLUaLLU\Jif~J~~£lfi11JJ'MJJ1tl hiifiL~U'WBLLa:n1"iLiil1ti1~J~ 12-iLUU
6"i"iJJ~~
VJ1JJ,;'f1u:t1a~a1i'iu Lih'HJJ1tltlcl~011LLtla~il A£l 01'SLLUa!tilfl Idiomatic
Translation ~~L tlum'SLL t.Jamil11ti1~L tluti'S"iJJ?flii,f~ t u~1u lfl'S~iti'1~'YI1~ bmn1wua:
t tl .3 ...... ., l' .. "' .I I .. "' U011LL aLL\J\JUI11ti1'YI L!f~: JJL'MJJBUO\JLLuaJJ1LLVJ~:L'MJJ£lUO\J011
.,. J L ~ 1"' tJ ..l!fl-.., !'I Ltlt1Uti\UJ1 UI111:11UUL£l~ LLfimh~ 10VI1JJ 011LL aVJ1JJ'YILuU~"i~JJOLuUfl11eJB'Ue.t81U
tiu1::wh~n11"tlaffii~ Literal tivffii~ Idiomatic
EN 322 17
£bum1utJauuu Free Translati n ~fin1tJ~uo-nfu Unduly Free Ju Lflum1
LLUa~L;fln11 LLUaLLUUDS'SZ 'H;ilLLUaLLU LS; L\JU011LLUatfUfl~ULil1fl11liAfl'Han 1
l u,\'uw,j'\Jll1rl1fl'nilfl lflfl\hLifn'H1li11.Ji'u Lfi~ l ...,,; Ltiu ol'V~nnuti n fl11 ll n n n'H;ilL ~ll II "1•1 .I ..1 II 'Ill ..lf'l ... I "l I 1 tJfJ1EltJilfl11liLtJ1 1J ~a·nULLua'nililftli1L li'JZ l.tfll.Jti1'nLuU611lltf1VI il1ULtJ1 'J~1fl LLfl
m1iln fl11li'Hli1EJ'Jzfi1~~1niuw,j'u LaEJYiL EJ'l ufi rinu n11u tJa LL uuif,jn lll u n11u tJa
1 1' .......... I ... ..I l: ... ""-1lll, .. ~1U Ufl1U1'~1Wft11li'H1il1JUL'n~flfl L'lf U1UfJ1fJ L'Sil~SU U'n1~ 'll'~ liLUU UL1il~
n11VI1~fl1llfl'uw,j'u n11utlauuuifl ·,ifuiivslti'uua::tr11ulA1un11&&tla,ifrnnil ia~n11i'n'tl1fl1111f1ncls~usiuauwEHi utiu ~f'IEJLwvn:luiJ'J~,j'u~~SjL~n~n!J'Hll1tl "" ~ J II ..1 II .,Y. ... ~ I "' I l .I l: II ., 1 atJ"''nfiLtJ1li1LnfJ1tJil~ Vl1liCJCJ/CJ/1ifflafl Z\lilEI1~'lfflL'JU11 U011LLuaUU'H1llflfl flil
... 4 .I ..I a I II l l: ; II f'l II c$ l ~ LVIli'H1ilLuaEJULLua~tlilfl11ll fl 1 maU LLli~ZLuU~1Ufl1U111Wft11llftfl1ll Uf11SVI'S
n1'nLtJaluiJ~~,j'uon11m1fl'V~utJa~ (ol' nnu-.,;nL~liLflll) Lifn..,11V~vn1~viuw,j'u Lflu-.,amflun11Ui'u (A(laptation) 1ll
1
ft11LLtJa (Translation) nmflum1\h1tJl"lf
tJ1:lfJtf'\l' (Usage) luatJuuu'H~~ vnol'1 r.h~ Ltiu ~a~1UL~il~ fltUHqj~il1n1 1li1'11~1U .I I f'l "' tl ,. ., " f'l ., ~"" LL-ua LLfiLuUn11AA&& iJ~I.f'IElil1f1EIVIUw ULuU'Han ll1Y4EIUfi1L1il~ Gone with the
Wind Vl;ill.U1UiJBD lUil1ti1l'nEJ Otl 11LfJU011olf'ILLtJa~~1niuw,j'1J L-rJil\h ltJl"lf a I ,. ~ .. " f'l ~ . l: cr.. I il I .: ~ ; .. ...
u'SZLEI'lfU flil S11~LuUil1Y4EIUVI1 1J11fl1a fl'S'n~'HalEJOtlil11ilEI UtJ1EIU'n~aU flil ll011 " '
fl'V~utJa~ lV~vm~viuwuu~1n"Hu~amflu an
lulcyf111c;l'1ath~s'ff111Uiln1'1fflw nf ~~~flthlV~EJn1ll'ni'Y4daun1~ihyqp ft1Z'n11~Y41NtfEJ (Y4qtill1flJJ 2538) fllf111ti'B 7 i~LREI10U~1U111W011JJ1Z'4Li if'IL'JU11 "~i'Uil'f'lJ1ftiQZLLmtJ olf'ILLU ~ LviJJLflJJ 'Hiilolfl'nBU~1U111W011JJtJil~ ~il'f'lJ1" 1ll1~ ufim.h~ 11nii ~acycy1n IQ\htiavm1u 1~ lV~v~n~cy1fiiQ:n'f'lJ1VILflu ~nvantiwrl'nti1"
18 EN322
I; ..a .... "' l tl ... "' ' 1tl.r tJUflilUYia1flqJ ") UOT'm1"UL a~~Nflil U
1. n1·nhu'ti1fl'l1a.JL'li'11'Jiutlu1J lu11au"'1n fla ihuti1FJ111J,ti'1l9
"" . "t ., I; ""' ..a tl ::., " ., .... ''18~ n1FJ11U£!11 9UfJ (sense) Yl~~~fltJil~L"Sil~YI'J=LL aYI~U!IYI1~fi1U'lGlJU5"S"S~~"Sil
"' al ""' :: I .... O II t tl I l II e "' U!ILLw~ilU ") !IUIJEIJ./1 flil n1FJ11J.I,!I1 9n1~A1Un1!11 L'!fU fl"S~Cl"S1~ f\1 U!l
fl11~~~1tltJil~~h tl1ial~lfiXfl1~~ij'LLtlarN hiLti'1l'Jtlil~mfl11~~L~~L~~ LtiU flUf\1'1
'J1flvl1"S1~;a 1fin1~~i '"' " ... "tl"•t " 1 ~ 2. n1'U.tft=ililO'J1ftlJ'IUil1J1J ~LL ftflil~ft~ fl1~Cl"S1~YI1~ 101fl"SWtJil~
ll1~1flU\lU\J m"S~mti"S=lEJflflaafi'JUfl1"SLaanlif11LLft=i5LiiEJu N'LLtlatia~ hi~a~Lm . "' " lfl"S~Cl-fHtJ il~ll1~1flUwU1J~1l'lfl Ull1~1\lU1JLL ua 11~tf~fi'il~Laanlif11l Ull1~1wUtJLL tla
l~fl"S~~;a lml'Lfl!l~nuf11l un1~1ti'uwuu ~~'J='th l ti'n1"SLLtla,fu hi 53 "nBuuJ.JnSu' UtJ" I , ...... .olf'll; II ....
3. fl1101!1Yiil~fi111.J~U1tl Uilflll11:11'MU~ 'li'~LuUtJUflilUClfiYI1tl flil '
.., tl " tl " .. ' tl .... _, ... """' l ..a a~J.Jau a ~LL alJ'Ia~tl"S=~un11 m"SLL a flil m·h~1L£J1fl11~flfltJil~~au Ull1~1~u~~1 "' "
tl1!1YiilfiLUaflll1~1~d~ d~IUn1"SLti!lul~J.ifl'1ttll1~1l'H~1~iaa111flifiL'JUlt1!1ti"S1fl'a1n ' " ., I; .r " • ... ... tl... ., ., tl " "Sil~"Sil!ltJil~ll1'\i1fl'U\l\J\J YI~'Uflil~f\1'\J~O~ "StJYILLa=1GlJ'U51"S~tJil~ll1~1\ltJ1JLL atl1!1
t u n1 1 LL tl a ~u fl w fh 1 ut(1u FJ 11 J.JH J./1 tltla~iuwu\Jn1J~1UilU1J LL tJa '
EN 322 19
.. .. fl1lQtJtJ
tl ..... ... ., tJ ., .: ~lULL a\1flfi1'UiftO~tu:: 3 1:: 1 fi~U
1. &BsSsltl 1hltnilfl'la.i~flti' Li\~~;~ lJ.i6Jflfi112J'H2J1f.l fi112Jfi1\Jtl1U lJJ
olflviilflf1Utla~li~fllt1~1nvi' QU\J iD~1~viilfi'ugJtJ 2. ,r,.,vu lln1~1~Lill~1t1 l 'rhn12J la.iiliD~1ilf.ltlil~ll1~1Lii2J
fJ ... tJ..... .. l~·., "' 3. & Ut17711fl1, ~1UU ft\1flll1 19lil~ifa::ifa1f.l 2JHU'Hft01l1ti1'llil~ijil1U
1l'nutJa~iifl11ilf!tu&t2Juii11an 1 .r~viD ltJd
1. unutJafi'il~j'jf1112JLifl11f'ltyl ll1ti111;8 "fl1111&ri~n1'tl1" Ldil~::ut.Jafi'D~ii .. zs II ., ., tJ I ... .. ... tJ l" I . II II
fi112JJ'rl~ll1~19lUQ\J\JUa::ll1~1Q\J\JU a f.l1~f1Lf.lf.I2JLVUJ~::U a flilf.l1~~09lil~ .0113
ll1~1il!h~iiLiJu,.. ftil vi'a~Lill~lfl1~ifm e~ll1ti1 Lti'1l~1l't1 (sense) ua::fi112J'H2J1fJ .. t ... .. lS (meaning) tJB~Il1~1 9lftilfi~UL'lJ1 ~a~ ta1Uti112Jtlil~L~1'llil~ll1~1UU 1 LLa::if12J11CI
1.. .. ., ..a ..... ., .. . .. " .. " chf:l'rlilflililn2J1 fler.h~\]nt~a~ !ffiL~u ~\1" •fl'lf'rliftl\111a1uflu2Jil~'ll12J flil A11112
20 EN322
1un1'111UIJfJB~tJIU l'Uf11'SLLtla~J1f11l1~1B~f1()~JJ1Lfl'UI11~11'riV a~uJ··h~LLtla~~i'l11~1 " "
Ql !11 I .... I II 1 I II . I ... 1 .... c$ e l II tl :; .... a~nq~Luuam~~LLflm J.flll1~1LLJJ flfl n1~1 'rlv~wa n~~'rl1 \H1'ULL auuaanJJ1~
1,j1~
"' tl " " 1·''" """" !fl .., tl ....~ .... " l " 2. unu a~a~7Bll7&&a:: H7 U'rl~:auuumL a'rl~~a~tn'Uti11V 'Uf11'S\11fi11JJ'S " " " "
-sauvi1 ~~~~ti1vl..;'ut1a 1~arh~nnvia~ "
3. Ut1LLtla~f'ivj'a~nJ'utfneJu ~1'ULLtlaLflufi'n~~~vj'a~iJm.Ju fi~iJf1JJ1f1ifuL,j1 h n~~a~el~wa1~uava~L,jiJu m-siJn~u~~,;, l..;'utla 1~nnia~ . aa~ifa1v LLa~ti'S~W~
" thl..;'~1'ULLtlaLtl'Uflati~~LL,)'~;~
111~1i~nq~LflUI11~11'rlv 111~1i~nq~ · L~vn11 n1111ltl \1~fll11~1vi'u'rl1~ a1u111~1
1'riV L~Vf111 n1111111 \1~£:1111~1tla1V'rl1~ i~I11Wfialtlif
Source language ( SL) Target language (TL)
111~11tl -\ 111~1JJ1
" II n1~1tla1v'r11~ ll1~1~'U'rl1~ -v " "' 111~1 L ih11JJ1V 111~1fl'U\l\J\J
(111~1\luuutla)
"'tl .... I ... ..J .... 'Uf1LL a\J1~fi'UL'SVf1 Source language 11language 1 \1'S£ln1!11f1 1 LLil~L'SVf1
Target language --h language 2 \1~an11:11R 2 1u~1LLa~cni'au12J1tT~h11 Target
language LL~1il"l111 Receptor language \1~Bn1!:11VB~€i'va11
EN322 21
,. "'f'
:,•
.:1 tJYIYI 3
i1ru'tn1un11utJa u
~~. ~tia L~\Ja1!f (Dr. Lucile Desblache) mh111luLana1~tl~~naum~
aJJJJU1Lti~tJ~uOin1,lU\11ti'tl. "Specialised Translation" CU iffi1UU,1!ftl!)Cf1U~atfl i1
,~~~'YIJJ1EJtJa~umLtla l un ~utlaJu hi1~ag~fi11JJL 'Yijjaunu~ntl~~n1~ (sameness)
'lJil~ll1~1GlU\lU\JLLa~ll1~1 UtJLLtla ~~LfiUL~a~ii.LL'YI\J~~Lfiu1t11,j1~uJ7;;j~Lf1um~utla ..1~ .. l .. ... Ill d . l tl ~ Ill ... !!:S ... .¥
ll1~1Cfil-31l1~1'YIJJ Lfl~~a~1 naLflti~OUJJ100tfl1JJ U01~LL aUUJJO~~JJ01~\ftyLC1E.ILO~'lJU
l Ill .J .,.,~ ;., tJ.. .l..... !!:S .. ..1 ... l ..
U~~~\J'YIU-3LifJJil 'YIU1'Yitl ~UnLL afltl 'WEJ1EJ1JJ't11 'YILO~n1~\ftyLC1E.I'Uiltl't1'f~ 'YI~il't11 'YI W Ill Ill tl -~ ... I Ill W d I d I 1tl.,j 4
ll1~1t'IU\l\J\JO\Jil1~1LL aUUJJfi11JJ1LtJIOtfl1~nUUtltl't1Cf~ JJ10011'YI~~JJ-3 'Yifi11JJL'YIJJil'U . . .-
.... tl Ill I "" .l d .,j "' tl 0 I ~ W tl ~ d ... nunn 1~n11~~mn1 uJa ~ntfl1JJ't1UnLL aa1JJ11fl't11Ltruu L~ n11LL auun~~JJ • ... ... "'1.. ) l""ld dill tJ7' ·1"' fi11)J'YIJJ1EJL'YIEJ\JLfiEJ~nu ~ (equivalence LLtflLJJil ~ntfl1)J't1UnLL a Uff1U110't11 n
A'J1U'I1U1tJlntJ'U&AtJ~nu1un11UUif1::Wh~n1!11tli'Uilti'vnvn1'1:11ilVVLLtla li1enfulf
.. iJ 1 t/J 1" f'l"' U 1114 .,. 4 Ill U.., 1dW
9::&n~ fJ/'111 un11" aflu JJ11~~LuuumL a~~~uJJam!f'W'YI'laumL aaJJfi1Launa1u
LLfiLflm.h~auucy'Yilth~ 1 lum~utlaL'W11~~1ULLtlaLfiu,f~~1ui!f1m~ ~1uflatl~. ua::
Q il Ill .Of ..1..$ Ill l tl ..1 I ... l ..1.¥ .. ~1UL'Yifl'Uflil~ Utfl1Ltl~ uty'YI1'Yin1flty 1 Un11LL an~~na11fl-3 U'YIU flil
~ ., f'l "" 4 ""-"' "' U ., ., .I 7 ' 1. u'U'YI1't11-3611Uil1~1 ll1'a1Lu'ULfl'lil-3JJtln •flty'lJil~UnLL a fi1~LLua U
lfi~n1t~1 ~1uutlatiaJJ~~6ltfl'Wa1~LLa~~tltlf!CUil1'W i-3Ju ~LLtla~~ia~iJmJun11li 111~1lliflarHLLfl~ba ~LaJJD 1,j·;h~::L fiun11LLtlad1t1'ntl ~~10111~11~,.,1 L fiun1~1l~ n tfl1JJ d .. ':'I .I .. ~ ~ I ... .s... ~ ..1.., tl ... l I Ill
ntflil-3wOwUfi11JJJ't1~aa-3111~1UUD~LaJJa 1 ~UJJfi11)J1J •U1ty "'~'nUnLL a,., a 'YIJJ)Jn~~
JJa~ti'1JJ Ail n1t~1,U.i!IENOJUUI~ Ltiu D'1Gl'a~utJa~1nll1~1il~nq~JJ1Lfiun1~11 'Yitl~~Lfiu I Wtl Wtl dW... W 1 I ... ..1 ... tl 1 .....
ll1~1LLJJtJtl~~LL a ~LL antJ~a~JJfi11JJ~Il1~1 'Yitltlm~~LEJtJJJ~-3~~a1JJ1~fiLL aaanJJ1 ~~ " " "
cbU JJ1 n ~ LL tl a L 'Y1 ~hif ij' n~::ti~::JJ1'Yii1 L U Ull1~1'1J tl~tfl'ULtl~ 1J.iu1~::ijiJ ty'Yil~~ Lfl ~iJ ty'YI1 "
tl .,tl .¥.Of ., ..lwtl"' ' 1., I
~::Lil'YI'Yity1 1nflantJu uty'Y11'YI1~~1Uil1~1'YI~LL aJJn~::'W\J\Jil£1 1 ~LLn
EN322 23
1.1 Uty'M1fi1Ui1u11fl1 1ai'ua:=lfl1~1;1~ LW n11utlatl1tWfl~il
n;f11LfJun1·nn1~n (Passive voice) fl11LLUftf11ft (Tense) f111UtlathLiaJJ1fl~· · (Connectives) n11UUftii11'WU1JJfl'bJ LQ'W1tL1Q1ttN (Indefinite pronouns) n11UUft U1ttnufi'Lifl1iJJ~JJ1fl (Dummy subjec )
I
\.11:= tu fl~iJn;u, Lflun11N11'in
'1. He was Invited to give a s h at the Opening ceremony.
iJtfutlai1: L~1f1nticyl~1tl'3fllu'WBL fl
iai~Lnfl: lull11:f11flf1Ldalithh " n" 1h~u1n;u, fl1iJJ~JJ1fl~:=aa ltllu\11~ ls.ifi ~LL Uftfl111tJ9l1==i~
fl11utlai1: Ltn1fii'u&icyl~tl'3flluY4 Lilfl
2. Many of Sidney Sheldon's · orks have been translated into many
languages.
iJ«utlai1: ~a·nut~a~ iflur1 Ltiafla ~ft1fiLaJJenut/anflu~a1flll1~1
ia~~Lnfl : fi11JJ~JJ1fi!Ja~tl1tlflflif'L"' na1~ 1 lJ.ifl11lithi1 "f1n" 1h~u1n;fl1 fl11LLtlai1: Dn17utla~1ut1a~ ittud Ltiafleu aanml1et1flll1~,
n11utlan;u,~atflun1aoh~ 1. By the time her son returned home, she had already gone to bed.·
iJ~utlai1: 1un'if~J~ntnfltJa~L15anmi" V'1u Lt~eilwfBNv::&rT,uau tiaft'~Lflfl: tnfl;fl1lUil11flS~flq~LU..I U3tJ1Uti1JJn1ft Uti1Uil1~ilflflfhfl;fl11s.i .
24
L ufifiUJtll Ufi1JJfl1ft Jj'u aol'!Hmt41JJ1U1tn~uthn;fl1 l Ufl11Utla l ~,.r fl11JJ~JJ1flfl1~tna.ma lu 11flluauu
EN322
~I ''
2. She always has a headache when she reads for a long time.
ileiutlirh: LHath~RR·n~::t~N~L~BL6atha·ui1u~nr~aaar.iLf1una1u1u v v
iaiunfl: ~1n1enlut.J-,~1t~flifli3t.lif~,,ju LyjilLLiffl~i1L'Hfln11tu1ut.J-,~1tlflLofltfu LUJJB 1fltliln1ti11Lf1\iN always LfJuti'1UBnfl11JJ'HJJ1tll~iflL'iilUtfu
tl • ... t.l !!I "" • ., ~ !'t ft11'U a11: L6BJ.Jn'iil~ 1flr~1\i~LifJJBLJJBL6BB1UHU"rrBLlJUL1a1U1U '1
• ...; ,.. ... 'tJ'i" ft1L"aiUhtl~fl11a.lftfl1m11~ 1~Ltlfl
1. She saw an accident while she was crossing the street.
il~utlai1 : L6BLoHUa,j'fiL'HmtDBL6Btha~tl1JJCIUU v • ••
" .., !'t • .J ..,. 1 ~ ~ 1 _<( "" • "' "ailif~Lnfl: while LlJUfl1'nL!fBJJ ti~L'Hfln11N 2 L'Hfln11N tltiL'HtJn11t.u'HU~n1it~
o 00. I ...... _<( "" "' II J fl1LUUB{! LLa~JJBnL'Hfln11t.u'HU~LOfl'ZI'·BU"lJUJJ1
tl • d ...... l .I • ... "
fi11LL it11: L6BLLaL'HUf:l\J91L'Hfl U!IOl~HL6Bn1a~tJ1JJCIUU
2. They did not Jove each other, so they separated.
il~LLtlai1: Ltn hii'nti'u Ltn~~LLtlnti'u v
ti'ai~Lnm: so LtJu~hLiaJJ 1t1~L'Hf!LLa~~a fi11LLUitl1: Lt.nhii'nnULLcl1 lf"Ju Lti1~~LLtiO'n1~0U
1. You are the one I love. " !'! ""...~ ... ... iJ~LLUitl1: L6BL1JUflU'HU~'ntlU1n
2. The Johnsons have two daughters, one a baby, the other a girl of twelve . ... " tl • ., _{ ... ... "" !'! d ' d "" !'! d I-lULL it11: fl1il\Jfl11'iilil't'1UifUJ.JanU11 2 flU flU'HU~LlJ'ULflnLan '1 flUilULlJULfln
v "
e]'Hqj~mqauua~
EN322 25
tiai~Lflfl: tbe other LtJUfl1if11'W'U1 1~L~1~~~~-:Jfl11LL\h~fltlilf.l9l1JJif11WU1UlU
tAuflif
ft11LLthrh: fl1il1..1fli'1~a~uiuij~na 1 2 flU ftund-nj'.:JL~nag anftund"LfluL~n ~~cV.:Jil1q 12 il
1. .... · •• I
a.l tiLL u ft11:
It was cold this year.
~U~U11iJif tiai~Lnt~: tl ,. "' 0 fll .. ...tl 0 .. ..1 fll tl 11 1 ...
1~Ltlflll1~1il.:JflC}~~1Lu 9lil.:JJJ 1~61\l it fl1~U1flLu'U 1~61ULL9l JJJJ
1~ijfl11JJ~JJ1tiL 'W11:: 1~1 .,LLfl'Ufl1U1JJol1l~
ft11LLtla·h: iJda1n1tt~u11 2. Oh! It's beautiful .
... " .I ' 1 "' I a.ltiLLuft11: a! JJU~.:Jif1tl .. ., I .. "' "' "' I ..1 1 1 ... 'Utlif~Lfl(;l: Lti'U~~tl1fl'Ufl\.19l1tlti1-:Jfl . 1 it JJJJfl11JJ~JJ1tl
fn1utla·h: LL~JJ if1t.I~.:JLfttl
1.2 \Jcy~1fl1~i1ufiwfl Lft~il1u1u U'lJ~1fl1-:Jti'iufl'w,;'ua~chu1uL\Ju
iJ ..,1.., tl"' I .J .. ..~ ... tl t11l1~"' - 1 .,j qJ~1fl'UnLL ftJJO~~'W\.Itl~LifJJtl "1\l~fl 1ti'ULL ftLLft~LL a JJ ~OJJO~tfl~11fl11fl9l'ULtl~.
LLUft 1~1tlL'W11t 1~Jfl1fl'Wfi' LLfiit~~~J 11JJ~JJ1tlt.liHfl1fl'Wn~1fl'W~'U1~01JJ~tl1~~=J~
utlatl~Lwn:: 1J.if(ndisnft111JHIJ1tJR nis" iJty~1L~a1d 1iuri fi1fl'w,;'~ijfl11JJ " ~JJ1tl~a1t~uu f11fl'wfl'~atiLiiEJu~nn l\1Lml~fl11JJ~JJ1tltl~ fi1n;t1"l~ (Phrasal
verbs) ~ll1ti9l fl1W~L'Wtl LLa::il1'U1Ufi ~ 1 '
., I
fl1ilfJ1~
26
1. I want to draw some money.
2. Nobody can draw conclusi s. i
EN322
draw luth:=lfJfl;l 1 utlai1 osu&iu
uanl1:=luttiftt11utlai1: d'ui£Hn118SU&iu
draw luth:=1fJflil2 utlai'l1Nif1111&;1u
uanl1:=luttdtt11utlai1: 1Jjiilfl18~fl1111&;1u
• ' ~ .,.., -. .. .. ..! .. .. " .. ... ft1n'Wtlt1JuLtlfJUI4fln1 ''MLtl1 ''Jft111t'Ma.t1U~fl
1. Many guerrillas were killed in the fight.
ihiutJai1: d~i~ns;aa1nnlhtt1fJ " " v
".!1 "tl~ l ... ., . ~.1 tliln~Lnt~: ~u anuau UL1il~tt1i'ftnfltlil~fl1i'fiHn1U
fla guerrilla (s) ~utlai1 fj'risn11i1~ ua:= gorilla (s) fi~utlai1 i~ns;aa1
tt11utlai1: ei'risn,,;,rilu1uJJ1nnnthtt1fllum1tiaa " v v
2. The traffic problem in Bangkok has been ignored until very lately.
il~utlai1: iltymn11'J11'J1lun1~Lfl'W., \lna:=LafJ'JUn1=,t~a1tJJJ1n iai~Lnfl: ~utlaLi1l'J·h lately LfJun;m1Lft~Wtlil~fJNfl'Wtl late ti~utlai1 i1
i11fJ ~~utlailfl .-t... l J.Jt:t fl11UUa·h: utymL1il~011'J11'J1 'U01~Lfl'W., \)08tL8tiJJ19t8ilfi'J'U01tfl~&IJ8&11 "/ ;!
thn;u,~
l. The firemen successfully put out the fire •
• ' !It ..I-. - ... l" fl111 "put out" Lu'U phrasal verb flLnfi'J1001tl1 put + out LJJilJJ1 ti
'"' a "t ,.J .I ' ., 1··'( ) ~O'U'JtLOflfl11JJ'MJJ1fJ L'MJ..Iti'UJJ1 Uu811 fRtJ n to extinguish
tl1:=luttiftt11utla·h: vnl'n-nuiuLv.a~iulwtu;'J
EN322 27
2. We can look up the meani of words in the dictionary. e I " !fl ..a... I _r:
fl111 look up" LlJU p rasalverb flllfl'11U'MJOUl1 rrUH1
.I t .: .I I " • 1" u1~ flflUfi11LLuil11: L11tlU'M1fi11U U1f.ltiB~fl1 fl~1n'W~U11in1U
~tniiJI thft'-3L'Wfl ua~d1u1 th-3 ,
·t1..._ r1""' · "tl"... ..._ ~ln" m1LL a" •U1UL UL"SB-3 1n . tfLL B9lB~flfl11U'MU1fJtiB~" .u1uuu .., 9l
LLa1~~'M1fi1LLtla~ijfi11U'MJJ1fJLflfJ'ULfl tlUU1LLtla n1"SLLtlft 1t19l1U"Stlft1fl'ihU~~ 1J.i " "
L'li'1L~L'W"S1~ 1J.i~ULflfJrlUl(G4U611U ifll1 LL1flaBJJ Uft~n11tl11~flfltiil~Li1tiB~Il1~1 ~~ 1 1 ... "' :'1 ...t"' :; Ufi"S1\JIJU'Mft~tiB~'fll1'e9lLLft~n1'W~L'W UU
1. Carrying coals tC? Newcastle " tJ • ., ,3 I r ~ 'ftJ• !!) tl r ..1 fJ 1 ·1 I Cl1LL ftfi1~HL'WtiU11 UJ 01Untl.fo fl1fl1if&'Dif tfB1UfiL UfiU fltl~~ U
L'li'1L~tl11U'MJJ1tl LLflll1LLtlaLfJtltJLfltl~ \Jth~·n'Wfl 1flfl~i1 &ii1U:SftT11H111t}fl1llif1U
~£hu~L flufiu 1 flfJ~~L'li'1l~J.nnni1 "
2. Yesterday he worked hard, he slept like a log.
tl tl tl t .: I '"' .: a! "' . ... ., iJ Cl1LL a "S~ fJfiU11 LU 11UUL!J1TI1~1U'MUO &f11V~UiiUHifV& UIR1ll
til 1 "1 G I '"' tl I ... ., t'f t:JB1UfiU flf.I~~Lti1 ~LLii~UB~L'MUilTWO 1 LUBLL ft11 &fi1V~UBUHifV&HIIilflfN " . '
. \
28 EN 322
1. The President went inside the Pentagon.
Pentagon 911SJ\Jnil~SJ1fJtl~ ztl{nurSsu LL911u\J~ztfJ~if~LLUa ..1.,. " "' .1 '.1 •.,. "1-..._· ., ..{ d .,. 'riSJ~11SJJ~il\J911~ZLLua11 u1Zfi1'U16\JfiLtJ1 u L'UfJiJ~1J'I/fl1fJ11H'H11U~'l" ('li~LU'Ufln
\11L~fifJSJa~1unl~1ati~iu \J~zL'rlflU~i'!ilLSJ;n,) 1itiuii lflfJ1J.iia~LafJL1a11\Jf\u~1 ~11SJ~SJ1fJ
2. The Gennan Chancellor will come to Thailand . ., .I .,1.,. " ., ' 'UnLLua'riSJ~11SJ~~il\J\fl")li)Zfi~1\J11 th11 "chancellor" lu
" \J~ztfJ~if~SJ1fJn~ ~1U'HU~U1flfJi'JUU6f7 tJil~LfJil~Ju LLaz\J~::lfJ~if~1~LL\Ja11 'U1fJfli';ili'Ufi;U~ZL'rlflU~frufia1ti1~Wi';iLfJil~Ju~::SJ1Lila~ 1'rlfJ
J " . ., ., ... .,. ., uan~1nUA11SJ~~il\J911fJ~~1SJfi~A11U7£1iJ~lcwua71UtJil~ll1ti1
" v "' "' ..1 .1 " " .:, .1 """ "' .ol ..1 .1 d ..1 .1 \fl'U\l\J\J'ri~::LL u a fl1fJ m ~ LL uatJ1f1~11SJ~L ~il~1flJ'Uti~~SJtJil~L ~il~'ri~::LL u a n m n'rl;;,::u ua
" " lli~r:l1uLti'1l~ 1i l'1au\Jaua1X1J.iLti'1nu1flJufi~~SJtJa~ll1ti1~LL\JaSJ1 ~~i1mh~L"liu
" He gave us a warm welcome.
tl1LL Uaf11SJ~\J\J~:: lfJ~ \J~:: tfJ~\f;;,::il~11SJ~SJ1fJfi1SJiflJ'Uti~~SJ "
1fin1~ LL \J a ua::ti il LU'U il LL 'UZ l 'U nl~LL \Ja~1n~~~L U'UUty~1~1flll1ti1 a~ n t)tiL U'U
ll1ti11'rlfJ~:: limh1a~luu'n~ 4-1 o uazn1~u\Ja~1nll1ti11'rlmuull1ti1a~nqti~:: 1~ . ""l ..1 na11fl~ U\J'rl'rl 11-14
EN 322 29
.. U1111 4
n11uiJat11:lrJfln11JJ (Passive voice)
a term us~d in the grammatical analysis of voice, referring to a
sentence, clause or verb form where the grammatical subject is
typically the recipient or 'goal' of the action denoted by
the verb, ••.
