energy crises -solution

7/31/2019 Energy Crises -Solution

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Prof. N. N. Shinde

Dept. of Energy Technology.(M. Tech)

Dept. of Technology-Shivaji university-Kolhapur


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Energy

Energy & Economic Growth

Energy Scenario & Status

Energy Conservation

Energy Management

Industrial Applications .


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Energy is nothing but ability to do the work energyis related to central concept of thermodynamics

In general:

Work=Force X distance

Newton Meter

rate of change of work i.e w.r.t time1 Newton X 1 Meter/Second

= 1 Joules Mechanical energy equivalent

Units - Joule (J), Watt , calorie, BTU (British Thermal Unit) etc.

Measure of energy

The methods for the measurement of energy often deploy methods for themeasurement of still more fundamental concepts of science, namely mass,distance, radiation, temperature, time, electric charge and electric current
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measurementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_chargehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_chargehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_chargehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_chargehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_chargehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measurementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy


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CO2 Pollution of Fossil FuelsPounds of CO2 per billion BTU of energy::

Coal 208,000 pounds

Oil 164,000 pounds

Natural Gas 117,000 pounds

Ratios of CO2 pollution:

Oil / Natural Gas = 1.40

Coal / Natural Gas = 1.78

Pounds of CO2 per 1,000 kWh, at 100% efficiency

Coal 709 pounds

Oil 559 pounds

Natural Gas 399 pounds


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Potential Energy

Gravitational potential energy, Elastic potential energy

Kinetic Energy

Thermal energy Electric energy

Magnetic energy/Electromagnetic fields

Chemical energy

Nuclear energy Surface energy


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A very simple model of an economy to discuss in general conceptual terms thepossible ways in which increased energy availability might be especially

important to economic development.

Y=f [K,L,E] Yis out put of final good/services is physical capital,L,is human capital E=f [K,L] E is Energy services T is time factor ,Kis constant

L=f [K,T]

The resulting increase in economic activity could be substantial if the proportional supply of

energy services are made available .

And This is how Economy is Linked to ENERGY


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World war I --structure of energy sources mostly coal, and sun/traditional

World war-II and 1950Other energy sources came to picture

Two grand transition phasesemployment/labor, international trades resulted inIndustrialization and urbanization of society whose impact is there on GDP and Energy

Renewable energy would play a major role here in after.


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@50% of world energy is used in Industrial sector


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Energy consumption is a prime driver of the Human Development Index Over

the past decade, gains in both poverty reduction and economic growth have

been significant, and supported by energy growth which has been significantlylower than the economic growth.

Since 2004, it has been marked by an economic growth rate of over 9%

per annum, which has been achieved with an energy growth of less than

4% per year

Per capita energy

consumption in

India is less than

500 kgoe,

compared to the

global average of

nearly 1,800 kgoe


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Time????
http://s300.photobucket.com/albums/nn29/aangelinsf/?action=view&current=EconomyVsRenewableEnergy.gifhttp://s300.photobucket.com/albums/nn29/aangelinsf/?action=view&current=EconomyVsRenewableEnergy.gif


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Time????


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We generate as on date 176990 MWs i.e year 201140

To achieve growth rate of 8% at the end of 11 th plan ending 2011-12 we need totalenergy in puts of 2,87,000 MWs

i.e deficit of @ 1,10 000 MWS

To achieve the growth rate of 8-10% as estimated in Indias integrated energy policy

declared in year 2006 we need energy in the range of 8 00 000 MWs by 2032 to

eradicate poverty and increase human devp. Index.

The total deficit in peak power is @ 16% and rate of addition of power to grid [email protected]%

The new power addition, despite fund shortage will take at least 5/6 years

We have constraints --how much we can add by primer energy sources like oils ,coal ,

gas global warming???

The power shortage will continue

We aspire for power and growth

What is alternative ?????

LET US CONSERVE we have no option.


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Total Conservation 25000 MW


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Conservation potential

1. Maharashtra generates

around 25500MW

2. It can save 3000 MW

3. It has deficit (demand andsupply) of 5000 MW

maximum

4. (1 MW costs Rs. 4 Cr.)

imagine investment

requirement for 5000MW

Consumption

Industry 41%

Agriculture 19%

Domestic 26%

Commercial 10%

Others 14%


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FEATURES


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Energy conservation can be achieved by effective EnergyManagement Techniques

Improve EE

"The judicious and effective use of energy to maximize profits (minimize

costs) and enhance competitive positions


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Defined as method of achieving quality product atleast energy cost without affecting environment.

1970-started thinking

1980-seriously thinking

1992Energy Policy Act-1992 -Federal USA

India EC ACT 2001


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Security energy supply do not fluctuate energy cost do not fluctuate

Environmental Welfare Air pollution Water pollution

Thermal, noise, CFC levels ,ozone depletion in stratospheres

Economics Best quality Least cost Less energy intensity, market competetiveness,timely delivery value for time

,money

SCOPE:

National Level Industry/Co Level Individual Level


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FUNCTIONS AND COSTS


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Control the cost of energy function or service provided ,but not the Btuof energy

Control Energy Functions as a product cost ,not as a part ofmanufacturing or general overhead.

