environmental and social impact assessment of...

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Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of Mekelle Water Supply and Sanitation Project

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E3007 v4

Social and Environmental Impact Assessment of Mekelle Water Supply and Sanitation Project

Tequam T/Mariam and Zereu Girmay

Table of Content

1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................................. 8

1.1BACKGROUND ........................................................................................................................................................... 9

1.2 OBJECTIVES ............................................................................................................................................................. 9

2. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT ...................................................................................................... 10

2.1 PROJECT LOCATION ................................................................................................................................................. 10

2.2 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED WATER PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION PROJECT .............................................................. 14

2.2.1 Deep well groundwater source development ............................................................................................. 14

2.2.2 Transmission and distribution systems ....................................................................................................... 14

3. NATIONAL POLICIES AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK .................................................................................... 16

3.1 POLICY FRAMEWORK ............................................................................................................................................... 16

3.1.1 Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ..................................................................... 16

3.1.2 National and Regional Conservation Strategy ........................................................................................... 17

3.1.3 Environmental Policy of Ethiopia ............................................................................................................ 18

3.1.4 Water Resource Policy ................................................................................................................................ 19

3.1.5 National Health Policy ................................................................................................................................ 20

3.1.6 Land Tenure Policy ...................................................................................................................................... 20

3.2 LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK ........................................................................................................................................ 21

3.2.1 Establishment of Environmental Protection Organs (Proclamation No. 295/2002) ................................... 21

3.2.2 Environmental Impact Assessment (Proclamation No. 299/2002) ............................................................. 22

3.2.3 Environmental Pollution Control (Proclamation No. 300/2002) ................................................................. 24

3.2.4 National Proclamation on Water Resources Management ........................................................................ 24

3.2.5 National Rural Land Administration and Use (Proclamation No. 456/2005) ............................................. 25

3.3 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK .................................................................................................................................... 26

3.3.1 The Environmental Protection Organs ....................................................................................................... 26

3.3.2 Federal Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) .................................................................................... 26

3.3.3 Ministry of Water Resources ...................................................................................................................... 27

3.3.4 Other Relevant Bureaus at Regional and Woreda Level ............................................................................. 28

3.3.5 Woreda administrations ............................................................................................................................. 28

3.4 SUMMARY OF THE WORLD BANK’S SAFEGUARD POLICIES AND THEIR RELEVANCE TO THIS PROJECT .......................................... 29

4. METHODOLOGY............................................................................................................................................... 34

4.1 IMPACT ASSESSMENT STEPS ...................................................................................................................................... 36

5. PROJECT ALTERNATIVES ................................................................................................................................... 41

6. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT ENVIRONMENT ................................................................................................ 41

6.1 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT .......................................................................................................................................... 41

6.1.1 Climate ....................................................................................................................................................... 41

6.1.2 Topography of the project area .................................................................................................................. 42

6.1.3 Geology and Hydrology of the project area ............................................................................................... 42



6.1.4 Land Use Patterns ....................................................................................................................................... 43

6.1.5 Water Resources ......................................................................................................................................... 44

6.2 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT ...................................................................................................................................... 44

6.2.1 Terrestrial Vegetation................................................................................................................................. 44

6.2.2 Wildlife ....................................................................................................................................................... 46

6.3 SOCIOECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT ............................................................................................................................... 46

6.3.1 Population and settlement ......................................................................................................................... 46

6.3.2 Social services ............................................................................................................................................. 47

6.3.3 Industry, Commerce and Investment .......................................................................................................... 51

6.3.4 Water supply and Sanitation services ........................................................................................................ 52

6.3.5 Drainage system ......................................................................................................................................... 54

6.3.6 Religious, historical and archeological sites ............................................................................................... 54

7. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS IDENTIFICATION, PREDICTION AND ANALYSIS ...................................................... 55

7.1 APPROACHES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS ANALYSIS ................................................................................ 55

7.2 IMPACTS ON THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT ................................................................................................................... 55

7.2.1 Impact on land use type and loss of income generation ............................................................................ 55

7.2.2 Impacts on terrestrial flora and fauna ....................................................................................................... 58

7.2.3 Impacts on soil ............................................................................................................................................ 59

7.2.4 Impact on Public Infrastructure .................................................................................................................. 61

7.2.5 Impact on traffic volume during construction and operation .................................................................... 61

7.2.6 Air pollution and noise nuisance ................................................................................................................. 62

7.2.7 Impact of Spillage and disinfecting chemicals ............................................................................................ 62

7.2.8 Stress on the Existing solid and liquid Waste Management facilities......................................................... 63

7.2.9 Impact on reservoirs ................................................................................................................................... 64

7.3 IMPACTS ON SOCIO ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT.............................................................................................................. 64

7.3.1 IMPACT ON SETTLEMENTS ...................................................................................................................................... 64

7.3.2 Loss of sites of cultural and/or religious values .......................................................................................... 66

7.3.3 Problem of Malaria Intensification ............................................................................................................. 66

7.3.4 Impact on Women ...................................................................................................................................... 66

7.3.5 Impacts on health ....................................................................................................................................... 67

7.3.6 Impacts on investment, trade and tourism ................................................................................................ 67

8. MAJOR IMPACTS AND PROPOSED MITIGATION MEASURES ............................................................................. 75

8.1 MITIGATION MEASURES FOR IMPACTS INVOLVING LOSS IN CROP GENERATED INCOMES ......................................................... 75

8.2 MITIGATION MEASURES FOR IMPACTS INVOLVING LOSS OF PERENNIAL CROPS (PRIVATE PROPERTY) ......................................... 77

8.3 MITIGATION MEASURES FOR IMPACTS INVOLVING CHANGES IN TERRESTRIAL VEGETATION ...................................................... 77

8.4 MITIGATION MEASURES FOR IMPACTS INVOLVING WATER QUALITY ................................................................................... 78

8.5 MITIGATION MEASURES FOR IMPACTS INVOLVING CHANGES IN RATES OF EROSION, SILTATION AND SOIL STRUCTURE ................... 78

8.6 MITIGATION MEASURES FOR IMPACTS INVOLVING CHANGES IN DISEASE VECTOR POPULATION ................................................ 79

8.7MITIGATION MEASURES FOR IMPACTS INVOLVING DUST AND NOISE NUISANCE ..................................................................... 79

8.8 IMPACT OF SPILLAGE AND DISINFECTING CHEMICALS ...................................................................................................... 79

8.9 MITIGATION MEASURES FOR IMPACTS INVOLVING ACCESS TO NATURAL RESOURCES (BOREHOLE WATER USE) ............................ 79

8.10 MITIGATION MEASURES FOR IMPACTS ON RESERVOIRES ................................................................................................ 80



9. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (ESMP) .......................................................................... 84

9.1 INSTITUTIONS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF ESMP .................................................................................... 84

9.1.1 Responsibility for the implementation of ESMP related to design change ................................................. 84

9.1.2 Responsibility for the implementation of ESMP in the construction phase ................................................ 84

9.1.3 Responsibility for the implementation of ESMP in the operation phase .................................................... 86

9. 2 COST ESTIMATE FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF MITIGATION MEASURES ............................................................................. 91

9.3 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MONITORING ................................................................................................................. 92

ANNEX IA: CENSUS TABLE OF AFFECTED PARTIES. ................................................................................................ 96

ANNEX II ..............................................................................................................................................................119

SCREENING OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS ....................................................................................119

ANNEX III .............................................................................................................................................................129

LIST OF CONSULTED INSTITUTIONS .....................................................................................................................129

ANNEX IV ............................................................................................................................................................131

MINUTES OF THE PUBLIC CONSULTATION ...........................................................................................................131

ANNEX V .............................................................................................................................................................136

ENVIRONMENTAL GUIDELINES FOR CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTORS ..................................................................136

ANNEX VI: ENVIRONMENTAL SCORES AND RANGE VALUES ................................................................................147



ACRONYMS

TOR Terms of Reference

I/s litre per second

ITCZ Inter Tropical Convergence Zone

ºC Degree Centigrade

Mm millimetre

M meter

M² Meter square

M³ Meter cube

M³/s Meter cube per second

T Tone

Km kilometre

Km² kilometre square

T/km²/yr Tone per kilometre square per year

WHO World Health Organization

Mg/ l milligram per litre

Ha Hectare

BH Bore Hole

PVC Poly Vinyl Chloride

EPA Environmental Protection Authority

MoWR Ministry of Water Resource

EWRMP Ethiopian Water Resources Management Policy

Masl Meters above sea level

CSA Central Statistics Authority

IRE Immediate Rehabilitation and Expansion



RTI Respiratory Tract Infection

UTI Urinary Tract Infection

WSS Water Supply and Sanitation

ESMP Environmental and Social Management Plan

VIP Ventilated Pit Latrine

ESIA Environmental and Social impact Assessment

HH Household

TDS Total Dissolved Solids

TL Taste Less

SL Smell Less

ESMF Environmental and Social Management Framework

CSE Conservation Strategy of Ethiopia

REA Regional Environmental Agency

EISR Environmental Impact Study Report

EIS Environmental Impact Statement

OP Operational Programme

WSS Water Supply and Sanitation



List of tables

Table 1: Geographic Location of the Boreholes

Table 2: Population of Mekelle city from 1965 to 2006.

Table 3: Number and level of schools available in Mekelle city

Table 4: School enrollement ratio of Mekelle city

Table 5: Primary Schools with and without a Water Source, Mekelle, 2007

Table 6: Number of Latrines, Primary School, Mekelle, 2007

Table 7: School dropout data obtained from the City education office

Table 8: List of top ten diseases in Mekelle city

Table 9: Houses to be impacted by Transmission line installation

Table 10: Impact analysis Matrix for Mekelle Emergency Water Supply Project

Table 11: Magnitude matrix showing the magnitude and significance of identified impacts from the project

Table 12: Summary of Major impacts and proposed Mitigating Measures

Table 13: Summary Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP)

Table 14: Cost estimates of mitigation measures

Table 15: Environmental and social monitoring indicators, frequency of measurement and reporting

List of figures

Fig 1: Consultation underway at Mesebo

Fig 2: Consultation underway at Gergenbes

Fig 3: Partial view of lands devoid of vegetation cover

Fig 4: Showing the remains from the times of King Amdetsion (Palace/Church?) at Quiha.