Grammatical subject + verb to be + past participle + + +
A dog was kicked
·n.hh~1tJflfl1'nllull1'l:nrl'~nq'l'Jii 2 tiilfl fia "' 1. t11~lflflfl1'Ut1filCA laJili1n11 ( ~fl1~lh) t.l11fl1Jiltj1ut.l1t lt!fl (Non-
agentive or agentless passives)
The shop was burned down.
EN322 31
2. th~l&An1'UI1filfliii1n11 (~n1~,h) tl"flnQB~fbn.h:lufl (Agentive
passives)
The letter was itten by a boy.
lun1ti1lfl& Y41:&1f!tl ttllatlm1 (2499: 29) lina11ii~tl,:lt~fl
n11aJl1'i1 tl1:ltlflft11aJ,fJuti1~Wfl~il 11aJ11~n (ijgnn1:lh) adiuth:ltlfl ti~Ltiu
nnlfluwail
&~19nfl3u~fiulia1u~
-r,ififi'1~~~uthn7t~aq6tl · -3-. I ...
~UWnUa1iltlfl
luuflfl11aJL~il~ "t11::TtJ~tn71 un1tnlntJ&V1flq~t&tlBtJu&&tla~" 6cytyi'flu
t11w:na (2537: 17) nfi11i1 tl1:lt1fl 1'UILUil1t~nlflt11fltl,t11tlil 5 1tl ti~fialtlif . " 1. tl,:lt~fln11aJ _ "gn" Ltiu L 19mL~il
2. tl1~lt1fln11aJ "lii'v" Ltiu Ltn7ol'i'uLicylt1~1uLitl~ 3. tl1:1tlflft11aJLUUftit1~ L!JU ff:W1Uifffi'1~L~iltl W.fl. 2523
4. tl1:1tlflft11aJLUUfl11aJ L!JU 1N ~1-1tYU1Utlil~L11LftaOULfftiLLa1
5. tl1:1tlflft11aJi1n11tl11n!J !lu LY4a~di'a~lfltld'ui
16utla
lum1LLtlatl1: 1t~fln11aJ'J nn11:11a~nq'l:fLtJu l fltl,fu fi'nla9::,;'a~ W911f111tl1vn (context) lun11:11a~n 1:1aeh~1ilUflilU &;/EI'!Jit11NHN1tJil&ul~arj a1tAU'r1Ltlutl1:ffun11w1 uLfi~au ..,;a 11aJ~aJ1&l u",~ 1~61 L1it1LL tlanl 1-11tit11: lt~fl n1"UJLLuufl 1 fia th:lt~fln11aJtJn a tJ;u'r1Ltlutl1:ffum1cll'ou\.hw~wal'J ,..,;au~ uana~fft11'Uft11ND'Uthfiuii nl1-11ft11:l fln11aJltii'u ~';atl1:lt1flft11aJLLuufl 2 1-110
tl-. I ltl f'f ... .,., ..1 l l ""' .. ~,~"" 1U'riU~Uaft11 1:61'ULuULWti~~1UNitO 1n1:Tt1'J10 fl1fl'U flfl'U1-1\H1-11iln~ fln~1-1'U~
32 EN322
fll o II .,j I I ..1 • ~ ~ L uUflft1~-=.l~YI1\1U1YI\J tl fl flft11 Lft1L 1tl~\11tl'flti~1U L \1Vlfl11W llffl1U fl11W •
-=.11n\J,~aun11w1um1ifauu\Ja!l~~Lit1u LLft~1nn11Vl11'=.1~1ULL\Jat~a~
unf1n~191'1ilfh~\J,~1tlflll1~1ii'~nq~~11 Grandpa Mee, the head of our village, was eaten up by a tiger.
unf1n~1Jfl'=.l~LL\Ja L~tljjthi1 "f]tl" a~1u\J1~ Ltlfl L"liu
Vl1jj rJl\1qjU1U11il~L11 f]flLi1anULfttiLLa1
I ..1 .I fll .I ,. " l .J I JJ1flfl11YI'=.l~LLuftLuUu1~Ltlflfl111JLUUfl111J ULL\J\JYI 4 11
Vl1jj rJl\1qjU1U!ltl~L11 Li1anULfttiLLa1 ..J' .I ,. .., I .:
a1Uu1~ LfJfiV'I1tlti1~U
This song was sung by Santi.
UflAfl~1JmL\Ja11
1. The police station at Mukdaham was attacked by a group of terrorists on
Sunday. .... .,j I Ill II 'f: ""''"'., ... ~
a mu Vl111'=.1YI,., n ~1\111 on n a1.1 ~ n a m111t1 'VIJtJJ LIJ a1u D1YIV'I t1 . " . " 2. The students were punished for cutting class.
UflL;tiUOtlthfn~ L'W'n~L~~L;tiU "
EN 322 33
34
3. Birds and many harmless crea res were destroyed by the·overuse of
insecticides.
, unu.a::ftti'iflJJiJwvnfi'Mft1fiW enn181fltl1flft11limthWJa~~LflU!IU10l 4. That man was nned for throwin cigarettes on the floor.
~ ~ tJv ~ ~ ~~1Vfl'UUUQfl 11JJ1U'ri~~M1l'~1J
5. The thief ww tOI'f*l against· the all, haaclllbove his head.
trlJJt~flntifKulwuMvufuhu ua:anGeliLMGaAw::
~1::laRn11NYIR1~M~II
1. He Will.,.,..,., chainnan. of e company.
Lt11l.,rfil,"ififLfJW1ttnUU1V 2. He wwlnvlted to a party.
L11liiil•qltJ.nuLifa-t 3. His friend was elected the new angkok Governor.
Lvl6u'U6-3LtU1 1M'u&aami1uJ!11111Jf 11fll~L'riYnJM1Ufl1flUlM)j
4. Thai hotels are praised all over t e world for their excellent service.
lHU.1JJ l'rlt~ 7-rwrmtisf lt.li-:atan "-:at~n11lt1'u;n,,.fumlt~Lilt~JJ 5. Any Thai boxer who gets an lympic medal wilt be rewarded with
a huge sum of money.
Uft1ftlrn l 'rlflftU l 'M'U~fi1JJifltlL 'M fiC\1 leaJJtJn~t lli'tJnfi'BLfJUL~U tieul'Mqi
t.l1tlaftn11NYflft11N'HN1fJLthma1-t 1. This building has been well des/g. ed to conserve energy.
itndssnuuumd,usti1fllith Mittwi+nu 2. Pancakes should, be eaten wann
U.WULftftA1mt/7:m1UiB'U ,
EN322
3. Ramkhamhaeng University was founded in 1971.
aJm1,.mifl111Jthumtisl-d\udau '"''· 1971 4. Dictionaries were located on a shelf in the baclc of the room.
~~u1~n11Js;uulu~i~~~ 5. This fine bread Is made tiom a special wheat flour.
t~uaJi1~usua;afJdthVlnuiHmatriltt'WLff1:t
n11uthnJ1zlaftn11NU\J\J§u ,
lum~trw,.~utlain~~=vnrh l,ja11\ILLtlati1:Wftn11aJlun11:t1D~nq1:t l~ .. ,~nutl,:lfJftn11aJJtll"Jtl~d~lun11:t1 l"fJ~mh1aJ1ua1li L~11:utlaua1laJ1tl' l1\lft111J mwiu'\1 Ha1~Lianutlath:=lflfln111J,fuaaniJ1Lfluti1:LfJftfl11fl (th:LfJfl ~iir,.,~,;;~tl1::ts1U + n;tJ1 + nn11 ~;81.11:lflfl actlve voice lun11:t1D.:Jnq1:t) LL"U i.:Jti1Dfh.:JLW
1. He was thought innocent by most of his friends. _.oil ... • ... J L~DU , tlil~Ltl1~1it'11Lti1\J1~"D
2. The letter was written by her friend.
L~DUti8~LDDLfiufi'i18~fi~IJ1fl 3. No soldier Is needed in this operation.
n11tlautn11flf~dlJJis~ti,.m1LafJ /
a1ti1ZLfJflfl111JlUil1~1a~nq1:t~'QZLLtla l,jiiti1n11 (~n1zm) il~ Xl~ mtl1:D1u1J1 ldttafJWVl1a&1~1ntAu" tT1arh~Ltiu
EN322
1. A kitten has been found in the kitchen.
iJEr~,OLLIJ1il~Ufli1
2. Perhaps we will be asked our opinion.
\J1.:Jii'QziJErCJ111ft111JL~UL 11
35
3. Can this film be deve ped by Tuesday? .,~, .. J, ...... 1"
f!N~tnlan&1"nauJJ uumn.t1\UHfl11 fl ~-.,,.,
1. Gold has been created in a California laboratory. .. ., • ..1 " l ...... .. .. IJn17ifnAflil~fl1fi'H£1 flfltl£1~ ULLfltlnil1LUr.J
2. Before good roads we e built, rivers and canals were used as
channels of transportati n. 1 .,j .. II _, ofo l"~l _,Y. l 0£1Ufl~tiJn17iJ71"tlU fl '1 LLJJU1tl1flail~Lfltl !ILuUhtUfl1~ U011
tJuri~a.nriau
3. A meeting was held t find ways to educate the public about the
danger of toxic chemic s . .. .,· "" ... " "' ...~ ... .., Un179Atl1:tlliL'Wil'H11 'Hfl11lllLLOifl511tll!IULOU10'U£1Ufl11r.J .. ...~ ~· ... ~10ifl1LflllfiLuU'W1:f
u,~,f~tl,:=lt~fln,,.,lun1 1a~nq1:f;fuiutl,:=lt~fli1v u lu31:U==
tl1t51Ua1lr.J '1 l,jjjfl11li'HJJ1tl' LLtlt l,j;S L~Uiil-aLLtJa ~LLtlail1~ lflfiutJa l Ua01:ftllt
mh1aau '1 ifuiut11tltlflfl1un;tl1 ti1a 1~L'liu
36
1. As the Prime Minister, It can be said that he reached the goal of
his life.
l U)1Ut~L~UU1tl0i')ll f)'; JA J,jif,ltlll1Ltl1lflL tJi}~,fl~~'HJJ1r.J tlil~tnfl
2. It Is expected that hea rain wiU solve the.problem.of water in
the dams.
A1AnU11~U~flO'HUO~ LLflU(\J'H1L;il~,i'1lUL;ilU Li
EN322
3. It would be wrong to count too much on the other.
&uuB-ln'ii"'~l\l:: 1uilflUBflU~UJJ1mnu ltJ
ihwiutJ·n:ltJflfl11JJfi11JJ'HJJ1tJLflumn~LihL~B~111 ~vruJJ1nlun11 Lauatrn ~B11\llil6LLualuam:tw::mh1aBtJ '1 iuol'utJ-,::ltJflfi'1tJfl;tJ,Ltiunu i1aeh~ ·
I
LtiU
~· An estimated 40,000 tribesmen are believed to have gone to
the woods to evade aiTest and government action . .., ., I I .l .. ..{ .... .I 1" ... II
&!fBnUl1flUL&:..t1'WULJJ8~W~JJI\)1U1Uu1::JJ1N 40,000 flU fl'HULtl1 .II ""' ""' ., • ... ., u1L'WB'Ha\JLafJ~fl111\l\JflJJLLa::Ol1LUUfl11ti8~1)\J1a
2. Thais are known for their open-mindedness.
&iJutfj'nUl1flUlfltJLf1UflUl~fl'l1~ 3. Action must be taken against the wrongdoers in the BBC case.
,;'a-ll7n17fhn7un17nuJn-,::thuflluflfi iiiiil "
fl11LLuat11::lfJflfl11NattatJ
U1::1fJfl\J1~U1::lfJALUUU1::lfJflfl11JJ~a:: verb to be 11l:U)1U~Lt1'1ll\) ... I ... .J ..I ... . .I t ., .,:., -1t"" .I"'" 1 ...
fi~~LL9lfl1fl1118~'n 3 'M18 past participle u1:: fJflafl1:tN::UJJfli\)::TI1 'H~LLua'n LJJJJ
!'I ""' t " ., ... .I ... 1-1 "t I !'I • ... ""' n .I fi113.1J LUL18~ fl1~if11~1l11:t18~fl'l1:tfl'W8LLuar:..tOJ L'W11:: uLtl1 I\)11Lu\lfl1fl1fl1'n8~ UJu
past tense Lda'W\JU1::lfJALtiudi6m1uua fia 1~aa~1LA11::,fufJflLLtJ:rh n;fJ1i11fl
LUU passive voice atlJU fta a:: verb to be 11 i1ath~LUU
1. The name printed in red ink was ve.ry easy to find and read.
JJ11\l1ntJ-,::lfJfl 2 tJ-,::trJfl11
The name was printed in red ink. LLa::
The name was ve.ry easy to find and read.
EN322 37
- .,I ~ al II II ., . ; al ..t.., L1fl1fi111Jfl~ifa~u1t flflLtnfl1flnu ~tW\J11u1t61Uv .nuu~t::
., al l••l II .. t .,I II J, ..... al 1" ' ifUJ11flftflu1t61UBBn u fa 1 fl1 tl LLfiUfltl1fJ Relative pronoun UUftfl.B u1tLflfl
~=aa1 uinvaatt~a~tJ,::lflfliuiau (co
The name that was rlnted In red Ink was very easy to find and
read.
~1nU1tlflflifLniflan atTtl (Relative pronoun) that LL~tttTta verb to
be ~ag1uatJ was aanltllun tJ1:: flfl'l::nluarui'Jutl1tlflfl'lfilfl simple ~tl participle phrase 'lJfl1fiU11J LGa'3Lfl11t tlLwuif~utJafl'lt\111\J''h printed lut11tlflfl .. .. .I ..... . •• l" .. .I ~\JUfla passive voice flflfl3uUULa~ LLfltifliJ11fiLLuaaanm fltt11JUflfl111J'HJJ1flfl
u~a~ lflfllil,m1utJatJ1::lflfln11~~ th1JJ1LLft1 tJ1::lflfld~utJai1
38
' iaR'if11MI1sHilnu ~JJIML-Auua::ihu 11-flfl
~. The president, accom nled by his advisors, had anived.
tJ1::cnunfaNI1Bv ,;#tlfmnltl'JJ1a~ 3. Men trained In math tics can be engineers.
fluil'llrun111Jndu 1~i1uftdi~tfMif~tiinm1aLi'Juiff1n1ltl'
EN 322··
IIUU~mlfl. 4.1
• 9-:tuthn.h:: lufl Passive voice l'tnhil11\'mazcnnuua::1~9fll1lJ
1. This issue will be discussed in the next meeting.
2. Transportation services will be stopped immediately .
.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. ........................................... .. '
3. The product chosen ~ust be environmentally friendly.
4. B Grimm & Co w*s founded in Thailand in 1878 by German
pharmacist Bernhard Grimm.
5. Her sister had earlier been expected to give birth some time in May.
6. She was accompanied by her husband to the hospital.
7. The meeting chaired by the Prime Minister was successful.
8. No rhinoceroses will be sent to Thailand under an animal exchange
. program.
9. This drug was originally developed as a sleep aid.
10. Businesses affected by the law should be invited to listen to the
government policy.
EN322 39
uuu'JJ H'fl 4.2
.. e~uthnh::lufl Passive voic~ ,,,hm aa::aa1uua::,~9fl1UJ
1. It is reported that many kind o medicine are being brought in from"
abroad.
2. Frogs' legs, especially from Blu Frogs, are eaten in France .
....... , ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... h .............................................. .
3. Thai food is widely known thro gh out the world.
4. I was told by my friend that the apanese are disciplined people.
5. A baby girl separated from her in sister is out of danger now.
6. An lndian.man has been senten ed to death for killing a jeweller four
years ago.
7. The bird flu virus was first conft medon Jan 23, 2004~
9. Certificates are awarded to fi
lO.The hotel rooms ~re desilaed,to·give· visitats a good vi.ew of the
mountains and valleys .
................................................................................................... _,,, ................................ -........................ -.......................................... ~ ............................................................ .
40 EN322
.:1 Utltl 5
fl11UUD Tense
.. ... tl""' A I - ""' ~ ... 1 ll1ti1il~nqtiJJm1L. a!luaun1tnLWilLLatHn1a n~fi1UUil1~~:atJafluJtl tJLaEJ
LtfU go went gone 'H;ilLiiJJil~~fiLi11ti'Ha~n~fJ1 LtfU walk walked walked lu _, 'f ..... 1 .... • • .. . " ... ... ... _,... 1·'""' ... ' lJ1Z Lflflil1~JJ'H1il JJJJfi1\Jilfl01it L1it101fl\Jil~ 'HU1lltJil~fl1fl1fiL 1J it flU ullL 11L 1tl 011
' J .. ""' . ' "' tense fl1~ 1 U flil LWil\Jilflfi11JJ'HJJ1tltJil~fl1itL1it~fl1~ 1 flU
.. ' _, 'f _, 'f ' 1-'.r ... 1' ' .. .. ' fl1ilfl1~u1Z Lflfl 3 lJ1Z Ltlflflil u'U JJf111JJ'HJJ1tl JJLf11flU L'ULL~tJil~fl1itL1it1
1. My friend lives in Bangkok.
2. My friend lived in Bangkok.
3. My friend has lived in Bangkok.
tJ-,zltlfl 1-3 il1~LLtla1tl'fi11JJLYhnu fia "&iauvs~d'us1fi'tlaf!1un1~'nw"1" LL~fi11JJ'HJJ1tltJ il~U1: 1t1fi~Lrifi10\J na11J.i L 'Yh nu
t11zluAii 1 li simple present tense 'HJJ1flfi11JJifiL"l'U'll
""' .. il . .. "' ~ LWilUtJil~QUil~ Ufl1~Lf!W"1 (n1iNBf!''UfJOl::UU)
th~luAii 2 li past tense LLatl~i1 LtJ11JJ1tfad~,tuLLa1
U1~l!JA;i 3 li present perfect tense il1~'HJJ1flfl11JJi1 .... .!. .. ... .r .. ' .. 1 ' ' "
LtJ1Lflflil~fiUU L'Uiltlfl flilUUil1"l"l:fJ~il~'H1ilil1~ JJil~LLit1
ll1ti1~mft'flil il"l~EJ ar.h~n1~1u1a cl'uanqfiLLa:a~nq~ n1a ,.,,a, 11"ln
L~Uft~~ijfi11JJihfl'cy LLfi1Uil1ti11flt1 tna JJ1a1 11"lfl 1JJ1!f~~ihAcyLYh1·n!n
EN322 41
L'W"fltJl1~1l 'YIEJL1l't1\hJ.J1\lfll'f;ilLiiEJU l,j;31Lfluia·r"S::'4L1a1i1Lde l 1 . ~YI.:JLLa::~D1\J tl'a·nhfi11J.JLi1l~Lil1Lil.:J n1~1l'nEJ l,j n11LL~nill~91 il~imvJatJann1ana1 thLLti
a::thlilV~1u'Yin lan1a Ldatl'a.:Jn11~:: anmaL1a1Xin6n11~~::\Jan ltl'i.:Jif ' . . ...... I .1 ""l II ~ .. .J_ _J I
LJ.Ji)fli).:Jn11'YI"fl\J11 0 fJ101::li1UJi) 1~il.:Jil1PJfJO~fJ1'D .1fJ LtJU ~:: i)~
rhi.:J ltl' LLB'l lun1~1l'rlfJ~tt.i.:Jifla lt.J'l1 n;u,LLi li;a n;u1!hfJ tlil.:Jt)tl1LL'HU.:JLU
tJ-s::1EJALtJua1u\.J-s::natJti1fJ thLli~b tJanmaL1a1vh.:Jnu fla
42
uaniJ~,u-u L!iu afi 1a~ thi'~.~ .. sfi tha~ .... srjui1 t~1"n-sif1uarj1fuLLl'ta:: 1 f~mnl'tJuau
f'f -~-~ ... .z .. 11 ... I "' 1 "' ~ (Lu\J011\JilnLl1f!n11t.u'n OfltJU LLa::fJ.:J J.Jq~a.:J LLSfi.:J11 fJ.:Jt} 'YI1'Yif1\J ·
a~1fiEJ l,jfJilJ.JLtf1UilU)
. ., ..: LtJ1n1iN1.:J
(thi1 "tha~" LtJuth ilnL'Hf!011N~fl1LU\Jil~1uiJ~,UU LLiffi.:Ji1Ltl1
01a.:Ji.:Ja~il~'l.:JfiilL rta LLSfi.:JL tiL ~Ui1LtJ16.:J lJ.J1til1qfli.:J)
.. .t. ., "' SJ.Jf1nfln1a~uaul'ta\Ja
I .f. .. I ""1 1"" .z f'f (LLSfi.:J11 ~ail~L1i't1SJ.J Ofi\Jil\Jlii't\Jil~EJ.:J J.J~\Jtl\JJ.J1 Lu\Jn111.Hln
L'Hfln11N~fl1LU\Jil~1 EJLU\Jfl11~) .
aJ.Jf1;n,l~mn,,u,ua &&a1 ,. .r II ..: .!f .f 0 .. "' I .. II .Jit II
(th::LEJfi\JL\J\Jfi11J.JfJ~O ifJ.JW'10fln1iW\JO\Jl1l't\JO~L 'W11t L \Jtlilfi11J.J\J Lfl
Luult1L~u11 SJ.Jft;'ltl'a ilaf11n11U1ULLB1 utiJ.:J,;1n11u1uhiLa;~ i.:J LtJU011\JilnLl1f!n11N1 "fi1n1101::m ltfL~J.JL;fJ\JiilfJLLft'l L~fiJ~ l,j
cl Lff1'0;l)
.. l" I 7"7" II _J \Jilftilflfl fiLLn 61 •••• &&a1 L'D\J
ifJ.Jft; 7 A;\J~fll1J.J1fJ (\Jan l t1f11 lu!h.:JL1a1~ 1
1UJ.J1 ifJ.Jft;ltii'tJ~fll1J.J1fJ)
EN322
ifa.tf1;}i'W1JflNWBUa1
( 1J en l ~ fi1n11'W1JflQIW ti!Je~ ifJJ .,;1; ~hu wu 1 tJ LLat Lif~~iua~ L;!Jufernuf1)
1Janau1"" ltl'uri '" thlf9~: .••• srf tf1ao~ •••• srJui1 Ltiu lfl19t:ltllfl191:JJ1
(1Jem1a1ih~lnl'1 L"flMUiLiitt) 'Htteutf1ao~9~:Ltltt1'rlf.!~Lowa~
.... ., ... .;J .r ifa.tf11n18-19t:numm1s11A'tf1U"Hift:
fla&uJ.iti'tJflaavietf1ao~9~:1tJtta1tlsrJui1
fl11JJLLttnth~uatfl11JJfla1fJfla~'lle~ tense lull11!tl~~nq'l!tuatll11!t1 lflfJluu~ atJthuat'HuTA
EN322
gone
- LflaJU~~fJ ed L!JU walk walked - jjn11LflJJO;fJ1!J1fJ L!JU n-Ja~ 01a~~t " walked ua1
- jj..,;a lJjjjf'l,tJunn1a/L1a1 rhntJ - jj..,;u wjjffi1Junn1a/L1a1 ri1ntJ
' "' ... ' "' ttl~ 1 nu ttla.t tense 'rlttl~nu
la.~1\ift11a.tihflqJfl\J01S/L1S1~9h~nU i'n1SL1S1 lttfJLtl1~10\A1J'r1 'H;il~1nth ... fhrlUL1S1 (a1ij)
43
....... t.l 1DU ft . i
I
~ u Uftfl1'Ui1Ut11t lfl flll11\i1 a~nqtiL yt athfl111J Li1l'llfl111J~IJ1fl!J £)~ l · ' ' .1 t ~ ,., , ., • .1 ' !'1 tense UU~!J£1~01ft/L1ft1 tJ111J1t flfl U ti tense £1tL1 LLft1~~LL1JftCI1fl'YI£1flL1JUI11\i1
lflflhtfl1~tl1JaO\iNt01ft/L1ft1 ~UflaJl i'tUI11ti11flfJ lflfl£11'll'liltLiiaJthLif;IJn;mfi1~ 1 . 'H;£1fl11J£10L1ft1~L~IJ1tif1JlU111\i1 lflfl L!JU U1,f1Bt;J nBU "11 V:: &if~ UlJtJ !'I ., .,, .I t ., . ~ '"' ., ..I n .,. ., l 1 • iJ
LlJUflU Cl1 UlJ1t flfli11U1£I~OqtiUU 01fl1'Hft1flf11fl£1~ U tense Lflfl10U 1191& U
is~ tilfi1&S!Nn;tJ1ltlnnil LVf11t'liltL um-,thtiau~~l11ti11 fin lliuflaJ Gl'~i1a~1~Ltiu ' .
L!J1thHv::l'YI1ftVfnCl~L £1U!J£1~L!J1LLfttLY!auwa~L!J1ihtHV::IJ1 ~ • ., ,_1 .. " ..
L!J1mila~n1fi~9::Lum !J11U£101J1UOU
( n1tnlnt1 lJJutJII)
LWuLiifl1tlUL0mLtJatJ1tlflfl'H;a .,£1fl11aJ~LfiuL~a~Lih ~~lifi1n;mLfiuailfln1a L1ft1LLUftl11ti11flfl7J.IutJN1BA1VBnn1 li + n;tJ1 Bth~wfwwis i1aeh~LWU
L!J1}r;,1tlt1~L;flU L!J17i 1a~ l1~L;f1Ul1'UL1ft1 LLfttL!J17iti1fl111JLfl11Vffl3
...~.. ' .. t ... flflU£1~~U1 1~L1flU
( n1tnlnslJJOBu)
., • tJ .1 T ., ..1• ' !It 1 fl1ilti1~011U ftu1tLtlfiii1V1il~Oq1*fl tense fl1~ , L1JUI11\of1 flfJ
1. Have you finished your term paper . .. .. .. ., fl111fl~1ULil1'1il&&81~1£1tl~
aBu1t1: UB1-H th1JilOL1ft1VlOiltlfl 1'1ilUU'Iil1UU (present perfect tense)
No, but I'll finish it this evening.
J~'H1an utiv:Mll\1Ls;'lil,BU&Gu;f
afttJ1tl: v:: .... ,B~&Iud 1JfJ001aau1 f1U1J\J!Ja~ l'YifJ
44 EN322
2. Did you see a lot of friends at the party? . ..I ..I J
f!NVi1.J L 'Wfl'U'H&ntlfl'U 1 'HJJ,~1'UL8tl~
aBu1fJ: aiit~ LLt~1J.i~1Lflutl'a~tsthunJJuana~" ulu "ltl" tT,~...,,r,thn;m
No, I didn't. When I arrived there, some of them had already left.
