endocrine & hormone
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ENDOCRINE & HORMONE
Arba Pramundita R., S.Farm., Apt
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Endocrine system maintains homeostasis
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The concept that hormones acting on distant target cells to maintain the stability of the internal milieu was a major advance in physiological understanding.
The secretion of the hormone was evoked by a change in the milieu and the resulting action on the target cell restored the milieu to normal.The desired return to the status quo results in the maintenance of homeostasis
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DEFINISI
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SISTEM ENDOKRIN SISTEM KELENJAR YANG MELIBATKAN
PELEPASAN MOLEKULER YANG MEMBERIKAN SINYAL EKSTRASELULER~HORMON
INSTRUMEN UNTUK MENGATUR METABOLISME, PERTUMBUHAN, PUBERTAS, FUNGSI JARINGAN, DAN BERPERAN DALAM ‘MOOD’
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Hormone Greek’to set in motion’ A substance that is secreted by one cell and
travel through the circulation, where it exerts action on other cell
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Sensing and signaling
Endocrine “glands” synthesize and store hormones. These glands have a sensing and signaling system which regulate the duration and magnitude of hormone release via feedback from the target cell.
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Endocrine vs. Nervous System
Major communication systems in the bodyIntegrate stimuli and responses to
changes in external and internal environment
Both are crucial to coordinated functions of highly differentiated cells, tissues and organs
Unlike the nervous system, the endocrine system is anatomically discontinuous
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Nervous system has evolved to release regulatory substances from nerve terminals that act across synaptic junction on adjacent cell ~ neurotransmitters
Act along the axone.g. Acetylcholine, encephalin, dopamine
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Principal functions of the endocrine system
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Maintenance of the internal environment in the body (maintaining the optimum biochemical environment).
Integration and regulation of growth and development.
Control, maintenance and instigation of sexual reproduction, including gametogenesis, coitus, fertilization, fetal growth and development and nourishment of the newborn.
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Types of cell-to-cell signaling
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Classic endocrine hormones travel via bloodstream to target cells; neurohormones are released via synapses and travel via the bloostream; paracrine hormones act on adjacent cells and autocrine hormones are released and act on the cell that secreted them. Also, intracrine hormones act within the cell that produces them.
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A cell is a target because is has a specific receptor for the hormone
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Receptor is a molecule to which the hormone binds to elicit its action
Functions: Must be able to distinguish the hormone
from all the other chemicals present in the circulation and bind it
Must be capable binding with great affinity & not bind extraneous substance
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Regulation of hormone secretion
Sensing and signaling: a biological need is sensed, the endocrine system sends out a signal to a target cell whose action addresses the biological need. Key features of this stimulus response system are:· receipt of stimulus
· synthesis and secretion of hormone
· delivery of hormone to target cell
· evoking target cell response
· degradation of hormone
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Feedback control
Negative feedback is most common: for example, LH from pituitary stimulates the testis to produce testosterone which in turn feeds back and inhibits LH secretion
Positive feedback is less common: examples include LH stimulation of estrogen which stimulates LH surge at ovulation
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Regulation of hormone release
1. hormone-hormone
2. substrate-hormone
3. mineral-hormone
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Substrate-hormone control
glucose and insulin: as glucose increases it stimulates the pancreas to secrete insulin
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Neural control
Neural input to hypothalamus stimulates synthesis and secretion of releasing factors which stimulate pituitary hormone production and release
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Chronotropic control
Endogenous neuronal rhythmicityDiurnal rhythms, circadian rhythms
(growth hormone and cortisol), Sleep-wake cycle; seasonal rhythm
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Circadian (chronotropic) control
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Inputs to endocrine cells
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MACAM KELENJAR ENDOKRIN DAN HORMON-NYA
KELENJAR HORMONHIPOTALAMUS GnRH, TRH, CRH, GHRH, ADH, PRH
HIPOFISIS ANTERIOR FSH, LH, TSH, ACTH, MSH, PRL, GH
HIPOFISIS POSTERIOR OKSITOSIN, VASOPRESIN
TIROID T3, T4, KALSITONIN
