energy and architecture in china...china energy market in 2014; despite growth of energy consumption...
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Energy and Architecture in China
LI Yunjiang Dept. of Architecture and Urban Planning China Three Gorges University
content
Primary Energy in China
Green Building in China
Some Actual Projects
2
Primary energy in China
Consumption structure of primary energy in 2014
Coal 66.03%
Petroleum 17.51%
Hydroenergy 8.10%
Natural gas 5.62%
Renewable energy sources 1.79%
Nuclear energy 0.95%
CoalPetroleumHydroenergyNatural gasRenewable energy sourcesNuclear energy
Solar energy Wind energy Hydroenergy Biomass energy
Renewable energy
China energy market in 2014
Despite growth of energy consumption and manufacture slow down recently, China still remains the world’s largest energy consumer, manufacturer and net importer. +2.6% Growth of China’s energy consumption +0.1% Change of China’s coal consumption +15.7% Growth of China’s hydro production
-2.6% Decrease of China’s coal production
• China’s energy consumption grew by 2.6% in 2014. This was less than half the ten-year average growth rate of 6.6% and the slowest annual rate of growth since 1998.
• China remained the world’s largest energy consumer and accounted for 23% of global energy consumption and 61% of net global energy growth.
• China’s energy mix continues to evolve. While coal remains the dominant energy, accounting for 66% of China’s energy consumption, this was the lowest share on record and down from recent highs of 74% in the mid-2000s.
• Renewable energy grew 15.1% over the year. Chinese renewable energy now accounts for 16.7% of the global total, up from 1.2% just ten years ago. Nuclear power grew 13.2%, more than doubling production over the last seven years.
Coal
Industrial energy consumption of coal
Power industry 50.4%
Iron and steel industry 15.9%
Architectural material industry 14.6%
Chemical industry 4.1%
Other industry 15%
Power industry
Iron and steel industryArchitectural material industryChemical industry
Other industry
Coal
Current Beijing, China London, UK 1950
Solar energy
Distribution of solar energy resources
Total annual solar radiation
Solar energy
Rikeze Solar Power Station,Tibet (日喀则太阳能电站)
Wind energy
Wind energy resource in the height of 70m
In general, it has the potential for wind energy development on condition that annual average wind speed is above 5 m/s and annual average wind power density is above 150 W/m2.
Distribution of average wind speed in
the height of 70m, 2014
Distribution of average wind power
density in the height of 70m , 2014
Wind energy
Dabancheng Wind Power Station, Xinjiang(达坂城风力发电站,亚洲最大)
Hydroenergy
Distribution of hydroenergy resource
The result of general investigation of water resource in China shows that the potential hydropower resource is 0.68 billion kW, which account for 1/6 of the total quantity in the world.
Hydroenergy
China Three Gorges Dam(三峡大坝,当今世界最大的水利发电工程)
Building energy consumption
Construction is one of the main fields of energy consumption in China. According to statistics of MOHURD, energy consumption in building accounts for around 30% of those in the total society. 95% of the existing buildings in China are high energy consumption ones, which have a big gap compare to the advanced level in the world.
28%
35%
34%
3%
Building
Industry
Transportation
Other
34%
35%
25%
6%
Building
Industry
Transportation
Other
Distribution of energy consumption in China Distribution of energy consumption in US
Building thermal partitions
Building thermal partitions map of China
Building thermal partitions
Heating and Cooling System in China
● In general, central heating systems are applied for heating/cooling in the public
buildings in north part of the Yellow River(north China). Boilers are used to heat
up residential houses in winter, and split-type air conditioners are used to cool
down the houses in summer in these areas.
● In hot summer and cold winter zone, central air conditioners are widely used for
heating/cooling in some public buildings, like hospitals, office buildings and
hotels, etc. Split-type air conditioners are very popular in residential buildings
for heating/cooling at all seasons.
● In subtropical zone, as it is warm all year, the buildings have cooling system but
without heating system in most cases.
Public building energy consumption
Breakdown of office building energy consumption in some cities
Shanghai
50%
33%
3%
14%
Air-conditioning and heating
Lighting
Hot water
Power and other
HongKong
49%
22%
15%
14%Air-conditioningLighting
Office facilitiesOther
Beijing
37%
28%
22%
3%10%
Air-conditioning and heatingLighting
Office facilitiesElevator
Other
Changsha
55%
19%
26% Air-conditioning and heatingLighting
Office facilities and other
Public building energy consumption
Energy consumption composition of office buildings
Shanghai
40%
34%
11%
15%
Air-conditioning and heatingLighting
Hot water
Power and other
Changsha
47%
19%
14%
8%
12%
CoolingHeatingLightingCookingOther
Public building energy consumption
Energy consumption breakdown of hotel buildings
Shanghai
46%
14%
31%
9%
Air-conditioning and heatingLighting
Hot water
Power and other
Changsha
34%
12%4%
32%
18%
Air-conditioning and heatingLighting
Elevator
Non-electric energy
Other
China Energy Strategy
Development and goals of energy conservation planning
After the Eleventh Five-year Plan(2006-2010), China puts energy
Conservation and emission reduction into KPI for the local governments and
Enterprise leaders and takes a series of policy actions.