1,jfiattwuwJan wa 1tlil~~~1utlnn!)11L~au'Ha1EJflunau 1tlriau&&i1
aBu1fJ: already = riau&&i1 LLa~n;tt,lutl1~1ttflnLLtlamh~tln9l
3. Did you enjoy the party last night? .., • 3 1
UJBfJU~1ULafJ~if"iO 'HJJ -. .I • d .,. " .J • il6\J1fJ: LLu8fl1\Jf.lOn1SnL'Wtl~'WilLLS1 last night = UJilfJU
Yes, I did. It wasn't like any other party that I have ever been to. ~ 1 ' ... ., 3 ' ..I :'1.1 a"in-a JJL'HJJDUn1.J~1'ULSIHOfl'U ., "&fJtl LlJUJEJ
ilU\J1fJ: LLtla present perfect ;.J1nfl~fl;.JUn~iJ;.J~uu1"EJlithuann1a &fJf.l .... uw
4. When I arrived at the office, the meeting was just beginning.
L~ml'u 1tlil~~t1,~1u m"lu;~'lfJJtha~n~-J,~uwail ilU\J1fJ: L111J.iLLtla past tense t1a~n;m111~ + v utla'i1 ltlo-J
LLtla'i1 ,-R-J lithifnuL'Hfln11w1uailt~n1~ continuous tense tutl1~1ttf'ltl LLU8tl"l~tl\Jil1~11,.td1
' J; nnuu just
. ., n1a-J + v
5. Talking to her wasn't easy although I had known her for a long time .
., :: 1 n · · :: ..a ., .,., • " (m"l) f!EJO\JLHauu JJ "lftla~~1fJ "~ ., "ilU&Rf.I~;.JmHaJJ1nau&&a7 ... n ... 1 ·- .I • ., " .I ""' il6\J1fJ: L'Hf1011N 'UB"9l JJUfJJJLLu811 '~ + v n11LLu8L'WilLLa9l~ past perfect
tense 1-A'thLa;,n;m &Rf.l .•• riau"a7
EN 322 45
6. By the time you read this letter, I wUl ave already left home.
n11\ao~:lrfo1'W\11Jl,,.n!IQU'ud' Q'~",., s1JSJ1nu1~ tJ/un alu111 : L,~n11nl'!h\'JL'Ht1,d~t~o 11'1PI tl'-:aniJIA1LLUft n11 ••. f16 flf ••• ua1
Ua'l twrfifLLtJft~1 ti1s1n ftfuua'l LIJLtfLLtJft•:h O.IJI,;OL'lft1~fl'HLft!l N1LLft'l
7. She explained that the proble of water was solved when she moved
to this area ten years ago.
Ll'JaiufN11i1'lll11L~a~J,un'1!1 lt.ILda"a ~Ll'JB'i:fiirn.naquauifLda 1 o tlnau a&U1tl : v. + ed LNiii1Lt'huiD\1LLUft~1 ll + v. UfNilLtf. 1~U1\1,IJID1~LMN "v=" LfJe
t ,;L;;~!l'l\1L'lft1nm,,n-"~,,",;~ 2 !l'l" utl'l.tJJnsv ••• e• filTh "nsv" ~adn1!1tl1::!!1F1 LLtJn~1n ago
8. When I started the journey, the sun as shining brightly.
LdoiJie~~Q'14L~a.~oam!li14ni" 'W1:e1'APifi 1ft\1fte"LL"""~1"Lft'l 8GU1fJ : L\4 f.Jt,;'L;;141'1'l1NLLP1n~1UJS L'lft1 2 fl'l\1~t!l'
continuous LLUftLfJWI1'1!1-1Lfl!l L flPiil~~ .. .rhn\'1
... past tense nu past
9. She has been stimding there, waiting for her son, for more than two hours.
Laa~148a~1i' 14111••n Ae!l\1n!f1!1aa Lfl L'ln1n~1"11ri''lta.~"'''" 8GU1tJ : present perfect continuou tense LLftiJI\1!IJI!Itifii1LMI-ItJSnn11fiDIJI1:!1:!lo\'J!l'l\'J
L'lft1 ••• 111ff88ff ••• LLft'l
1 0. I'll be seeing him tomorrow at the o Ice.
r.JI-I vllfitJL!11Li·h fl#lflBntmi\1if~~ti1\11 a&u1a : th::!!lljl~!l' future continuous tense LLft~"·h i4m1Pinft\1n14liLLn'l ~::LLtJft~1"
~1m.J1:!!1Jil~'h "I'll see him" llfl#tJ/wJI&n!tt!l' future tense 011NIJI1 ~LLftiJI\'1 .. I ~ O\'J£11411'1Pin1ftLfi1~14L€l\1
46 EN322
uvv1Jn,;'fl 5.1
.. .a~ut1ath~ luflfie ,tJ\lua~i' ·Unflftl11JUflnth~1un11&aenut1a tense
1. I will always remember him as a wonderful friend.
2. About one million people die from malaria every year .
....................................................................... 1 ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... .
3. A moderately strong earthquake hit eastern Japan yesterday. . '
4. All they want is to be able to work again. ·
5. The accident happened as the bus was returning from the party.
6. After going to the toilet, wash your hands with soap and water.
7. Police have found a 7 year old boy alive six days after a major
earthquake.
8. Put your coat on if you are going out.
9. Somsri was wearing a blue and purple outfit on her birthday.
1 O.Mountaineering can be a very dangerous sport.
EN322 47
IIU tn1~ 5.2
I
t~utlatl': loflfie ,tldua:IY ~lnflfl11111~nfi1~ 111nnallenutla tense
1. Every game should have a wi er.
2. People have come out and vot d for their leaders.
- 3. The news said wounded peopl were dying for lack of blood.
4. Fishermen slaughtered thous ds of sharks near the Australian coast .
...................................................................................................................................................................................................... :······· .. ····· ........................................................ .
5. Women have proved themselv s to be capable workers ..
6. The world will face an Alzhei r's epidemic by 2050.
7. As we reached North Cape, the weather changed suddenly.
8. We should be prQud of our an estor8.
9. Scientists have already record d the results of the experiment.
10.1 got used to cooking my own od when I had to live alone.
48 EN322
~ ""' .J I' tl .I ... I I' .J-. I "' tl t .. -. uqJ\11'HU~fi~U. Su1:tt\JL11ilil1Utlilfl112Jfl9l~9lilflU'Ha1EJ 1:: Elfl flil Lfl~fl11JJ
iusu 1J.iflntJi1L~il~111u.a: l~fl11t~Ltlat~ tEJ~numh~ 1, ibul~Lflutl,:tnu ibul~ L {J u n;EJ,'Han u.a:ibul~L fluihuttEJ1EJ t~EJtlnm ua1tl,: lEJfl~EJ11LLa:itJiau~:jj fhLtlilt~ (connectives) 'H;ilthlEJ~fl1111 (discourse markers) oh~ '1 L~U because,
though, however Lfluti'u ,;1'HU1~LtfDt~lEJ~fl1111LLola:ihULti'1tl1EitlU fl1Ltfat~L'Hih;f e .,.,J..[ I' t I' I' I e .....
U il fl~1n~:'t11'HU1flLtfiltltl iltl11119l111 fl,~S,1~LLS1LL9l a:tl1EI~tltl1111'H2.11EIL\lVn:
an~1tl ~~ L U fl1,LL tlaa1~LL tJatt1111,asr\Jfl1111'H111EJtiB~ fhLtfat~ L 'Hihifltl'~~'th L oMLL tla I' 1" I' ., • .... I I tl I' .,j., I 1tJ,z tlilfl1111ililfl111 ~\}fl9lil~'li~L~U fl1Ltfil119l1~ '1 LL\N9l111 ,:UlflLLS:'HU1fl~~9lil U
Function
./ ., ' LWEWn,'JDt/1~ (example)
mi1'lthl9fl'l1Jithffcy (restatement)
lM'fi1EJBV1t1 (explanation)
tJEJflUif'J (cause)
tJEJn£HfJtJDnua (cause & effect)
LmtJuLnt~uhui.J,d'1t~I'IR~rru
(comparison)
,tRt~uLiivuluant~w::if,~,nuh~ (contrast)
tJDni',qth::a~fi' (purpose)
EN322
Connectives/Discourse Markers
for example, take the example of,
for instance, another instance of,
such as, an example of, as for
in ot]J_er words, that is to say
in fact, as a matter of fact, according to,
because, since, as
for this reason, because of this,
consequently, as a result
similarly, likewise, in the same way
but, whereas, however, in contrast,
conversely, on the other hand
that, so that, in order that, in order to
49
Function
uenlil-nNri~tuth1nu (concession)
uendeulfl, iewf (condition)
uem1tt1 (time)
uenlil'nlllRNtiN·(addltlon)
Connectives/Discourse Markers
although, though, even though,
the former. •• the latter
even If, nevertheless, yet
If, unless, provided that, on condition
that
when, while, since, as
moreover, furthemore, and I
011.Ui'Elfil'l1N'1iOth::teJALfJ at t1'Lf· ~~PI'l1N'11-11!1~1\1 , rt£J'Wil::ft\1~8LLtlftl t1LLU\1
fefil'l1N~'"LiJ'"PI£l'" , '1i8LLtl\1U1::teJfilLiJ'"tJ~\1~'" , LLft::~Lfil'n::'11fil1\1ft;'1"!1El\1fElfil'l1N'1ie
tl1::te~fil·hrh'"l"L\J'"tl,::tt1'" eh'"l"L\J'"nie~1'1'n n111-1 LLft::th'"!l!l1!1
\
As a schoolboy I he chose to take ~~e bus to school/instead of being driven there
In the family's llmousine./later, he won a King s Scholarship/to study engineering in the United
States,lbut halfway through that,lhe decided to give It up/and returned to Thailand/to study
. medicine lnsteadJ
~::ft\1LnPI·h feA'l1Nil'NA1Lioa.~ed 5 fli·l•e~n'" ~o as ~'ri1'1141~ElnL11n but, Instead
LLaas Instead of 'ri1'111'1~\J o nfi11N LLI LLft:: and 'ri1'111'1 ~ue n 87111' ,;,,,,.,,,
'"~INIIII18/ auhllnlsf11111ite•wl•
50 EN,322
"" ~ 16 "' 611 111 ,J .:, t'f .1r. 611 ,J .:, ,J 111 '. I 1 ' ill UIBLuULIInUnL18U L1J1U'fEJnnv=UI71n£111f&u&11"18U&&Iftlflfi=UI11C1fiV1':''u ,EJII1L111'11
fJULtht 1tJUHI9111 l t1Rmn1rn1/i17n1111fiMtr,1ti'171lnL nliftrHfJEJw;n, uiLi!EJt 1tJu 7 t1ltlfil!11n111
t11111'~tifu tvsn&in ua=nti'uN1WEJ11 lntJL-NEJL 1suurmiunu
.., I
el1UfJ1t
Formerly the Native Americans came from Asia. Over 20,000 years ago, they
traveled along the land between.Siberia and Alaska. Before the Europeans came to America,
there were over 300 different tribes. Most Native American tribes were very peaceful. They ,
wanted to live happily with nature because they thought spirits lived in natural things such as
rocks, tree or water. Moreover, they believed these spirits could bring success In hunting and
fighting.
.f\1LLfi.fuia.t fil'l4~'l4Lil£h1ElL~;ri'l4~1~1mDL leJ Lil'l4L'lft1~1nn·httEl\1,d'l4UN1Uft1 ,.1 • • 1 ~ .. .. I .,j 1" .I • fiYi1nL!I1Liil'l4fi1\1~1Pl1~lil'l4Uiil'l4 -,::,11\l~!IUL-,!1 Uft::Elft1ttn1 11118Ufl8Ufl!l11~ ~-,-u~10LN-,n1
~ A'l41'l4L~ El\1£1 L~; ri1-1.EldN1n n·htt1~iee~ Ld1 Ftwl'l4L~ El\1m~;ri'l4cf1'l4t ,qii'nct\lu v.1n L!l1
Pi'El\1n1-,Eld£1~1\1illii11~~!10Ua-,-,~!115iL 'W'I1a= Li£J11il1cyqpNftaPlf eat 'l4lt\115-,-,~!115i L tfu
.. A ~1 .. f II I" 411 I~ • .r • ..tllll l.:t,r OEl'\4,'\4 "" ~ ft1!1'l41 \1fl11UUYi1nL!I1L!JEl11 ·4qJqJ1NL,ft1'l4'l41fil11~a1L-,~~'l4n1-,ft1aPI1
EN322 51
52
I
t~IIUCI8~1tl'nft8,Udtflt~l'tfum1UU~th1;8SI11faH1.11:m.t 4 U8H'tf1 I
There are many kinds of ai sweets. Their names begin with
the word "Thong" (gold) su.:h as Thon~ Yib, Thong Yod and Foi
Thong. In fact eggs and sug are the main ingredients of Thai
sweets. Many people avoid e ting Thai sweets because of their
sweetness. However, Thai swe s are still closely related to the Thai 5
way of living. Thai sweets stil represent a Thai identity although
the new generation· do not kno
Thai identity = iflnanllaa1'nu
............... ~ ........................... ~ .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. . i
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ~ .................................... ..
................................................................. _ ................ ~ ................... _, ... 1 ....................................................................................................................................................... ..
................................................................................................................ 1 ........................ ; .... : ......... _ .. ,., .......................................................... ; ....... : ....................................... .
Chinese food is a popul choice for meals not only because
it is delicious, but also because there is such a great range of dishes
to choose from. But it i~ also li ely to be more expensive than other
kinds of food. As a result, anyo e who organises Chinese meals for
guests is thought of as being bot rich·and generous. 5
................................................................................ _, ............................. + .......................................................... _ ......................................................................................... ..
~~=~~~~-=~~===~=~:: ................................................................................................................... '1 .............................................. : ........................................................................................................ .
'I
EN322
I
'I
Because of global warming, the climate system has lost its
balance. It has not only affected rainfall patterns but also the water
cycle. Since the 1970s, climatic warming has increased draughts
over land. If ice from Antartica melts, the sea levels will increase.
So every nation needs to act now to limit the scale of warming in the 5
future.
Global warming = n'fl11~~1an~t:J'IJ
Draughts = f111li1Llf-3ufl'-3
................................................................................................................................................................................................................. ; ........................................................... .
Babies have a lot of growing to do before they are ready to be
born. When the egg and the sperm have joined together, they need a
safe, warm place in which to grow. Since babies are fed through an
umbilical cord, mothers have to eat useful food. As babies grow,
they begin to move around. For about nine months, babies grow. 5
Then they are ready to come into the world.
An umbilical cord = n'ltJn'~~ t:l
EN322 53
fl11U tla ft1ft11'W,1N
if11'WU1J.IL'Mihif ft~ t1TiwU11J~N&91::9~ 'M;B Indefinite pronouns LW one, I
some, someone, somebody, enr,rone,l everybody, other, others, another Lflutfu
~utla'J:wtrhS11'WU1J.JL'MthifJn'J=rlelmLSJ.J. e1un. 11u.tla L'W11=i1if11'WU1J.JL'Mihif l1Ji1191111HII1tllf1flli1lt1"JtttJlfl' fl11 IJ1fJ'IJiNthi11'WU1J.IL'Mihiftfue~ntJtft'Uft
uen'J1niffhtlw1n Relative p ouns Ltfu who, . what, where, which ~Ltfunu ~LLtlitfl111&i1 thL'MthdlJ.J,tfthcnJ.J] (question words) LLa:lliA11UtlaeenJ.J1lu
am~w=thfi1J.JLSJ.JBltl I'
1iiu.tla 1
1
1 .r~m.rna11a.~1u.a1i, · ,,wu,a.~mJJL~,=~~u.a::th«,"''4u1JJ~,w1n l 111! V , I ,f IV a !'!I ., ~
Relative pronouns J.IJ1ft11JJ'MJJ1!1fl1 fl1 LLflft11J.J'MJJ1!1~ttiUBUn'llu11Jfl fi~UU
Lde~tLLUit~~ti'a~'W~11N11.A'UftLLl't itfhft11'WU1J.IL'Mih;fitJtt1JJU;tJfllft!1Ui''ll
Ltl~fJUfl11JJ'MJ.J1!1ltltt1J.JiaA11J.JlnaL fJ~
I
M1ilth~n11Utlitff11'W,1NlNL'l1~'11 (lndetJnlte pronouns)
I
1. Treat others as you treat yourself.
~tJaJiiti&(f'i'U LMilBUtl'U~flNtJa fiBttULiN
2. Sometimes when life is troublesome you need comfort from one who loves you.
'U1~fff-udatntli1'U1milatlfeu f!N D~m1n11tlaeutrJu'J1n1197Bn19~i'nf1N 3. Whoever comes first is the one who will receive the prize ..
lA1~9\1JJ~JJ1Cl~LfiUflUU1n'J:LfJU(f tli'u11~ia 4. One has my· hand; the other has m heart.
"u"d"~L fluwurs:snftuHd.,Lflu fl1~
54 EN322
., I O ltl'f., I..: tl' ~::a~Ulfl11 fl1a11WU1aJ one, others ua:: the other u 1tLtlfl fl1iltl1~U~tLL a
ut~nth~nuaan 1tlfl1a.~tl;u..,
i'lafh~fl11Utla Relative prono1,1ns
1. What I appreciate most in your country is the easy-going character of the people.
i~tiua.~iut~a.~,.nn~tfttluu1uLjja~tJa~~"' fia '4flan~1t1 , .. ,,.,au1tJtJa~~flu 2. What you have written is not suitable for publication.
~.J ... 11 ..1 ...... ~ n~Hf!NLtltlU aJ L 'HaJ1Zfl~tf1WaJW
I
3. A person who is selti~ will have no friend . .lei 1., 11 ... .,
fJUt1L'HULLOfl1~t aJaJL ilU ·
EN322 55
1111 flntYfl 6.2
' . \l~utlath~tuftilil Indefinite pronquns ua~ Relative pronouns tie,tl\l1t\'
gnff&~ua~"a~cra1u 1
1
I
. 1. I'm afraid what I say will chas~ you away .
......................................................................................................................... ! ....................................................................................................... : ........................................... .
2. Why can't you see the other si~e of me?
........................................................................................................................ t,__ ................................................................................................................................................. .
3. He was the only one who told . e truths. · I ..... : .................................................................................................................. + ................................................................................................................................................. .
4. Anyone who wantS to attend ~e concert must give their names today.
. I
5. ;:~;~;::~:r:;-··- --- -6. ~=~~~:~:;t----------------- -
.......................................................................................................................... f .................................................................................................................................................. .
7. There was also another personl in the room. · I I .
......................................................................................................................... "[ ................................................................................................................................................. .
8. She is one of the best babysi1. ·
......................................................................................................................................................................... "'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' .............................. :····························
9. They say nothing lasts forever.
10.1 can't change any more ofmy*'lf; love me for what I am: .
56 EN322
uuu11nt1~ 6.3
. .. 'Hutlath~ Tutliiil Indefinite pronouns ua~ Relative pronouns fio,tlin,\'gn
.Yo~ua~cra~cra1u
1. Everyone has to learn ·from his mistakes.
2. You don't have to be afraid of what you are.
3. If nobody bends, something is broken.
4. She wrote some gossip about somebody famous .
................................................................................................................................................................................................................. ; ........................................................... .
5. Sometimes giving to others can also bring happiness.
6. One's never quite sure how the weather is going to change.
7. Nobody knows very much about his family.
8. Not everyone can go to see the parades, so many watch them on
television.
9. Some are not Thai citizens at all.
1 O.Have you seen another letter on my desk?
EN 322 57
I
• • • • ,. ""'"' " ,2. . I ft11U uftu1~ lflft'rttJUIM1h•t1flft11YfU1J.I· "it"
L,Ju
I,
lun1~1lf1fJL11Jn,:LLtla "lt"1
1i1 "uu" lun"JN~L11'MJ.nfJa·ulorf'H1mflmln '1 I
My cat is in the mat. t has blue eyes.
U111,e~iu,i'~ed1Ju,6e ,;:;,rv1l'•n!'lf1
I
LLfiL"Jl':: lJ.i\lfJJJLLtJa "It" i1 "fru" 'WfU'W~ilL'W"J1::~::W~t]lJ.iLrfUil1~1 lflfJ fl1"J a::i'f"J1'WU1JJl11u!1U~L!i'1l~Lrfuin~N~'Md~tJil~ll1~1lf1fJ .i~fi'1ilth~L,Ju .
My car is an old car. t runs vezy slowly.
"JatJa~d'uLrh ,~fl (& tlaf~ttJB:tS11rtU1u) fl1i'f"J"J'WU1JJ "It" ~rinl~Ltltn'l tnlum"JLLtJarl' LUU Impersonal pronoun ~
1JJ1tlLLf1UfiU'H1niorf tJnl~i~Ltlfln1,LLtlatJ1zlttfl~tfuol'ut1'1tl Impersonal pronoun
"It" i~tin ltJrl' I
1aLLtla
It was afternoon... I
tu,ButhtJ 1
1
It was evening ... : .,
fl1UB7
Oh! It's beautiful.
UHIJ! inti~Uftl
I
".I cl l"' .I t ..1~ .J "" ,_, ;
fin~ii 'H1nunn11fl1~ii Jn,:tfut~ tl1: lttfltf1tiU"JZ61U~l ifi11JJ'H111tl (dummy
~LLlJa,::L'HU fi111J"J:: tlffiJJ &.~fi11JJLntl1n1JL1fl10fl LU:f~Nil1"JJJNfi11JJ
subject) "it" · ,
lutJ1:Wflin~cu:ii'L11l~ilt111LLtlaa,,wu1JJ "It" ;, "uu" 'Hanlun11
LLtJath:lttflfltfuiui1tl "It" f1n lllclit"~tla "It" tJJ'utlat11:tTtlff ltl&atJ i~oi1nth~ tin ltld
I
58 EN 322
It's just that I don't want to lose you this way.
LwtHuti·h\lu lJjuenn1Q=UtliLiemsa ltluuud It's possible to get there; It's just tha.t It's rather late to start now.
1Q: ltlil1i'u~!ID21 li LW!I"uti·hfiau'li-Hi1 n l tl .. nJ aaii1Q:D am~um"twtaud' It was simply you that I was dreaming of. ~-"!! .~ ..... ~ ~o~LntHf!WLm'U'UfiO'UH'Um
lt is vel)' expensive; It costs almost 700 baht per kilo.
11fl1U'tH2J1fl n1aa:&fl61J 700 1J1'n
EN322 59
I uu~1m1~ 6.4
' !
·t~utJath~ 1uflt.dlcr11Yt'U 1SJ1 tTtlltfl? lSJ
I. It's our duty to protect the co~ from danger. I
......................................................................................................................... ! .................................................................................................................................................. .. 'I
2. It is not safe to cross the street rhen the green light is on. I
......................................................................................................................... j ................................... : ............................................................................................................... .. ' I
3. It is unsure if the traffic will be\ better.
! ........................................................................................................................ + ............................................................................................................................................... ..
4. It is difficult to predict the occ4rance of a tsunami.
-················.-· .................... ______ ................................ +-.. --.... -·--·--·-....................... ______________ ,,, ..... . 5. It is not difficult to say you are !sorry. · , ,
.. ,. ....................................................................................................................... ~ ................................................................................................................................................ . I
6. It took nearly ten hours to reac1 the top ofthe mountain.
I ........................................................................................................................... 1 ................................................................................................................................................. .
7. It's time for me to do it on my 1wn· I ............................................................................................................................ 1 ..................................................... : .......................................................................................... .
8. It's too late to try again. , \ I I ............................................................................................................... ~ ............ \ ............................................................................................................................................... ..
9. It's time to lend your helping li~ds. _ .... _ ................. _ ..................... - ...... -·+--...... ~ ............ _____ ....................... ____ ............. . 1 O.It's all about making good connrctions.
- ---- ----,--------~------:-:---- . ------
1
60 EN322
. '!I u
lltJtJttfl'tUl 6.5
I
tl~ut1atht lr.~fl4~ilcr11ft'U11.J1't\1A'ttlft111.J
1. It is important for people to fight for their rights .
....................................................................................................................................... : ...................................................................................................................................... .
2. It's a pitiful sight to see many dead bodies from a car bomb.
3. It will be easier to follow the instructions.
4. If you take it seriously, you may be discouraged.
5. It was too good to be true .
.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. •
6. It was a hot and humid day and the thermometer registered 39 degrees
c.
7. It is not fair to put the blame on the others.
8. It will probably rain all day with enormous risk of flooding.
9. It is not easy to raise a child.
1 O.It was a great moment when I reached home.
EN322 61
.:1 tJYIYI 7
n11U'l1ati1ft\1f1~iltl11JJ'HJJ1U'Ha1UUU
1. The photos of our holiday in Hua Hin haven't been developed yet. ... " .I I
a.t~LhJft11: ti l ltl..a .... ..l't/.1 tl J a1fJ91DU Lflfl111111Utlil~L Tlfl~ II& ilfiUU B•.Ul'fl
f111ut.lai1: Jtlil1fl91DUltiL~fl1~1i;UtJD~L'nJ~l1J1fi'unltfa1~Ll'fJ .. I II fll I II tl l I II .. "' .... .., .(
~109\1DfJ1~tl1~uu~:a11U11~LL a 1JLtl1 L~Uflfl11JJ11JJ1flDU 1 tJDU'IV.n
~hh "develop" LLtla lt1Vl1JJfl11JJLfltJiui1 wcwu1 &t/Ssuutla~ lt11flfJ la.l1iw~11N1 tnUfiL~iti1LfitnnuL~il~tiD~n11tl1fl"Stl .r~tfu "develon" ~fl11LLtlai1 a1~1tl v r v
2. She lost her will to live after her close friend's death.
il~LLt.la·h: LUDWlWUfl011JJ111fl11M~10L ;:jDUifUfl911fl al I .. ..a ... :t!t I .. ..a "" .:"1 ~ :t!t fi11LLlJl'11: LUil11JJfl111~fi~::JJ'D lflilt!11ft~~10fiL?4DUCfufi!J8~LUilLnUu191
. t.l1::1tJflif~utlautlailtnv.n:: lt.l~~l~i1 will ~~Lflufl1U11Jutlai1 ius-1 - .... .. I J, .. ~1 .., .J ..
fJ1111 LLVlfl11JJ~"S~fl11JJ11JJ1fJ8Utl8~ will tl8 Al1UU~UU 11"Sil Al1UIJ~ 9 9HL'DU LU ' '
muflif
iuut.la
EN322 63
1. blue (adj.)
1.1 LMT11LitJ1,
I always feel blue when the sun sets . .,.., ~~ .l'.-.d e; O,_Um~::4 , nLflf'l'lLJUl!J11-!Yf1:: 1fiiJI!JPin ·
1.2 a1a.~n
Some say Thai jokes are a 't blue.
1J1\11il~n&hTh ~JtftnLfi!JLtl~IJift fl11-1n
1.3 ,.,,.;tl1t=Lllt1'MG\1 (nou - •tlui!IHJtlf111uiiiB) /like the blues • ... O"!fDULYiftUif
1.4 eth\1lN~~t1fliiY (i111111 . ut of the blue)
He arrived completely out of the blue.
L!l11·11{"s (~L11} 7111t11tilll Lft
2. body (n.)
64
2.1 ii1YB1M"J/tl"UiuJIJ\1L;eiiYt1 tiYel The Boeing 747 has a wide body.
Llil~EJ"u"tu6\1 747 ili1fi1n1'1"
2.2 tf1nMw
Several bodies from the wrecked /p were washed ashore.
111nlftmft1!Jii1Yi~1m;oLL~Jtngn\illlla.i1L sis"
EN322
2.3 L0a'M1ihuil&hft'cy1Ja~1h'l A piece of news has a lead and a body.
m'liu,.;iul1::n&1Jtl'lfl1J'r11hth1n1J,d'sti11 2.4 i1~n1a
We wear clothes to keep our bodies wann.
111t11JJlriLI£1 Nl L~tltill,.;' ;,.,R11J6U~U
3. confidence (n.)
3.1 ft11a~Liaaiulufl11111111110 He lacks confidence in himself when he appears in public.
L!J1tl1tl fJ1111,fsJ'u l UfiULil·udatJ11nQoi1 l U~ifltn1N:: 3.2 fl1111ffi't1D1 f11111li'11~lst~ fl11111i1st~lUAU~U,.1ai-t~U
They have no confidence in the computer system.
Ltt1l,jjjfJ·nuli'11.,191::1J1JflilSJYhLflili' .,
3.3 fl1111it1J
The girl exchanged confidences about their boyfriends. ~ " ... ., .. ..1 Lttn~~uy.auanfJ11118tiL1MUnU , tta-tL6a
., 3.4 uanfl1111au
He took her Into his confidence and told her the whole truth.
Ll1t1Bn fJ1111BtiLL8tft11SJ~;-I~\1SJfl l 1f L1Silti111J
4. critical (adj.)
4.1 thft'lJII1n
EN322'
This was a crlUcal moment in his career.
t~aud'Lf1utrnL1&1ifilfi'&ymn l ua'liwtta-tL!J1
65
.. .. 4.2 ft1Mft I il,fl11tl
He was taken to hospital becau e his condition was crJUcal.
L!11Qfl1h~ t 1~'Wti1\J1rtLW11:81 11S'JHS
. 4.3 Uftfl~ft1111fifiL;;,ilth~l"'"~
He was highly critical of the vernment's policy.
Lm1w1nVi~J11N'U ttJtJ1tli'JtJ1rt t11f'f'J"'"
5. deliver (v.)
5.1 i~
The postman delivers letters eVi :ryday.
tn~ l tl1~alf1&tf~JfiM~1fl'tJni'u 5.2 tJ11t11t1 I tl11fl;t1
He delivered an interesting lect on Thai history at the seminar.