Fig 5: Showing highly disturbed farmland at Quiha borehole and reservoir site

Fig 6: Showing access road passing across area closure

Fig 7: Showing farming fields with displaced top soil

Fig 8: Showing soil sludge from drilling operations

Fig 9: Showing Houses that can be affected by clearing for right of way



1. Introduction

In order to ensure sustainability of future development projects it is essential to integrate

environmental and social concerns into the development process. Social and environmental

assessment and management have been recognized as an effective tool for facilitating the

inclusion of the principles of sustainable development into development projects.

For this particular case an environmental consultant has been assigned to carry out environmental

and social impact assessment study of the Mekelle Water Supply and Sanitation project. The

consultant has carried out the assignment as per the TOR provided to him by the Mekelle Water

Supply Enterprise. In carrying out the assignment the consultant determined the scope of the

ESIA study by completing the ‗screening form’ as provided in Annex II.

The study is expected to meet the requirements indicated in the Environmental and Social

Management Framework (ESMF), the Project Implementation Manual (PIM), the Resettlement

Policy Framework (RPF) and other relevant operational policies of the World Bank.

This EIA report outlines assessment of the baseline environment, prediction of significant

environmental impacts and their mitigation measures for the project. Chapter one deals with a

general introduction and provides background information regarding the water supply shortage

problem of the city which underlies for the need of the Mekelle WSS project. A detailed

description of the Mekelle water supply and sanitation project is presented in chapter two which

is followed by the description of the overall policy, legal, and institutional issues that will either

directly or indirectly affect the proposed project in the next chapter. The major environmental

impact issues that will arise from the activities of the project are analysed in chapter seven and its

proposed mitigation measures narrated in chapter eight. The Environmental and social

management plan for the proposed project is presented in the last chapter.



1.1Background

Mekelle city is one of the regional capitals in Ethiopia which are experiencing huge expansion

and transformation in the past decade and half. Its population size has doubled from 98,825 in

1994 to over 215,546 in 2007 (CSA, 2007). Correspondingly the city has experienced rapid

growth and development in all social, economic, political and cultural spheres. Remarkable

investments in construction of buildings, hotels, residential houses, higher education and health

facilities, access roads and other marketing infrastructures and services have been undertaken.

However, in spite of the rapid expansion and transformation, the water supply provision of the

city has not proportionally developed to support the ever increasing demand. According to the

assessment reports of the Tigray Water Resources, Mines and Energy Bureau the present daily

water demand of the city is estimated to be about 41,000m3, whereas the daily water production

is only 14500m3. It is apparently clear that the present daily water production accounts for 35%

of the daily water demand of the city. Consequently, the city is presently found under severe

shortage of water supply provision. As a result residents of the city and other members of the

community have been expressing the problems they are facing in relation to shortage of water

supply. The present Mekelle water supply and sanitation project is designed to respond to the

current situation and it is driven by the urgent demands of the community.

1.2 Objectives

The main objectives of the ESIA study is to describe the existing bio-physical and socio-cultural

features of the proposed project environment, assess the potential positive and negative effects,

and recommend appropriate mitigating measures that will avoid or minimize any undesirable

effects expected to result from the construction and operation activities of the project. The study

is aimed to ensure that the environmental and social effects of the project activities are adequately

and appropriately addressed before decisions are made to implement them.



2. Description of the Proposed Project

2.1 Project Location

The project is located within the Enderta woreda and Mekelle Zone administration areas.

Whereas the two important well fields (i.e. Dandera and Chinferes) are situated in the rural

kebele‘s of Enderta woreda, the third well field is located in quiha town which by itself is part of

the Mekelle zonal administration. Chinferes and Dandera are tiny villages found at a distance of

about 20kms north and south of Mekelle city respectively. Quiha is also another small town

found about 7kms south of mekelle. The project will install transmission mains and will build

reservoirs to convey the water up to the distribution networks of Mekelle city. The final

destination of the project is thus Mekelle city. Mekelle is located at about 13030‘ north and 39

0

east longitudinal. The specific geographic locations of the selected sites for drilling deep wells in

each of the stated localities are shown as below.

Table 1: Geographic Location of the Boreholes

Name of the locality Borehole Identification Northing Easting

1 Chinferes BH - 1 1506128 547130

2 Chinferes BH - 2 1505818.7 546178.4

3 Chinferes BH - 3 1506128.00 547130

4 Dandera Dandera well 1485676.00 564353.00

5 Quiha FPW-9 1487641.79 560164.23

The Mekelle water supply and sanitation project is one of the sub- projects that are financed by

the World Bank. The overall objective of the WSS project is to increase access to sustainable

water supply and sanitation services, for rural and urban users, through improved capacity of

stakeholders in the sector and better management of water resources. Accordingly the Mekelle

sub – project is aimed at improving the severe shortage of water supply prevailing in the City.



The objective of Mekelle water supply and sanitation project is to improve the critical shortage of

water supply of the city in the short term. Upgrading of the water supply systems of Mekelle city

by adding more deep well groundwater sources will result in the improvement of the provision of

adequate and safe water and will enhance its management capacity, while the installation of new

transmission mains to the distribution network from Chinferes direction will considerably

improve service delivery in the town.

The Mekelle water supply and sanitation project will undertake the drilling of a total of five

boreholes, build five reservoirs of different capacity, two booster statios, a collection chamber,

installation of a total of over thirty Kms of transmission main, and also will build a pump house,

guard house as well as generator houses in each of the borehole sites.



Map 1: Location of BH-1, BH-2, BH-3 at Chinferes wellfield and Sketch of the transmission lines and

reservoirs (North Mekelle)



Map 2: Location of FPW-9 and Dandera borehole and sketch of the transmission line and reservoirs

(South Mekelle)



2.2 Description of the proposed water production and distribution project

2.2.1 Deep well groundwater source development

The water supply project of Mekelle city involves drilling of five deep boreholes. These include

the three boreholes drilled in Chinferes site, one borehole in Dandera and another one in Quiha

well field. The three borehole sites in chinferes area are clustered within a radius of less than one

kilometre. The drilling and development of these deep boreholes is expected to provide an

aggregate of 185 l/s additional water to the city. This in turn is expected to raise the current water

production from 14,500 m3/day to 27,500 m3/day accounting for 68% of the daily water demand

of the city.

Besides drilling, development of the groundwater source also includes installation of submersible

pumps into the boreholes, installation of surface pumps to transfer the water to the reservoirs,

extending power supply from the grid to each of the boreholes, and installation of stand-by

generators. In addition, construction of Electro-Mechanical and Guard house will be conducted in

each of the borehole sites.

2.2.2 Transmission and distribution systems

The new groundwater sources will be connected to the existing water supply distribution system

of the city in two directions. The deep boreholes developed on the Chinferes well field will be

connected to the main water reservoir found in the head office of the regional water bureau on the

northern side of Mekelle. The boreholes developed on Dandera and Quiha sites will be finally

connected to the existing 2000m3 reservoir located near the air force camp on the southern side of

Mekelle.

The transmission main that will connect the deep boreholes on Chinferes well field will have two

sections and a total length of 20kms. The first section constitutes the rising transmission main

which conveys the water up to the 5000m3 reservoir which will be located at the top of Messebo



hill. This first section rising transmission main is estimated to have a length of 10kms. In addition

to the 5000m3 reservoir a booster station will be built nearly halfway between the boreholes and

the 5000m3 reservoir to push the water up to the mesobo hill. This first section of the

transmission main will have two parallel lines which will transfer the water from the three

boreholes. The water from BH-1 and BH-2 will be first pumped into a collection chamber that

will be constructed at the River bank of Ruba Wushti. Then the water will be pumped again to

the booster station through a transmission main dedicated to it. On the other hand, the water from

BH-3 will be pumped to the booster station using another transmission main that will be installed

parallel to the first. The water from the three boreholes will be pumped up the hill from the

booster station to the 5000m3 reservoir.

The second section of the transmission main starts from the mesebo 5000m3 reservoir and

extends up to the existing reservoir at the head office of the regional water bureau in Mekelle

city. This section of the transmission main essentially uses gravity to convey the water into the

existing distribution system. Whereas most of the areas crossed by the second section of the

Chinferes transmission main are reported to be incorporated in the Master plan of Mekelle city,

its first section passes through rural areas that have no access road. The absence of access road in

this section is particularly noticeable in the areas between St. Marry Church of Mariam Dehan

Village and the 5000m3 reservoir. The stretch without access road is estimated to be about 6 -

8kms.

The Mekelle water supply and sanitation project will install another 10km long transmission

main to connect the Dandera and Quiha (FPW9) boreholes to the existing distribution system.

The water from Dandera borehole will be first conveyed by a separate transmission main to a

100m3 reservoir built near the FPW9 borehole at Quiha. The water from FPW9 borehole, which

is only about 50m away, is also conveyed to the same reservoir. The water collected from the two

boreholes will be transferred via single transmission main to the existing 2000m3 reservoir found

near the air force camp. Two additional reservoirs and booster stations will be constructed at

intermediate sites to facilitate the transmission of the water up to the 2000m3

reservoir. The total

length of the transmission main to be installed is about 10kms long.



The route of the transmission main which starts from Chinferes well field follows its own course

that is not adjacent to the existing access roads/paths. Most part of that route crosses through

open communal lands, farmlands, protected areas, and through peri-urban villages such as

Gembella which are consisted in the master plan of Mekelle city. On the other side, the route of

the transmission main that starts at Dandera well field also follows its design course which is

more or less not in parallel with the existing access road but in close distance from it. The later

transmission main also similarly crosses through farmlands and open communal lands.

3. National policies and regulatory framework

3.1 Policy framework

3.1.1 Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia

The Constitution is the supreme law of the country, whose provisions must be complied with by

all other policies, regulations and institutional frameworks. The Constitution of the FDRE

(Proclamation No. 1/1995 as amended) is the foundation for human rights, and natural resources

and environmental management.

The concepts of sustainable development and environmental rights are enshrined in the

Constitution of the FDRE through articles 43 and 44, which states among others the right to

development and right to live in clean and healthy environment. Article 44(2) of the Constitution

states that all persons who have been displaced, or whose livelihood has been adversely affected

as a result of state programmes have the right to commensurate monetary or alternative means of

compensation including relocation with adequate State assistance . The government shall pay fair

compensation for property found on the land but the amount of compensation shall not take into

account the value of land. Moreover the Constitution states that, without prejudice to the right to

private property, the government may expropriate private property for public purposes subject to

payment in advance of compensation commensurate to the value of the property (Article 40(8).

