Energy -New York State

•Overview –U.S. federal vs. state policy –legal and

constitutional framework

•Energy and environmental regulation in New York

•New York State energy picture

•Renewable energy goals

•Renewable energy

–hydroelectric

–wind

–biomass

–solar

•Benefits and trade-offs

The role of federal vs. state governments in energy policy:

U.S. division of authority

U.S. division of authority——states generally more powerful than federal government

states generally more powerful than federal government

in determining terms of access to energy for their citizens.

in determining terms of access to energy for their citizens.

Federal government has supremacy for interstate commerce and int

Federal government has supremacy for interstate commerce and int ernational affairs;

ernational affairs;

federal lands management

federal lands management

States play major role in environmental standards, land use, and

States play major role in environmental standards, land use, andbusiness regulation

business regulation

Compare –Canada, Australia, Mexico, Great Britain, France

Examples/Issues:

LA Department of Water and Power established 1902 and engaged in

LA Department of Water and Power established 1902 and engaged inelectricity

electricity

distribution in 1916

distribution in 1916

1935 U.S. federal electricity law left in place extensive state

1935 U.S. federal electricity law left in place extensive state regulation of the

regulation of the

energy sector

energy sector

Offshore drilling controversy

Offshore drilling controversy ––states like California have banned offshore drilling;

states like California have banned offshore drilling;

others permit it

others permit it

Kyoto Protocol

Kyoto Protocol ––some states have developed aggressive carbon dioxide emissions

some states have developed aggressive carbon dioxide emissions

reductions goals

reductions goals

Electricity prices in Massachusetts almost twice as high as in A

Electricity prices in Massachusetts almost twice as high as in Arizona

rizona——major pricing

major pricing

differences occur from region to region in North America

differences occur from region to region in North America

Series of North American electricity blackouts, culminating in

Series of North American electricity blackouts, culminating in ““Ohio

Ohio””problem leading

problem leading

to August 2003 crisis affecting 50 million people and causing $6

to August 2003 crisis affecting 50 million people and causing $6billion

billion

in economic losses

in economic losses

California

California’’ s severe energy crisis; Alaskan natural gas pipeline uncertaint

s severe energy crisis; Alaskan natural gas pipeline uncertaint ies;

ies;

safety and security of LNG facilities

safety and security of LNG facilities

New York State: Resources and Consumption (EIA Summary)

New York has minor reserves of oil and gas, found primarily in the far western part of the

State approaching Lake Erie.

Although New York’s fossil fuel resources are limited, the State possesses considerable

renewable energy potential.

Several powerful rivers, including the Niagara and the Hudson, provide New York with some

of the greatest hydropower resources in the Nation, and New York’s Catskill and

Adirondack Mountains offer substantial wind power potential.

Parts of New York are densely forested, allowing for potential fuelwood(biomass) harvesting.

Abandoned and marginal farmland provides potential for increasedbioenergyproduction

Although New York’s total energy consumption is among the highest in the United States,

energy intensity and per capita energy consumption are among thelowest, due in

part to the region’s widely used mass transportation systems.

The commercial and residential sectors lead State energy demand,while the transportation

sector is also a major consumer

•The New York Harbor area between New

York and New Jersey has a petroleum bulk

terminal storage capacity of over 75 million

barrels, making it the largest petroleum

product hub in the Northeast.

•New York produces more hydroelectric power

than any other State east of the Rocky

Mountains.

•The 2,353-megawatt Robert Moses Niagara

plant, harnessing power from the Niagara

River, is one of the largest hydroelectric

facilities in the world.

•Per capita energy consumption in New York is

among the lowest in the Nation due in part to

its widely used mass transportation systems.

•During the Northeast Blackout of August

2003, almost the entire State lost power and all

four of New York's nuclear plants were shut

down.

•A proposed pipeline could transport up to 10

million gallons of ethanol per day from

production facilities in the Midwest to terminals

in the Northeast, including New York Harbor.

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New York State Energy Agencies

Public Service Commission:

“The Department of Public Service has a broad mandate to ensure that all New Yorkers have access to reliable and low-cost utility services.

The Department is the staff arm of the Public Service Commission. The Commission regulates the state's electric, gas, steam,

telecommunications,andwater utilities.The Commission also oversees the cable industry.The Commission is charged by law with

responsibility for setting rates and ensuring that adequate service is provided by New York's utilities. In addition, the Commission exercises

jurisdiction over the sitingof major gas and electric transmission facilitiesand has responsibility for ensuring the safety of natural gas

and liquid petroleum pipelines.”