LtntJns1sL~e~tl,n--att1ftttil" ,,~~~,,
5.3 'thtl!i1ftrtilfl
The co-pilot and the steward de lvered a baby girl in mid-flight.
~t~ntliuua:w1l'M1uieui'tJ t~thtnhfltas"m'mwttMcU~tu,:wh~
Lfi!J1U,
8. a. lair (adj.)
6.1 J!ill1111
You must be talr to both sides.
fta&tlil~'li6nNtie~ftil~~a 6.2 flwa11
His knowledge of English I. is lair.
ft11~f.n1~18'~nqwa~L!I1WStll
66 EN 322
6.3 i'h1J111ihliau Unprotected.talr skin gets sunburned quickly.
S1111~~~~nn~unu~~urHha b. l~r (n.)
6.4 n11UIR~hft'1
I bought many books at the Chula book lair.
iula\1u~I8\181!JLctJJVln-nu HW as,,., 6.5 ~,,aanfl,
The Thai Red Cross talr is usually held in January.
·nun1tn~tlln•ri'~\uLiauJ.Jn11ftJJ ·
7. Dgure (n.) .. 7.1 "1L81J
Her income is in six Dgures.
11!1 li11B~LtiBLflu.r1ut~ntn\1in 7.2 41'U1'U
According to the research, there are high unemployment ligures.
VlftN&n1TS(a iJfJJnUftU"MlUf' 7.3 31111~
She is doing exetcises to improve her f'lare· Ltsaeenrhi-4mt~Litam \-M'Jtln"Ru
7.4 ~ftft&nhft''1f1ULL1J'U~\ttLL1JU~mJ~ The iate President Yitzak Rabin was one of the leading political Dpres of
Israel.
8tt91~1Z:tl'lU1Wfl il"f'ft 11UU tf'a1-4fULfiUf111118&hfi'cp1-4n11Lil8-4 .. ... flU'HU~,6~6&Y11i6a
EN322 67
8. host (n.)
8.1 Lf1n1W
Since his father was still abroad, e acted as host at the dinner party. I I "' II tl • II !II II , •
LW11t11YUI'l1Eh1L'li1!1"DCJP11" . 1tL'YIFI 'll1nLft!JPID"LtJ~Uf1R11H1'14Lft!l"fl1,11L!I~
8.2 wan111tJn11'ltl., r,.,,;",r Jack Is a famous talk show host •. LL;fiiLtl~,V6n111tlfl1'tfiJ~aioLfte"
8.3 ti11:L'rlflfL(1n1W
Thailand was the host country for the World Bank meeting in 1991.
tl1tL'YififL'YI!ILU't4Jif::&Jflf&l1n1Ht~n 1tl1::~1o!t1141fil11tnnt't4tl fii.Ff. 1991
9. ill (adj.)
9.1 il'ltJ
David was ill when he returned ~ m upcountry.
LPI'lP~ J71mdDL'll10et1Jiol1~1nPh"f",1 L~attftou,.1111,.1118~'U 'J 'UIIn~1nil111 9.2 There's a lot of ill feeling(- jealousy, anger, etc.) about her being
promoted.
am1BtJ81iJHJ1Lrie1n'UL~D"~LtiDL io\Yhu.ml" 9.3 If a black cat crosses your pat , it's considered ill omen.
tl1LL~o!1Pi1;"iP~,\l'1Ltlfto11LU\4.8'NI111 (ffllfnll)
10. party (n)
1 o.1 t1\nitJtlta,,l( L,ha t1\1Li ti'\ILn• (a birthday party)
f11UitJtLL.Itt1\l (a weddin party) Ltl14i"
68
btlfore she moves out. ~=J,eoonl t1
EN322
10.2 W11filn11Liiil\1 (a political party)
The Prime Minister came from the Labour Party • .., ...
~1!1n1J3-1~91,J.l1~1nwnsu.,~~1~
I ~ "' ... e A I -1 I ~ !fl II 1 0.3 n'!a.lfiiU'rii~11"U.It11LWil'rl1n\ln11a.I\J1\1ilfJ1\1 L'U'U 'rlfJ\1L'rlfJ1 L1J'Uti'U
The special bus was full of a party of tourists.
The two parties cannot agree on legal issues.
~ .!1 , I "" , i!-1. tl .. II fl~tUI~N1fJ LJ.lff1J.l1,(191na~n~L91 L~ ,::L~~911~n!Jl'IJ.l1!1
11. operation (n.)
11.1 unt1'Rn11
U.S. soldiers performed important military operations in Bosnia .
.., _, .. - ~ ..J .., ..1 ... fll'l1,ffW~J., JiliJiffB1,fl1~fll'I1,FI,~"'1FiqjfiUElffL~!I
I "' 11.2 n111.11t1tt
The surgeon is performing a minor operation on her hand .
.lY. ... .., ' ., .. ..1. l'lft!IU.'WfiEJma~•1fffiLanfiJ.lEl!lEl~Loa
11.3 &f1'U1'U in (into) operation 'tU·I1!1£i\'l n1tN,;1&UVtJ1f 'YI;£l n1IN 1s When does the new traffic law come into operation 'l
L~£JL'n1n!Jl'l3-11!1~,,~, e::ssn ltl'
12. to run (v.) .... - .... 12.1 1\JUtt,.B\JII!LL8/\lttn11
She runs the household.
EN322 69
12.2
12.3
12.4
12.5
.¥ UUJ!J
The vine· runs over the po h.
I J' hi a LC11£li\4UU1t/ Pl11ol-,::LU!h'l . ... . fl11\1,.1\11"
The engine is running.
d ... • .., .• LA.,£l~~n.,n1a~n1~1u ,,.. Tears were running his fa
r 7 ., 1411J11 71ml1U't1141L!I1
I (em) t18\1L'MI1 (I~L ., .. . ..
tt) LW11~~11N18"'M18"1
If a dye is nonfast, the colo r will run when the material is washed.
ti1ftEia~o~la.lliP~ L~ai.hltl~ni ::an
J 3. local ( adj)
13.1 \iatd" t"tiatd" There are not many docto in the local hospital.
laJil,.,~o~a~o~1nt.t'nt 14{ .,~-wmu1 J's.,du
13.2 LQW1~fl (t18,\1Tltfl1t1)
The cyst was removed und r local anaesthetic. .
tlafi'Qnd1£J£JntP~!Jn1.,QPI!J1!f u1w1::YI
14. subject (n.)
14.1 11'118 He tried to change the sub. of the conversation from politics to sport.
L!I1'W!J1!J11-1 Ltlis\. mri'B n11 'VI141 fi1R L~El\1n11~£l\1LiJ14"~
70 EN322
Chemistry is my favorite subject
LfliM~Ju1nfiou'liD'll~1n 14.3 'WftLi1D~tlil~1h~L'nff~iJ'W"S~Ninn1ft~;aLfluth~Ntl
He denied that he is a British subject.
Ltt1tl~Latrh 1JJ1tid~Juwadis·nwnq~
'
15. table (n.)
15.1 .. ,,~
The figures in ~e table show t}:Je decrease in this year's profits.
i'lLftttlutR111-l4St~~ l ~dhu-tarh 1 ,fiat~ a~ .,
15.2 if1,\Jty
The table of contents shows· the different parts into which the book is
divided.
anni'~~ust~~it~thuti~ , ,.,,..;t,,r~aauu~ 11' 15.3 thU'lU under the table (of money) Lluih&'UU Lluli£1~
They offered me one million under the table if I would vote against the
government's plan&.
LtniiiJitUUWULfiUVlU'lUL1U 1 a1U\J1'n 01QU88nLif!J~fttlft1ULL~Un11
timetable (n.) • tl1mL'lft1Lil/DDn tlil~1Cl/,a lW/Lfi~B~UU (British English)
• t11mseu (American Engllsb)
EN322 71
UUtJ nttf! 7.1
" t-3ut.lath~luflfie,t.lmtnt\1tfl111J
1. Some believe that a crow is a b rd ofUI omen.
2. The king always delivers the ew Year speech of blessing.
3. Two were dead and many were in critical condition.
4. I bought a handmade teddy be at a fair.
5. The story is not really intelligi le unless you know about insects.
. . . ......................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................... -...................... .
6. The figures in the stock charge are not clear.
7. My friend recently underwent operation on his. appendicitis.
8. The host country must provide everything.
9. There are thousands of bodies at cannot be identified.
IO.A female militant was conv' ted of trying to bomb Los Angeles
International Airport.
72 EN322
UtJtJ1In,Y.-a 7.2
1. The baby who weighed at about 7.5 kilograms was delivered by a
caesarian operation.
-2. The program will be broadcast live on Channel 9 with Adisak as host.
3. The ptail is delivered two times a day.
4. We need more volunteers for the relief operations .
................................................................................................................................................................................................. ~ ........................................................................... .
5. The figures of the death toll from the tsunami artt up to 5303.
••••••••••••••••••••••o•oo••••oo•••••••••••oo•••••••••••••oo•••oo•oo•••••••••••••oo•••••••••oo•oooooo•••••••••••••••••••••••••••oo••••••••••••••••••••••oo•oo•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••t•••OO•••••••••••••••••••••••••oo•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••oo•••••••••••••
6. There are not enough operation rooms for all the injured. !
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••··•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••·•·•··••···•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••·••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••T'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''•••••
7. They said nearly 100 bodies had been recovered ~t the beach .
................................................................................................................................................................................................ :-···········································································
8. Her boss had to retire. early because of ill health.
9. Only a skilled surgeon can perform a heart operation .
................................................................................................................................................................................................ j ....................................................... ,_ .................. .
lO.Martin Luther King was an important political figure who wanted
equal rights for black people~
EN322 73
.d 1JYIYI 8
-· 0 u _i.d -• ... u 0 ~ " 011Uutlfllfi'Wll113ui'UlJ\UJO'Jili'H
ai11\lfll1JJ'Hs.nuil~
., " .. ., "' . ... ""' ' ., .., ' . ' - 911S:mflftit1fJfllHfl1J911if:nfltlil~fl1fll~nfl11ll~ll1fJnUfl LtiU ft111 militant
(adj.) ml'l"'~ ~fi'1S:nflfta1fJ01Jfh11 military (n.) na-3ntv ~~il1~'ti1l\1
~LLtlit1J1~ftUiflt1La111 militant ~ft11ll~ll1fJfta1fJ01Jth11 military
fi'1S:nfltlil~thtl'vnf1J1~fh lnaLflfJ~OUJJ1n~U'ti1 l \i~LLUitft1JifU L"iJU th11 • J ,., J ., • ' .., ..
stationary (adj.) fNH Bf!nVn fl1J stationery (n.) &fJ1B-3&fJtJU
fi'1if:nfltJil~thtl'v.~1J1~fl1fta1EJ01Jthti''W~~L6ill11lil (suffix) L"liu fh11
. hardly (adv.) lN1fJ-i9:: 01J hard (adj.) HUn, (adv.) Bth~Hun ~LLtlit
il1~Li1l~11 hardly ll1~1n hard ~LLtlit11 HUn Lilli ly ~~ll1'JLLtlittlfl1oi
• 1!1. n ., ... · ..r !'I .... "" ., " t1 ., -t..:t " " t1 " t fl1¥'1'Wfl U 3 ilfltiW: flflit11li1ULuUuty~1ll1fla1~11J~LL it JJflll 1 ~tfLL itLtl1 'J
fl11JJl1JJ1fJ~flLLit:LL\Jit~ft
18utJit
"tJ "" U T ... " .,j U ... tfLL itfl1"J'W~1"JW1 1: LfJfl~"Jlltlilfl11llfi'J:LL it LLit:'W'J1"JW1ft11ll\'lll1fJtlil~
fl1A'W,;'911 JJtM1Jflil rh~"Jil1J fl il1J LLit :Ltiu ti'u 01J fl11 LL tl it fl1fr'W'ri'~ii fl11 lll'lll1 fJ~it1tn! fJ .. .. 1' ill.. ' ~ .. 1'"" UJilLflftfl11ll ll LL U \iJ UL "JiNfl11ll~ll1fJflfl119111\iJSil\J\iJ1fl'W\iJU1~fl1liL 'Wil\iJ: ll Lflfl
.fl11ll~fl'Wit1flL Ufl11LLUit
EN322 75
Ill I e _3. ...... af .. Ill e 'J "'J fl1iltJ1~fl11'1WflfiJuL!JfJ'U14ftfl1 L Ltl1 L'.lfl11141UI1tJU6t
1. alone (adv.) 11111B1tH
He stays alone but he is not lonely
L!l1£l~,111ihW-lLLflL,J1n12Jjftn11& lLitfJ
2. beside (prep.) rr,., ., There is a small table beside the d. ~~~~ - '., ... 11 Lfl:aan 1 Eltj!/1-lLflfJ~
3. hardly ( adv.) "nuv:: lli Her bedroom was so small that we could hardly move around in it.
,; tl-3Ufl'UIIItl-3 '11 fl &Bn111 ntunnfi'~ ,,, "JJe::utlsu7tn M,;
4. helpless (adj.) 1J.iS11111flfhtJ&H B,U&iN lc;j A small baby is helpless.
L~man 1 l2Ja11111afhs,n,s., li
... ... t:l 5. industrious (adj.) fltJU!IUUf/-1
Somsri was such an industrious s dent that she received a four-year scholarship
to college. ... fit ., !S .J ., ., t:l 1 .,., ' • -~~... ... .,
if11f11L uU'Unvtn1~1'YiflfJUf/UU!I-l111n 'U fl1\Jfl'ULa1L 1fJ'Uifu L 'U11'H11'YJV1atl
6. intelligible (adj.) i'fU9U /&ri'1tv
76
Her explanation was so confused th t it was barely Intelligible.
thaBu1tlll£l~L6aq~PJ1niuau~uLL't1 ~= 12J&ti'1 tv
EN322
., t:l .r 7. lately (adv.) U./8&71 '111
The traffic problem in Bangkok bas been ignored until vezy lately.
iltymn1-s~n~-slun1~L'nV.., umus1atJantteatl~un-s::~d1s&f1 'l if
B. liquidated (adJ.) th4'~t / fln&in
The government announced that two private banks were to be Uquldated. W . I . I II .. ..
1)\J1aLLaa~'l11iU1fl1"SL&n!fuifa~LL'K~~::tleh1!Jn&ftnnvn11
( ) ., 1-'¥.. ., 9. militant adj. Hl'f'IU1~ / fiBU Dn1a~
J., .. 1-'¥.. ., militant (n.) 'l/flf9fftiH1711U1~H18fi8U Dn1a~
The miHtant farmers rallied in front of Government House.
!f1'1U1tn711" '~L~Uti\J'lU 1 thnl'1,1L U!JtJi')tJ1a
10. matchless (adJ.) 11Ji1ifnnsu The onlookers were stunned by her matchless beauty.
~!fSJ9lntu~a~nufl'l1SJ~1SJii'u llli1tlnnf1Utla~Laa "
11. namely (adv.) lluti At first, there are five countries in Asean, namely Malaysia, Singapore, the
Philippines, Indonesia and Thailand.
L~SJLL1nih1,u1::L'nftlua1Li!Ju lluri mLaLieJ, it~fllu1, WiitJtluif, fiulfluLi!J LLit::U"S::L 'rift 1'ri!J
12. nearly (adv.) dfau When the traffic was bad, it took me nearly two hours to get to the university.
Ldan,,n,,~,~,La'ln!J d'uliL'la1&nsuaa~fltSJ~Li4a~::1uSJmi"tJ1a!J
EN322 77
13. prkelelll (adJ.) llthtm.lmna~ (n 1) -1JI.r ·He owned· a~ co!lection ofptiin · · •
Ltruflulfna~H~nwnt~tlu-wann~iifi1 vtl18111111 (11fl1) 1111ft'
l4. ,...,..,_ <'*~) 'IIHw•l"•,, / • .,.,.~,,,.,, · He Jmow that it _,.risty; ,_be we.nt .,..,_.
L'\11f111tJ~i1 LiftJ~ ufiD.,Bih.,Jviffi1M'\11 n nh~6,U
16. su«eaate (ai(J.)"· &IIJv&(N,,,.,,. ... .,f••Lhrf• · The &QOwStorm hippeDixl-on_ fWO_ .. ....
Ynq~an:Lfit~fua&n,;l..,., ·.
ft1ftw~ii1&1nRtniLRstn~ l. ab,..,·nu IIIHMnl
abroad (adv.) - aj/ lll~mr aboanf.(adv.) iv(w) &U/70 '"~ I've never Jived abroad before.
Q'ulaJLtt&J.j,;,.,t/n&Jflftll~IU.
The boat awayed u .he stepped._,• L1aLitHufat1hnnluwafa
2. 'affect nu etrect
affect (v.) i1triitlisvutla.,/ iiifliwa 's (to_ innuence physically or emotionally) effect (n.) •a (n1mv) (a result)
78
effect (v.) mtWin• (to prqduce, to ca to happen)
The doctors wanted to see how the medi ation would affect the patient.
'H1J6fl6~fl11~i1tJ1iiraatiatna1tiath-11,
EN322
Decreasing taxes will have an adv~ etrect on the future of the government . ... :.I ... I V
n1\1Yit'l~t'I-3,::VIIiJR1::tfJMtltl\l1flfliU6~'JJ1.11a
Deng's free market policies have. effected a number of changes in roral China.
ultJtJltJn1'lfl1 La'; ttl fl-1 Li-1 L8tJ1 N-1 lil1Hinflfl11LUfi fJULLU tl-11Jln1J1fJ1U.,UlJ'Vlttlfl-1 Lil fl-'I;U
3. compliment OtJ complement
compliment (n.) thvntiB-I/fii.J&flfl/&iiutJB/fi111J&f91'11'1/fiB-IiJih1'unu·m1'1
complement {n.) B1Uth::niJtJ
His boss was pleased with his compliment. ( n.)
L-4'1U1ti'Will'J l UA1&SUt1BtJil~tJ1
He complimented his boss on his success. (v.)
LtJ1tlnDiJ-11Ufl11JJihL;'Jtlil~Li1U1tl
A fine wine is a complement to a good meal. (n.)
hu·nuaf1Lflutl7uth::natJtJa~m'H11~Laff·nl The wine complements the cheese perfectly. ( v.)
1 .. "" .., tl .., "' ' • 1 .,... ... ... .... 1ULJJil'i1J 'i:fi1UntJLUtJLLtl~'J:!f1tiYI1 'HJJ'iif'lfl9l9lLafl
.., 4. considerable fl\J considerate
considerable (adj.) V1U1Uinn
considerate (adj.) &n"So~!v/RAO-IVII1VfliJ-IU-iu/7::NA"S:ri'-l/'18tJftiJtJ "
He had a considerable amount of money and was quite considerate regarding the
welfare of his employees. ... .... . ' ' " ., ., . .., "' "" ., ...
L tl1 JJ L~U 91U1UJJ1 fl LLfl Ltl1fl ilUtl1~'J:"S8 tJ f9 iJtJ'1::11A"S::1-IL fl tl1 fltJ L 'iil~ if1iffl fl1'iil~
EN 322 79
., . 5. dairy n\J diary
dairy (n.) rl1{11fltull (,dtnti'u~ nua::u11
diary (n.) "'1'"1uiln He owns a dairy fann.
L!I1LfJULtQ1tl&diVnlnil{lllfl'UJJ Did you put the date of the meeting ·n your diary'?
flN~trlUUfiMJJ1f11Uif'fiJUUiJnM;iJL in
., 6. decent n\J descent
decent (adJ.) ,;,,,.,,., / uuSs. descent (n.) ,n,{,,.., She is basically. a decent woman; h
influence of her husband.
lflotJnilua1LDDLfJutfM&Y~~'huuiTs Lwn:ii~BwatJu~mil
descent into a life of crime was due to the
., 7. dessert n\J desert
dessa1 (n.)
diiSert (n.)
!IB.,H11U
n::urnns
Date is a kind of fruit that grows in e desert and it is a good dessert.
iiu~UlftJJLfJu~a lJwufiM;j~~tJun lu ::utnnDua:LfJu!IB.,H71UDfh~il
., 8. disinterested n\J uninterested
80
disinterested (adJ.) lll'll&iltniB., ~ninterested (adJ.) lllsutv As a disinterested observer, he is not biased.
lufluttfi~Lnt~n11N;/l,;Dthu,;/s, B.,, Ltl1~~ lli,1LDfl~
EN322
He is uninterested in learning anything.
Ltn lJJau1v~'.ltL;fJUDt lnafJ
., 9. emigrate nu immigrate
emigrate ( v.) B11J / 8WIJWII1
. immigrate ( v.) B11J / BWfiWltl
Kamton emigrated from Laos in 1982 and then immigrated to the United States.
•hiuswt1WN1'.11na11lutl fl.f'l. 1982 ua:nswswltlu~~~'Hi'!m,;n,
., 1 0. formerly nu formally
formerly (adv.) u,;risu
formally (adv.) sth~&f'l11fl1~n1'J
Singapore was formerly ruled by Britain.
u,;risuit~flttl1gnD'~nq1:ttlnfl1D~
Mr. Smith has formally accepted the job.
'U1fJ~ill5i'U1J D1J~1'USfi1~& f'lu111~ n11
., 11. guerrilla nu gorilla
guerrilla (n.) fv'Jtisn1ms
gorilla (n.) i~ns7&1f1
A group of guerrillas recently planted many bombs in Peru. ' .,, ., .. l tl ... "' .z
nitNI.tnSn11'J1ll1~1tL1Jfl 'UL 1L1JDL11 1 'U ' v v
The gor_illa is an endangered species.
i~ns7~ta1LfiuitrSlnd'f'lJM'uq
EN322 81
12. healthy nu healthful
healthy (adJ.) "'"""" / t[fln wi healthful (adJ.) i11Bftln1W / 1lH'uG.,un He is healthy because his house is high on a mountain, and he always breathes the
healthful mountain air.
LtJ1ilf1Jn1JYiLWTltU1'UtJiHLtJ1Dd UJ'U{ILtJ1LL&tL11iJn~tlt1fJl~a101f1{1LtJ1i~~oia
f1Jn1tv
.. 13. heroin nu heroine
heroin (n.) lf17UJtvi" (utf78 )
· heroine (n.) U14&Bn
In this film, the heroine used to a heroin addict.
lull1'WfJUtti'L~o~if il14&DnLflfJLtJ ~iiflt11&swi~t
.. 14. Imaginary 01J imaginative
\
imaginary (adj.) iJNNi
imaginative (adj.) Jl1.,iv•tnn1
An imaginative writer writes a no~ in which all .the characters am Imaginary . ., !! ""-~- - ... il ... ., ,_,.. ., J J 'U0bJfJ'U'riD149U,U1n17LtJfJ'U'U1 1fJ'riLtl~ ~,.,fl1fJtl1fttfl1HSNNWZI'U~1
.. 15. personnel nu persoiUII
82
personnel (uncount. n.) uuuny, "/ 'l"'nn7 personal (adj.) &tlutllUWJ
He had a personal problem with th manager of the personnel department.·
LtJ1ililcy~11BlUii'lrl1J~{fln11UIIUn ftftlf
EN322
., 16. principal nv principle
principal (n.) flllHq/
principle (n.) nQ&ntutf / Han&nOitf
The principal achieved his high position by adhering to the principles of honesty,
fairness and hard worlc.
"ltHq/ltR'tJthLL'Mu~t"siltnTu1u'Mann,,a!u.mfi11JJiuft~rf qits11JJ LLa~,;,~,u .,
'MUn
., 1 7. sample nv example
18.
sample (n.) ilsrh~ (iufi'1 / 11i11ntutf / n11JIIIIIiN)
example (n.) i'1sth~ (tJ8~fll111ftll&gu,ifsif1vu1H'&ilufll111V7~) They took several samples of the soil near Karat; for example, they took
some from. See Kew ,and Komburi.
'W1nLtnl9l',;'-,sti1~au,.a1f.lu.~~lni '1 lfl11!f i'-,sti1~L'liu iiu~1nafi'1 u.a: f'IBU'l!;
., sensitive n\J sensible
sensiUve (adJ.) (s1111af) lisu1Hl / n/nw1~
sensible (adJ.) i1&H'JIIII / i1tniTfl/&hiln
Surely it would be seulble to get a second opinion.
u.uuuutiaJJi1&H'Ii1ua~.~~fi11JJL{;uflsu~ Don't be so sensiUve; I wasn 't criticizing you!
Dthssu lHlUnLitfJ au lJJlt~i'W1ntfl~11N~NSn'MUDfJ
EN322 83
... 19. special 0\J especially
sp~al (adj.) ii&RW / unn:: I
1,1
. especially (adv.) T~tti&A)¥1::
She tspeclally was moved when r• saw her .little dBughter's spec1ai per-
1ormance in the play. I
LDaifufiul'l ~IIIIIIAIV1mfa'IDim1LU'tlillfMIINUnlln luatfl1
20. stationary n\J. stationery
stationary (adj.) ,..,;1 / s;iuil stationer; (n.) ,,!s~&lsu (n1:: v / thnnl / iu«s) House prices have been stationary fa several months.
" J 'f.l ... 11fl1\J1U,"tJB~L UL1lt1'Hlt1fiLflBUU 1
Please write your comment on hotel tlonery.
t tl1flL!ifiUfhi~11NtiB~f1Wlt~ l un1::1r !191JHII"'tlfl8" f'""'"
84 EN322
uuuilnttf'l 8.1
" .,~utlcn..h~ luflfie ,tlirhn~ Qfl'luJ
1. Thailand got a lot of compliments from many countrie~ that lost their
people.
2. The painting shows her imaginative idea.
3. Her adviser gave her a sensible suggestion. •
.4. His children are strong and healthy.
5. He runs his business by the principles of honesty.
6. The land formerly belonged to my ancestors.
7. Most of the desserts are too sweet.
8. The baby gorilla was born yester:day.
9. You can buy this pen at the stationery shop.
10. The car was held in the desert.
EN 322 85
~•uuflnli'11 8.2 I
'I
1. He is the type of a person ho was pleased with compliments.
2. The traffic nearly stopped hen it rained heavily.
3. A cons~derable amount of hickens were·killed in the Sars crisis.
······························"-·············································································································································································································································
4. Ice cream is her favorite d sert in Summer.
5. She always notes down im ortant events in her diary.
6. Decent people will not ste 1 even though they have a chance.
7. She does not know about h r boss penonallife. ·
8. She hardly ever wore a lo~g skirt .
............................................................................. : ............................ j .. -.......................................................................................................................................................... .. 9. After Saddam was arrested the terrorists became more militant.
' IO.Without proper food, the b y would be helpless against an attack of
disease.
86 EN322
.d 1JYI11 9
fl11ut1a Phrasal verbs
.. ... ,.,.,, , ., ::, Phrasal verbs "18 two-word verbs Uti~ !fmnnn Ull11:t1B~nq1:t \1~ Ull11:t1
'3tlLLtt:m11:t1LiJt1u lfl1~1fTN11B~ Phrasal verbs 1h::nauol'·u18B·Uhu AB thnimua::
thuth::nau I
verbl + preposition or particle
put f out = put out (to extinguish)
., Ldal~UJ~t11::ltJfl a::iln11~ 01fl11~1fuLflUct11'WU1~~::11~B~1::"·h~ verb
nu particle fi1Btl~Ltiu
' EN 322
Yesterday a tire broke out at the new market. The firemen were able to put it
out. ""' ,1 .. 1··'1 .,..,J , I ., ., -. ., 1 ., ., L~B11UULAfl n "~\'lflit1fl "~ 'WU0~1'Uf'IUL'VH~~~tl fi\'IU
., :: ~· ..t 1" "' tl1011~UULuUrt1U1~~::11~ :l"a~ preposition
The firemen were able to put out the fire at the new market.
";B1'H 11'1::wl'H verb + particle iflti' The firemen were able to put the nre out at the new market.
vnl'n~1UflULYtfi~fi'V lw~flit1fl 1 "~1of
87
1uutla 1
D1U1.ht lt~ft'H;ati'Dft1 ~ 1 l1Li11" lflt~'A"11N1"1ntJ;un~11 Phrasal
verbs 1fu 1flufl11JJ'H~1t!lfl il1"liV4" 11i01~.tht~1un1-st1'U'H1ft11~'H~1tl V4"U11i01~ ~LRt1101J Phrasal verbs lflt!LQW1t il'H 1tmi~ LUU
• NTC's Basic Phrasal Verbs. Lincolnwood, Rlinois: National Textbook,
1996.
• Longman Dictionary of Ph sal Ver~s. Harlow, Essex: Longman, 1983.
J, l•• I cf .. ~ .. I V4"U11ifl1JJf11 1 u 1J1~LftJJ n DD1J1!1Lnt11.n1J Phrasal verbs LtiU
\ • nd
• The Oxford English Diction ry. 2 ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989.
rd • Longman Dictionary of C temporary English. 3 ed. H~rlow, Essex:
Longman, 1995.
• Collins Cobuild. London an Glasgow: Collins Publishers, 1990.
.. I
fl1ilfJ1~ Phrasal verbs
1. break down
88
1.1 stop functioning
This machine will break do n if you don't take care of it.
Lfl1il~t!Uvt'"tJNcl1flN l1JLB1 "ltfJu
1.2 lose control of one's emotio s
She broke down when she h ard of her friend's accident. _f"' f f ""' ~ I .... ""'
LDil fl11lfJIIi1111JIII &Nilf!L~il fllJU!l11~1JfiL 'H~!lil~ L V4 DU
1.3 to break something down (tans v.)