Moreover, Article 43 (2) dealing with the rights to development states that nationals have the



right to participate in national development and, in particular, to be consulted with respect to

policies and projects affecting their community.

Economic objectives of the Constitution states that Government has the duty to hold, on behalf of

the people, land and other natural resources and to deploy them for their common benefits &

development. Government shall all the time promote the participation of the people in the

formulation of national development policies and programmes; it shall also have the duty to

support the initiatives of the people in their development endeavours (Article 89 5&6).

Article 92 of the Constitution states that the design and implementation of any program and

development projects shall not damage or destroy the environment, and people have the right to

be fully consulted and express their views in planning and implementation of environmental

policies and project.

The Constitution as a measure of achieving decentralization provides legislative, executive and

judicial powers and responsibilities to the Federal Government and nine Regional States (Article

47 &50)

3.1.2 National and Regional Conservation Strategy

Since the early 1990s, the Federal Government of Ethiopia has undertaken a number of initiatives

that aims to develop regional, national and sectoral strategies to conserve and protect the

environment. Paramount amongst these was the conservation strategy of Ethiopia (CSE, 1996).

This document provides a strategic framework for integrating environment into new and existing

policies, programs and projects. It is also an important policy document, which views

environmental management as an important component of development. It recognizes the

importance of incorporating environmental factors into development activities from the outset.

The major environmental and natural resources management issues facing Ethiopia are well

documented in the CSE (FDRE, 1997). The CSE sets out detailed strategies and action plans as

well as the institutional arrangements required for the implementation of sectoral as well as cross-



sectoral interventions for the management of Ethiopia‘s natural, man-made and cultural

resources. The most important areas that are addressed by the CSE include the following:

Improvement of soils, crop and animal husbandry for sustainable agricultural

production.

Management of forest and woodland resources.

Development of water resources for irrigation, hydroelectricity and water supply.

Rangeland management and pastoral development.

Promotion of individual participation in sustainable development of natural, artificial

and cultural resources, and environmental protection.

Land resource use policy and strategies; physical land use planning.

Integration of social, cultural and gender issues in sustainable resources and

environmental management.

Development of environmental education, public Awareness and human resources.

3.1.3 Environmental Policy of Ethiopia

The Environmental Policy of Ethiopia (EPE) was issued in April 1997. The overall policy goal is

to improve and enhance the health and quality of life of all Ethiopians and promote sustainable

social and economic development through sound management and use of natural, human-made

and cultural resources and their environment as a whole, so as to meet the needs of the present

generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. The

policy consists mainly of guiding principles and various sectoral and cross-sectoral policies for

sustainable environmental management.

The policy seeks to ensure the empowerment and participation of the people and their

organizations at all levels in environmental management activities, raise public Awareness and

promote understanding of the essential linkage between environment and development. In

addition to its guiding principles, the policy addresses sectoral and cross sectoral environmental

issues.



Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) policies are included in the cross sectoral

environmental policies. The EIA policy emphasizes the early recognition of environmental issues

in project planning at all levels of administration. The principal features of the Environmental

Policy in this area are:

Provides for protection of human and natural environments.

Provides for an early consideration of environmental impacts in projects and program

design.

Recognizes public consultation.

Includes mitigation plans and contingency plans.

Provides for auditing and monitoring.

Establishes legally binding requirements

Institutionalizes policy implementation

The policy establishes the Federal Environmental Protection authority (FEPA) to harmonize

sectoral development plans and implement environmental management programs for the country.

3.1.4 Water Resource Policy

Ministry of Water Resource prepared water resources management policy of Ethiopia. The

overall goal of the policy is to enable and promote all national efforts towards the efficient,

equitable and optimum utilization of the available water resources of Ethiopia for significant

socio-economic development on sustainable basis. The policy ensures water allocation for water

supply and sanitation as the highest priority while apportioning the rest for uses and users that

result in highest socio-economic benefits. The policy also recognized the allocation of water for

livestock as well as for environment reserve as the highest priority in any water allocation.

The Water Resource Management Policy also promotes a comprehensive and integrated water

resources management towards optimal utilization of the available water resources for socio-

economic development on a sustainable basis. The policy calls for conservation and protection of

the resources as an integral part of water resources planning and development. For this purpose,



conducting an environmental impact assessment (EIA) is set to be mandatory in all water

resource development projects. The Ministry of Water Resources is entrusted with broad powers

for planning, management, utilization, administration and protection of water resources,

including the promotion and implementation of medium- and large-scale irrigation projects

3.1.5 National Health Policy

Ethiopia has a low level of health coverage even in comparison with other Sub-Saharan countries.

This is largely related to low levels of income and widespread poverty, low levels of education,

nutritional deficiencies, poor environmental conditions, and inadequate access to health services.

The government has therefore assigned a very high priority to significantly improving health care

and, in 1998, issued a health policy based on the following main principles:

Democratization and decentralization of the health care system.

Promotion of disease preventive components.

Ensuring accessibility to health care for the whole population.

Development of appropriate capacity based on needs assessment.

Promotion of private sector and NGO participation in the provision of health care.

Promotion and strengthening of inter-sectoral activities through a national self-reliance

program.

Strategies and programs have been designed to implement the stated health principles within a

defined period of time. The strategies include raising the Awareness of personal and

environmental health care and sanitation through information, education and communication

(IEC); control of disease; and promotion of primary health care through community participation.

3.1.6 Land Tenure Policy

The Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE) states that the right to

ownership of rural and urban land, as well as all natural resources, is exclusively vested in the

State and People of Ethiopia. Article 40 of the Constitution indicates that land is a common



property of the Nations, Nationalities and the People of Ethiopia, and shall not be subjected to

sale or to other means of transfer.

The Constitution of FDRE retained land under the control of the people and government of

Ethiopia thus, prohibiting its buying and selling. Also article 4(5) of the Proclamation 94/1994

deals with provision of land for the conservation, development and utilization of state forests or

protected areas. However, this can be effective only after the consultation and consent of the

peasantry and subject to the assurance of their benefits.

In general, all legal provisions cited above, make rural lands the property of the People and

Government of Ethiopia, and buying and selling of land is prohibited but leasing rights is

allowed. Moreover, it is the right for existing land owner to be compensated fully and

satisfactorily if land is expropriated by the state.

The Land Policy of Ethiopia strongly support that project plans must include attractive and

sustainable resettlement strategies to the people who are going to be displaced as a result of the

development plan, and they have to be fully convinced, compensated and have to participate in

all phases of the project implementation.

3.2 Legislative Framework

3.2.1 Establishment of Environmental Protection Organs (Proclamation No. 295/2002)

This law clarifies the institutional mandate and responsibilities of the Environmental Protection

Authority (EPA) and aims to integrate environmental considerations into the policies and

decision-making of sectoral agencies through such means as the establishment of environmental

units in these agencies at the federal level and the creation of independent environmental

agencies at the regional level.

This law also re-established the Environmental Protection Council, a cross-sectoral co-

coordinating body that advises the federal EPA and supervises its activities. The mandate of the

Council includes: (i) reviewing environmental polices, strategies and laws proposed by the EPA



and issuing recommendations to government; (ii) providing appropriate advice on the

implementation of the Environmental Protection Policy of Ethiopia; and (iii) reviewing and

approving directives, guidelines, and environmental standards prepared by the EPA.

3.2.2 Environmental Impact Assessment (Proclamation No. 299/2002)

This Proclamation (No 299/2002) aims primarily at making the EIA mandatory for categories of

projects specified under a directive issued by the EPA. The law specifies the projects and

activities that will require an environmental impact assessment (EIA). The proponent of the

project must prepare the EIA following the format specified in the legislation. The EPA will then

review the EIA and either approve the project (with or without conditions) or reject it. The

Proclamation requires, among other things:

Specified categories of projects to be subjected to an EIA and receive an authorization

from the EPA or the relevant regional environmental agency prior to commencing

implementation of the project.

Licensing agencies to ensure that the requisite authorization has been duly received

prior to issuing an investment permit, a trade or operating license or a work permit to a

business organization.

The EPA or the relevant regional environmental agencies may issue an exemption from

carrying out an EIA in projects supposed to have an insignificant environmental impact.

A licensing agency may suspend or cancel a licence that has already been issued where

the EPA or the relevant regional environmental agency suspends or cancels

environmental authorization.

Procedures that need to be followed in the process of conducting an environmental impact

assessment are described in the Proclamation. Thus a project developer is expected to act as

follows:

Undertake a timely environmental impact assessment, identifying the likely adverse

impacts, incorporating the means of their prevention, and submitting the environmental



impact study report accompanied by the necessary documents to the EPA or the relevant

regional environmental agency.

Submit an environmental impact study report to the EPA or the relevant regional

environmental agency for review.

Environmental guidelines are among the tools for facilitating the consideration of environmental

issues and principles of sustainable development and their inclusion in development proposals.

To put this Proclamation into effect the EPA issued guideline Documents, which provide details

of the EIA process and its requirements. According to this EIA guideline projects are categorized

into three schedules:

Schedule 1: Projects which may have adverse and significant environmental impacts thus

requiring a full Environmental Impact Assessment

Schedule 2: Projects whose type, scale or other relevant characteristics have potential to

cause some significant environmental impacts but are not likely to warrant a full EIA

study

Schedule 3: Projects which would have no impact and do not require an EIA

However, projects situated in an environmentally sensitive areas such as land prone to erosion;

desertification; areas of historic or archaeological interest; important landscape; religiously

important area, etc. will fall under category 1 irrespective of the nature of the project.

According to this guideline all project proponents and executing bodies (agencies) in the country

should operate in close cooperation with the EPA to ensure that proper mitigating measures are

designed and implemented, especially for projects with an adverse effect on the environment.

This in effect means that an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) should be prepared by project

proponents and be examined, commented and approved by the EPA.