Control and meter only the main energy function

Put energy management program in to installing controls andachieving results

RESULTS = Increase energy productivity by 20% + reduce the cost ofenergy functions by 20%


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Its not just a technical challenge but it is how best one can implement technical

challenges within economic limits with minimum disruptions

FUCTIONS OF ENERGY MANAGER

1 MAKE PROGRAMME

2. MAKE ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE

3. DECIDE ENERGY POLICY

4 .DO PLANNINGAUDIT

5. ADUIT PLANNING 6. EDUCTIONAL PLANNING

7. STRATGEGIC PLANNING

8. REPORTING

9. OWNERSHIP--RESPONSIBILTY


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ORGANZATION CHART

ENERGY MANAGER

ENERGY TEAM


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OBJECTIVE

ACCOUNTABILITY

REPORTING

TRAINING

ENERGY POLICY OF THE CO-----------

SUBJECT: Energy management program

Policy & procedure manual1--- POLICY-Energy management shall be implemented in all the areas of Company Operations

2--- OBJECTIVES-It is co. objectives to use energy efficiently & provide energy security for the

organization for immediate & long term range by:

1. by incorporating energy efficiency in to existing equipments, 7 newproposed one etc.

2 by complying government regulations---

3 by putting energy management program----

4

3--- IMPLEMENTATIONS

ENERGY MANAGE

Committee

CO-ORDINATOR

-

4.REPORTING:

Employeeenergy coordinatorenergy managertop management

5. TRAINING:

The energy manager will provide training to all levels of the company6 POLICY UPDATING:

The energy manager & energy committee will meet ------- & review the policy --- annually ? & make

recommendations for updating or changes

7. POLICY STATEMENT.

XYZ co is committed to effective & cost effective & environmentally responsible use of energy

thoughout world wide operations . ------- will also promote energy efficiency by implementing cost

effective programs that will maintain or improve the quality of the work environment ,optimize

service reliability, increase productivity & enhance the safety of work place & operations.


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Energy Audit is the verification, monitoring and analysis of use of energy includingsubmission of technical report containing recommendations for improving energyefficiency with cost benefit analysis and an action plan to reduce energy consumption.

TYPES

Envelope Auditbuildings, balance for in/out/leaks etc.

Functional AuditHeating, building, lighting, domestic water etc, air handling

Process Auditprocesses,-heating, ventilation, heat treatments, furnaces etc,

Transportation Auditenergy for transport means

Utility Audit monthly, yearly uses etc.

OR

* Industrial Audit

* Commercial Audits

* Residential Audits

MAJOR classifications:

i) Preliminary Audit

ii) Detailed Audit


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Establish energy consumption in the organization

Estimate the scope for saving

Identify the most likely (and the easiest areas for attention

Identify immediate (especially no-/low-cost) improvements/ savings

Set a 'reference point

Identify areas for more detailed study/measurement

Preliminary energy audit uses existing, or easily obtained data


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This type of audit offers the most accurate estimate of energy savings and cost. It

considers the interactive effects of all projects, accounts for the energy use of all majorequipment, and includes detailed energy cost saving calculations and project cost.

Phase I - Pre Audit Phase

Phase II - Audit Phase

Phase III - Post Audit Phase


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The benchmark parameters can be: Gross production related

kWh/MT clinker or cement produced (cement plant)

kWh/kg yarn produced (Textile unit)

. kWh/MT, kCal/kg, paper produced (Paper plant)

. kCal/kWh Power produced (Heat rate of a power plant)

Million kilocals/MT Urea or Ammonia (Fertilizer plant)

kWh/MT of liquid metal output (in a foundry

Internal benchmarking- historical Historical data well documented helps to bring out energy consumption and cost trends month-wise / day-wise

trend analysis-Energy consumption cost, relevant production features, specific energy consumption,help to understand effects of capacity utilization on energy use efficiency and costs on a broader scale

External benchmarking- across similar industries--inter-unit comparison across a group of similar units.However, it would be

important to ascertain similarities as otherwise findings can be grosslyimportant parameters to be looked are

* Scale of operation

Vintage of technology

Raw material specifications and quality

Product specifications and quality


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Benchmarking energy performance permits

Quantification of fixed and variable energy consumption trends vis--vis productionlevels

Comparison of the industry energy performance with respect to various production

levels (capacity utilization)

Identification of best practices (based on the external benchmarking data)

Scope and margin available for energy consumption and cost reduction

Basis for monitoring and target setting exercises


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I -Operate the equipment efficiently through best practices

Eliminate steam leakages by trap improvements

Maximize condensate recovery

Adopt combustion controls for maximizing combustion efficiency

Replace pumps, fans, air compressors, refrigeration compressors, boilers, furnaces,

heaters and other energy consuming equipment, wherever significant energy efficiency

margins

II -Optimizing the Input Energy Requirements

Shuffling of compressors to match needs.

Periodic review of insulation thickness

Identify potential for heat exchanger networking and process integration.