The survey breaks dow':' the population of ~ailand region 'by region.
m1i111"U1t!11n11J£i~tJ1::L ffl fi!IUU~ ltlt~1JJil1fl
EN322
2. bring down
2.1 to cause to fall or come down
After much hard bargaining, he brought the price down to 300 baht for
the dress.
'Hfl~~1fltlD1£l~tlUDfhnnl'n L111fi811fl1Lia'lttB•UI1L'Haa 300 1J1fl
2.2 cause to be defeated, defeat
This scandal could well bring the government down. ... "' .~ ..t-.. .... . n ........ L1D~£l£lQ11UifU.I110TI f L'H1JU1iUV1fiUW flf1Lfltl1
3. bring forward
3.1 propose or to show or protluce for examinalion
She brought forward a new proposal to her thesis adviser. ,. . .. .. n . . .. ....~.~
L5£lUf118 Lfl1~m1flti1UWU6 'H)JLLn £n;;J11tlflu1n~1
3. 2 to bring (something in the future) nearer to the present time
The head of the department has. brought the meeting forward to next
Monday. .. .. "" tl .. f'l .. .. .. ..
'H1'HU11l1fUB8Un11 1~'!)J&fi11.J1LuU1U;;!Ufi1'HU1
4. brush aside· • to dlsrepJ'd
The official brushed aside the witness's protest.
Lf1HU1tfiJJ1JitJfi11.lJ::Yl1~'1ltH'WtJ1U
5. brush up = to improve
He wants to brush up his knowledge of French belqre he goes to Paris .. .. ' ~ ~ .. • • .:. ' ..1 ltl· ..... ~
L111\J'Iil~n11nUyfl11JJ31l11:t1w"NLf1ifnau""~ u ·~if
EN 322 89
6. build on
6.1 to make as an additional bulldl~g This part of the house was built' ~n later.
thudtra·nj',utJis&iMfut-.nJ
6.2 to use as a base for turtber de opment
In the new job, he will be ab to build OD his previous experience in
marketing.
L!l1ifUJ11llUU1nth::&f\Jn11NLOl fl'1Un11tta1ftLtfUlUnUt'MJJ1tf
7. build up • to Increase, develop or bee e gradually larger
He has built up a good f~ly b siness over the year. (trans v.)
L!l1ftDtl '1 Uf7N&Jn"q1n~fiii!ID ft1D\Jfl'i1JJ1U1U'Ma1tiU
His anger built up until he finall exploded. (intrans.v.)
fl11JJ 1n1ri!ID~L!l1&tluN'lni~u1 L UttDDnJJ1 t u;liffl
8. cheer up (for a sad person) • to be h PY,
After a while, she began to chee up. (intrans.v.)
'Mi~~1m1a1~hu ltJflt~cut LriDn ;~Jils'ln'l77-u7.,ffu She took flowers and chocolate ~ the hospital to cheer her friend up.
(trans.v.) , ' I
LriilU1ttDn 1Ju.a::'lrlln tnu.;tt ltJtl sutvL~euitt"Nwti1\J1a 9. clamp down on= to stop or to contro
The principal has got to clamp own on gambling in the school.
tlll11qjitH~,j1a1JJprl11&rium1'W .,uluhu1vu 10. clear up
10.1 to Improve
After the whole day of raining, weather cleared up.
'HM~n;INuttnttaDfli~ a1n1ff urJ11tJu
90 EN322
1 0.2 to solve
The manager hopes to clear up the company's problem quickly. "., ., .,J !'.!&f ~ ., , " I d ~~fln11\'I'Nfl~:"nucyH1tJB~\h\ffl'tlarn~nt~L11
11. come apart = to disintegrate
I picked up the old book and it just came apart in my hands . ., ... .,!5 • .z .,d .. OU\'Iti\J\'IU~etBLn1tJUJJ1U8ZJJUnHilfin7::91Vft12J8
12. come down = to drop, to fall
When the inflation starts to come down, the stock market will improve. ""' ., .. .'!1 " d_ ... ., .. .z L2J88tl11L~ULn8BIJB~ fl£t1tl'tUnu1\Jfl1fltJU
13. cover up = to cover completely / to prevent from being noticed or becoming
publicly known
They covered up the scandal so nobody knew.
t1 il ""' ,f ., z; .. 1'~ I " vnmt11 n IJL1B~aao11 fl~uu ~~ ,.,,., Lfl1a1~l
She fell asleep on the sofa so I covered her up with a blanket
L58UBU\'Ia\J lu\JU l'lfvh;l'u~~HIIU1HU LlfL68
14. crack down = to enforce the rules or laws against
The Prime Minister is determined to crack down on corruption . ., .. z; .. ..1 t1 t1 " ....
U1tln1!JJUtl1fl~ L~'YI~: TJlJ 71Un110£l11\i!}1\J~\181~
15. cut back = to reduce by cutting
Her husband cut back the amount of money that he used to give her.
~ ., .... ..I "'" if1Jitlil~Ltlil_,IJL~U~1U1UfiLtJ1LftfJ L\'IL6il
16. fade away = to disappear gradually
In the evening, I like to watch the sunlight fade away.
l d ., ... ....~ • • ltl UtlilULfJU 0Utf8\JJJ£l~f1Uif~il1'Yifltlflf98fl 1 &B81JH1fl
"' '
EN 322 91
92
17.
I
fall back = to JDOI'O or tul back
The crowd ten back to l~t the policemen through.
~~!fU118tJHBn111~1,;'f11~~Li1JJ1 I
18, flllln
18.1 to complete
He wants somebody to h lp him fill in the application form.
Lt11io~m'1"1fl1ftnflu !.ln7sn1uetJfl11,;'
18.2 to substitute
If you don't come, we'll md someone to fill in for you.
d'1fJG! ,1J1J1L'S1t::'Hlft'U1J111 fJlU
19. lind out = to discover or to l arn (a fact that was hidden)
She looked in the closet i order to lind out his secrets.
l .,.z " ... .., UUUJil~'H1 U~Ufile-11L~£l UH1fi11J.Jil\Jtlil~Ltl1
20. lit in
20.1 to match or to agree
His ideas did not quite nt in with our plan.
fi11JJtlfltlil~Lti17Ji&fi'1nU \JLLe.IU011tlfNL 11
20.2 to harmonize I
The house nts in beautifu ly with its surroundings. " .,,., ..I " '
\J1U&t/1ntJlfCI1UfiLL1flilil ilrJ1~lf1!1~1JJ
21. give out
21.1 to distribute
We plan to go to the orph age to give out the money to the children.
LTl11~LLe.IU~~::lt.JifetCJ1UL rJ~L~nth\'tflL~DtJ791PJL~U1,;L~n '1
EN322
21.2 to stop functioning
My old car's engine gave out wheh I tried to drive it • .. 1' ., .,.,.., .,.,
Lfl1il~tJUVJ10Lfl1!1D~QUIV4LUDQUfifJ1fJ1JJ~=tJ\J1JU
22. give up
2 2.1 to stop doing something
He tried to give up smoking since it c~ cause lung cancer. . - .. ...1'1"• !t.l L!I1WtJ1tJ1J.I&8n\1tJ"tl11Lfi11t"t111TI1 Ll1LflOlJJ:=L'1~uDOl
22.2 to admit defeat
I finally gave up trying to use a computer .
... .. ., . ., ... .. "" -~ ~ LUYl'fOlOUfl811&8nfl11J.Ifitl1t11SJYl~t LtiflDJ.In1L01£1'1
23. go down
23.1 to become lower
The value of money has gone down eve.ry year, while the price of goods
has risen. ' ... J ;n ..1 ~., • ..:.z
fl1tlil~L~U8c;Jif18"'Jfl UtJa&tYl11fl1ctUfl1nLVUJtJU
23.2 to slnlc or to disappear from sight
Three ships disappeared and we believed that they went down in the stonn.
L;ilS1J.Jih111tJ l tlu.atL 11LiDi1Jl'U91Mltll ~ UYnf!
24. go over
24.1 to examine or consider carefully
We went over the accounts ve.ry thoroughly but couldn't find any mistakes . ., ~ ' ... ' ..1:~ l ' LTllfT.J9ifStJ\J'U'Diltl1~fttLiltiOlfttilDLLfi111YlwOl 1JW\J
EN 322 93
\
24.2 to repeat
I asked the boy to go over his s~zy again.
11'ut~aliL~n~tnfJLthL1auh1-.nJI
25. keep up
28.
25.1 to maintain or to continue
Thai children abroad are taught keep up Thai traditions.
L~nlflt~luth~tJ1tLflf'flifun11 saultf;ntnt11tLWNlflfJ 25.2 to look alter and keep In good
He spent a lot of money to keep up his castle.
Ltn 1tfL~U~1U1UIJ1nLi4DfiUBtJ11 fltiB~Ltn 25.3 prevent from going to bed II
I hope our party next door didn '~ keep you up all night.
QU'Mi~·h~1ULfitl~tiD~L 11111,;1 ltf,cuiuttiiBOl~flU • I
25.4 remain level I
Slow down. I can't keep up with you.
i1 1 wliaa liuii111LIIB lliliu 1·
I
look up • to seek, to search for, to ~poi lor
I will look up her number in the ~lephone directory.
d'u~tAULtJilitfi1RWmil~LDD 1 U~J.!Ol 1fi1RWfl'
27. make out I
94
I
27.1 to write In complete form ~,
I always make out my shopping · 'st so that I will not forget anything.
d'uJn~t91J71ttn1,4DtiD~Li4DtOt n~JiJJDt l 1
I
EN322
27.2 to see, hear or understand""" dllflculty
She tried to make out his handwriting when she proofread his article.
Ltlil'WfJ1fJ1JJij1UinfJiJil!lil~LtnLdDLDDlhUtl11~ft1U\Jftfi111J 28. make up
28.1 to Invent (a story, an ~xcuse, an explanation)
He is ve.ry good af making up excuses.
L'IJ1th~Lri~lU011H'JiDLLfltl1
28.2 to put on cosmetics
She never goes out without making herself up first.
L6il 11-iLflflililO ltJlflfJ la.~1t\'&&ti~HU1tlilU
28.3 to form as a whole
Women officers make up 13 96 of the police force . • --!.'1 • ~ tl1'51~\1qJ~ftGituU 13CJ' 'llil~911'51,fi~\11Jfl
29. pick up
. 29.1 to 11ft up
I picked up a magazine that was lying on the floor •
., ---~ ""' ' .z .z QUHflu-u91fJ\l11fi1~DQ\JU'WU!IUIJ1
29.2 to collect
Please pick up all toys when you have finished playing .
..J d ' '" .. 'd" 111fJ&ntnJil~LaUf!Oiltl1~fl1fJLIJilL6ilLaUUf1~LLa1
2 9. 3 to arrange to get
Can you pick the kids up from school this afternoon f
fla&!J1fl ltli'VL~n , fl'h~L;fJUtlilU1.hfJ lfi1'Ma.J
30. sell out
30.1 to seH all of
The tickets of thls match wem sold out.
iJn,,u.!Hfuu .. dtn"""'nnltN 30.2 to betray or mrrender
EN322
He has sold out to the opposite party.
L,,,,, 1 t.ILilti'uflfl .. ,-nn~.~
95
I
U1J~'jJnH'fl 9.1 i I
,I
t4utla Phrasal verbs tle,tld1!tv~e4 II
I ~ l. The police went over the acc~ts again to find some hidden points.
_,, ____ ,_, ___ +··-···-----·--:-···"""""""""""--··· 2. The children cannot keep up \ith the adults.
3. The budget was cut back due o the government's policy.
4. The famous actress said she wtuld not give up her career .
....................................................................................................................... t ................................................................................................................................................... . 5. The police interviewed family rembers to clear up the murder case .
......................................................................................................................... ~ ................................................................................................................................................. ..
6. Bill Gates, the Microsoft tyJoon, always gives the money out to . I
children. 1
.......................................................................................................................... ~ ................................................................................................................................................ ..
7. The engine of a brand new car hould not easily break down. ' '
.......................................................................................................................... ! ........................................................................... : ..................................... : ............................... ..
8. The price of gold unbelievably fame down.
! .......................................................................................................................... ]:' ............................................................................................................................................... .
9. I can't make out Chinese char,cters .
.... ,_ ........................................................................................... - ..................... f .......................................... - ................ _ ................................................................................. .
lO.Don't pick up stranger when ytu drive alone .
.......................................................................................................................... i ................... : ............................................................................................................................ . I
96 I EN322
uutjiJntlfl 9.2
1. The meeting room was built on last year.
2. The sky cleared up after the rain.
3. The tickets of the concert were sold out.
4. The manager brought forward a new plan for the customers.
5. Her friend will fill in for her when she goes abroad.
6. The hot weather has been building up during this summer.
7. My Italian is weak. I had better brush up on it.
8. Everyone can help by cutting back on water usage.
9. The sound of the music faded away into the distance.
1 O.Her fever went down after she had got some medicine.
EN322 97
.d 1JYIYI 10
fl11UUaa.n1;fl .. thW~IYUJ ua~ftTUlUfh~ 1 • •
ifll1~fi'H;ath\i~LYttJ fia iafl11anfu 1 i~Lflu~f{nnu~11\J ilfl11aJ'HaJ1tl
ifaJ1J1anui1LD~ lflfliliflq\J1tif~flL~D&lDU'H;DLfiDU~~~B1U if1l1~fi'H;Df'h\i~L'Wti~U .. ., .. " .. " l; t tl"..!'l ~ !It ' . ll11fl Lfl0fl1aJaJOiftfiDU1~U1511aJ!J8~L~1!JD~Il11:t1UU fltiLL&l"~ L'HLl'IUll olflfl11aJLlJUDg
an1:taa::ilifl fl11aJfl"B1U tnta .. ~U1ifilflaJth~ , U(\J'H1~fli) 01~u\Ja 1a.iLti'1l~i•u1511aJ ..1 1 ..1 1 ,I fll .I 1.1'1 I fit ..1 " tt " 1
fl&il"~UL1D~fl1~ 1 fl0&11aJ1U OD1~LLll&ililOaJ1 V1 LaJLlJUfiLtl1 L~tlil~~il1U .J ...t.... .. ., " ..1... .1. 1 f'l .'"f ..1 1
a1Ua .u1u flil an1:taa::U&fi11NflaJfl11aJ'HaJ1fiLLJNDg LL&tL1JUu'lJ'H1flfl1nn11
n11u\Jathfl'wfl'611aJf11 L'W11t~u\Ja 1a.ifl11trhiafl11aJJuLflu~hu1u ~~u\JaaanaJ1 fi'H 1 ...,;aii~fl11td1Liludiu1u~a,~1J.iLi1l~fl11aJ'HaJ1fi'H;BLi1l~ufl1a.ia1~LL\Jaaan
aJ1ll-i~B1U~LtJUf\U 1flf1Ltnl~ lo\' L!JU
He was soaking wet; he looked like a drowned rat.· ., il~u\Ja·h: L!J1LUtln111flti'H\iflml1 ., fl11U.\Ja·h: -- '1l1,iJvntlBUJJiNf]UfU8UUfJHJJiflm11
011LLU& lflt1Ui'tJt111aJ'HaJ1tll l-iL iltltJO'tJd1U1U 1fltl~tlh l ,;' ~ihU~LtJUflU lfltl
Li1l~mu1umor~u 1ihL1Ja
1. l Un11UU&ifll1~fl'H;Dfh\i~L 'Wtl 01itlaJ11aL\At1\J L fifltJfl11aJ'HaJ1fl lflt~li
ifll1~fi'H;BfhfflL 'Wfltlil~ 1 fltll Uf\11aJ'HaJ1fJLtlfJ1flU 1flnl 'H1iifll1~fl1 flfl aai1LiJU011
LLU&LL\1\JLfiti\JLflfl~ tl~i1D!h~~tiOaJ1LLif'l 2. d'1la.iilfl11aJitlaJ11au\JaL fit1t1Lflfl~ 1e\' ~l,;'utlaaanaJ1fl1~ 1 uft'1aBt11fl
... l; ,n ., fl11~'HaJ1tl11il~efll11:tfiUU L1 U1~L&\J
EN322 99
3. lum1LLtJrntnnu a1a-oird1LtJumu1ul..t'ttn~suunuw~u11fn1JJ'H;il
L4'1tJD~Il1~1 lum1Ltltt~nw~U11fn1aJl..t'Lilflm~1nf4~'HantJD~ihu1u1fu L!lu to llftt.. ..f I ., .. ..I .
vanish Into thin air n''H'H1~1nn111 air uan~nm1'H1fl11JJ'Hinflfl\)nttD~tJil~"1U1U
~1nW~U11fn1JJ'H;DL4'1!1D~Il1YlLLft1 fl11WfJ1fJ1JJLLU&ll..t'mt]LfJU lflfl 1 lJ.ifl11LLU&l
tt~ 1 tt1a.I~U1ULiiJJ
W~U11fn1JJ~tflJJ11ilflU'H1fl11JJ'HJJ1fltJ$~chU1U liiJ'HS1fJLrtJJ fl'1DfhUWU
.. .. t .. ..._ ., . .I l -~ .. .. ., • nsu 11D sttafla. "I'U1UB-ln1Jt:IUB::"1U1U nstJHfJ1111HII1tlfJB1tlfJB-lnu.
nl~Lflw-,: ,ma~n1al'J.Jm1irlfl1afl, 2537. nd
• Dictionary of American Idloips. 2 ed. New York: Barron's, 1987.
• Longman Dictionary of Engl#sh Idioms. Lf?ndcm: Longman, 1979.
• NTC's American Idioms Oictionary. Lincolnwood, Illinois: National
Textbook, 1987.
i1DU1~n11utJad1U1U
1. To be as busy sf a bee } • very busy r beaver
Somsri was as busy as a bee when her son and daughter wem young.
a,., .. ;t/.,ju11tri1Lfifl'uduuntnfl UAlfl1 ~~Lin
2. To be born with a silver spoon in one's mouth • to be born to good fortune; to
be born rich
That boy was born with a sliver spaon In hls mouth and. he never needed to work. ~ . . .
L~n ~tnflftUUU&nltll1fJ1W8U&iut1J,uns-ILL<LtJ1ffbJ41L i'Juof ilUfl~1U ilt l 1Lftfl
100 EN322
3. To be caught red-banded • to be apprehended, caught in the act of doing
sometiJing wrong
When he was copying his friend's homework, Jim was caught red-handed . .. .,1" ., .. ..t., .. ~ .. ~J.I\}0~\J Ollt1HU"It1&fi1LJ.IBLtnu1M880011\J1UtJB~LViBU
4. To be down in the dumps = to be very depressed
He was down in the dumps because he got an F in English.
L!J1Hilf11VU1nL'W"fltLtJ1 1tfL010lLB~ (SB\JflO) l\ii1flll11:t1rl~OC)~
5. To be (turn) green (with envy) • to be tilled with· a strong desire of jealousy
When her friend got all th~ praise instead, Malee turned green with envy.
Jnajitnav•noni'au LdaLi4au 1tl'i'uthtm!ia~tJJJLtJtiLLflUL15a
6. To be walking on air = to· be very happy
They were walking on air on their wedding day.
'W10LtnijfJ'J1USfiBth"BU&HaBlui'ULLtl~~1U t
7. To bite the bullet • to endure something that is unpleasant or painful
Although he doesn't like his work, he has to bite the bullet.
a~LLJi11Ltn~=11.it~au~1uflm LLviLtn~tG,tl'a~n~ttVunu
8. To bring home the bacon • to earn a living
Her mother was the one who brought home the bacon. ' !'I ..1 .r ;
LLJ.I!J8~L15BLuUflUflH1UffJ"It1B1JfJ7'J
EN322 101
9. To bury one's head In the sand • to refuse to accept facts
Don't bury your head in the sand; you know your boyfriend has been seeing
another woman.
arhninHUft11119;-1LftfJ LDa~fGi1L~flU!flfJ!Jfl·UDfllthn~'McU~fiUifu
10. To catch one's eye • to attract one's attention
· Her red blouse really caqht people's eye.
LfaaLLfi~!Jfl~LDflfh-l&lfM1~fiULiffJ'ii;-Q
11. To eat crow • to admit you are wro•g; to apologize
You have to eat crow; otherwise, she won't forgive you. .. .. :') !!! 1!'1 ~. .. l' t l ..
flNflfl~t1BN1VH,LafJ JJOZUULDflnfl~ IJ!Jn "'t 'M'M1fln
12. To find fault with • to be dissatisfletf,with; object to
Since she is a perfectionist, she always finds fault with what other people do.
LWTln1LtlflLriUfiUifiJ\f1WLL\J\J Loawa!n!fBtiVUiJiffiUifu
13. To lend an ear (to someone) • to listen to them carelully and sympathetically
They are always willing to lend lllJ • and offer what advice they can.
w'lm!f1&1Ntvfuf.,ua: ltfthLLu:,ha~l,a .. ,SJ~~!fll'lm1o,:m ltl'
14. To .fan the names • to make li situation worse by interfering or speaking poorly
Don't fan the names by telling a lie about somebody who is already in trouble.
flrhn7~a tm1a-l'fnlt111 lflfJ\lfiUOlaifl'U~L!J1Liflfli'fl'UflULLft'l
102 EN322
15. To give a ring = to telephone
Give me a ring whenever you come to town.
Tn1ff'wn1i~;luu:adal ,;~ .. ,,..~L6ilLtl1J.n luLile~
16. To give (someone) a lilt • to drive someone in your car from one place to
another
He pve her a lilt back home that night.
l " - ., " " .... ~ Ltl1 \1L6illfft10flit\J\J1Ufi'UJL2Jilfl'U'UU
1 7. To have a big mouth = to talk loudly, excessively
The thief was caught because his friend had a big mouth.
l '"'l" .. tl , t1 2.1tltJfl~\J fiL'WTltL'Wil'Utlil~Ltl1 1nlf11~
18. To keep a low profile = to remain quiet; not to show off
Americans in Thailand were· told to keep a low profile during events in May.
flUBuJ~nuluLila~ lflt~ltl'i'un11Lilaultf,h,;'·ur~u&aisNlutb~L,.,9Jfl11a!wq~ll1 flii\f
19. To keep an eye on someone/something = to w~tcb carefully; to pay particular
attention to
You have to keep an eye on that girl; she is not trustworthy. I' ., II ~ e l' I 1n
f1Ntlil~9Uif12Jil~ti11•y~fl'U'U'U L6il 2JU1 :l ~
20. To lead by the nose • to dominate completely
He let his wife lead him by the nose.
Ltntlitat~l~ll11t11.J~Vfn
EN322 103
21. To lose face= to lose one's good name or reputation
He lost face since he did not get a p110motion.
L'l.l1,ilt1HU1LYf11tLtJ11JJ1iL\iuutl1U.'HU~
22. To put (have) aH of one's eggs in one basket • to risk all that one has on a
single venture, method
His friend said he put all of his eggs in one· basket sin~e he invested all his money
buying stocks.
L fJil 'UtJ D ni1L'IJ1~1J' flll1 ntnU lt/L Yf11*=L'IJ1LD1 L~'U~'H1Jfll tlit~fl'U;fD~'U
23. To run short of money • to have litUe or no money left
He spent too much on whiskey, so le ran short of money, and couldn't pay his
expenses.
L'1.11ltf'.i1t1L~'U;fDL 'Ha11J1nLH'U ltJ!Qu'i"'"11tNBU.itt la.iilL~Uih'Hi'tJth ltf'.i1flil!h~~'U \
24. To save face • to avoid appearing fOolish
He reluctantly gave a large sum of money to his seiVant to save face.
L'IJ1ilEJL~unaul'HqjDfi-HittLtfuu1t1~ltfn1sfnw1HU1
26. To save the situation • to deal succe$ffUHy with a situation which seems hopeless
To save the situation, the General orcfemd his soldiers to retreat.
,isnsvciwD1Un11al U1!1Yfit~'ri'H1jlltiauEJti'Vf
26. To see someone through • to help olit or to carry through In a time of dliJJculty
Many friends saw me through· what was a difficult time for me.
L fJuu , 'Hit1tlfiU2hti,HifsouLdDt~1.,&hmn
104 EN322
27. To shut one's eye to • to be Ull'flflllllll to see or think about
He shut his eyes to hi~ daughter's behavior.
LtJ1il~tf1il"",nutt11"u'=~qiltJ~Un'"1
28. Up to one's ears in • deeply involved in
Because her daughter went to study abroad, she was up to her ears in debt.
L~n:rhunen1tJil~LaaluL;!Jutiath~tJ,=L"f1 Ltia~Dndlun~'~~nn?llf1
29. To vanish into thin air • to disappear completely
After he had got the money from his mother, he vanished into thin air .
.., ..1 l """' .I " " " .. 'Hft~~1nf1Ltl1 fiL~U~1nLL"LLft1 L!J10H1fl,fl1niftJU./II
30. To win by a nose • to win any contest by a narrow margin
You have to practice more for the next race, since you only won by a nose this
time. I' ~ al l I' I """ I .., l .,j tl ..1 .r f ..,Y.
flNflil~HOHU 'H"10011U LU011LLtl~tiU ULYIPJ1'HU=l LYf11:Lflti1UflN!I11~UAhr11
fi1UIJ·UhUt/1J
EN322 105
Absence makes the heart grow fonder. i'nnuatf,.atJW1L'l.I1LtiEJ1 Lifilaua~ I ... I I'
~au~~Lt~EJ111ll~a~
Might as well be hanged for a sheep a$ a lamb. !MilLie 1JJ~~a1EJ (the Jeopard never changes its spqts)
As you make your bed, so must you lie on it.
A tree is known by its fruit.
Barking dogs seldom bite.
Beauty is (only) skin-deep.
It's better to be ~afe than sorry. I
A bird in the hand is worth two in the "ush.
It's the case of the blind leading the blind.
Blood is thicker than water.
It's like carrying coals to Newcastle.
It's like casting pearls before swine.
Don 't count your chickens before
they are hatched.
Cut your coat according to your cloth.
Everything comes to him who waits.
Fine feathers make tine birds.
Great oaks from little acorns grow.
Hard work breaks no bones.
Health is better than wealth.
Ignorance is bliss.
106
..... oil' lS 1'l'l.IB~ Lf'l1nL'l.l1flBOflUUU
un lJ .. ntu 1ll1naol'u
~,,L,.;,lJJrr ..
if1fiLLflltl~tJ lJJM~ll tflL~Un11U1UL~UflW ~ .r l ..... e1\JLtJEJ naa.~a J I' I o$
Lflfl£lllf1Bll, f'I1\JBflifB9lf'I1L~U ... I' I : I o$ .r... I 1 It
LitB9l'l.I'U011U1, 8El1LM'U'lJflt111 if
La1lltWi'11..1'111tl'l.I1Elif1'U
..r "l" ' EIULL01 M11U1
. : ' ~ Bfi1Mli1EIU1\J B~U1
unuafl,;,;~ufiwai1
" ~ \J 'lflL Un11 U1UL 'UflW
lri~1liLW11t'lJU f'IU-31liL'W11tLLtl-3
' ' . ., Bfl1t)~fl'4'Y011li11'YI1UBEI
D'uilu'YI101La L ..,;jj au L 'YIJ, llit~a n1h
LMilauLa1ilflll10;~l'H'U
al1fl1 tl1a.J1it1111 1
fl11lllliilt 1f'IL~'Ua111D'Utl1:mf;3 " lll1t1fi10U1U
EN 322
It's like killing the goose that lays the
golden egg.
Let sleeping dogs lie.
Like father, like son.
Like master, like man.
Little strokes fell great oaks.
Make hay while the sun shines.
Murder will out.
Never cross your bridges till you come to them.
No lock will hold against the power of gold.
Nourish a viper in one's bosom.
You can't teach an old dog new tricks.
Once bitten, twice shy.
One good tum deserves another.
One man's meat is another man's poison.
Out of the frying pan into the tire.
Penny wise-pound foolish.
Prevention is better than cure.
Six of one and half a dozen of the other. ' '
Slow and steady wins the race.
Spare the rod and spoil the child.
Speech is silver, silence is golden.
Strain at a gnat and swallow a camel.
Still waters run deep.
It's like the pot calling the kettle black.
There's no smoke without tire.
EN322
taml'nJna11l\11fJ
ath~hnJatl\119l:L~\J ~n lJ'Hau 1JJ1natl'u
I .Zw U1tl11 tltnWftDtl
a!h~\}O\!'lJ011JJ i1~1uat1 .. .1 ,- ..
U1tJU \11\Jfln
" ~ .. l "' ~· 1 1 ... 1fl~tntiYH9l1Lil1 \J\J1u9l 2JJJ9l
ofhiiflu lth\au li
LL~~~~L\1~0 L~U.f1~ £laulii~L~ .z :5 " Lfttl~~m"a~n~1:Lt1
lJuriifltnn cl .. " ..t L~\JLLft19lil~...,1
jjil91,~9lfliiil911l~
ft1~ L if iltiil \Jft1~ t11
\1ULi1a\J:~1:Li
LfttiUDt1Lfttlt11n L~ti).J1nL~fJ~1tl ., ... ' " OU9l011LLO -.cl lei tJ~nn t11nu1~
it , liwfnaJJ~1iJ i'n1'1l\f~n i'nanl\iii
"' "' ltl l J ~~·-\lfl ita~ WL\Jtl U~L"tl9l1ft~flil~
LfttiUiltiL~tltl10 L~fJJJ1nL~fJ~1tl
J,ti~ l'Haan
·hutiLtJ1 aL'HU1LfiuLo~
l,jii1Ja~DtllUJ1 l,j;f
107
Those who live in glass houses should not
throw stones.