3.2.3 Environmental Pollution Control (Proclamation No. 300/2002)

Proclamation No. 300/2002 on Environmental Pollution Control primarily aims to ensure the

right of citizens to a healthy environment and to impose obligations to protect the environment of

the country. The law addresses the management of hazardous waste, municipal waste, and

establishment of environmental quality standards for air, water and soil; and monitoring of

pollution. In this connection the Proclamation provides a basis from which the relevant

environmental standards applicable to Ethiopia can be developed, while sanctioning violation of

these standards as criminally punishable offences

Furthermore, it empowers the Federal Environmental Protection Authority or the Regional

Environmental Authority to assign environmental inspectors with the duties and responsibilities

of controlling environmental pollution. In order to ensure implementation of environmental

standards and related requirements, inspectors belonging to the EPA or the relevant regional

environmental agency are empowered by the Proclamation to enter, without prior notice or court

order, any land or premises at any time, at their discretion. Such wide powers derive from

Ethiopia's serious concern and commitment to protecting the environment from pollution.

3.2.4 National Proclamation on Water Resources Management

Water resources management and administration in the country is based on Ethiopia's Water

Resource Management Policy and the water resources Proclamation No. 197/2000. MoWR is

entrusted with broad powers of "planning, management, utilization administration and protection

of water resources". This includes promoting the implementation of medium and large

multipurpose dam projects. According to Proclamation No. 197/2000, MoWR's duties include

inventory of water resources, allocation of water resources, establishment of standards for design

and construction of waterworks, issuance of guidelines and directives for the prevention of water

resources pollution as well as water quality and health standards, establishment of water users'

associations, and settlement of disputes. Water Resource Utilization Proclamation No. 92/2002 is



another important proclamation put in place with a view to proper management of the country's

water resources.

3.2.5 National Rural Land Administration and Use (Proclamation No. 456/2005)

The Rural Land Administration and Use Proclamation (Proclamation No. 456/2005) defines the

state ownership of rural land and the tenure rights of the land occupant, including rights to

"property produced on his land", rights of inter-generational tenure transfer, and rights of

exchange land and limited leasing rights. Provisions are made for the registration and

certification of tenure rights. Part Three of the Proclamation presents regulations relating to the

use of rural land, particularly as it relates to soil and water conservation and watershed

management. The rural land administration and land use laws are to be implemented by the

regional states.

Land holding right gives the right to use the land for agricultural purposes as well as to lease it

and, while the right remains in effect, bequeath it to family members, as well as the right to

acquire property thereon, by labour or capital, and to sell, exchange and bequeath the same. The

Proclamation also addresses environmental concerns, including non-compliance with directives

on environmental protection.

Article 7(3) of the Proclamation reinforces the rights of land users to compensation for the

development they have made on the land. It also states that when the land holder is evicted by

federal government, the rate of compensation would be determined based on the federal land

administration law. When the rural land holder is evicted by regional governments, the rate of

compensation would be determined based on the rural land administration laws of regions.

It is envisaged that the Proclamation will create a sense of ownership among the vast majority of

the rural population and enable them to take initiatives and collectively engage in environmental

management activities.



3.3 Institutional Framework

3.3.1 The Environmental Protection Organs

Environnemental Protection Proclamation (Proc. 295/2002) is aimed to assign the responsibilities for

environmental management to various entities in order to ensure sustainable use of environmental

resources, thereby avoiding possible conflicts of interest and duplication of efforts. It is also intended to

establish a system that fosters coordinated but differentiated responsibilities among environmental

protection offices at a federal and regional level.

At the federal level the Environmental Protection Authority is in charge of formulating policies,

laws, regulations and standards. Enforcing the laws and policies including EIAs and

environmental monitoring, for all projects or activities that falls under the control of the Federal

Government also falls within the responsibilities of the EPA.

Each of the main federal institutions active in the construction of infrastructure, or economic

development is required by law to have its own environmental unit. The Ministry of Water

Resource is one of the few federal institutions that indeed have an Environment Unit.

According to the Environmental Protection Organs Proclamation, the regional states are required

to create their own regional environmental agencies. These institutions are to deal, among others,

with EIAs for regionally managed infrastructures or development activities.

3.3.2 Federal Environmental Protection Authority (EPA)

The EPA is an independent authority, acting outside the main ministerial structures and reporting

directly to the prime minister. The federal EPA is the key national level environmental agency,

with a mandate to address environmental issues. The environmental legislation gives the EPA

powers to fulfil its role, support all federal agencies in establishing environmental units, and

develop skills in strategic environmental analysis of policies and public instruments. The EPA is

involved in the development of environmental policy and legislation, setting environmental

quality standards for air, water and soils, monitoring pollution, establishing EIA procedures and



an environmental information system, and undertaking capacity development in relevant agencies

to ensure the integration of environmental management in policy development and decision

making.

The mandate and duties of the EPA were subsequently clarified in the Establishment of

Environmental Protection Organs Proclamation (Proclamation No. 295/2002). The federal EPA is

responsible for:

Establishment of a system for environmental assessment of public and private sector

projects, as well as social and economic development policies, strategies, laws, and

programs of federal level functions.

Review, decision-making and follow-up implementation of environmental impact study

reports for projects, as well as social and economic development programs or plans where

they are subject to federal licensing, execution or supervision; also proposed activities

subject to execution by a federal agency, likely to entail inter- or trans-regional and

international impacts.

Notification of its decision to the concerned licensing agency at or before the time

specified in the appropriate law or directives.

Auditing and regulation of implementation of the conditions attached to the decision.

Making its decisions and the EIA report available to the public.

Resolution of complaints and grievances in good faith and at the appropriate time.

Development of incentives or disincentive structures required for compliance with

regional environmental agency requirements.

3.3.3 Ministry of Water Resources

MoWR is responsible for overall inventory, monitoring, planning and management of surface and

groundwater resources in the country. This includes aspects of watershed management, water

supply and water quality management that affect rural development programs. MoWR has a

department responsible for watershed management that bears directly on environmental concerns.



The structure of MoWR is replicated within the regional governments. The regional water

bureaus are directly involved in assisting woreda and other agencies in various water resource

development projects.

3.3.4 Other Relevant Bureaus at Regional and Woreda Level

At the regional level, the Bureau of Water, Mines and Energy is mandated to, among other

things, supervise the balanced distribution and utilization of the region‘s water resources for

various types of service, grant permits to and supervise waterworks engaged in the construction

of dams and other works for the use of the water resources of the region, and collect charges for

water use.

3.3.5 Woreda administrations

Administrative structure of the Woredas is similar all over the country. The Woreda

administration is a major decision-making government organ. The Woreda administration has the

following duties and responsibilities, among others:

Implementation of the policies, laws and directives of the state.

Coordination of the activities of various offices in the woreda.

Maintenance of peace and security in the woreda, directing the police and security forces.

Planning and implementation of projects.

Supervision of development programs within the woreda.

Proper use and accounting for the annual budget.

At the district level, the woredas are the key focus of the government's commitment to

decentralized delivery of services. The various departments at woreda level have specialists who

advise development agents (DAs) working at the village level. They are called upon to provide

inputs and management controls relating to soil and water conservation, small-scale irrigation

development, rainwater harvesting, road development, water supply, sanitation and waste

management associated with schools and clinics. The woreda administration in the direct area of

influence of the project involves Rural Enderta Woreda.



The kebele is the lowest administrative level structure. It generally comprises sub-kebeles and is

headed by an elected chairman. The main responsibilities of the kebele administration include

preparation of an annual kebele development plan; ensuring the collection of land and

agricultural income tax; organizing local labour and in-kind contributions for development

activities; and resolving conflicts within the community through the social courts.

3.4 Summary of the World Bank’s safeguard policies and their relevance to this project

OP/BP 4.01 Environmental Assessment

The objective of this policy is to ensure that Bank-financed projects are environmentally sound

and sustainable, and that decision-making is improved through appropriate analysis of actions

and of their likely environmental impacts. This policy is triggered if a project is likely to have

potential (adverse) environmental risks and impacts on its area of influence. OP 4.01 covers

impacts on the natural environment (air, water and land); human health and safety; physical

cultural resources; and Trans-boundary and global environment concerns.

The Bank undertakes environmental screening for each proposed projects to determine the

appropriate extent and type of EA. It classifies a proposed project into one of the Categories,

depending on the type, location, sensitivity and scale of the project and the nature and magnitude

of its potential environmental impacts:

Category A: Proposed project is classified as category A if it is likely to have significant adverse

environmental impacts that are sensitive, diverse, or unprecedented.

Category B: Proposed project is classified as category B if it‘s potential adverse environmental

impacts on human population or environmentally important areas-including wetlands, forests

grasslands and other natural habitats –are less adverse than those of Category A projects. These

projects are site specific; few if any of them are irreversible; and in most cases mitigation

measures can be designed more readily than for Category A Projects. The present Mekelle

Emergency Water supply and sanitation project falls under this category.



Category C: a proposed Project is classified as category C if it is likely to have minimal or no

adverse environmental impacts. Beyond screening, no further EA action is required for a category

C Projects.

Category FI: A proposed project is classified as category FI if it involves investment of Bank

funds through a financial intermediary, in sub projects that might result in adverse environmental

impacts.

Disclosure: OP 4.01 also requires that EA reports are (I) reviewed and cleared by the responsible

national agencies and the Bank and (II) made available by the government in the publicly

accessible places in the country as well as the Banks Info shop. This report should also be made

available to the project affected groups and local NGOs. If the borrower objects to the Bank's

release an EA report through the World Bank Info shop , Bank staff (a) do not continue

processing the project or (b) or submit the issue for further process to the Executive Directors of

the Bank.

A screening exercise on the present project was conducted by applying the screening format of

the World Bank (see Annex II). Accordingly, it was found that most of the likely significant

environmental impacts that will arise from the project implementation are site specific, temporary

and reversible impacts which can be mitigated by employing appropriate mitigation options. As a

result the project falls under Category B. As per the environmental and social screening the

present project is further classified as B2 which indicates that a separate EA will need to be

prepared for this sub-project.

OP/BP 4.04 Natural Habitat

This policy recognizes that the conservation of natural habitats is essential to safeguard their

unique biodiversity and to maintain environmental services and products for human society and

for long-term sustainable development. The Bank therefore supports the protection, management,

and restoration of natural habitats in its project financing, as well as policy dialogue and

economic and sector work. The Bank supports, and expects borrowers to apply, a precautionary

approach to natural resource management to ensure opportunities for environmentally sustainable



development. Natural habitats are land and water areas where most of the original native plant

and animal species are still present. Natural habitats comprise many types of terrestrial,

freshwater, coastal, and marine ecosystems. They include areas lightly modified by human

activities, but retaining their ecological functions and most native species.