During the Twelfth Five-Year Plan(2011-2015):
● Carbon emission of unit GDP reduced by 17%;
● Energy consumption of unit GDP reduced by 16%;
● The proportion of non-fossil energy raise to 11.4%;
● Emissions of sulfur dioxide and COD declined by 8%;
● Emissions of ammonia nitrogen and nitrogen oxide declined by 10%.
Task of the 13th Five Year Plan(2016-2020):
● Carbon emission of unit GDP in 2020 reduced by 40%~45% compare to that in 2005
The highlights of the Eighteen Session of the Fifth Plenary Session
of NPC ( National People's Congress ) (will be held late this month)
● Intelligent Energy
● Energy Shortage Supporting
● New Energy
● Environment Protection Transaction
China Energy Strategy
The green building in China
Application of green building
● In 2006, Evaluation Standard for Green Buildings GB/T 50378-2006 was issued by Chinese
Government
● In 2014, Assessment standard for green building GBT 50378-2014 was issued based on the
previous version.
The green building in China
Land saving
and outdoor
environment
Operation
management
Indoor
environment
quality
Materials saving
and material resources
utilization
Water saving
and water resources
utilization
Energy saving
and energy utilization
Green building
evaluation
indicators system
The green building in China The green building in China
Items required for green building rating
10657585★★★
6546464★★
--435343★
Operation
management
(7)
I ndoor
environment
quality
(6)
Materials saving
and resources
utilization
(8)
Water saving
and water
resources
utilization
(6)
Energy saving
and energy
utilization
(10)
Land saving
and outdoor
environment
(6)
prior options
(14)
general options (40)(public buildings)
rating
10657585★★★
6546464★★
--435343★
Operation
management
(7)
I ndoor
environment
quality
(6)
Materials saving
and resources
utilization
(8)
Water saving
and water
resources
utilization
(6)
Energy saving
and energy
utilization
(10)
Land saving
and outdoor
environment
(6)
prior options
(14)
general options (40)(public buildings)
rating
5645546★★★
3534435★★
--423324★
Operation
management
(7)
I ndoor
environment
quality
(6)
Materials saving
and resources
Utilization
(7)
Water saving
and water
resources
utilization
(6)
(6)
Land saving
and outdoor
environment
(8)
prior options
(9)
general options (40)(residential buildings)
rating
5645546★★★
3534435★★
--423324★
Operation
management
(7)
I ndoor
environment
quality
(6)
Materials saving
and resources
Utilization
(7)
Water saving
and water
resources
utilization
(6)
(6)
Land saving
and outdoor
environment
(8)
prior options
(9)
general options (40)(residential buildings)
rating
The green building in China The green building in China
Indicator system of green buildings
ind
ica
tor s
yste
mo
f gre
en
bu
ildin
gs
Land saving outdoor
environment
Water saving and
resources utilization
I ndoor environmentquality
Operation
management
建筑场地;室外环境质量;多样绿化;地下空间合理运用
降低建筑能耗;提高用能效率;可再生能源利用
节水规划;雨水收集;非传统水源利用;人工湿地
可再利用材料应用;可循环材料应用;材料产地
室内光环境、声环境、风环境;室内空气品质;舒适度
智能化系统;物业标准;环境管理体系
Energy saving
and utilization
Materials saving and
resources utilization
Evaluation contents and gradesEvaluation contents and grades
The green building in China The green building in China
The green building in China The green building in China
Rating
Awards
★★
¥45 /m2
★★★
¥ 80 /m2
Awards standards for green building in the 2012 (floor area) :
The green building in China The green building in China
certificate for
Green building design
certificate for
Green building operation
The green building in China The green building in China
Identified projects of green building
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
★ ★★
★★★
Some Actual Projects
★ ★ Shenzhen No.10 Senior School (new campus)
Some Actual Projects
★ Shenzhen optoelectronics incubator industrial park)
Some Actual Projects
★ Shenzhen optoelectronics incubator industrial park)
Some Actual Projects
★ Shenzhen optoelectronics incubator industrial park)
Some Actual Projects
★ ★ Yichang Museum
Some Actual Projects
★ ★ Yichang Museum
Vielen Dank für die Aufmerksamkeit
Thank you for your attention 非常感谢你的耐心