New York State Department of Environmental Conservation:

"To conserve, improve and protect New York's natural resources and environment and to prevent, abate and control water, land

and air pollution, in order to enhance the health, safety and welfare of the people of the state and their overall economic and social well-being."

DEC's goal is to achieve this mission through the simultaneous pursuit of environmental quality, public health, economic prosperity

and social well-being, including environmental justice and the empowerment of individuals to participate in environmental decisions that

affect their lives.

New York State Energy Research and Development Authority:

“Use innovation and technology to solve some of New York's most difficult energy and environmental problems in ways that improve the

State's economy. We place a premium on objective analysis, as well as collaboration, reaching out to solicit multiple perspectives and

share information. We are committed to public service, striving to be a model of what taxpayers want their government to be: effective,

flexible, responsive, and efficient.”

New York State Power Authority:

“We're the country's largest state-owned, nonprofit power organization, producing some of the cheapest electricity in North America.

Our 18 generating facilities and over 1,400 circuit-miles of transmission lines produce the power to help sustain more than 400,000 jobs statewide.

We are a national leader in promoting energy efficiencyand the use of renewable-fuel and clean-energy technologies.”

Public Utility Corporations:

“New Yorkers continue to face numerous

serious energy and environmental challenges

that impact all facets of their lives.

Issues of major concern include high energy

costs, continuing reliance on imported fuels,

aging energy infrastructure,

and climate change.

In March 2008, Governor David A. Paterson

issued Executive Order 2directing the

creation of a State Energy Plan

stating that "...the development,

implementation, and periodic review of a

sensible comprehensive energy plan will

enable the State to determine its future

energy needs and facilitate a deliberate,

efficient, and cost-effective means

of meeting those needs."

To create the new State Energy Plan, the

Governor convened the State Energy

Planning Boardto conduct the

planning process,whichwill culminate in

recommendations that, when implemented,

will keep New York at the

forefront among the states in providing its

residents with reliable, economical, and clean

energy resources.

New York State Energy Plan -2009

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Energy Efficiency Assessment

Renewable Energy Assessment

Electricity Assessment

Resources and Markets

Modeling

Natural Gas Assessment

Petroleum Assessment

Coal Assessment

Energy Demand and Price Forecasts

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Energy Infrastructure

SitingNew Energy Infrastructure

Energy Costs and Economic Development

Health, Energy Production and Energy Use

Environmental Justice

Transportation

Climate Change

Environmental Impact and Regulation of Energy Systems

Regional Collaboration

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Electricity Modeling Assumptions

Electricity Modeling Output Files

Natural Gas Modeling Results

GHG Emissions Inventory and Forecasts

Electric System Reliability Analysis

Energy Price and Demand Annual Long-Term Forecast

New York State Renewable Energy Portfolio Standard

A Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) is a policy that seeks to increase the proportion of renewable

electricity used by retail customers. New York State’s goal is to reach 25% by 2013. NYSERDA is

responsible for getting to 24% of the ultimate 25% goal. The remaining 1% is expected to come from

individuals and businesses who choose to pay a premium on their electricity bill to support renewable energy.

Hydroelectric Power –Benefits and Environmental Tradeoffs

Benefits

High Capacity Factor

Minimal or no carbon emissions during operation

Water supply, flood control, navigation, recreation

Industrial development

Pump-storage adds capacity for peak loads

Environmental Tradeoffs

Ecosystem impacts

Discharge patterns altered

Coldwater discharge –fish habitat

Spawning of anadromousfish

Flooding of forest and wetlands

Changes in water chemistry

Wetlands –methane emission

Carbon dioxide emission –cement

Earthquakes

Economic impacts

Loss of farmland

Industrial concentration

Cultural Impacts

Loss of residences

Sacandaga

Niagara

Raquette

St. Lawrence

SacandagaReservoir -1926

ScandagaRiverdam at Conklinville, NY

Flood control on lower Hudson

Water supply for navigation

Electric power generation

Three villages flooded; 1500 residents

displaced

Loss of farmland

GooleyDam on upper Hudson Gorge

was proposed in 1960’s –never completed

GooleyDam Controversy, 1969

RaquetteRiver Development –1956

Dams form 6 impoundments

Electric power generation

Significant impact on local tax base

Employment

Recreation

Flood Control

Loss of coldwater habitat

Loss of wild/scenic river

Moses-Saunders Power Dam -1959

St. Lawrence River -Massena-Cornwall

Power generation –aluminum smelting

Navigation –St. Lawrence Seaway

Industrial concentration –fluoride pollution

Native American community nearby

Flooding of island farmland –600 residents

Fish spawning migration

Niagara River Power Development

Robert Moses Power Plant

2300 MW –among largest in world

Pump storage provides peak capacity

Industrial development

Industrial concentration

Impact on tourism

A Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) is a policy that seeks to increase the

proportion of renewable electricity used by retail customers. New York State’s

goal is to reach 25% by 2013 .