The Chinferes, Dandera and Quiha well fields are located in open land areas that are not

designated for wildlife habitats. The Chinferes well field is situated adjacent to a protected area

(i.e. hills and mountains designated for area closure) on the side of Enderta woreda. But the

grounds for the well field are located at the foothills which are outside the area closure. The

transmission mains and reservoirs are going to be installed on farm lands, grass lands and open

hilly sides. All along the project site there are no designated natural parks, sanctuaries and lakes

that will be adversely affected as a result of implementing the project. Therefore, this policy will

not be triggered under the present sub-project to ensure project sustainability.

OP/BP 4.36 Forests

The objective of this policy is to assist borrowers to harness the potential of forests to reduce

poverty in a sustainable manner, integrate forests effectively into sustainable economic

development and protect the vital local and global environmental services and values of forests.

Where forest restoration and plantation development are necessary to meet these objectives, the

Bank assists borrowers with forest restoration activities that maintain or enhance biodiversity and

ecosystem functionality. The Bank assists borrowers with the establishment of environmentally

appropriate, socially beneficial and economically viable forest plantations to help meet growing

demands for forest goods and services.

There is no forest land that will be adversely affected as a result of implementing this project. But

few shrubs and trees that are of no major biodiversity significance will be cleared during the

installation of transmission lines. The shrubs, bushes and trees that will be lost are not under

protected zone or are not planned to be protected. Moreover, the tree species are not classified as

―endangered species‖.

This policy under the sub-project will not therefore be triggered to ensure project sustainability.



OP/BP 4.11 Physical Cultural Resources

The objective of this policy is to assist countries to avoid or mitigate adverse impacts of

development projects on physical cultural resources. For purposes of this policy, ―physical

cultural resources‖ are defined as movable or immovable objects, sites, structures, groups of

structures, natural features and landscapes that have archaeological, paleontological, historical,

architectural, religious, aesthetic, or other cultural significance. Physical cultural resources may

be located in urban or rural settings, and may be above ground, underground, or underwater. The

cultural interest may be at the local, provincial or national level, or within the international

community.

The existing physical cultural resources in the area are outside the reaches of the project sites.

One of the prominent historical sites in the area is Emperor Yohannes IV National Palace (i.e. a

Nineteen Century Palace) and it is situated at the Centre of Mekelle town itself. A little known

archaeological site that bear remains of a church or a palace claimed to had been built during the

periods of King Amdetsion (1313 – 1334) is found on the south-eastern suburbs of Quiha town.

Both of these sites are identified to be outside the reaches of the project. In the event that the

contractor is encountered with physical cultural resources during the excavation he should

contact the Culture and tourism resources development bureau of Tigray National regional state.

Further, the contractor should also contact the Federal Ministry of Culture and Tourism.

As far as our assessment goes this policy will not be triggered under this Sub-Project.

OP/BP 4.12 Involuntary Resettlement

The objective of this policy is to (i) ensure that the development process fosters full respect for

the dignity, human rights, and cultural uniqueness of indigenous peoples; (ii) ensure that adverse

effects during the development process are avoided, or if not feasible, ensure that these are

minimized, mitigated or compensated; and (iii) ensure that indigenous peoples receive culturally

appropriate and gender and intergenerationally inclusive social and economic benefits. The

objective of this policy is to (i) avoid or minimize involuntary resettlement where feasible,

exploring all viable alternative project designs; (ii) assist displaced persons in improving their



former living standards, income earning capacity, and production levels, or at least in restoring

them; (iii) encourage community participation in planning and implementing resettlement; and

(iv) provide assistance to affected people regardless of the legality of land tenure.

This policy covers not only physical relocation but any loss of land or other assets resulting in: (i)

relocation or loss of shelter: (ii) loss of assets or access to assets; (iii) loss of income sources or

means of livelihood, whether or not the affected people must move to another location. This

policy also applies to the involuntary restriction of access to legally designated parks and

protected areas resulting in adverse impacts on the livelihoods of the displaced persons. In the

event that there are differences between national legislation and OP 4.12, the provision of the

later will prevail during project implementation.

The Mekelle emergency water supply project will have to install more than 20kms of

transmission main and an estimated 3kms of access road. During implementation of the project,

construction activities will cause temporary disruption on farming activities taking place on the

fields. Some valuable fruit trees will also be cut. As a result the project will impact the farmers by

causing loss of income and assets. Thus, this policy will be triggered by the loss of income, asset

and land that will occur during implementation.

OP 7.50 Projects in International Waters

The objective of this policy is to ensure that Bank-financed projects affecting international

waterways would not affect: (i) relations between the Bank and its borrowers and between states

(whether members of the Bank or not); and (ii) the efficient utilization and protection of

international waterways. The policy applies to the following types of projects: (a) Hydroelectric,

irrigation, flood control, navigation, drainage, water and sewerage, industrial and similar projects

that involve the use or potential pollution of international waterways; and (b) Detailed design and

engineering studies of projects under (a) above, include those carried out by the Bank as

executing agency or in any other capacity.

The requirements of this policy have been met during the preparation phase of the Water Supply

and Sanitation Project.



OP 7.60 Projects in Disputed Areas

The objective of this policy is to ensure that projects in disputed areas are dealt with at the

earliest possible stage: (a) so as not to affect relations between the Bank and its member

countries; (b) so as not to affect relations between the borrower and neighbouring countries; and

(c) so as not to prejudice the position of either the Bank or the countries concerned.

The project is not located in a disputed area. This policy is not therefore relevant and will not be

considered under this Sub-Project to ensure its sustainability.

4. Methodology

The methodology adopted for conducting the Social and environmental impact assessment study

includes the conventional methods, which are briefly discussed below.

Field Surveys: The method of field surveying is second to none in understanding the

likely impacts of a given development project on the particular environment around the

project site. An EIA study team has been mobilized for field survey to the project site.The

team travelled twice to Mekelle for one week field work each time. The team has made

observations in and around the project sites at Chinfertes, Dandera, Aynalem and Mekelle

to gather essential field data. During site observation information on physical, biological

and socio-economic environment has been collected. In addition base line data collection

was also done through field investigations.

Interviews with specialists: Project alternatives, designs and processes were discussed

with the project engineers with particular emphasis on the reasons establishing the form

and scope of the proposed project. Extensive discussions were also made with the project

engineers stationed at the regional water bureau and mekelle WSS service, the surveyors,

and with the project management to define the main components of the project to develop

the project description chapter.

Literature review: Information on existing environmental conditions was obtained from

review of various published and unpublished sources. In addition review of studies



including the Appraisal and Design Documents prepared by Tigray Water Resources,

Mines and Energy Bureau, the World Bank Safeguard Policies, ESMF and the mid- term

guidance.

Competent authority guidelines: The Federal and regional legislative and institutional

framework, policies, procedures, guidelines etc. has also been reviewed. Sociological and

environmental data was also gathered by consulting, discussing and filling questionnaires

with the experts in concerned government agencies.

Sampling and Monitoring: Data from recent monitoring exercises were used to

establish bench mark situations as part of the assessment.

Consultation with relevant regional and local authorities: Interviews and discussions

with several local authorities and stakeholders have been carried out in the project area.

The local authorities consulted include the Enderta Woreda administration and Mekelle

city administration which are hosting the well fields and the final destination of the water

supply project respectively. Moreover, five relevant bureaus in each of these

administrations were consulted and made to provide desired data. These bureaus include

the Agriculture and Rural Development bureau, health, education, tourism, as well as the

water supply and sewerage services bureaux.

Community consultation: Community participation and consultation is an important

step in the ESIA methodological process. Public consultation is instrumental in assessing

the socio-economic impact. Community consultation meetings have been convened at two

different places to draw together the issues and concerns of stakeholders and affected

parties. The people who participated in the consultation meeting were jointly identified by

the Consultant and the Mekelle WSS manager. The first session of community

consultation meeting was held under a tree shed in Messebo area. Participants in this

meeting were representatives of stakeholders, affected parties and community elders



coming from the small villages of Chinferes area that include Mariam Dehan, Romanat,

and Mahbere Genet villages. The second session of the community consultation meeting

was held near the Aynalem Well field pumping station in Gergenbes village. Similarly the

participants in this meeting were representatives of stakeholders, affected parties and

community elders coming from the Dandera and Quiha side. The participants of both

consultation meetings were briefly introduced to the Mekelle water supply and sanitation

project and the likely significant positive and negative impacts of the project were

explained to them. The meeting was used by the participants to air their issues of concern

in relation to the proposed development project (see fig 1 and 2).

Fig 1: Consultation underway at Mesebo Fig 2: Consultation underway at Gergenbes

4.1 Impact Assessment Steps

The Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) process incorporates a number of Key

steps. The assessment process constitutes a systematic approach to the evaluation of a project in

the context of the natural, regulatory and socio-economic environments of the area in which the

project is proposed to be implemented.

The process adopted to undertake the ESIA study for the above indicated project is summarized

below.



Step 1 Scoping

The first step in the ESIA is to define the proposed project activities and the natural, regulatory

(i.e. legal) and socio-economic environments in which these activities will occur. This is

achieved through Scoping. Scoping identifies which of the activities has a potential to interact

with the environment. Scoping is conducted early in the ESIA process so that a focus on the

priority issues (i.e. those that have the greatest potential to affect the natural and/or socio-

economic environment) can be established for the rest of the ESIA process. There are a number

of key elements to the Scoping exercise as follows:

Gather and review existing environmental and socio-economic data relevant to the

proposed development project

Gather and review existing engineering design definition with respect to the proposed

water supply and sanitation project. All project elements including construction,

installation, commissioning, operations, maintenance and decommissioning will be

considered.

Assemble and review relevant legislative requirements, environmental standards and

Guidelines associated with the proposed development.

Consult with project stakeholders and other potentially interested and affected parties.

Step 2 Detailed data gathering and review

Following step 2, engineering, environmental and socio-economic data will be assessed in greater

detail to ensure all of the proposed activities and their consequences will be considered in all

stages of the development.