Optimization of transformer operation with respect to load.


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Substituting existing fossil fuel with more efficient and less cost/less polluting

fuel such as natural gas, biogas and locally available agro-residues

Example

Natural gas is increasingly the fuel of choice as fuel and feedstock in the fertilizer, petro

chemicals, power and sponge iron industries.

Replacement of coal by coconut shells, rice husk etc.

Replacement of LDO by LSHS

Few examples of energy substitution

Replacement of electric heaters by steam heaters

Replacement of steam based hot water by solar systems


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Prepare an annual activity plan and present to management concerning financially

attractive investments to reduce energy costs Establish an energy conservation cell within the firm with managements consent

about the mandate and task of the cell Initiate activities to improve monitoring and process control to reduce energy costs

Analyze equipment performance with respect to energy efficiency Ensure proper functioning and calibration of instrumentation required to assess

level of energy consumption directly or indirectly Prepare information material and conduct internal workshops about the topic for

other staff Improve disaggregating of energy consumption data down to shop level

or profit center of a firm Establish a methodology how to accurately calculate the specific energy

consumption of various products/services or activity of the firm Develop and manage training programme for energy efficiency at operating levels Co-ordinate nomination of management personnel to external programs Create knowledge bank on sectoral, national and international development on

energy efficiency technology and management system and informationdenomination

Develop integrated system of energy efficiency and environmental up gradation Wide internal & external networking Co-ordinate implementation of energy audit/efficiency improvement projects

through external agencies Establish and/or participate in information exchange with other energy managers

of the same sector through association


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Report to BEE and State level Designated Agency once a year. The information withregard to the energy consumed and action taken in the recommendation of theaccredited energy auditor, as per BEE Format.

Establish an improved data recording, collection and analysis system to keep trackof energy consumption.

Provide support to Accredited Energy Audit Firm retained by the company for theconduct of energy audit.

Provide information to BEE as demanded in the Act, and with respect to the tasksgiven by a mandate, and the job description.

Prepare a scheme for efficient use of energy and its conservation and implementsuch scheme keeping in view of the economic stability of the investment in such firm

and manner as may be provided in the regulations of the Energy Conservation Act.


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Energy Auditors Responsibilities

Conduct internal audit of individual equipment/system once a year

Energy Auditors Duties

Submit copy of reports to Energy Manager with recommendation on action

Keep record of calibration status of all energy measurement instruments/devices

Maintain portable tools/instruments required for audit

Keep abreast of all Codes of practices for energy efficiency testing

Training of measurement staff on use of instruments and Codes

Be a team member of the external audit team

For ESCO performance contract projects be verifier for M&V system and baseline andsavings


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ESCO


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An effective monitoring & implementing system with adequate technical abilityfor analyzing energy saving options is key to ENERGY MANAGEMENT

Energy monitoring and targeting is primarily a management technique that uses energy information as abasis to eliminate waste, reduce and control current level of energy use and improve the existing operating

procedures.These techniques covers all plant and building utilities such as fuel, steam, refrigeration, compressed air,water, effluent, and electricity are managed as controllable resources in the same way that raw materials,finished product inventory, building occupancy, personnel and capital are managed.----It Becomes theEnergy Cost Centers.


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- Measuring and recording energy consumption

- Correlating energy consumption to a measured output, such as production quantity

-Comparing energy consumption to an appropriate standard benchmark

-Setting targets to reduce or control energy consumption

- Comparing energy consumption to the set target on a regular basis

-Reporting the results including any variances from the targets which have been set

- Implementing management measures to correct any variances, which may have beenoccurred.

the accuracy of energy invoices

energy costs to specific departments (Energy Accounting Centres)

energy performance/efficiency

energy use, so that projects intended to improve energy efficiency can bechecked

* performance problems in equipment or systems


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Plant level information can be derived fromfinancial accounting systems-utilities cost centre

Plant department level information can be found

in comparative energy consumption data for agroup of similar facilities, service entrance meterreadings etc.

System level (for example, boiler plant)performance data can be determined from submetering data

Equipment level information can be obtainedfrom nameplate data, run-time and scheduleinformation, sub-metered data on specific energyconsuming equipment


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After collection of energy consumption, energy cost and production data,the next stage of the monitoring process is to study and analyze the dataand represent it for day to day controlsso represent it graphically


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Cumulative Sum (CUSUM) represents the difference between the base line andthe actual consumption points over the base line period of time.

This useful technique not only provides a trend line, it also calculates

savings/losses to date and shows when the performance changes.


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CUSUM analysis1 Plot the Energy - Production graph for the first 9 months2. Draw the best fit straight line3. Derive the equation of the line

4. Calculate the expected energy consumption based onthe equation5. Calculate the difference between actual and calculatedenergy use6. Compute CUSUM7. Plot the CUSUM graph8. Estimate the savings accumulated from use of the heatrecovery system

1-Given

4-Analysis-TABLE

2-plot graph

3-fit equation

5-CUSUM -Analysis


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5 y

5-CUSUM -Analysis


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Thank you
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energy crises -solution

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