It's like looking for a needle in a hays~ck.
Too many cooks spoil the broth.
It's like robbing Peter to pay Paul.
Don't teach your grandmother to suck eggs~
Two heads ~ better than one.
It's like using a steam hammer to crack' a nut.
Walls have ears.
Waste not, want ~Jot ..
When in Rome do as the Romans do.
Like locking the stable door; once the hprse
has bolted.
He's like a wolf in sheep's clothing.
A bad workman blames his tools.
Like getting blood out of a stone.
108
danl1a1f11ttvh ·nn!a.~ 1 uanrnf~,., ann11JJDJJ1nfl11JJ il~lin1nu SDU,1:=L111WhfiJ1 flULiifi1Wl111fl SD ~flULi4DUfl1fl ifl~iutfn~flu 11u1ohdi1j th:=tJii!la~
· iiuaflliuaflfiaflu,,'" arh"1f1Mli a.11 n':=fl1 nu1u Ltl1LilD~11i1 ol8~11~1fl1fi1JJ
.. .. 11111flitDJJflDn 11U1L ;fa l"la fll,jiit'rltitft'rltinaa.:J
EN322
· aw11nfl't~ 10.1
, W I
t~uthuh"U'l'Ufle,tJin,\'aii"Unllll,Yit~iln~acnu
1. Miss Universe's beauty really caught people's eyes.
2. The guard has kept an eye on the gang of teenagers.
3. Nobody lent him an ear when he tried to explain his reason.
4. The farmers were down in the dumps when their produce sold too
cheaply.
5. Don't give a lift to strangers.
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••:••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••oo•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• .. •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••'"
6. It's no use to fan the flames.
7. If you cannot control the budget, you will run short of money.
8. Do you like the kind of person who always finds fault with you?
9. You have to eat crow if all you said was wrong.
1 O.Many children lost the people who brought home the bacon.
EN322 109
uuUJin,Yfl 10.2
1. He lost face when his boss bl~ed him in public. I .............. -................................ ,_., __ ,,,, .... _ .......................... ,_, ................................ -....... _,, .................................................................................................................... ..
2. She turned green when she s4w bet: friends get a lot of presents .
....................................................................................................................... .;. ... -..... _,_,,, .............................................................................................................................. .
3. She was walking on air when she got a modeling job.
4. That man ran short of money and committed a crime.
5. He was fired because he had a big mouth.
6. My parents always see me thr.,ugh difficult times.
7. He can do anything just to save face .
........................................................................ - .... - . ., .................................. '1·············· .. - ................................................................................................................................ .
8. Good govemers can't shut their eyes to the trouble ofpeople .
.................................. ,_ ........... _ ............. ,_ .... -.............................................. , ............... -.. -· .. -· .... _ .. _ ............................................................. -.......................................... .
9. The employees have to bite the bullet when the company can not
give a pay raise .
................................................................................................................. ,_.,, .. , ................................................................................................................................................... ..
10. To save the situation, the gov~ent stopped some Mega projects .
................................................. _ ............ -................... __ ............... ,_ .... + ............................................................................................................................................... .. I
110 EN322
.d 1Jtltl 11
fl11UUat.h~lotlfl11SJ1unl'Yl,Yio1tiailuu1zlotl Passive
U1:lvtln1"UJlun1'1fllflvflmJJ11authufhnh:lvfl passive liiliuio lud
1. th:lvtln,,,., "en" ~;o "TAu" L1iu
LLfl.:afJn?h Tn~LY411:Ltl1~uL;vu
Dang was punished for cutting class.
2. tl1:lvfln11JJ "lii'u" L'llu n1Y4flu91i'L~a.:adltlfuvmia.:aJJ1n This film was highly praised.
3. th: lflfl011JJfl11JJ~JJ1mfJumn.:a th:rs1UL ~uft.:a 11iilflfl 1JJ1in1:'thn;fl1fl1fl
91UL£l.:a LLtii'tJn11n1:'th~1n~'iu ~~u 11iilth11 "fJn" ~;il "lii'u" tl11n!)il~ L'llu .. .,,z .. .... ~· \J1U'HiHUS'TJ"LJJD 2 uOilU
This house was built two years ago • ., ~ - _.</. ~ ' ..
~U-II"ilY4JJ'nft1tiHIIIJfl.:aUfiL!f1
The newspapers have been sold out since morning.
4. tl1:lfJfllun1~1lflflflilt11··h "T~rs" tl11n!)BQ Ltlu .z.. "r :1. -LY48-IIU1£l.:a ,c;,ti~Ufl
This- song was sung by Santi.
EN322 111
5. th:wfln11Jml'ufl'l1JJ tuatltfl1~sfw Object+ Subject+ Verb L!lu
tniltfl'HqjU1\ItJiHL11LSBftULifJLLft'l;
Grandpa Mee,. the head of orir villa~, 1V&9 eaten up by a tiger.
6. · tl1: lt~flfi'biL~1=~·n]n1:thn;fJ, li~d1~fttL~u JntfulutJ1: l!lfl lfl!1lith11 "i1" L!lu
i7n11SfltlftilUhfliD~fttlftB~l\IJJ'H1~'t1!11a!ILLflfiW8i'LU!I Gold bas been created in a Califorola Laboratory.
7. tl1:lt~fliltl1:01u hh.i~ifi11Lflu~1t~~1=,, Jnil!IJJLLtln lt~t~li "it" Lflut11:01u
ua: lin;tl, passive L!lu
d1sti'u11!f"''l~u5h1'l'YI1~n11fl'1JJ1n n11fl'U l 'YI!I
It is believed that the Chinese are cl~verer in business than the Thai.
1ButJa
n11LLtlatl1tWfln11JJlUil1t~nl'YI!I~MLtlutl1tlt1fl passive mlfl'·htln11n11LLUa
U1tlfJfl passive JJ1Lflut11:lfJfln11JJ Lyf11tU1tlfJfl passive il 2 1ULL\J\JLfhJu flil . v
Wt~ilti'ln11 Uftt!liltt lJlilti1n11 ( t)11fJ$tLBfJttlU\Jflfl 4)
~1nU1tS\Jn11Nn11SB\ILLUft ~LiJfJuJn~t'W\J11lun11LLUa lfltiLfJue~nq~ " tJ ... !'I ., ~ ... ..... t " l _., .... ., tJ .. ..t ~LL ftf1Lu\1Un¥'Jnt:f1LLfttJJfl'l1JJ3L1B~ f111111~~1n 'ltl1n1,1HJJtlWB JJn')tLL it!1\lflr11
fiDfi1ltlt1LQ'W1tLdaw\JtJ1:ltlflll1\i1 l'tlfJ~l'l , .~~,1liLdBLLUitt.Lil'llJ.iLtlUtJ1tlfJflll1\i1 ' .
S~n C)'liflt) n i il~ L 'W11t lfl1~ Si'1~tl il~ll~V1 D~ nC)VLLfttll1\i1 l 'tltJilfl'l1 JJ LL\ll nfi1~tl\l 111 n
lttfJil1V1B~nqv~=L1fJ~th:lfJflluinvcu:i Word Order i~Ju ~LilfJu1~Jn')=LLU=\h Unftn\i1 l M,1911JJ~UfiBUi~fialtJ0
112 EN322
1. iinii~lfl'HSTHtiD·nhtl!lfl passive lu.n1~1iNnq~ i~il~gnn-stth (n11JJ) Lfiu
tl-sttnUtiD~1.htl!lfl uatn;enaa1ultl passive f'la verb to be (i~elu1\Jt~1JJ tense
th~ 1) + past participle ( n;s1tiB-IR 3) -
Grammatical subject + verb to be + past participle
( n-s-sJJ~Yl1'MU1~L ftutht!nu)
2. 'W~11a&1\J-stl!lfln1-sJJ.n1~ 1\1!1 ltl!ltJ'h lfl-sLflu~\)nn-s:m'M;ai'u~atla~n1-sn-stm Dt11Lflun;!l1 (fl11li tense Dt11) Ua1~UU&\DDOJJ1 t)fia1tJ·hili1n11DtJ1U
1.1-s: l!1fltl1!1'M;a L \Jin
t1'1aeh~n111 Lfl11:ni'tl1= t& fln11N1 un11:nl\1fl ... "' "' ""' .z 1. SJJf11\)0~Utl0tlLJJD11UU
SJJfl; = ~ann-s::m :u"
= n;tn <4i~fl1-saa1uauailt~ma LwntL'Mf!011NLnt~tfu1\Jua1) "' gnnt~
"' "' ~Uti = fl1011 Lda11u\f =- ft1Utl!l1fl1JDnL1&\1 (9::114 l1'tni'1th::fflfJH'f8Htf4th::fflfiRli)
GrammaUcal SubJect + verb to be flo past parUclple + by + agent
J.. J.. J.. ~ (i1n11)
Somsrl W&f bitten
Somsrl was bitten by a dog yesterday •
.,L..J ~ .... ' 2. ll1W!I'Ufl'1L1D~U Ltl11J!IO!IDUJ10 .. ""' .z ll1W!I'Ufl1L 1D~U
ltl'i'u!lnda~
JJ1n
EN322
Ill ., a!.. '!" fl1,U~&\01101tTII
= n;!l,
• if1Ut1!11!10;!11
by (a) dog
113
Grammat,lcal subject + verb! to be + past participle + modlner
4, 4,·. 4, 4, Thenlm praised
thut.la This mm was highly pr~.
" .,,z" ~ ~· 3. \J1U1-tft~Uif11~LJIDSD~unDU
• i1i'uNan~1n1::m u-,u,.,a~if sfw Ldasa~ilrisu.
• n;m (n~11Dfh~Lf1umn~)
• chu!lfl1f.l 1 usm1a1
highly
Grammatical subject+ verb to~ +past participle+. tnUfltJ1l1,1B1
4, 4, 4, 4, This house
thut.la This house was built two y'ars ago.
4. Lianui1L!I1i~iliittau th::lflttifL fJu lfl1~ttmf\JtTaui~,~,n
&isn1ri1 + &tntHflfllfS~s;
built two years ago
&isti'Jri1 Lf1un11"3ft1Dfl '1 ltte~a~t.l1::tnuli' utiLdautlaLfJun11:f1D~nq1:ftis~ ilth::rnu luflifLIJitl1::tnufllffl11JI1-IJI1*' (dummy subject) It Li1ltl
LiD • n;D-f DV1UJ~!I-~ passive
Grammatical subject+ verib to be+ past participle + ti1::Tvff Active
4, ' 4, 4, ~ It • {s believed he Is still alive.
thut.la It Is believed he Is still allvflr. . '
114 EN 322
uutiln1l'fl 11.1
. ' ~~utlatl1:: lr.~ftn111J&'tnhil11\'&fi'U tl1:: ltlft Passive ilgn.Ye~
, ' 1. t'IUU'Mft1tln'1tllhrb1J1t'l1"ll~'li'111J~d~fi1Ufl6Ul.f1
2 , .... , ,~., .. - : .! • 1J1J fl1 t11'll1..11fl&tmnn~ufl&'M'JflHU
7 ... ., "' ... ~ .. • 'M1J6\}n&1Vflfl1l1J61Jl'Mfln11tU\lfll\1U
10 .. ~ : '. • a'U11J1JU\}fl1Jflfl~Ufll1J611U
EN322 115
UUU~flHR 11.2 '
. • 1
t~ut.latht Tttftfl11JJ&"chiJ1,\'alhn.ht T~ Passive f1vnt\'e~
........................................................................................................................... + .............................................................................................................................................. ..
2. tl\J\Jn'1tJifn"fH'H~~n'Ul'l111lftflfl~~~ 2 ................. , ...................••....•..................••....••.........•.••• ~······································~···········•"'''': ............................................................................................................................. .
3. 1~6tl\J'h61'H1'lJj'~n'1iiiflfioq,ll1'W ·i
.......................................................................................................................... 1 ................................................................................................................................................ .
............................................................................................................................ j ............ - ................................................................................................................................. .
5. "tlfltJ1Jfl1'l1J'l'l1 1uqn1ft1n'~fl I ........................................................................................................................... + ............................................................................................................................................. ..
6. 1n111fl111tJ\lflth1u1u"11!J1u I ............................................................................................................................................................. _ ... _ ..................................................................................................... ..
......................................................................................... -................................ ; ......... " ............... "'" ................................................................................................................ .
8. fl1frl1'la1..i,tnau1111lfuln11'"111~'n;iv.i~rl' '
I .............................................................................................................................. ,.-.......................................................................................................................................... ..
9. uNu·lho,6~'W1'lflfl1'llii6~'Hft1tJ'W'l'l~Qfl,1ft1V !
................ - .................................................................................................... -+.-.-.... --··-··--.. -· ................................ -............................................................ ..
10. jjn,,,,~uNu1l\',,.;,,iiu&flunfirn1~ft'1tJHan ! ............................................... -... --.-................... -·---.... -...... -........... "t ...................... _ ................ -.............................................................................................. . I
I
116 EN322
.d UJIJI 12
nTnaan1.U Article
L'Wl1'!;1lfl!il"i1~1a.JU~a::i1~L'lft..1ihhth::Lilfl Article (a, an, the)1-t1't'I%1L't'I~EJ~nu
ri1~1a.JL'Wl1'1!Jo1El\tnq~\1ti1Ltl~~1a-~1l'ul!A'~::.i'EJ\1il Article rhnuEJd~\1~~ L~EJijuuaLLUa'lh::t!lr-1
't'liEJiEJ rol11a.l~1nll1'1!Jo1lfl!i LU'Wl1'1!Jo1El\1nq'I!Joar n~::Ln j;iif qj't'l1 ~[)
• i111t1 Article rn-IHU111111
• 11ill1111f1Uisn1s Article 1lgnls., n111s Article fi1-1n11 iiRtni11H'
fi1111HII1tl,;1.,nu 1JJft1s i1EJ !11\1 Ltl~
He sold the car.
(L!11!J1!1'Uu~·~~~l uui1 - ij~'"ua::ti'Yf\1Li1t~ri~Ji·h,.,a-~1!1tl\1,tl~~l 't'l~)
He sold a car. ·
(L!11!J1!i,tll u~~'t'l.tt\1 L!J1il,tJ't'la1!1 ~~ua::L!J1!J1!il U't'lita~~la.Jl!A'L~1::~\1·h LU~
~~,,.,~)
aEJau,::t!IAi1\1u~ ti1lat~~::'t'la-~1!1A11a.J'h nnrnsfll1vi'uHd., ui1uuaLtlM1'1!Jo1e\1nq'I!Jo"h
"He sold the car." rol11a.J't'la.J1!1L~u,::t!ll"lll1'1!Jo1Elanq'I!Jo~::la.!Pt,anuA113-l't'la.I1!1L'Wl1'!;1lfl!i,;'~Yi
"' ~ .. I .'"f II .I " !It .... 9 ..1 I II ., .... '"f I ""' .... !;l\1~ ~ ~::L't'l~ 11uqj't'l1 L ~m, uuall1'1!Jo1L fl!l L\J'Wl1'1!Jo1fNnq'I!Jo "'aflnEJ L,., Ln!;luty't'l1341nEJ !11\1't'l~anrol EJ
L~EJ\1!JEJ\1n1,L~EJnt!l' Article t..;'\]nlJlEJ\1~~LEJa
EN322 117
i
i I '
1Buua r
~UtJilfl11WIQ11N1L;fBfl1lJJtJB~tJ1:lflfl~IQ:UtJ&Bfh~1B\JflB\JL~Btrh fl1U1JJlUtJ1tlflfl,fUfl11lf Artide 'M;B\j 'LW11tfl1U1JJlUil1111iNnqviJ 2 tJ1tLil'n fie thu1Ntl7::&nnuul,;' (Counta~le nouns) ua::lf1U1Nt11::&nnuullll,;'
(Uncountable nouns) fi1U1uRU'ul.rdis11LtluJ11umwv.R:ti's~iJ Artlde (a, an n!s the &uf1ulin10l) U1'MU1UfJJB ihu~1U1JJtJ1M'nUtJ lJLtl'1fu lttflt.Jn~ua11Qt lJJ1tl Article (ilissnrfu Rs U11JU1-IIlht::&quz,;~ Countable Ultll Uncountable nouns)
L~D~!Is~n11ll Artlde t,Jenis1d' LfJuL~D~~rJ~!11nua:iutTsu ~ut.Jafi111Qt is~'M1fl11iJ!hU1'll lflfln11t1'ttft.untt aF lJJLfl liQfi11YitJ'ri1U'Mimncut1'n11liuat lJJ 11 Article ~1nthn bmn1al'Lifs~iu I ·
i I
,)1ilth"''tlil"''011tiuoa:1~1i Article \ '
1. LtJ1LtJufl;ifL6iflu~ii LtJ1lt.Jlusd'fJni'~a1i}ttf1' I
He is a good Christian; he goes to chfch evezy Sunday.
(a: Article t·nl'1U1JJ church) I i
2. ttJifO~L!11ltJLfJUtJ1t~1B~1uLilB~ The church that he always goes to is 1)1 the city.
(hf Artide 'HU,U1JJ church) i
a.- watJa·utl1lJJ'rlnui1Ltnlaflt.Jt,~L;fl, I i
His father did not know that he had n~ been to school. ~ I
(a: Artlde 'HU1U1JJ school) ·
4·. b~L;!IU~QULflfiL;!IU\ltt lu Ufl'l
118
The school where I used to study was closed now.
(la Article 'HU1U1JJ school)
EN322
II.,., I 5. tn1~tlfl~D1DfJJJ1n
Shrimp fried rice is ve.ry delicious.
(rice LfiUfl1'U1JJUtJlJJ1ti'lalti'D~ls Artlde)
I would like to have coffee without milk.
(. " !It 0 ,.,., ln"~ 0)
a:: Artide lt'U1U1JJ cotree LLat milk L'W11tLu'Ufi1U1JJfi'UtJ JJ tl~ 2 fl1
., - 'f l••f I ..... 7. QU!fi)tJLtl'Ufl1~ LtlfJ1Cl nJJ1nn11Lfl1i)~tJ'U
I prefer going by train to going by plane.
(tnU1ULfifJ1ntJn11L~Ufl1~ L!iu by plane/ by tral~ /by car, etc. lu1a Article .
l'u1u111)
a. fi'U~Ditttffl11 ltt'i'ufJndD~~1ni~fiJJ The honest should be praised by society.
(la Article the ltU1tl1flCllttw?i' thlimnfJLfJut11U1JJ the honest = the honest
people)
9. Jitt1afl11fJtn1laliitiDif1Ul1W
White sugar is not good for one's health.
(a:: Article ltU1'U1JJ sugar LW11tLflut11U1JJ~uulJJ1ti')
I ., I 1 .r .... 10. L!l111nU11fi'U flfJ!ILnfJ~
They said that Thai people are lazy.
(a:: Article ltU1 Thai people LW11::L fluu1JJW\j'W~u)
EN322 119
11. ibnml'u'H~~D~1u1ftltJD·n1'u There's a hair in my soup.
I
(~JJJ'H~~LftU LfiUU11nl'ulfi' la Arti~le lfi') !
... ., 12. flWIJNIJfJ11~~
' . '
You've got vezy long hair. i · . ·
(itt Article ,.,,r, hair LW1it1utAtJ~if 'HJJ1fJa.:J NJJ,f.:Jff1Vt ilmfluu11JU\J lJJ1fl")
13. flW£»dtl\JL11 lfi' ih.;'o~i1~,.;'£)-Q'H~~ You can stay with us. There is a stare room.
, .J " :'1 ..1 ., l " ( " Article L'W11t'H£»~LuUU11JfiU\J ) I
14. flWj~fl1~iflJJ1fi' l,jii~i1~LLft1 i
You can't sit here. There isn't roomf.
(itt Article 'HU1 room tf~lutJ;uflif~Ltliti1 ~11-~J ilmfluU11J~U\JlJJ1i) I !
. I 15. d'utfe,.,u~lo'WJJYi'JJ1ihu~nru,.,~~ '
I bought a paper to read. I I
(paper tutAuflif 'HIJ1fJa~ newspaprr LfiUU11JU\J lfi' ta Article lfl") I !
16. QUolD~fl11fl1tfl1VLiJeJJ1LiifiU'HU~~b I need some paper to write on.
(paper VIIJ1fJO~ 01tfl1V
some 'H"ia any li)
1 {lu'lllJJi\J 1al1ol'lJJ1il Article ut~1tl'riuththounl
I I
120 EN322
17. flN1iiiuLatl~ilt11ttilUifl~IJ Did you hear 8 noise just now?
(lu\AundVtiJ1tla~ Litl~ ~Lntt!fUti8U;f =a particular noise LS Article lfl")
I can't work here. There's too much noise.
(noise lutAundLfluu11J~uu1Jltl'li Article 1aJ1tt")
I can't wait. I haven't got time.
(a: Article ~u1 time ;f~LL\Jai1 L1a1 LfJUU11J~uu1aJ1fl")
..1 .... 20. L'rltl1 L~if~nu: Enjoy your holiday. Have 8 good time!
(Have a good time/ L\Jumu1u ;f~li Article a lfltiLO'W1t)
EN322 121
. !
• I · '~ut.la pa,ragraph fie,t.lilailutnfli~nq" 1f Article 1t\'gnt\'e~
1. ~'lf1rJfltJl1d-3tflu&tt11,tJ1ufnJ,1V on,~ fltJ,l~flon,~lin'Yllvua::~oui'tJoth-3~ , .l ,J/ 4 I A ,J/ , Ql - I I A
1l 1,1CJtOfiOn 1Jl1tJ-3CJ10 l'nO l1 ll'Vl 'W1tJfl11Jl01JUfl-3-31tJ fl'W,1VC111J11 "llJO
I
................................................................................................................... .~. ........................................................................................................................................................ .
2, ~l ~l'rl fl;'llnll ti~ s:n~i1ll ilmn 11 tfl na H fl1flll!i'J8 Ill fill\' II a ~lllfl~ziliMfl 1tlV-3ll1tJO fJnfllfl1J1~tJ1n11J,01fl'W10-3 .
.................................................................................................................. +········ ................................................................................................................ : .............................. . . I ................................................................................................................... t ....................................................................................................................................................... ..
................................................................................................................... .1.. .......................................................................................................................... : ........................... .
3. Nft ,2ft 't1Vihffl111'W n'fl ua::~~n'CJ11fl ll11Jl::ff1J1l::trJtJ,0-3l111tJ1l1n1il'UJ'lf1~ 1J::a:: no iiu ,~,~o,d o&r!un~lJfffl tdoa,,1,0-3N~ ~nlo1Jua::1111u
.................................................................................................................... t ............................ : .......................................................................................................................... . I .................................................................................................................... t ................................................................................................................................................... ..
4 A .I iJ ~ ... -""...s Ql l"" 4 ... I ....... ., .I""' ...s Ql Ql ... • llJO~ft1V n11nn111 lJ'n1i't1nlfl' 1i't1tJ-3&1Vn11 'n1il1JuHlfqJ1nll1l1J'Wnll~UfJn
fl'Wi11l1Jflllftnll1 U'ni!vutl1lhil1l ,;ty,~O'W'l ua::tJnfl1ty1~1~lJ1 1 uf4iil I
122 EN322
.cl tJTITI 13
fl11tl.'l1al~ttaaanth11ia11J-nzn1Jaifatl'l1JJ
iltyvnanDth~'Mrl~~vnnnn lunTnLtJa lr~t~L\Jui~mlti f'D m'iLaDn lti~1~f! a1L'MCA~Lailnli~1~flil1~~::L~il~JJ1~1flfi11JJAUlfltlrl1JtlV4ti'miJJ1LL9iLiiJJ 'M;ilaflif1L'Mfl •• • • ~ ..I "..,. .I n .I .,. ..I" .I ""- !'I "' !S l"
'MU~YI~L'-ltiU'W1J~1flu'i::if1Jfl1'iN Ufl1'iifilUUua flil fl1'iYI~UuitYHLuUUflvJflti1 !f
'W~U1Ufl'iJJ lYJtl- a~flq'l:f m ~tlltl'Wfi''Ma1tl~1~ijfi11JJ'MJJ1tl9l'i~tl1Jtl'WYlll11:f11 YltiLL9i • lJ.iltf ilH1J1ti'M;ill ~ ol1 ilth~fl1'ill~ffl L~U'W il L~il ~LL tJaU1JJ1litfltllJ.iltf flU'M1
" fi11JJ'MJJ1tll "'"::La tlfl ~m~,;, l "'Lailn~,m,j9l'i~nufi11JJ'MJJ1ti~LL ,;~;~tlil~tJ'i:: lt1 fl~ ~=utJa i~i1Dth~Ltiu ·
~Th "'UJ::U1" l Ull11:t1l Yltl ijfi11JJ'MJJ1t1~9l'i~rl1J~1tl'WY11 Ull11:f1a~nq'l:f LtiU
introduce/ recommend/ advise/ suggest LUuoi'u
l A~- I .J ,J' f J ..J "' 0 t .. ., .,., "' ... Uu'i1JYI11 "n~1U,iftJ~UH~JfU~ 'rti1UfliNQU"U::U1 HQU19tJtJV 9UAH11 . u
.., .... iffi'W9JIU" '
n1utJa 1flmailn~Th 'advise'
At a party, my friend advised me to Jintara Sukhaphat.
fi11JJ'MJJltltlil~tJ1::ltJfld~:: l,jttnoi'il~LatJlUil11:f1B~nq'l:fL'W'i1:: advise flil uu::1l1
,t, 1 lt.ll"'fl1R~1fuii~d u9'11utJ1::ltJflti1~oi'u ~1~fi11LailflJJ1li Ail ~1·h "introduce" ..,_ A I • • l .,.,., A I t .r... A I • 'lf~LLua11 uu::u1 'Ml~fl u1:: tlfiU~~fl1'iLLua11
At a party, my friend introduced me to Jintara Sukhaphat.
EN322 123
.. Lt'tilU
., .., "l" .... 1. QU,OJ8UL!J1LLft1 "fiUfi1UUfiL "J!IU
I already told him to review his le8$ons.
2. tn!l,&iaud'ul,\Jfllwtt1!1 Please remind me to tum off the light.
3. L~n 1 gnuiiaula.~1,;'aa.~um:nJa 1
Children were warned ·not to eat colorful candies .
• LLU::U1
I would like to recommend you to $ee the movie "Forest Gump ".
2. u;,;,ifLfJuu;,;,fluu::t11ua::i~ hll'Lti'1JJ1LuL5ja~ lfl!l This company is the first one to introduce and import wine in Thailand.
3. d'uuu::J11l,;'L6£Jflflilfh~1£JUA£JUO$Ufl~::iflaUL~ I advise you to think ve.ry carefully before making any decision .
.., ... " 1·' s .I J 4. QUUU::U1 L"flN lJLet!ILfi!11U I suggest you leave now.
124 EN322
1. Lm 1;,1tR'tnt;atll&«mianmW1 He did not ·confirm or dia1 the clw'ge.
2. L111L~BLiCULGBltJ.rnnitHU.tlLGBtiD&•~ He invited her to a party but she turned down (dedlaed) his invitation.
3. ll11tntliNft111t1'Lm ltlin~(nri'f'i1tJ u.tiLtruJI&•~
His wife wanted him to go upcountry with her, 'but he refased to go.
• ., !I .a. ., !I 1. 1'111'lfiltJJII]Mf1!1!f11LDLn!IYJ!h114n ... n'l!t11'\ft1!1fit't4
Police arrested an Asian man who shot many students.
2. L!11L tll'!ntlft1LLft::i'vtln1i'lL ,'11 He went fishing and caught a big fish.
I .,1 d ., lf_l 3. YJ1'\11etEl>llil14~n~1LLft::YJL1'\fte~nevau
Two of the soldiers were killed and the rest were captured.
4. f1ntl1s&111!I§Bni'v1Jiaismi11d
The millionaire's son was kidnapped.
UB""" 1. ~u"iL1't!Jlef1N11tl.i18-IDIILi
Accidents can be prevented.
2. Jiii;Nn\4LLJ;~r;t.i1S-~nlla'lfilN'il1flLLef>3LLr;t,_
Suntan cream protect your skin from the sun.
3. m1fWI,,;.i1s,ti'MJ'uitnlilt!~1!1L'"""~.,L~ee Tax rises restrain consumers spending on luxuries.
EN322 125
1 .. t lS !!I " 1. rlEI1flJJ\UJ UtJ'lfl\JU UJJLcrtJLU~"l
Don't drink milk in that bottle; it has turned sour.
2. 1tJ1ufl:nfuitJMJJfl
All the eggs in the basket were rotten_.
a. tJUJJiJ~u,~nau,itJ
Some bread was stale.
4. LuenuLuflau,tu,itJ niiuwna
That butter and bacon· are rancid; fhey smell unpleasant. I l" I ..a II .. !If c:l
5. L'W'f1:n1L6rl M\JO'Jn 1 ~EI1~'YI'W"lOltJ1flrl~n11 \JO "1 Lrirl~~hrf/LflO
Because she gave them everything that they wanted, her children were spoiled.
126 EN322
~ ... ..1 LLlJlJ~.m~I'IVI 13.1
'I.! _,... ..1 ..1 • 1. Lfifl ~ Lfii!J'Ul)LtiBV1~::11~!JL"nt11n~ULfl!J
.., .