Step 3 Existing environmental conditions

In order to identify any potential impact on and potential change to the natural and socio-

economic environments, it is essential to have a thorough understanding of the existing

environment prior to commencement of the proposed activities. In this regard there is a need to

characterize the existing baseline environmental and socio-economic conditions including

establishing the prevailing conditions for a range of media as follows:



Natural environment media such as air, water, soil and groundwater, flora and fauna;

Socio-economic media such as demographics, economic activity and service provisions

Definition of the existing environmental conditions will be achieved by completing two

main tasks as follows:

Conducting a detailed review of all secondary data sources (i.e. existing documentation

and literature).

Undertaking physical observation to supplement and build upon the existing information

base.

Step 4 Project alternatives

The initial step in defining a project is to identify, at a conceptual level, viable alternatives to the

project so that a viable base-case design may be realized. Consideration of project alternatives

occurs at two levels as follows:

At the initial stage where we consider the ―no development‖ option

At the design stage where we will explore engineering alternatives within the selected

project design definition.

Once project alternatives are defined in the Project Concept stages, they are assessed and

compared on financial, logistical, technical design, safety and environmental/socio-economic

criteria. The project alternative that is determined to likely result in the best balance against these

criteria will be typically the one that moves forward into the detailed design phase.

Step 5 Consultations

Project stakeholder consultation is a vital component of the ESIA process. The consultation

process focuses on providing information on the proposed water supply and sanitation project in

a manner that can be understood and interpreted by the relevant audience, seeking comment on

key issues and concerns, identifying potential impacts and offering the opportunity for

alternatives or objections to be raised by the potentially affected parties and other stakeholders.



All relevant stakeholders will be identified and consultations at all levels of the ESIA study will

be conducted. By conducting such consultations the people that will be affected by or have an

interest in the proposed project will have an opportunity to express their opinions and concerns.

Step 6 Identification and analysis of the environmental impacts

Key, potentially beneficial as well as adverse impacts on the physical, biological and socio-

economic environment associated with the construction and operation phases of the project will

be identified with the help of checklists, site survey and consultations with stakeholders and

affected parties. In addition environmental impact analysis will be carried out in three stages:

Identification- This includes description of the existing environment, determination of the project

components and definition of the environment that will be modified by the project

Prediction- forecasting of the quality and/or spatial dimensions of the changes and estimation of

the probability that the impact will occur

Evaluation- determination of the incidence or magnitude and significance of the impact before

mitigation

For this study an effective methodology that will identify an environmentally preferred option

and/or clears all development options from environmental perspective is required. The methodology

selected is the Rapid Impact Assessment Matrix (RIAM). The RIAM bases its analysis on a standard

definition of the assessment criteria to provide accurate and independent score for each condition.

The impacts of the project activities are evaluated against the environmental components and for

each component a score using the defined criteria is determined. This score then provides a measure

of the impacts against the components. The final environmental assessment score is achieved by

adding up individual scores for performance, reversibility and Cumulative and multiplying their sum

by individual scores for importance and magnitude. This is then compared against the numerical

ranges to give a final Range Value (RV) that in turn corresponds to level of significance of changes.

A combination of these parameters will be summarized in an all encompassing measures of

significance which will be the basis for identifying and prioritizing major impacts and



recommending mitigating measures. The predicted environmental and social impacts are

characterized as follows:

Nature of Impact: Direct, indirect or cumulative;

Type of impact: Positive, negative or both

Duration of impact: Short term, medium term or long term;

Spatial scale of impact: Localized, or widespread

Extent of baseline change: Low, medium or high

Finally, the magnitude and significance level of the identified impacts will be evaluated as major,

high, medium or low significance impacts.

Step 7 Environmental Mitigation and Benefit Enhancing Measures

Based on the impact assessment feasible and cost effective mitigating and benefit enhancement

measures that may reduce potentially significant adverse environmental impacts to acceptable

levels will be recommended under this step.

Step 8 Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan

It will be necessary to monitor and audit project development and operation. Monitoring will

provide the information necessary for feedback into the environmental management process and

will assist in identifying where additional mitigation effort or where alteration to the adopted

management approach may be required.

The monitoring plan will describe the various environmental management strategies and generic

procedures for their implementation. Further, it will identify the management roles and

responsibilities for ensuring that monitoring is undertaken and that the results are analyzed and

any necessary amendments are identified and implemented in a timely manner.

Step 9 Preparation of ESIA Report



The final step is the preparation of the social and environmental Impact assessment report. This

report is expected to address the key issues and impacts affecting overall environmental

performance of the project.

5. Project Alternatives Shortage of water supply in the city has been a long standing problem. As a result it has been

forcing the concerned bodies to look into the possibilities of solving the problem. In this process

all available alternatives were examined. Developing an alternative source from surface waters

existing at a fairly good distance from the city is an option under study. However, the option to

drill deep wells in selected sites of the existing Aynalem well field was another option which was

assessed as mid-term solution. New deep wells were proposed to be drilled near the existing boreholes.

But it was critically argued that this option will affect the existing ones as the gradient might be

changed. As a result it was concluded that new well fields should be developed in another areas

around the city. For hydrogeological and other interrelated reasons Chinferes, Dandera and Quiha

localities become the focus for the development of new well-fields. Preliminary hydrogeological

assessments done by experts from the region‘s buraeu of water resources, mines and energy on

the proposed sites indicates the availability of ground water in the stated sites.

6. Description of the project environment

6.1 Physical environment

6.1.1 Climate

The monthly rainfall pattern in the project area reflects the effects of the seasonal movements of

the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone north and south of the equator, modified by altitude and

topographic effects. The altitude of Mekelle varies from 2150 to 2500 masl. Owing to its altitude

Mekelle is located in the woyna dega climate zone. It experiences mild climatic condition with

annual average maximum temperature of 24.1 0c and annual average minimum temperature of

11.1 0c. There are two main seasons, rainy and dry. Rainfall is often un-reliable and has an

uneven distribution. The city has annual average rainfall of 618.3 mm. Out of this, the months of

July and August in combination accounts for some 436.7 mm or 70.6 %.



6.1.2 Topography of the project area

Mekelle is situated on the northeast part of Ethiopia‘s central plateau just to the west of the rift

valley. The Mekele Plateau is the eastern-central portion of the northern uplands of Ethiopia,

which is known as the Tigrean Plateau. The Mekele Plateau is an upland plateau with elevations

ranging between 2000 and 2800 m.a.s.l. The terrain is composed of an undulating and rolling

plateau, steeply dissected hills and pediments, and flood plains. The eastern side, Enda-Eyesus

ridges are the highest peaks of the city. The major land form of the city territory can be classified

into four categories namely: flat to gently sloping, gently sloping to rolling, sloping to moderately

steep and steeply to very steeply sloping type.

The drainage pattern is characterized by the scarcity of deeply incised river valleys. The

underlying geology is dominated by Jurassic Agula shale and Hintalo limestone and Mekele

dolerite sills in the Agula shale. The Plateau lies in the semi-arid zone with an average annual

rainfall of 550 mm. Mekelle proper is located at the foot of a low escarpment at an elevation of

2000m a.s.l. The Aynalem, quiha and Dndera well fields are on the top of the escarpment about

100m above the town.

6.1.3 Geology and Hydrology of the project area

The city of Mekelle is located near the edge of lowland with steep bluffs on the east side. Steep

bluffs at a distance of about 10km also face the city on the north. The lowland is underlain by

Mesozoic – age sediments. The upland immediately to the east is underlain by the same

sediments which have been intruded by irregular bodies of dolerite; the dolerite tends to be more

resistant to weathering than the sediments and forms irregular hills and ridges.

The sediments are part of the Antalo group; the Agula shale is the dominant member. The Antalo

group ranges in age from possible middle Jurassic to upper Jurassic, the Agula shale is upper

Jurassic in age. The Antalo group is intruded by dark, medium to fine – grained basic rock –

called dolerite which is tertiary in age. The dolerite which forms sills, dykes and irregular bodies,

has a tendency to orbicular or spheroidal weathering. Because of these fields of dark, rounded



boulders are found where weathering has occurred. The thickness of Alluvium in the city is

small, and outcrops are common. Alluvium is exposed along the Illala River which is down-

cutting along its present course.

Lithology of the region is mainly composed of the Mesozoic sedimentary rocks and igneous

intrusions of tertiary period. The main rock formations which cover extensive area around

Mekelle are the Agula Shale which is the upper most formation of the Antalo Group igneous rock

known as Mekelle Dolerite which has intruded into the Agula Shale and forms extensive platue

and ridges. The Adigrat sandstone and Antalo limestone which are older than the Agula Shale are

known to exist under the Agula shale. But they are exposed further to the northwest and to the

west of Mekelle. The upper most and youngest Mesozoic sediment known as Amba aradom

sandstone (or the upper sandstone) is exposed to the south of Mekelle at a plateau close to the

village of Antalo.

6.1.4 Land Use Patterns

Mekelle is generally well planned except for small sections at the foot of the escarpments where

the houses are highly clustered and with narrow streets. In the eastern part there is a natural

boundary sharply ending the periphery of the town. In 1984 the area of the city was estimated to

be 16 km2, growing to 23.04 km

2 in 1994. Showing a dramatic expansion, the city had reached

more than 100 km2 in 2004 by engulfing a large extent of agricultural lands, villages and towns

(Tadesse, 2006). In 2006 (1998 E.C), the areas known as Quiha (also Qwiha or Kuha) and

Aynalem were incorporated within Mekelle City limits. Villages recently incorporated include

Lachi, Adikenfero, Feleg Daero, Endamariam Dehan, Adi Daero, Adi Kolomey, Serawat, Adi

Wolel, Adi Ha and May Alem. Currently, Mekelle City is one of the fastest growing cities in

Ethiopia with a total area of 150 km2 (Mekelle Water Supply Service Office, 2008). The town is

presently rapidly expanding towards the North, Northwest and west. The layout of utility services

in Mekelle generally follows the town plan.

The land use pattern outside Mekelle proper is mainly dominated by farmlands, grazing areas,

residential villages, and protected areas for soil and water conservation. Indead the landuse



pattern in Chinferes and Dandera areas are mainly characterised by the aforementioned types of

landuses.