NYSERDA is responsible for getting to 24% of the ultimate 25% goal. The

remaining 1% is expected to come from individuals and businesseswho

choose to pay a premium on their electricity bill to support renewable energy

Wind Power –Benefits and Environmental Tradeoffs

Benefits

Minimal or no carbon emissions during operation

Land use impacts minimal

Positive impact on local economy

Ecotourism

Environmental Tradeoffs

Ecosystem impacts

Birds and bats

Minor loss of agricultural land

Shadow flicker

Noise

Economic impacts

Viewscape–property values

Low capacity factor

Cultural Impacts

(from NYSERDA)

(from NYSERDA)

(from NYSERDA)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K94Jy0mn-9w

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s_CZIfiFPwk

Maple Ridge

Australia

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YCEgRTYmrNQ&NR=1&feature=fvwp

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v48LiLsJSTg&feature=related

Impacts -noise

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-_SfKwyYsIk&feature=related

Shadow Flicker

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-B7LLs0hJUc&feature=related

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EAi_nQRy0Ks&NR=1

Woody Biomass–Benefits and Environmental Tradeoffs

Benefits:Can be carbon neutral

High capacity factor in thermal steam electric systems

Use of ‘waste’byproducts from agriculture or forest products industry

Small business suppliers in forest products industries

Conversion of marginal or abandoned farmlands for cropped biomass

Farm income –new product market

Infrastructure and feedstock for biofuels(awaiting technology for cellulosic

ethanol)

Environmental Tradeoffs:

Ecosystem impacts

Forest systems degraded if non-sustainable practices used

Erosion, lost of habitat

Economic impacts

Could compete for fiber and timber, raising prices for other

products

(Colgate uses about 20,000 tons of wood chips per year)

Solar (in New York??)–Benefits and Environmental Tradeoffs

Benefits:Carbon neutral

Use of roof space so minimal land use in urban areas

Minimal environmental concerns with careful manufacturing

Passive solar thermal systems

Environmental Tradeoffs:

Ecosystem impacts

Land use

Competition with agricultural land

Economic impacts

Low capacity factor

Non-competitive cost

....but –cost still hovers around

$0.30 per kwhwith low capacity

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This an exciting time for clean energy in New York!Governor Paterson has established an ambitious

“45x15”goal that calls for 45% of New York’s electricity to come from energy efficiency and renewable

resources by 2015.In support of the Governor’s goals, NYPA is launching a 100 MW Solar PV Initiative

that will result in hundreds of schools, government buildings and municipal facilities throughout New York

State going solar –at no upfront cost of their own.

As part of the Initiative, NYPA is inviting public and private schools,

government buildings and businesses throughout the state to serve as Host Sites for a roof-or ground-

mounted solar photovoltaic (PV) array. The solar array will be installed at no upfront cost to the facility,

and will provide participating facilities with fixed-price solar energy for 20 years along with protection from

future energy price increases.

The solar array installation will supply electricity to the facility throughout the year; when not needed,

excess solar power may flow to the surrounding community throughthe local utility meter. The local utility

will deduct this excess energy from the facility's electric bill, making the Initiative a win-win for both the

facility and the community!

As an additional benefit, the solar array offers exciting educational opportunities in a variety of subject

areas as students and community members learn about the importance of clean, renewable energy

alternatives. Performance of the solar array will be measured and documented on a centralized website -

providing excellent educational opportunities for students, educators and the general public.

Costs of electricity

Wind –8 cents per KWH

Photovoltaics–30 cents per KWH

Biomass –7 cents per KWH

Landfill gas -7 cents per KWH

Geothermal –8 cents per KWH

Small hydro –8 cents per KWH

Tidal -12 cents per KWH

Coal –4.5 cents per KWH

Nuclear –8 cents per KWH