PARATIROID PARATIROID
ADRENAL KORTISOL, ALDOSTERON, ANDROGEN, EPINEFRIN, DOPAMIN, ENKEFALIN
ADIPOSA LEPTIN, ESTROGEN
LAMBUNG GASTRIN, GHRELIN, HISTAMIN, ENDOTHELIN, NEUROPEPTID Y
DUODENUM SEKRETIN, KOLESISTOKININ
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Water solublee.g. catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) and peptide/protein hormones
Classes of hormone
Lipid solublethyroid hormone, steroid hormones and Vitamin D3
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Hypothalamus
main releasing controller of pituitary secretions production of hormones of posterior pituitary many other control centers here - ANS, hunger,
thirst, temperature, biological clock
General name releasing or inhibiting hormone or factor
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Hypothalamus
Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)Gonadotropin “ “ (GnRH)Corticotropin “ “ (CRH)Growth hormone “ “ (GHRH)Growth hormone inhibiting hormone
(GHIH=somatostatin)Prolactin inhibiting hormone (PIH=dopamine)Prolactin - releasing hormone (PRH)
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Anterior pituitary
Control of endocrine glands:Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Secretion of thyroid hormone
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Secretion of glucocorticoids, androgens and
mineralocorticoids to a lesser extentFollicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
follicle growth, estrogen secretion stimulates sperm production
Lutenizing hormone (LH) triggers ovulation and estrogen and progesterone
production promotes testosterone production
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Storage and release of hypothalamic hormones
Oxytocin (OT) Uterine contractions and milk ejection
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) production of concentrated low volume urine
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Posterior Pituitary
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Pineal
Circadian rhythmsSerotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine,
histamine MAIN melatonin
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Thyroid
Metabolic rate and Ca++ and PO4-3 balance
Role in growth and development Thyroid T3 & T4
calcitonin
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Parathyroid
Ca++ and PO4-3 balance parathyroid hormone
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Thymus
Immune function thymic hormones
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Growth Hormone
Hypothalamus
Anterior pituitary gland
+ GHRH
Somatostatin -
GH
Liver
Cartilage and bone growthMuscle and
other organs:-Protein
synthesis and growth
Adipose Tissue -lipolysis
- release of FFAsMost Tissues
glucose utilization- blood glucose
IGF-1
Somatomedin
GH levels and effects are most pronounced during
puberty
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Adrenals
Stress response cortex - mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids
and gonadocorticoids medulla - which is of course part of the
sympathetic NS but acts in an endocrine function to prolong the sympathetic response
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Adrenal hormoneAdrenal Medulla
Situated directly atop each kidney and stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system
Secretes the catecholamines• Epinephrine: elicits a fight or flight response
– Increase H.R. and B.P.– Increase respiration– Increase metabolic rate– Increase glycogenolysis– Vasodilation
• Norepinephrine– House keeping system
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Adrenal Cortex
Secretes over 30 different steroid hormones (corticosteroids) Mineralocorticoids
• Aldosterone: maintains electrolyte balance
Glucocorticoids• Cortisol:
– Mobilization of free fatty acids– Glucose sparing
Gonadocorticoids• testosterone, estrogen, progesterone
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Adrenal glucocorticoids
• No effect on growth in normal amounts• Cortisol, corticosterone levels during
stress and / or disease to help adapt• Decreases blood glucose uptake into tissues
Antagonizes insulin
• Increases breakdown from tissues• Liver - gluconeogenesis
• Increases glucose substrates• Enhances fat breakdown • Very CATABOLIC (breaks down everything –
including bone)
• Anti-inflammatory agent
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Pancreas
Glucose metabolism energy accessibility insulin (beta cells) glucagon (alpha cells) somatostatin or GHIH (delta cells) amylin (beta cells)
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Gonads
Reproductive function Female estrogens and progesterone Males testosterone
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Other organs which produce hormonesGI tractStomach - gastrin and serotonin in stomach release of HCl and contractionDuodenum - secretin and cholecyctokinin in pancreas release of bicarbonate and enzymes
Kidney- erythropoetin
production of RBCs in bone marrow
Skin- cholecalciferol
from vitamin D activated in the kidneys to calcitirol promotes Ca++ absorption
Heart - atrial natriuretic factor ( ANF)
in kidneys inhibits Na+ reabsoption and renin release and inhibits secretion of aldosterone by the adrenal cortex
Placenta- a bunch of hormones including progesterone and estrogen , human chorionic gonadotropin and others
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