6.1.5 Water Resources

Mekelle lies in the upper part of the Tekeze River basin. The main eastern divide of the Tekeze

River basin is not far from Mekelle. The headwaters of rivers flowing into the rift valley are

located only about 15kms southeast of the town. Surface water resources are comparatively

scarce in the areas around Mekelle city. Mekelle is drained to the south by the Messanu River

which joins the Tekeze River. The nearest major river is Ghiba River which has a southerly flow

direction 12 -15 km west of Mekelle. Two tributaries of the Ghiba come within a distance of 5km

from Mekelle: the Messanu River on the northern side and the Chaq River on the southern side of

the town. This river joins the Maskila river 14km southwest of Mekelle, further entering the

Ghiba about 10km downstream. The city is dissected in the north by the drainage system of river

Illala that used to have several all year round rivers but now they become full only during the

rainy season. The rivers that drains in and around Mekelle included Mai Degene, Mai Zagra, Mai

Ansti, Mai Atsgeba, Mai Fakar, Mai Baekel, Mai Ayni, Mai Gafuf, Mai Liham, Mai Kikuto,

Gereb Bubu, Mai Ataro etc.

6.2 Biological Environment

6.2.1 Terrestrial Vegetation

The surrounding of Mekelle represents dry evergreen montane forest ecosystem type. Due to

climatic and anthropogenic impacts the catchments of the town are degraded and as a result the

development of the vegetation is very much stunted in the surrounding terrains. There are

ongoing efforts of catchment rehabilitation through terracing, reforestation and area closure.

Eucalyptus camaldulensis is an example of better established species in the degraded catchments.

Representative species of the dry evergreen montane vegetation such as Olea europa sub species

cuspidata and Juniperus procera are found in the old Church yards and Palace of Mekele. In



addition to this in human settlement areas (homestead plantations) are covered with species such

Schinus mole, Neem, Opuntia, Jacaranda, Casuarina equisitifolia, Ziziphus mucronata.

The area outside Mekelle city has suffered considerably from over exploitation of natural forest

resources. The original vegetation has been significantly disturbed due to the expansion of

subsistence level agricultural practices that predominate in the area. The country side around

Mekelle is almost completely denuded of trees except along the stream banks. The landscape is

classified as savannah. Much of the upland plateau has been devastated by over exploitation of

the soils and vegetation, and the land‘s productive capacity has been reduced by overuse and

erosion. With the exception of few and scattered bushes & shrubs the vegetation coverage of the

area is insignificant. The expansion of Agricultural and grazing lands and the increasing demand

of fuel wood in the area can be cited as the major factors that made most of the areas devoid of

any vegetation. Among the few existing species Rumex nervosus, Aloe species, Carissa edulis,

Salix subserrate, Maytenus arbutifolia, Carissa edullis & Acacia etbaica are the major ones

observed in the area.

Fig 3: Partial view of lands devoid of vegetation cover

Ethiopia has issued a number of regulations aimed to conserve and protect the remaining natural

ecosystems of the country in National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries, and Controlled Hunting Areas.

However, the project area is neither contiguous with nor in close proximity with any of these

nationally protected areas.



6.2.2 Wildlife

Human intervention in the area, consisting of expansion for agriculture and grazing practices and

encroachment for fuel wood and construction has significantly affected the vegetation cover in

the area. Hence, it couldn‘t provide a good habitat to support diverse wildlife species. However,

according to the Wereda office and local enquiries, species that are common in many parts of the

country like spotted hyenas, hare, Fox, duiker, warthog, jackal, baboons, Dikes etc. are seen in

the area. These are very common in many parts of the country. There are no rare or endemic

animal species known to be in the Project Area. The population and diversity of Fauna in the

study area is expected to be very low mainly because of the decline of their natural habitat.

There are birds in the project area. However, according to Ethiopian Wildlife and Natural History

Society (EWNHS, 1996), none of the 76 nationally designated Important Bird Areas are found

anywhere in or near the project area. The migration route of birds from the northern hemisphere

to Africa follows the rift valley zone and the project area is not within this rift system.

6.3 Socioeconomic Environment

6.3.1 Population and settlement

Mekelle is one of the fast growing cities in Ethiopia. Over the past two decades, Mekelle has

experienced rapid growth as the capital of Tigray Regional State. In parallel with its growth the

population size of Mekelle was also increasing. Its population has also grown from 98,825 in

1994 to over 215,546 in 2007 of whom 51% were women. It can be seen clearly that the

population size of the city has doubled in the last two decades. The general trend of population

growth in the city during the past decades is shown in table 2. The ethnic composition of

Mekelle town is homogenous and is made up of predominantly tigreans. Christianity and Islam

are the principal religions in Mekelle.



Table 2: Population of Mekelle city from 1965 to 2006.

Ser No. Years Population size

1 1965 22230

2 1970 28014

3 1978 42130

4 1986 62650

5 1992 84129

6 1994 100000

7 1997 111473

8 2000 128974

9 2002 150000

10 2003 175000

11 2005 200000

12 2006 230000

Source: Mekelle City Plan Preparation Project (MCPPP).

6.3.2 Social services

Social services encompass various facilities and establishments needed for social development

and well-being of the city. It mainly includes education, health and recreation facilities. In this

document focus will be given to the education and health services of the town. As it is self

evident, the service provided to the public by these facilities could be directly influenced by the

availability and efficiency of water and sanitation services of the town.

6.3.2.1 Education

The city of Mekelle hosts various educational establishments ranging from Kindergarten up to

higher education institutions. The city has about 57 primary schools (grade 1-8th

), 11 elementary

and secondary schools (grade 1 -12th

), and about 7 senior secondary schools (grade 9 -12th

).



These schools are run both by public and private organizations. The total number of students

attending classes in the public and private schools are in the order of 68,111 pupils. Moreover

the city is home to one of the largest Universities in the Country, Mekelle University. The

University alone has more than 12,000 student and seven faculties. Other higher education

establishments present in the city includes Mekelle Institute of Technology, Middle level health

professionals training institute, art school, and college of teachers education. There are also about

eleven private higher education institutions in the city which include: Sheba Info –tech and

Business College, New Millennium College, Micro- link College, e.t.c.

Table .3: Number and level of schools available in Mekelle city

Table.4: School enrollement ratio of Mekelle city

Type of Educational Institutions Quantity

Kindergarten 58

Primary (1-4) 18

Primary (1-8) 39

Secondary (9-10) 7

Preparatory (11-12) 11

Technical and Vocational Education and Training 3

Colleges 14

University 1

Year of School enrolment ratio

2000 131.34

2001 124.32

2002 114.76



A major concern in many of the educational establishments is access to clean drinking water. Of

the 33 public primary schools, 21 had either a tap or well water source in 2007 and 12 had no

available water source (Tigray Region Education Bureau, 2008). Overall only 73 percent of

schools (public and private) had water taps in 2007, meaning that 15 of 56 schools lacked any

connection to a water tap. This suggests that as more schools are built, there is a need to ensure

access to safe water.

Table 5: Primary Schools with and without a Water Source, Mekelle, 2007

Public Private

Schools with Water (Tap or

Well)

21 20

Schools with No Water Source 12 3

Total Schools 33 23

The availability of latrines is also another concern in the primary schools. Table 6 illustrates the

total number of toilets, the number of schools without toilets, and the number of schools with

separate toilets for girls and boys. Regarding government primary schools, where the total

enrolment is 42,054 and the total number of toilets is 96, the ratio of students per toilet is 438:1,

an alarming number. Approximately half the public primary schools (16 out of 33) in Mekelle

lack latrines; of the 17 schools with latrines, only 10 have separate toilets for girls and boys. Lack

of toilet facilities in schools can negatively affect attendance (especially in the likely case of a

parasitic illness). It is common for female students not to attend class during menstruation if no

facility is available for the disposal and/or changing of sanitary napkins during school hours.

Table 6: Number of Latrines, Primary School, Mekelle, 2007

(Source: Tigray Region Education Bureau: Education Statistics Annual Abstract 2008)

Table 7: School dropout data obtained from the City education office

Public Private

Total Schools 33 23

Total Toilets 96 135

Schools without Toilets 16 5

Schools with Unisex Toilets 7 0

Schools with Separate Toilets 10 18



6.3.2.2 Health

Health care is one of the crucial components of basic social services that have a direct linkage to

the growth and development of a country as well as the welfare of the society. In Mekelle, there

is one referral hospital, three regional hospitals, one zonal hospital, one military hospital, five

private medium hospitals, nine health centres, twenty higher and lower private clinics, three

private dental clinic, five diagnostic laboratory centre, three physiotherapy centre and two eye

/optics/ clinics. Reports indicate that the existing health service coverage of Mekelle city has

reached 95 percent and these health facilities provide their services to an estimated 10,000

patients on daily basis. The patients treated are not only from Mekele city, but also from other

parts of the region.

The top ten diseases in mekelle city which occurred in the last five years are shown in Table 8

below. The table shows the five year average of the top ten diseases. Among the reasons for the

occurrence of the top ranking diseases are found lack of personal hygiene and environmental

sanitation which are closely linked with availability of water supply and sanitation services.

Year (E.C) School dropout

ratio

1998 4.59

1999 2.96

2000 3.63

2001 3.6



Table 8: List of top ten diseases in Mekelle city

Rank

Type of diseases by rank Percentage of

occurrence

1st Eye Inflammatory 22

2nd

Infective and parasitic 16.5

3rd

All other respiratory diseases 12.6

4th

Helminthes 11.6

5th

All other ill defined causes 9

6th

Skin infection 7

7th

Acute upper respiratory infection 6.5

8th

Gastritis, duodenities 5.8

9th

Dysentery other unspecified 5.3

10th

Tonsillitis 3.9

6.3.3 Industry, Commerce and Investment

Mekelle is one of northern Ethiopia‘s primary economic centres. Due to long-term business

development plans aimed at creating optimal market conditions, the city has become the home for

many industries, agro-processing companies and educational centres. There are more than 500

food shops, an extensive public transport network and an active urban—rural exchange of goods in

the city. Mekelle has 30,000 micro and small enterprises. With an educated work force and a

significant manufacturing base, the city is poised for sustainable economic growth.

The city was able to attract a lot of investors in recent years. A total of 899 investors who are

interested to invest in different sectors including industry, trade and commerce, hotels, real estate,

social services, and construction were issued with investment licenses. So far about 462 of them

have gone operational and are delivering their services and products in the market. About 32 of

the investors who started operations are industrial projects which have started productions. The

city has also issued additional investment licenses for about 242 investors with a total capital



outlay of 1.7 billion birr. Some of the later investment licenses are issued to investors who want

to expand their investments in the city.