2. 1'li11l~nu'b.Jl~f1·uoff·u.n
EN322 127
LL1JtJ'tJn\i"' 13.2
.. ..........................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................
_,.. ..I., ... 8. Lfitl'UL)LtUlV111JL.:JU'lltl.:JL'll1
·············································:-··························································· 1 0. n17tJ1'lltl.:JUn~:n~~t ~ n.f\J~~t1 nu1u'l1JG!J n Ph 'ld
' I t t t 1 t 1 1 t t t It I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I~ I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I ,I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I It I t t t I
128 EN322
-=1 tJ1111 14:
th~ afJui1ann1u n11 uti a u
lun11utla 1flmflua-mqtiJuilthtTwff,.nnttfhi~1JJ1!1th~iutiaua:h ufi ~utla~LfJuunftm~1Jn~:utlaufla~LffJJa 1 ~Lfit~u1fl'11\J11JJthfl'vni'L"Hihifl1LfJu .. • ... 1tl"' tl1at11~f1Uia U
ft111i~ I ,J,,~
thaauhif~ria l-H'Lnflilcumnu~L;ttu lum1utla 1 fltiL iJua~nqtiJJ1n thaa~thd'":· tl1~nuth11 "should" ua: "ought to" lun1ti1a~nq.ti ufi~L;ttuJn,:iuaulun11li
thaa~thd' L!lu liLiJu should to i~thl-H'Lnf1fi11JJUflfl1~fl1Ultl1~aii~ L!lu ... " 1. L111ft11,~fi\Jfi1U\JfiL1tiU\J1~
iJ~utlai1: He should to r.evlew his lessons.
ft11Utla11: He should review his lessons.
,;a: He ought to review his lessons .
... tl ., ..l!fj iJ l t" .. l"-'. ... ..... " .. an 1:LfiUfiLlJU qj'Hl Ufl11 !f should fla fl11 !fL'Wtl\JaflCI~L'Hfltl11Nfl911~'lJ1JJfl\J !ft ......... ~1..... ....., ... .~ .. , ..
fi11JJLuU'1~fl&tJIJfl11 1181111 'H1an11'~11tft::&u 'lH Ufl1NU91a~ !f should + have +
n!s1tlaofR 3
2. L'lJ1Jhv::aau 1tl' ( ulifl111197of&fl1fiBUIIn)
He should have passed the exam, but he failed.
3. d'ufhd'ulhv::JJ1LLtiLil ( ueift11N~;~d'uanif1fl) I know that I should have come early.
EN322 129
lftft
e I , .,.. ., tl t l II e I l ~ e I 7 r f\111 "Uttl" U ~L18UJJft~tU. a _,!J !ff\111 "ever" UtJtut'nf\111 " ll&fltl" ~=
li~1·'h "never" tl~Ltiulut11tl!JR ' ., :'ltl ., I .if ,. I ..
1. QUU9tiL ~'HU~JJ1ftLLtiLtl!J1U LJJJJL1ft1L~!J
il~utlai1: I ever go to the cinema a lot,i but I never get the time now.
fl11Utl&rh: I used to go to the cinema a' Jot, but I never get the time now.
,.,.. ..,tllll _..t I' l: 'J" .. .1~ .1... uan~nU~L1!JUfl11'V1 111 n111 'used to" uu ~=L!f\Jilna~n11ft1tTI1'nLfl!JTI I
lt~EJl~N1ntlti1~L1a1 n1iin;EJ1iLff'l!tNil~10tlL1a1 Ltiu once a~1utl1tl!JR L11~t1JJ1ti used to lum1u.tlathi1 "&fill" Ltiu
z; J I .,
2. "'"""'"LtJ1Lfl!JLLtl~~1unu
il~utlai1: They used to married once.
fl11Utla11: They were once married •
.-1 ~ ~ ., ..: I .o~,r ... """ ~· • .. uqJ'H1'nLft!J1ft\Jr1111 "&flfl" 'n~ifilUUUJ~\JilnL1il~'HU~ftflil
itJauntJ to be used to/ to get. used to ~iLLtla11 "UlJfliu" Ltiu
a. L6aa1tl'EJa~1 uvhfJJ .r~Ju L6il~&Afllunum,afuLL9iLil She lives on a fann, so she is used to getting up very early.
tl1t lEJRl1~tJUif~tLLtla ltl!J Li~111 "iflfl "lJJ1fl' L W11tfl11JJ'HJJ1!J L Utl1t l!tfl
130 EN322
• ' 'l ' , .. ltl z .. z .. _<( ~ 1. UY71:rl1'Wil J.ltl1f'lJ1• MLfiil ~1ULiUI~fiUU L6il~~il11~huLnfl
il~uthrh: Because her father won't let her go to 'the party tonight. She's in a bad
mood.
fi11Uthrh: Because her father won't let- her go to the party tonight, she's in a bad
mood.
M;aaatJthzlufl·h
She's in a bad mood because her father won't let her go to the party
tonight.
e I tl e I &I fl!l 1" Uil0~10fl111 "because" LLit1 fl111 "since"· 0\J "as" 01111.111&'1 !fLLfiU "because"
lt11Utl1::lt~fl;f L'WTl:: since I as 1a.~1t"~1iLtJUfil1\JilnL1it1ilU~L~fl1 LLfift11.111fllti'tJilO
fl11aJLtJULMflLtJU~it 1iL1JUL~fl1tl'U because L!fU '
2. She's in a bad mood since (as) her father won't Jet her go to the party tonight.
D1~::utlatl1::le~fld'LfJUil1~11fiEI ilU11tlfjflfifiLLUittlTl1 "since" 'H1EJ "as" 11 e , ' z; ""4""" Lfi1UU
.. " -• ' .. ~ e ' ' 1' l" 1·' .¥ • z "'~Uuit11: Lfiilil111JNLnfJif4"1f'Wil 1Jil'i'lJ1fl ML6il u.:J1'ULitfi.:Jfl'UU
fi11Utlit11: L6ilil111JWLftfJLJY71mil1,jil'f'lJ191l~L6il1tJ~uLSfJ~flu;f
th~1fJ , L1fu "iJ" ~riDltiLntlilqJmlun11LLUit 1shl'DfJjiL~fl1 i1ilU1~L1JU !1 .. ., z; .. n ... n 1 .... " 1. H0111fnUMit1Eif11.:JUilnft'U11Jn\41 LL91 1.11.1~ fl fi1'U\J1t'IL~\J
ii~utJa·h: There were several fights happened outside the stadium, but no one was
hurt.
fi11UtJa·h: There were several fights outside the stadium, but no one was hurt.
EN322 131
2. i7tf1flfJ&n1LMtl~ 12 flU Vln 140 flU fl,afliitt~1mfl1s-4iluotn il~ut.hrh: There were only 12 of the 140 passengers survived the plane crash.
ft11LLt.hrh: Only 12 of the 140 passeng~rs survived the plane crash.
" .., tX.. " a. mu~iNUa.J 2 ~a~uau il~ut.lai1: This house has two bedroom~.
ft11Ut.lirh: There are two bedrooms in this house.
4. i7flu\Jand'u11w1m!I1LLfi~,unuu.a1
il«ut.la'l1: There was someane telling a,e they got married.
ft11Ut.lirh: Someone told me they got mi;Jrried.
"~~~Lnt~'l1lun11LLt.lath'l1 "ii" lu 1~1il1Lflutl'aili there + verb to be Lila.Ja lt.J fi~L'liuluth~ttlfl~ 2 ua: 4
l,\'ija, 1 -uafju
fhi1 "VN" ili~l~'l1uu.a:t~D!1~ u.fi~L;tJ'UUfl'il:f'imLfifhi1. "borrow" :z1~ u.t.lai1 fiBVN thuthi1 "lend" tt~"t.lai1 tHilN Ju Ufl'i):l,ji''inLLa:lubjLflu . v
i~Ju ~L;ttutf~Jn~:u.t.lathi1 "vN" l,ji1'il: l~f1JJ ~;D tJD!1JJ lflttltl'u.tithi1 ., ., ' .J...
"borrow" fl~tl1Dti1~L'D'W
1. "l"'"~n·1at1 t H'd'ui7uiiuilD'tnlat~lfl1 'H~ il«u.t.la'l1: Would you mind borrowlng:me your pencil'!
ft11LLt.hrh: Would you mind lending m., your pencil?
132 EN 322
..... -· . . J.4~Uuirn: The bank wouldn't borrow her the money to buy the car.
fi11UUa·h: The bank wouldn't lend her the money to buy the car.
II· ..., ... ""' I I
3. LfiEl91El~fl11t/IJL~ULWEl~1fJA1\Uitl
She needs to borrow some money to pay .the doctor.
EN322 133
~· .., IIUUttfl't1fll4.1
1 .. .., ., .,
• l.lflUn~U1J1Wv'l~1llflULL~1
.................................................................................................................. j .......................................................................................................................................................... .
.................................................................................................................. , .................................................................................................................................... : ..................... . I
3 . L1itlLfiltJLUUL~n~VItl)~fi£jfl11~~'ll ............................................ 1 .................................................................... !''"'"''''"'''""''''"""''"''''''''"" .............................................................................................................. .
''"'''"'''"'''''"'"""""''''""""''''''''""''"''''''"'""''"""'''''"'''''''"'""'"''''''"j''•••••-••oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooouoooooooooo•o••"'""''''''''"'''''''''''"'''''''''"'''''''"'"'''"''""'"'"'''"''"'""'"""'"'''""
I
5 . L 'll1!11ll1.11tl'o31m oWil~~El~~13.11u
''''''''"''"'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''"""'""'"""''''''''''''''"'"'"''"r••••"'''''"''"'"'""'''"''''''""'''''"''''''''''''''''''''"'''' .. "'''''''''''''''''''''"'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''"'''''''
................................................................................................................ 1" ........................................................................................................................................................... .
................................................................................................................ , ........................................................................................................................................................... ..
................................................................................................................. , ............................................................................................................................................................. .
''''''""'''''''''''"'"''""''00 '''"'"'''''''''''''' 0 '''' 0 ' 00 ' 00 '' .. ''"""""""'""''""'"'"'"'i•••••••ooooooooooooooooo,.ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo•ooooo••••••••••ooooooooooooo.ooo•oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo••••••oooooooooooooooooooooooo•••
............................................................................................................... !"""""""""""""""'"""""""""""""""""""'"""""""""'""'""""""""'""""',"'""""'"""'""'"""""""
134 EN322
"!I u II'U'UHfl't'lfl 14.2
I
2. g{3.JmLfiltJiou.num~L'ihut!uLL'ill1'1{ih
II I
3 "'·I ""' , I .., I .. ., • L"ll1fil~'nt ~ul'lW~ 111Jq)-3LLiilL3-Jtl11ULL~1
I i
4. ~urhft'-lel1U'VIU-l~t!Yl!J . ~IJLli€1341 I
7 ~ ...4 .,. .., • fl~-l'VIU-lL"ll1Lfil!ILn~!J~nU
10 .:t.4 , ........ It . mm-rn IJ.JIJ~n'Yl
EN322 135
.d .... ..., - ~ flii'Ufl 4: ft111Lfl11~'H1Jil~flYUt1flLLa:m11LLft I.'IJ
~ Utltl 15
n11ut1a~~lailufl'a~fl11\lun
1. Only thme people were promoted, namely Sompong Jaidee, Suda Rukdee, and
Mai Rukmoo.
iitJutlirh: fl1JalJJfl1JfJnuoi~~ fia ifJJY4~ti' l~Oi iftt1 i'nfi ua: l"',j i'n"'~ iai~LflCJI: ~utlaJn~:utlatl1:lrJfl passive voice aanJJ1LU1Jtl1tlfJflfl11JJ "en
........ 1 .. 1" :; "" tl 'f n7::n1" w"""fl111 "en" "''a "'""" ,~ , flfi11JJ"'JJ1fJtJa~ 1tLrJfl
passive voice if LUU 1tllufi1~1J1fl"';atl'11Jtl tl
I ... ... I lS ..... ..... ..,! I .. o' , ... ., ... ft11U a·n: JJLV4fJ~iflllftULfi1UUflltlLitilUY11LL"'U~ flil ifJJV4~~ ~tt ift11 "l.fltl LLitt
l "'~ i'n"'~
EN322 137
2. The man who was bitten by a snake !Was given a serum. :'! " -· • " .J ., 7 .,., ... ~o~tfLLuft11: tftiltlfi!Jn~n" "'tm~
iai~LfUJJ: ~LLt.lahiLti'1l~fl11JJVIJJ1fltl~thi1 "serum" ~hu passive voice (was
bitten) LLtlalttt~l!ithh "fltl" ,;a "f"u" Ju ania~ua1 LY411t passive u v
voice lut11tlt!fld';:;fl1-1JJVI~1f.lluLi~au .
fl11LLtliln: ~tilti~On~tf" ltii'vmGttLL~t+:l u . v
3. Most of the people Invited to the paify didn't turn up.
~il~ut.lai1: · flUfhulV~qjlth1ut.11i'iflJJ1~mrvan .
iai~Lnfl: rl'ut.lahiLti'1l~lfl1~ifn~t.l1tlflfl passive voice tfilttatt1t.l ~~lut.l1tlt1flifii v ' v
fl11JJVIJJ1f.llULU~tJ10 flB lfi'tJLUqj iimf~~LLtla l,jffi113-J'HJJ1f.lt18~£hU1U turn up ua::J~LLtla'tiuA'Y4~thi1 "party" iin~1t1
fil11LLtlai1: ijltA'i'v&i&y~1uLiff.l~ihu~qjl,jJJ1t171nlJi1
4. It was annoying not being able to reJ!llember his address.
il~ut.lai1: uuuTi1fi1'Yifl,jif1JJ11Cl~1~1ULatt~tiB~Lt111~ iai~Lnfl: ~LLt.laJnut.laif11Y4U1JJ it ~lu~if'ti1VIU1~LUU Impersonal pronoun ua::
dummy sub)ect l,j~1LUUtl~~LLtlathi1 "it" i1 "lfu" lufJO~LifJJB lt.l fil11LLtla·h: LtJUL~B~U1i1fl1qj~~1U1UL·tl~tiB~Lt111JJ1~
. ;
5. What you have written is not suitabl~ for publication.
iJJLL tJai1: fiNLtif.IU8:: J,m,jL VIJJ1tif~1VIi''llif16170l:: u • i
iai~Lnfl: rl'ut.la l,jfl11tJfi11JJVIJJ1f.ltl~~ Indefinite pronoun "what" ~~B1~LLt.lai1 · V I
i~ L~~~ LLa1LLvitJ;ufl u~n~1nd'~LLt.laLti'1l~i3tti1 "publication" LUuth ... ., "" l " ~I .J!"' Ltlt110tJ "public"~~ 11fl11 'HJJ1f.I'YIHtlJJ1
• •.,j· ... l' .., -- " fil11LLtlft11: ii"'Yif!NLtlf.IU JJLVIJJ1tfl~tfl JJ'W
138 EN322
6. By the end of fh:is year, Sally will have been teaching English for twenty years • ... ., A I I .. .. ~ ~ ... 7 ., ., ..1~ ~ ~~U.uft11: LJ.filtl~ct'Uu Utfftft IJSBUil1'1!t1il~nc)'HaJ1!Jct1Ju
., ~ ., tl ... , 1... ., .... ..1 "' . 1 "' ... tliln~Lnt~: ~u iUJ~ LaJIJfl11aJlfl111JLtn L'iJLnfJ'lft1J tense L1Jil1'1!t1il~nq'l!tflWil ~~LLtla
future perfect tense ltli.J.in1:iui'flfl1JY4il
tt11u.tla·h: wsiNftu\J uwaaHssun1v1iWnq!IJn7~t!liu\J
7. Warunee has just completed a new motion picture, which will open at the Grand
Cinema.
il~u.tlai1: 11ldilmsfvium'JLLiffl~ll1WLfl~au l'H1~~\l:a\Jfim1Uiffl~;lt,~..,,r~ un1uti'
iai~Lnt~: ~uti a lJ.iLi1 l'llfl111J'HIJ1tltlil~ present perfect tense ua: lJ.ijfl111J'HIJ1tJ
tlil~ti'w,;' "motion picture"
tl I ... A,; d . ~.. l I ..I """" "' ~ fl11U. ft11: 11lN'n"Uf~9n1'JLLiffl~ll1Wti1Jfi'JL 'Jil~ 'HIJflliJ:Q1!Jfl L 'J~\11J~LLft11Jfl
8. Please give me a ring when you arrive and l will pick you up.
il~u.tlai1: ltl1fl1H"H1UAU LdilflNIJ1D~LLa1QUiiJ:: lti'HlflN
iai~Lnt~: ~utlalJ.iLi1l\lmU11J to give (someone) a ring
tt11utlai1: ltl1ttTn~Rwno"d'uLdaflNIJ1D~ ua1nu\l:: ltli'u
9. My friend wanted to fire her maid since she was disobedient.
il~utlai1: Lyjeut~a~Q'utl'a~m,y~t lwunfluliL w11::Lt11 lJ.iLtiaw~ II ., II tl 1 I... II ..1 ., ,!(. _f ~ ~.:... Cll tliUf~Lnt~: NU ft IJIJfl111J'JLft!J1ft1Jri'WJJ to fire n'Wfi'UIJfl111J~IJ1!J'Hft1tJUtJ
v v
tt1'JLL tlai1: LyjautJe~Q'utfe~n,, laflu lia am w11::Li1'HaaulJJLtiaw~
10. Most of her friends at the party were born with silver spoons in their mouth . ... " -• I ... ' ~ ' ... .¥ ... .. U ..J': .... tl IJ ~II U ft11 LYHlU t'1'1'U 111 ty'\1 tl-3111 tlfi-31'U lfH.l-3 ll1&niiH1BIInii8111BBII&-IIIfl1 1n
ifnf.:Jiflfl ra'mJalidTu1u1JjfJn~o-3 -' I ... ' ~ ' ... ,¥ I' ' __ ..J': ... ..J': .... fi1111U ft11 L'W f) U t'l'l'U 111 ty'\1 tl-3 L ti tlVI-31 'I.Ua tl-3 a1'U U ~ fi1HDBII& -IIIBBIItiB-1111&n fl
EN322 139
11. lnfonnation Is collected before· a decis,on Is made.
iltf'ut.lai1: iDJJBf1n&n'ununNrioun11~ttiu t,ifv::th tiaf·Unfl: ~LLUILLUIU1:=lflft pa$Sive l~t~lifhi1 "fJn" ;f~uDnft11J.J'MJ.J1flltni~ lJ.iii
LLtlU1:=lt~flifLflut11:=lt~fln11~ fl11J.J'HJ.J1!JL~Una1~ D1,LLtJalttfln11LflJ.J
12. The West's diseases have been closel~ linked to the consumption of meat .and
dairy products.
il~LLtlai1: &isf'1fJtiD~tJ1zL't1ftm~tlnu$nilfitioad1~tnMttnu~u;tntud'a1'1 uaz fiB~ tf1tJ7::V1lU
tia&l'·Unfl: ~LLtJa lJ.i-i'fi11J.J'HJ.J1!Jtlil·U'lYn{th'h "disease" LLat meat / dairy products " " ~~utlae3tt
fl11LLt.lai1: f1AntJlti'&fu~'Mtnfltla~tn1•==1'u9lmrlrn lt~~ad1~ lnatifl nun11u;tnfl ~aft.tlwtl'tJ1:=Lilfl&daua::u~o~•
13. They are generous although they are poor.
il'LLt.lai1: W'lnLti10a1tt"t'iS~n,:Juw'l,Ltl1ni~'u tiai~Lnfl: ijLLtJalJ.iLi1l,fi11J.J'MJ.J1fltiB~fhL!iaJ.J although tliLrJaua9l~fi11J.J'MJJ1tlil
., ., ., tlflLLfl~nu
fl11LLt.lai1: w'lmtnl,flam1~tl11~",;1,~:=tnn,un911J.J
14. One should perfonn one's duty as we¥1 as he can.
il~LLtJai1: U1~f9JRtth~1'UtJii~L!J1l~fiL1jhiiLtJ1if1JJ1"Ulth li tiai~Lnfl: ~utJaLLtJathi1 "one" if~L~~ Indefinite pronoun lJ.iL'MJJ1ZifJJ911JJtJ;un
"
140 EN322
15. You have to wait until the others come back.
ileLLthrh: f1Nia~"laad;.)un·hv::m,,.natJJJ1
iai~Ln~: ~ut.Jaut.Jathh "the others" iuuu Indefinite pro11oun lJJgnia~vnJJ t.J~\J'YI
fi11LLtJai1: f'INtlfl~"lflflfi;.)Ufli1AUa'u '7 ;.):matJJJ1 . .,
16. Thailand's economy is in a critical state.
il~LLtlai1: Lf1"l'MJO;.)tJa~,.htL'Yif11 'Yituha~agtuth~ihfi" &y
iai~Lnfl: el'ut.JaLL t.Jatrl1JJ'HJJ1trtla~thi1 "critical" 1JJL1UJ1tt{JJfl1JJU~U'YI ., fll"lLLtJai1: Lfl"l'MJO;.)tJa~tl"ltL'Yif11'Yimha~ag1urh"1nqti
17. If I have a car, I can pick you up at the airport.
il~utlai1: t1'1;luihn Q'ua1aJ1"ln 7118"fltu~au1JJUU li ., . tiai~Lnlil: el'ut.Ja1JJi'fi11JJ'HJJ1tltlfl~ phrasal verb "pick up" ., ., fi11LLtJai1: tl1QU£i"ln ;lunlt.Ji'Uf70l~aU1JJUUli
18.Eventhough the British and the Americans speak the same language, they can
·sometimes misunderstand one another . ..... •• ' ... "' "' ...... • "' :: ..1 IJ~LLuit11: Cl~LLJJ11fiUfl~OC)tiLLittf'I'UflLaJ"lfl'U'lflll1ti1Ufii8J.IflU \J1~f'l"l~Ltl1Cf1JJ1"lt1'YI
;.)tLi1l;.)nutltl1t1'L'Hiiaunu
iai·un~R: ~utJaut.Jathi1 "same" lfltJLaan lith 1JJL'H111taJJntJLilafi11JJ ., -· ' ... "' "' ...... - "' :: c:f"' "l A1"lLLuit11: Cl~LLJJ11f'IUfl~OC)tiLLittfiUflLJJ"lflU;.}t\"4tlll1'li1UJf/1flU \J1~fl"l~Ltl10ti~Lll1 ;.) ., '
tltlnu li
EN322 141
19. It will take me quite some time to g~t him interested in buying your land. .
iJ(uthrh: J1'utfa.:aliL1inlhM'S\JOUlun~1~~tlhl~L7J1SUl~~~ttfa~iiUtJD-11f!W tlDft.:JLnfl: ~uthtutlaS11YfU1JJ "It" f.:aLflutl1ttnUfili'tn1JJl1JJ1fJ'h "NU" ~.:a
~ .
lal~1Lflu iflm ltiLafJ lalia~utla fl11U tJai1: QUfl.:JtlD-11 1tlba1JJ1nfiLflfJ1~~t~1 1 ~L!t1SU1~~D~tlUtlil-IILDB
20. She felt as if she were in heaven wh~n she got a great compliment from her
parents.
il(utlai1: Lnaflml1ilau·n\Ji1Laa lti a~1 utt111ft'Ldausa lli'uf91&iussauJJ1nii'u 'Hd.:a~1fl~Uflfl1B-IIt1D-IILDB
ial~~n": L ~um1LL tla~mifi1LBuuiau,::Laan 1tl'•i11altl'l~·n=ntJtdafl11JJ fl11UUfti1: LDDjln111rl\JD.~\JUS111ftL~8tDD 1tfi'ufi:Jr/ll&fln1flUfl1JJ11fl1
21. Though I hate crowded places, I ha~e to work in Bangkok . ... II tl I .. al ..1 alp_l e,.t G II .! , l-ltiLL fl'n: QULflitfJfl't'l , IJ~.:ati'U LLfltf'Uflflil-IJTJ1-111'U 'Ufl1~L't'IW.,
iaft'unt~: ~utJa lalutJath lrJ.:afi11JJl-.1~.,L~u t~ntl'a.:a tiafl11JJ~.:a lalviaLda.:anu fl11LLUiti1: "M'i10U~t laJtiD\JSa1UfiLLdii'fl OU~~1tlD.:ath.:a1Ua~1un1.:aL't'IYf., B~tl
22. Exhausted by long hours of work, h~ decided .to go to bed early.
iJ(utJai1: L'HilflL'H~DfJ1Ufl11f11.:a1U'HlflfJfltJJ.:a L1J1ifliu1~1tJuD'UL~1 , 11 .JY a~..le ~..IPJ • ! ..1 tl .J II "' .ol 1J8a~Lftfl: 1it't'IYI1'HU1't1Lu'U participl~ phrase 't'I!JfJ1fJ 1t61U't1"1JJJJ1!J1.:a'Hft.:a LJJil
LL tJaL flull1ti1 1't'lr.Jfl11iuiu~1t lfJflfi'1r.JU1ttnuri au fl11JJ'HJJ1r.J~.:a~::tifiL~u tl11UUfti1: L!J1;1n&HiJII&HGStiLda.:a~1ft,j1.:a1UJJ1'Hft1fJi1lJJ.:aLtJ1~.:aiflaU1~Li1UD'U .. .
142 EN322
23. The accused man said in court be wished to withdraw his confession ..... tl' ..1' '1 • " .... ~~U. it'll: !f'Ulfl0it11'H1flit11 LUff1it11Ltnf\il~fl11Litflfl1ifl"Sil1?4
Wilft·Uflfl: accused Lflu verb Wil~~ 3 ~IJ1~1fl passive voice at~atJ ua:rn~11''HU1 .1 ... ..1- " ..1 .1 .. .1 .. u1:61ULWilllt'HU1fl!lfl1tiL1a1 L1it1LLua ~~fl11LLuitL'HIJilU passive voice
/
ft1'tu.tlai1: tnfJRenmi11H1LLaauiilff1ai1L!l1ti'il~n11L'WnaDuths111l1W
24. Spoiled by his parents as a child, he grew up to be a discontented young man . .,."tJ' l ' ' ~ •Ill .. 'i'!fl ,.,.., l 1 ~~LL 011: t)flf\11J ~~1flWilL11JIJ1f\'ILL91Lflfl LtJ1~~ L91LuUtnfJ'H\iiJfl LIJWil ~8: 1
" ., " ., " ..,.,J o " ..1 ~ .I ool tJilif~Lnfl: ftitlfJfl\J!lil 22 1itflf11'HU1fiLuU participle phrase !lfJ1tlu1:51Utr~f\11JIJ1
.I I I I l ~ I cl ... 1 .f .. !fl 1 .oM 1
.fl1'tU.uit11: L!l1t)flW8LLIJV111J ~IJ1VI~LLfiLflfl LIJil fi!JU~~flit1fJLuUtnti'H'!IJ!J LIJLfltl
wal1ila:11Latl
2 5. The exam is going to be difficult . .. ., .... . " . ., ~e..u.ua11: !lBifil\Jnla~~:mn ~ .
" .. l . .-:: .z.. .. ., tJilif~Lflfl: to be going to Uu1\JflUIJfl111J'HIJ1tiL'HIJ8Ufl\J seems to
.I ' " J r fl1"SLLuit11: !l8ifil\JUH1H1"9~tl1n
..1 J • ..1 ., 1 .... . .. ...... ., .. ., -<( 1. fi~1ULitti~LL'H~'HU~QU ti1\Jfl11UU::U1 L'Hl~flfl\J ~UVl'HTL if'JYlltGiY
ileim.Ja·h: At a party, I was suggested Jintahra Sukhaphat. ~
" ., " • I n .. l " 0 .. _f"' " .. .~ tJiliHLflfl: e.ILLuit!l1flfl111J1 Ufl11Litilfl !ffl1f1?4TJ L'HL'HJJ1:fl\JLUilfl111J ... ... .
fi1"SLLuai1: At a party, I was introduced to Jintahra Sukhaphat ..
2. LtJ1l"LL'H1U1~if1fJLLriiiuLdil11Uif ibl'u.tla·h: He had given me a beautiful ring yesterday.
" "J!I "til" 1 1
" !fl ... 1Jiht~Lnfl: ~LL a !f tense IJt}flVIil~ tl11LuUilf!VIfl1itti11JJVI1
fi1"SU.tlai1: He gave me a beautiful ring yesterday.
'·
EN 322 143
•
il~Lnhrh: What do you want for a brea.fast'l
I want to have one bacon andi egg. i1uf~Lntt: ~utlatnflfi11JJfLflrnn\J&tnn1lfhilum1i'~a1'H11LLa:=li Article lJJ~n
., fiB~
fi11Utla·h: What would you like for bre~fast?
I'd like to have baCOJJ and eQs •.
.: i1 ~ '""' 4. ClUU£f1!1Uf1n 'lfl~LLOILJJB11U
il~utla·h: This street had closed since ye~terday.
iaa~Lntt: ~ut.Ja 1JJ1tl'utlatl1tlflflifitiag1uatlthtl!tfl passive
fl11Utla·h: This road has been closed sincte yesterday.
5. i1n11Wftnui1Ltni'uituvu "
il~utlai1: It is said that he is corruption.
iaauntt: ~ut.Jautlafhi1 "i'viuvu" l~t]nvl'a~ Li1l~iuaui1 "suvu" 'HJJ1flil~
corruption
fl11Utla·h: It Is said that he. {Is
takes
6. d'u'tfD\J&ftnflsn Tnutlf ..... al I
a..~u1Ja11: I like cake chocolate.
cor$ pt.
iaa~Lntt: ~ut.Ja 1JJLi1 l~ lfl,~an~tl,t l!tf'll11:na~nq~ ti·ul'a~,,~•ht~fl1fl 11"Hu1u1JJ mfl'cylu~if1j1JJthfl'cyfiathi1 "&fin" la..,tl "flsnfnut""
fl11Utla·h: I like chocolate cake.
144 EN322
7. WD!ID~Lt.n lJ.ir~nt.li1LtnlaJltt1tiT'~'7flu
iltJut.lai1: His father did not know that he had not been to the school.
iDi~Lflfl: ~LLtJalJ.iLi1l~L~D~fl11Ltf ArtiCle Etnnu go to schoollJJ1i Artide Lfl '1 .. . \1'U1fl1'U1JJ school
ft11Ut.lfti1: His father had no idea that he did not go to school.
a. n11Lilur11~ f~rfl&fJ!s.,oua:fl1nfi il~ut.lai1: Traveling by a plane is comfortable . .. 1!1 ' ... ., .. .. *' l ' ' ..s .I .I ., ... :: tJDnUflfl: Ltf'ULflfJ1fl\J!Iil 7 i!iLLuft JJ'YI11\J11n1'U1'U'YILflfJ1fl\Jfl11Lfi'U'YI1~'YI~\1ft1fJ
lJ.iia~ls Article \1U1A1U1JJ
ft11Ut.lai1: Traveling by plane is comfortable .
... .. *' ' JJ~LLuft11: Perhaps you could advise me a good lawyer.
iai~Lnfl: U'ut.hnihlflLtffl1~lJ.iL'HJJ1:aJJtiuLifaA11JJ "advise" fla flT'JLL'U:1hL~thft~ v
ft~if ~~ lJ.iL'HJJ1:tiutJ;\J'YIL'Uth:LfJAll
ft11Ut1a·h: Perhaps you could recommend me a good lawyer.
.. .. ., l cl 10. LfttJ1UJiiULtl1L 1il~fl11'Utl'HJJ1fJ 'UVIil'ULfJ'U
iliut.lai1: His secretary warned him about his appointment in the evening. " ., " *I .,. l"A ..M ' "' .l .,. .,. .I ., ., 1J8ifUflfl: i!iLLuftLftilfl tfr•1'YILJJL'HJJ1:fl\JL'Uilf'l11JJ "warn" f'lil LVID'ULflfJ1fl\JilfJ/
., .... , ' .. *,... ~ 8'UV111fJ 'if~ JJ~flVIil~VI1JJu1\J'YI'U
ft11Ut.lai1: His secretary re~inded him of his appointment in the evening.
EN322 145
_,.. ..1 ... -11. UfBu'DUfa\1~:1\JL~UL!fl
iliutl&rh: She denied to accept his mpney. .
iai~'"": tiLLtlaLGan lithmJJuntia~tt1JJ'lAu'rl "deny" fie n11ti~Laml'm ;\~~;~ fl11Utla·h: She refused to accept his dloney.
' '
12. ~ua~n1u~JJ~~a~!n1Mun
iliutlirh: The cotree anti tea are not ~uite good.
iaa~LnCJJ: cotree ua: tea Lfluu1JJ~u1Jtltl' 1JJ~1Lflutia~tif~ Article
tiLLtlafi'~LLUa 1Jlfl1\Ja1U
fl11LLtlai1: Cotree and tea are not realfy good for your health .
• r ., , " . ~ 13. UIJU1&91JY'f~ti1Lflit~:LU1LctfJ
... " tl I JJ~LL a11: Chao Phya river is nearly spoiled.
iai~Lnfl: ~.; " " 'J " •t... ~ 0 I I !!lf LUJw1L~1W1:fJ19l8~ L'lffl1\J~fl\J Article "the" U80~10UUfl111 "'U1hrtl"
;f 1Jlfl1~tl\JUfJ~11JJ\1JJ1fJ'8~thi1 "spoiled" 9~\1JJ1fJi'i~ "fJnfi11H'&itJ
AU" \1;8 ""1111VVU&Bti~U" fi11LLtlai1: The Chao Phya river is ne~ly polluted.
14. n1:'t'l=enif.,11tu8~alft1JJ ileiutlai1: The pan left in the sink. ·" tiai~Lflf1: ~LLtla1JJ1tl'LLtlaloH'Lflut11:lJfl passive voice
fi11LLtlai1: The pan was left in the sin~ • .. ..r .......... ,.~" 15. 19'1U&f11-l LUif,..fJ9lU1fiU LflaU\11
N~LLtlirh: This tt;mple built early in ~e Rattanakosin period.
ti'aa~Lnfl: L'liULflfJ1tlUU1:lfJfl~ 14 ~~LLtlalJJ\111\J'llU1:lfJfl;f fliJ U1:lfJflfl11JJ . I -
fl11JJ\1JJ1fJLflum:n~i~Lda~tlaLflun1~1a~nq~tia~lit11:lfJfl passive i
fi11LLtla·h: This temple was built earlj in the Rattanakosin period. i
146. EN322
l 4 ~ ' w ~ 16. L!J1ifU ~fl1'UJJiNUJ1fl~UflLtrl!HLtJfl .. St -.f I
ueuuft11: He was interested in politics since he was a child. " .. tliJifUflfl: ~utJalti tense liJt]fliB~ a1lti was interested LLUfti1 LfltlifUl~lua6itl LLtl
W J a. t " il .~ J I t 4 ~ 1 \JflULftflifU ~LLft1 Ufl Uu"J1Jf1U~JJ1!.1fl11JJ11 L!J1ifU ~fl11LJJ8~JJ1\Jl~Ufl W cl 0: .Zc1 W t I
L!J1ti~Lflfl LLftZLfltiJUfltl~ifU ~Btj
fl11UUfti1: He has been Interested in politics since he was a child.
4111 "" •• I ueuuft11: Let's go for a walk; the climate is fine.
" .. 118if~Lflfl: el'utJaLaanlif'l1Blfl "climate" fia ifll1WB1fl1f1LwW1z~ LL\JI1u~if-wflil~ v . v
ifll1W81fl1fli1 1 ltJ
fl11LL\Ja·h: Let's go for a walk; the weather is fine.
18. L!J11U'ti1~1ULLfi1\JIZ1UB8flftit1~ ... " .. 1 • U~LLuit11: He has gone to work in Middle Bast.
ti'ai~Lflfl: el'utJalti Article lJJanla~ u1J.Jf'l1i1 "Middle East" ia~litiu Article v v '
"the"
fl11Ut1a·h: He has gone to work in the Middle &st .
..1 w w ..t ' :'1" w " 19. fliJ"nq!fl1-.1U1UJJ1flt)fltJ1UV11::L"lfl11\J1
il~LL\Jai1: In English, cows were killed because the mad cow disease.
ti'ai~Lflfl: a~flf)'~tutJ"lzltlflif fia U1ZLllf1 English ~JJ1tla~ fiU~;Bil1'tf1 ~utJalti f'l1l,jt]fllB~LLaz liA1LiaJJ because lJJgnfia~ because la~ lti'LilBJJ
u,= ttJfl lJJ1tiLiaJJA1~;a1a fi11Ut1ai1: In England, many cows were killed because of the mad cow disease,
EN322 147
20. Ltnuu;V,tt1ouf'nu1ti"D~L!I1 il~ut.lai1: He suggested me to know his boss.
tiai~Lntt: tJutlatithlaJL\nn::nuL~Dfl11JJ uu::U1lt1'f'in fl11tithi1 "Introduce.,
fl1'1LLt.lai1: He Introduced me to hi~ boss.
21. L!11U19::Ltl~t1Ut~rlou~::Cf'lt1Lfl\lltJ .
il~ut.lai1: He should to change hi~ mind before it is too late.
tiaft'~Lnfl: iut.lai'usu1::\·rhuhi1 should+ verb nu ought to + verb fi11LLt.lai1: He should change his ~ind before it is too late.
22. il£lU'iiL'l1fl1mf\ltl\lfltt1~;fLdDil1~91'!ffiLLtt1 il~ut.lai1: There was a car accide~t occurred here last week.
tiaft'~Lntt: l,j~1Lfluol'o~ti thu1Uithere wa.i tun11utlatl'l::lt1Ad fi11'Ut.lfti1: A car accident occlllTCq here last week.
.. ..r t· . ..r ...: .t ,~., ..r ' l; 2 3. w\1Lfltl91\l\lil\191D\I 6 JJ~fl1~ LL~Lflti1\I0\191\1Cf'ltln11\l\l
.... t.l ' a.I~LL ft11: I got up at 6.30 p.m., "ut now I get up later.
tiaft'~Lntt: used to tllufl11JJ'l1JJ1~i, "'srhi.,tfu1ual• (past habit) u,;Dvyvu lJl.fthlnul1
fi11LLt.lfti1: I used to get up at 6.3f;) p.m., bu'tnow I get up later.
2 4. vfilLL,jfi11'JtL flu~L\J\JDfh~flii!lil~"n iliut.lai1: Parents are good mode~s for their children.
tiai-aLnfl: J.iutlala.~1tfutlath·h "'1n::" fi1'1LLt.lai1: Parents should beg~ role models for their children.
148 . EN 322
• ..: 4 ..I I ,.,., .,
25. ~WNfl"S~fl~~:aflilUL'Hf.lilflDU'riJJU'l~flfl
ileiut.lai1: A snake tells before it bites. u
iai~Lnet: ~LLtJaliflT·h "tell" lum-sutJai1 Lilau fl1i1 "tell" fia n1-suanmh1 "
6"S"SJJfl1 ff~ hifi"S~fi1JJ\AU'rl;f ff~'HJJ1t1D~ &isu ntJBUIRTlll
fi1'1Ut.lai1: A rattlesnake warns its victim before it strikes.
EN322 149
LanS11111V1 lt~u ... ~ ... • _, .I ( ~ .,. ~1t'W11lf \!O&tiLnfJ"Stl UitttlO&t. fi1Sif"in17Uuif. "rUI\Jtltl'l1JJLll~'rlqlf~LLitt
t.lljuii) n1~L ,..,., : 11~WJJWJJ\11i'rlfJ1afJo11JJf11ift~i', 2 5 40.
fl'l~tn tf'Wa. nqv6ua~~a16n17utla. n1~L'n'W,: t,~'WJJw,ma~n,Qr
JJmiY~fJ1afJ, 25~5. .. .. ~ ·' ""' ., ..._ .. .. ~ ~ 'ri'W1 L'ri'Wiltl"SYHlf. n1'1U~if&UiJ_,IJU. 01~L'ri'W,: t:t IUO'WJJ'W,\41~010&-
... .. ' JJ\11'l'rlfJ1ittl, 2540.
D'U'Ui't~u t.l1a&tfla. "t.l1t lfJtl011JJ lun1lf1lY~mti'1\ff!tlL t.lfifJuu t.la~" 117i117 • il..l .. ... 11Jift1UH_, 'rl 15 Q\J\J'rl 1, 2535.
t.lndi u1uiu. n17&&tla/uff" (i.,nqv-lnfl). n1~L'ri'W,: 111tli!tln1lt1B~nqti tlO&tanti1f11at~i' ,ma~n1NJJmiY~tl1afJ, 2523.
tnfJ1 ~ui't~u. n17UtlaENnqv&iJu1nfl: uu1R~ma::l6n17. n1~L'ri'W,:
thunwJJwfl'l~nJJa, 2 5 31.
ii'U'U1 u;tf,.~. nqvoua::16tlOuiitunTnnla. n1~L'ri'W,: u;'\i,.a'H011ijf1~1nfl, 2537.
11u1a iJJaLQa1. tjDassuutlsmnruffsauutlaiia1Hii. n1~L'ri'W,: l1~'WJ.Jw
,m~n,atJJmiY~fJ1afJ, 2529.
i'rltn 'Wil~IJ'lfla. "tlqlt~n11LLt.laaJfJil~,u-u" Lanm1l un11B\J1JJLi~t.lljUin11
L~a~ "\fLL19l'l~Unut.la" 1flfJt1UtJ'oW\WU1'HU~i1a fi1J.Jitnn11 LLat!fJJ1JJUnLLt.la
LLlNU1tL'rlf1l'rltl, 26 'Wqtill1tlJJ · 2540fl
__ . nqvQn17utlaua~n17iJneJun17&&tla&iiaa1Bw. · n1~L'ri'W,: JJ'H1iY~fJ1afJ 11JJthLL\1~, 2525.
tftnlta! thi'nt4. Ratl~&ni.,n17&&tla. n1~L'ri'W,: thun'WJJwLiitlu'l11a&, 2526.
EN322 151
Brislin, Richard W., ed. Translation: ~pplicatlons and Research. New York:
Gardner Press, Inc., 1976.
Catford, J.C. A UnllUistic TJJeory of''ltranslatlon. Oxford: Oxford University
Press, 1980.
Crystal, David. A First Dictionary of Jl,anguage and Phonetics. Great Britain:
University Press of Carnbridge11 1980. I
Desblache, Lucile. "Translation Mlethod" LDnen·n.l1~nDtJn11DtJ'UILi·n.l~uilrns ':., ., .,
"Specialised Translation" iftniuun!fna&nuf!ifl, 6U11flJJ, 2541.
Eppert, Franz. "Translation and Seconq Language Teaching," in Canadian Modern
Language Review. LDOS11th~JUltJn11tJ11fJ1tll!fl Introduction to the Theory
and Practice of Translation, ~C, July, 1980. rd
Hornby, A.S. Oxford Advanced Lear .. er's Dictionary of Current English. 3. ed.
Oxford: Oxford University ~ss, 1974.
Larson, Mildred L. Meani'!_g-based 'Translation: A Guide to Cross-Language
Equivalence. New York: University Press of America, 1984.
Longman Dictionary of Contemporary Jtngllsh .. 31'11 ed. Harlow Essex: Longman,
1983.
Longman Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs. Sarlow Essex: Longman, 1983.
McArthur, Tom and Beryl Atkins. Dictiopary of English Phrasal Verbs and their
Idioms. London: Collins, 199Q.
Newmark, Peter. Approaches to Transl~tion. New York: Prentice Hall, 1980.
Nida, Eugene and Charles R. Taber. Th~ Theory and Practice of Translation.
Leiden, The Netherlands: E.J. Brill, 1982.
Rabin, C. The Linguistics of Translatio~t. · LDOS11th~flDtJn11tJ11tl1tll!f'1 Introduction to the Theory and pl_.actice of Translation, RELC, July 1980.
152 EN322
Seleskovitch, Danica. "A Psychological Approach to Translating, "in Translation:
Application and Research, Richard W. Brislin, ed. New York: Gardner
Press, Inc., 1976
Sethaputra, So. New Model English-Thai Dictionary. 2 Vols. Bangkok: Thai
Wattana Panich, 1970.
Spears, Richard A. NTC's Basic· Phrasal Verbs. Lincolnwood, Illinois: National
Textbook Company, 1996.
EN322 153
cfllfl NUl fl
EN322 155
"Passive voice"
1. Custom officials reveal that pangolins ( fi1rhnJfl) have been seized mostly in the South.
2. Frozen pangolins have been shipped from Indonesia to Vietnam, en route to China.
3. An Arab man was arrested at Suvarnabhumi airport with luggage .filled with drugged wild animals.
4. The man was bailed on 200,000 bath cash arranged by a diplomat from the UAE embassy in Bangkok.
5. The baby animals werepacked at a warehouse in Min Buri district.
EN 322 157
Dummy subj.lct "It"
6. It is a good idea, but I don't)know if it will become popular .
................................................................................. .,. ......................................................................................... .
7. It is not worth buying a new car this year.
•••••••••••••••••••ouoooooooooooooooouooooooooo'loooooooooooo.ooooouooooooooooooootooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooouoouoooooooooooooooooouooooootooooooooouooo
"Tense"
8. Have y~u ever been stuck in an elevator?
................................................................................... , ........................................................................................ .
9. If the situation really become$ bad enough, we will have to sell the car.
·······································································•I''''''''''''""''''"'''"'''·'···················································.······················
I 0. Thailand remains a hub for illegal exports of protected animals.
o o 0 o o o 0 0 o o o o 0 o o o o 0 0 o o oo o 0 0 0 0 o 0 0 oo o o o 0 0 o o o 0 o 0 o o 0 0 o 0 00 o o 0 o oO o oo o o o 0 o o o o o 0 0 ~ o oo o o o 0 00 o Oo 0 Ot I o 0 0 00 o 00 0 o 0 0 o o o o o o o o o 0 0 o o 0 o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o 0 0 o o o 0 0 o o o 0 0 o o o 0 o o o o o o 0 o oo o o o o oo o o o 0 o o o o o 0 o
11. There are not many good cafeterias in the town· center.
12. Wild animals are being smuf81ed in smaller numbers in small pickup trucks or other personal veiUcles. ·
...................................................................................... "' ................................................................................. .
158 EN322
,,;atl,~tltY1 ............................ ..
"Indefinite and relative pronouns"
13. Somebody was locked inside the building.
14. What everyone wants cannot be given to everyone.
15. Facebook, Twitter and others have created connections among people.
"Words. in context"
16. We nearly ran out of gasoline before we reached home.
17. I consider him someone special.
18. Personal problems may affect your decision.
19. My boss is a very generous host.
20. The blind are not always helpless.
21. Her car was parked beside mine.
22. It seems sensible to forgive him.
EN322 159
"Phrasal verb"
23. Do you think that the price ofl~d in this area will come down?
24. They cannot cover up their affairs any more .
• • • • • •• • •• •• •• •• 0 ..................................................... 0 ................... t••• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ·~· ....................................... 0 ••
' \
25. Some antiques must be kept up for the' next generation .
......................................................................................... "'1'''"'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''"''''" ........ .
· 26. It's difficult to find someone tofit in this position.
27. Custom officials try to crack down on wild animal smuggling.
····························································································t· .. ·············································································
"Idioms"
28. Sometimes parents have to bite the bullet with their children's behavior.
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••p•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••oooooooooooou••••••••••••••••••••••••• '''''
29. Will you be ready to bring home the bacon when you get married?
3Q. Whenever problems occur, he always vanishes into thin air .
...........................................................................................................................................................................
160 EN322
"Connectives" 31.- 35.
According to my idea, we cannot easily change our habit of eating. When we go to a restaurant, we usually order same. dishes that we used to eat. Although there is an extensive menu of dishes that we can order, we still choose the same thing. I have a friend who always has fried rice because she does not know what else to order .
.................................................................................................................................................................................
"""'~ 2 utla,ml\1\le~nqv "Passive voice"
r I~ "" 36. 1116ftJIJD11H111'Pl1,tH1CI6'1..1
EN322 161
"Words in context"
II
40. 1l1,jutHuut1uth1..f!J1111'lftfJ,ft'1S1;j
.............................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................ II
42. 1hri11JDe.,Ku,i
I .. 1 43. '"'1Qfl'1111Ue4elml111J an
....................................................................................... , .................................................................................... . J
162 EN322
"Articles" 46.-50.
L '1?JflnUi1fiU,18Q,A'O~ 120 iJ ft1788ttthlfn111Ua::ttlfftU8ltflri\ihJ1:: low ft8Lft!fll\'u ,1tfl \, \tf
wiJJttY,ULft1ofl tt171JfeKs (forgiveness) Rni1ttltu&uru (vengeance)
...........................................................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . •' ........ .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I
.....................................................................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I
...•............••.......•................•..........•.......................•......
EN322 163
"Passive voice"
164
1. Three people were killed ancl others remain missing .
..............................................................................................................................................................................
2. Their villages were hit by mUdslides in Nam Pad district of Uitaradit.
3. Relief supplies were being d~livered to the villagers· by military helicopters .
. ....... .... ...................................... .................... ........... 4••·····~ .................................................................................. .
4. In Suphan Burl, 367 families were evacuated (e't1tJ't1) after their. homes were flooded.
5. Many provinces have beenflpodedby the power of the Nock Ten tropical storm and other moJjlsoons.
EN322
Dummy subject "It"
1. It was the worst disaster to hit many districts' in 100 years .
..............................................................................................................................................................................
2. It is said that there are many more monsoons coming to Thailand.
"Tense"
3. The National Rice Policy committee has approved the rice mortgage scheme (lfi'J~m,i'tJt1lhr&'11).
9. The rice mortgage scheme will ensure prices for farmers of up to 20,000 baht per ton.
10. The government promised to take responsibility if the scheme is a fmancial disaster.
11. Lecturers from universities across the country protested against -the TQF for higher education .
.............................................................................................................................................................................
12. They said universities should focus more on measurable outcomes such as graduate employment.
EN322 165
ie1l'n;lnv1 .................. ~ ............................................................. 11l'n1::4111 ............................. . "Indefinite and relative pronouns"
13. You have to find another way of entering the house .
................................... -........................................... ~ .......................................................................................... .
14. What everyone should not fdrget is good manners.
15. Something is creeping inside his pants.
"Words in context'•
166
16. The man wu sentenced to tl!u'ee years in prison for his part in the . cnme .
.............................................................................................................................................................................
17. The Prime minister deliverefl the opening address.
oooooooooooooooouoouuooooooooooooooooouooooooouoooooooooooooooooooouoooo .. utjooouoouoouuu••oouooooooooooooooooouooooooouooooooooooo~oooouoooooooooooouoouooo
18. He sold his house for an estimated figure of 50 million .
............................................................... : ..................................... ~ ..................................................................... .
19. Payments were made undet+ the table to local officials .
..............................................................................................................................................................................
20. I have seen him just lately .
....................................................................... 1 ............................................ ; .............................................. .
21. On the 11th of September ~00 1, four planes crashed; killing all the passengers aboard .
................................................................................... , ............................................................................ .. EN322
22. My friend complimented me on my new hairstyle.
"Phrasal verb"
23. We never found out her real name even though she stayed with us for two years.
24. He was giving out leaflets to everybody on the bus .
.................................................. 1" ...................................................................................................................... ..
25. We need to clear\up before we start work. i
26. He built on this part of the house for his children.
27. I tried to cut back on luxuries when I planned to buy a new house.
"Idioms"
28. If you are mindful, you will not run short of money.
29 .. A good boss ~as to lend an ear and try to solve problems.
30. She is as busy as a bee every time I meet her .
. . ....... .. ... . ... ... ..... ..... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . . . . . . .. . ... .. .. ... . . . ... . . .. . .. . .. . . . .. . EN322 167
"Connectives" 28.- 35.
In the old times, farmers and buffaloes worked together, but the advance of farm technology and machinery has introduced ploughing machines. Then, buffaloes were driven out of the fields. However, buffaloes have di~tinct advantages. Not only are they friendly to the environment* but they also cost. much less to maintain. Machines are expensive to buy and maintain and eventually break down. Buftfaloes, on the other hand, can reproduce and a ,new generation of animals can continue working in the fields.
····················································•·······························································································
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• , ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• -t .. ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
......................................................................................................................................................................
................................. .... ....... ························~·································································· ..... ························
..................................................................... , ............................................................................................. .
..................................•.........•....••............... t ................. !••··············································································
fie,~ 2 &&t.la,mnhf.anq~ "Passive voice"
36. nannu1lfl11ifl ,~'r11a1vih&i1~ft1111fl4UtH 1 flCI'Utllbl
................................................................................................... ,.. ........................................................................ .
168 EN322
, - . 37. JJLn'J\Jf)lf)fnt)fJltJfl11JJlfl'JVfl
"Words in context"
-1• ..t ' ..1 A , " 40. l1J8uDIIrfllt1YJ1U'H\J~tll't18\Jlft\JtJ 'H
. .. , 43. lft1l~fl11JJfl11J8t~Y\J~ 11'Jt1fl\J
................................................................................................................. ~ ............................................................ . r ,tl ., .J1 A ~ • ttl
45. l1J811lf)~ tl'Ul1l"ntt1fl\Jl"V1t111\J
EN322 169
"Articles" 46.-50.
74lB-nfuJtY~f~'H!o 1 urjflii1'1flhUVH 74tn7~r;i;·urlu~~fl~tnhnn 1u,Olfl
UA. llnnf1ii~ntJ1UIIH~t"1;;~,~t.t1-t1o~1un11ftAIIO~I17411tQt1ft~ l'tnl
1~rt::g~(payoong)
t«nn11~~'r1r.t1uu't1~,,;} {National patk official)
f111'~flUftt~11J1{logging and trading~
....................... ,. ...................................... .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...-....... .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •1• ..................................... .
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • !- ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ ............ •· ....................... . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • t •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~· .................. ~ ................................. .
170 EN322
"Passive voice"
1. The wedding ceremony ofPrince William and Kate Middleton was broadcast live on television.
2. Kate's wedding dress was designed by Sarah Burton, the designer of Alexander McQueen's wardrobe.
' 3. The wedding couple was granted the title of being Duke and Duchess of
Cambridge.
4 .. The man, who was considered the world's no.l terrorist, was killed by Navy Seal team 6.
5. The world was threatened by the terrorist's actions.
ENS22 171
Dummy subject "It"
6. It is difficult to change our haibits.
••••••oooooooooooooooooouooo•ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooonooooooooooooooo•"!"•••••uoo•ouoooooouoooouoooooooouoooouooooouooooooooooouooooouooooouoooouooo
7. It is risky to drive when you ate drunk. '
000 ''' ' 0000 ''''''''''' 000000 ' 00000 ' 000 ' 000 •'~'' 00000 ' 0000000 ••ooooooooooooooouooo••ntooouoooooouoooooooooonoooooooouuoooooooouoooooooooooouoooooooooooouoouuooooo
"Tense"
8. Alcoholic drinks contribute lots of calories to our diet.
9. There was no ~vidence to implicate her with the crime.
,,,,o,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,_,,,,,P••••••••••••o•hoooo•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
10. We should clean the floor before somebody gets into an accident.
11. The Prime minister announc~d that the parliament was dissolved. ·
0000 oooooooooooooooouuoouoooooooooooouooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooiooooooooouoouoouooo•ooooo•oooooooooooooouoooooouoouooooooooooooooooooooooooooo
12. The election will be held on tije third of July.
•••••••••••••••ooooooouoooooonoooouoooooooooooooooooooonooooooonoooouooouuooooooojonoooooonoooooooouoooouoouoouoooooooooo:ooooouoooooooooooooooooooouooooo
172 EN322
~e1l'n~n,.1 ...... ~ ......................................................................... ,..;'aU1:t1t1'1 ............................. .
"Indefinite and relative pronouns"
13. Nobody can violate the law even though he is somebody of importance.
14. What you have said is reasonable.
15. Will you please put it on the other side?
"Words in context"
16. We hardly saw him coming outside the house.
17. Doctors told him later that he nearly had a heart attack.
18. The sudden weather change affects people's health.
19. Most people are pleased when they get a compliment.
20. He was uninterested to follow his parents' wishes.
21. There were landslides when it rained for two successive days
EN322 173
22. Mr. Chuan Leekphai is one pfthe decent political figures.
"Phrasal verb"
23. One cup of coffee can keep her 11p all night .
.............................................................................................................................................................................
24. He was so busy that he forgo1 to pick 11p his kids .
.................................................................................... , ....................................................................................... .
25. Chinese always keep 11p theit ancestors'.traditions .
................................................................................... "'" ........................ t ................................................... ..
26. I appreciate that };OU do not easily g;,e up ..
..................................................................................... ~ ................................... , .................................................. .
27. It is not easy to crack down on illegal imported products.
' ...................................................................................... t ..................................................................................... .
"Idioms" \
I 28. It is uneasy to work with someone who always finds fault with you .
....................................................................................... , ................................................................................... .
29. That child was born with a silver spoon in his mouth .
........................................................................................ ~ ................................................................................... .
30. His friend told him to give hU,. tl ring when he reached home .
...................................... ;; ........................................ , ......................................................................................... ..
174 EN322
"Connectives" 31.-35.
According to.the prime minister, the election, which will happen soon, will offer a good chance to people since they can choose a new leader. He has hoped that the political situation will be better and the nation will be united. Even though the MPs still transfer from one party to another, the situation will become static .Then Thai people can make their decision.
"a\t~ 2 utJa,YWa\1\te~nqv "Passive voice"
EN322 175
.,~ '.r .P. 37. 11\l~ntl1'C11J\l'tlltnfUftiiR1
oooooouou•••••••u••••••••nuoo"o••••noooouoouuo•••u••••••••••••••oonuno·~••••••ouou•••o•n"•••••uouoooooouoooooooooonuuoooouuoouoounooooouooooono
·····················································································~················::······ ... , ............ ~ ............................................ ..
"Words in context"
" ' 40. ,,,a1J;;~,uul1o~nln
.................................................. , .................................... " ..................................................................................... .
.................................................................................................................................... ~ ...................................... ..
3 • ., .. l 4 • 11111Qflfl11"lt111JIUfNfJlmt"l111 ftll
......................................................................................... " .................................................................................. .
......................................................................................... "!' ................................................................................. .
.......................................................................................... ~ ................................................................................. .
176 EN322
"Articles" 46.-.50.
U'm1su7run\~mnsa1\Ju.U~fu1u,=Ku111111'11R ,,m,.,,t\'nd'mJ1n1J1liLW111nm1u'li~fufllliifltrl&rfli'
LL'ftdVindlan
....................................................................................
' ....................................................................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
EN322 177·