It is important to note that Mekelle is the primary economic hub in the Tigray region. Within a 100

km radius of the city, there are rich and fertile farmlands to the south, significant mineral deposits to

the east and west, and over one hundred rock-hewn churches throughout the region that serve as

important tourist destinations. The Mekelle markets are reputed to be the largest vendors of livestock

and salt in Ethiopia. In recent years, Mekelle has experienced increased agricultural production

due to improved farming techniques and a transition from subsistence to cash crop farming. This

growth has improved agro-processing opportunities for fruits and vegetables. The region is also a

notable producer of high quality honey, and high value/low volume items such as spices, natural

gum, and colour additives. In addition, Mekelle maintains a reserve area for floriculture that

should help attract greater investment into the city.

Mekelle is also well situated for attracting tourism. The city is at the centre of a variety of

cultural, historical, religious, and adventure tourism options. Erte Ale, one of the world‘s few

active volcanic lakes, lies east of Mekelle, while the city itself is surrounded by fantastic rock-

hewn churches that rival the more well-known rock temples.

6.3.4 Water supply and Sanitation services

The city‘s water supply at present is totally dependent on underground water sources. Currently

the main water source of Mekelle city is from Aynalem well field. The water is abstracted from

17 Boreholes with depth ranging from 65 up to 250m. The water that is produced from these

Boreholes is lifted by submersible pumps to different reservoirs with capacities ranging from 200

m3 to 2000 m

3, and then after chlorinating process; the water is delivered to various parts of the

distribution network through gravity. The Aynalem well field was developed in 2002/2003 with

the expectation that it will provide sufficient water supply for the city for about twenty years. But

the yield from the wells was deteriorating from time to time and half of the boreholes have failed

to work. The daily water demand of Mekelle city is 41000 m3, whereas the production is only

limited to 14500 m3 per day. The current production is about 35% of the total demand. As a



result, the city is experiencing severe shortage of water supply. During the dry season, water is

distributed on a shift basis in order to supply the available water to residents in all areas of the

city. In some areas water is supplied ones in a weak. Shortage of water supply in the city is one of

the critical impediments for expansion of the city, its economic activities and in attracting more

investors.

In order to alleviate the existing sever water supply shortage problem in the city, the

administration is working on a medium and long term solutions. The focus of the current water

supply project is to provide medium term solutions by developing additional groundwater sources

in Chinferes, Dandera and Quiha well fields which are all found within 15 to 20km radius from

the city. As a long term solution, reports indicate that studies are underway to develop a dam on

the river Giba.

The water supply distribution network of Mekelle city constitutes five sub-systems. These

include the main system, zone four system, Quiha system, Mekelle university system, and Lachi

system. The main system is responsible for providing water to most parts of the Mekelle proper

excluding the north eastern part of the city which is provided by the separate zone four system.

The main system is completely fed by the Aynalem well field and is distributed from the 2000m3

reservoirs found at Enda Gebriel area. The Quiha and Mekelle University systems are two

independent systems devoted to supply water to Quiha town and the University respectively. The

University system obtains its water from two dedicated boreholes which are controlled by two

150m3 and 250m

3 capacity reservoirs. The Lachi system is responsible for supplying water to the

areas in the northern parts of the city. Unlike the other systems, the later system is fed by its own

borehole which is not part of the Aynalem well field.

Like many other towns in the country, Mekelle does not have a sewerage system and the majority

of its residents use dry pit latrines. Sewage is collected by vacuum trucks from pit latrines. The

Mekelle municipality, Red Cross and few other private firms provide sewage collection services

to the residents. The city is building new wastewater treatment facility at a cost of 4million birr.



6.3.5 Drainage system

The city as such does not have wide coverage of modern drainage systems. However, along with

the recent upgrading of the city streets, closed and open drainage ditches are being built in

different parts of the town. Reports indicate that the city have 29kms of closed drainage so far.

But more are being built along with the new road projects being undertaken. Natural drainages

follow the topographic patterns of the town to join the streams and rivers. The city is dissected in

the north by the drainage system of river Ellala. The Illala River is joined by several other small

non- perennial streams which drain the city during the rainy season

6.3.6 Religious, historical and archeological sites

Mekelle have a number of important historical sites. One among them is the 19th

Century Atse

Yohannes IV palace which is located at the heart of the city. The Dejat Abraha palace at Feleg

Daero and the Abraha Castle (Hotel) are other important historical sites found in the area. The

Italian cemetery found at Endayesus which relates history to the periods of Ethio – Italian wars

conducted in the 1930s is also registered as the site of historical significance by the Tigray region

culture and tourism bureau. Most importantly, there is a site of potential archaeological

significance located at the outskirts of Quiha town. There are Altars of a building which is

claimed to be the remains of a church or the palace of the 13th

Century King Amdetsion near the

Cherkos church in Quiha town. This site is not yet studied by archeologists and it is registered as

one fully undiscovered archaeological site in the region.



Fig 4: Showing the remains from the times of King Amdetsion (Palace/Church?) at Quiha.

7. Environmental Impacts identification, prediction and analysis

7.1 Approaches for Environmental and Social Impacts Analysis

The Implementation of the Water Supply will have impacts on the natural and socio-economic

environment in which it is set and the impacts might be of positive or negative nature. Each

positive and negative impact will vary in extent to which it can be enhanced or mitigated. For the

purpose of this assessment, impacts and /or benefits that will mostly occur during the

construction and operation phases will be considered. The environmental analysis will therefore

attempt to screen out the insignificant impacts and bring the critical elements into the attention of

decision makers.

7.2 Impacts on the physical environment

7.2.1 Impact on land use type and loss of income generation

The Mekelle water supply and sanitation project will undertake the drilling of a total of five

boreholes, build five reservoirs of different capacity, a booster station, a collection chamber,

installation of a total of over thirty Kms of transmission main, and also will build a pump house,

guard house as well as generator houses for each of the borehole sites.



The specific land spots on which drilling of the boreholes were conducted mostly lay on

communal lands. For example two boreholes at chinferes site are drilled at the river banks of

Ruba wushti. The borehole in dandera is developed on a communal land found outside the

premises of Dandera elementary school. Even though the third borehole in chinferes site is

located inside a quarry area which used to supply raw material for Messebo Cement factory, the

site was abandoned for use as well field. Therefore, the borehole sites have no major impact on

land use that results in loss of income to the farmers or other former users. An exception for this

is the quiha borehole site (FPW9), where it is located at the middle of a farm land. The borehole

site has consumed an estimated 400m2 of land permanently. This land was used by farmers to

grow crops and hence its permanent change to borehole site will negatively affect the income

generation capacity of the farmers.

The construction of reservoirs at different locations is another project activity that can cause an

impact on land use type by taking up land that was either being used for farming or grazing.

Conveying water from the Chinferes well field will require the construction of a collection

chamber, booster stations and 5000m3 reservoirs. The water from BH-1 and BH-2 will be first

collected in a collection chamber that will be constructed at the River bank of Ruba Wushti. The

site on which the collection chamber will be built is an open communal grazing space on a river

bank. The specific site where the booster station is going to be built is a communal land which is

not used by farmers. It is a rocky hill side ground which was not used for other purposes. The

5000m3 reservoir is going to be built at the top of the Messobo hill found right behind the

Messebo Cement factory. The specific reservoir site is again a land which was not used for other

purposes. Therefore, the construction of the collection chamber, booster station and the 5000m3

reservoir will not have any significant impact on income generation capacity of the farmers in the

locality. However, since the hilly grounds in the area are generally categorized in the ‗Protected

land/area closure‘ zones, the construction and operation activities will have an impact on the flora

and fauna which will be discussed in later sections.

On the other side conveying the water from Dandera and Quiha sites will involve construction of

three 100m3 reservoirs at three different locations between the quiha well field and the existing



2000m3 reservoir. The specific sites used for building 100m

3 reservoirs are farm lands that were

tilled by farmers. An average of 600m2 of land is permanently changed from farm land for each

reservoir site totalling 1800 m2

for the three. This will impact the farmers significantly by

reducing their annual harvest from the fields and hence affect their incomes. Moreover, the farm

lands in quiha reservoir and borehole site is greatly disturbed by the access road and construction

excavations which temporarily affects the farming activities of the farmers.

Fig 5: Showing highly disturbed farmland at Quiha borehole and reservoir site

The major project activity that will have an impact on land use and that can bring about loss of

income generation capacity to the farmers is the construction of access roads and installation of

transmission mains. It has been stated in sec 5.1.2 that the project is going to install transmission

mains from two directions to connect the boreholes with the existing distribution systems.

Accordingly, the project will install 20km of transmission lines by excavating a trench that will

have about 1.5 meter width and between 0.75 – 1m depth to connect the Chinferes boreholes with

the existing system. All along its course, the transmission line will pass through farm lands and

protected areas (area closures). Along with the first 10kms of the transmission line a second

parallel line will be installed to connect BH-1 and BH-2 boreholes with the 5000m3 reservoir at

Messebo. The parallel transmission line will be installed by undertaking new excavations at six

meter distance from the other line. This implies the impact of the project activity on the farm

fields will be twice. The largest diameter of the pipes to be installed for the transmission line is

300mm and the one meter width trench excavation is assumed to be sufficient. The total size of

cultivated land that will be affected during construction of the first and second parallel



transmission line is estimated to be 10.21Ha and 0.67Ha respectively. On the other hand, the

13kms transmission line from dandera and quiha boreholes will be installed by excavating a

trench of similar diameter. The total size of cultivated land that will be affected during

construction of the later transmission lines are estimated to be 2.2Ha These figures do not

include the communal lands for which private land use entitlements are not given to individual

members of the community. The list of farmers whose land will be impacted by the transmission

line installation activities of the project is given in Annex IA. The pipe installation work will

interrupt the farming activities until the construction is finished. During such time the farmers

will be affected by losing their crops and hence their income. However, it will become possible

to use the land for the same purpose after the construction is finished. As a result the impact is

only temporary and it will last up to completion of the project.

Moreover the project will have to build a new access road to have an all weather access to the

booster station and to the 5000m3 reservoir at messobo hill. The design and study of this access

road is not yet in place and hence predicting the type and magnitude of the likely impacts is quit

formidable. However, it is clear that any access road that may be built along the transmission

lines will definitely affect the farmlands and closure areas present in the area.

7.2.2 Impacts on terrestrial flora and fauna

The activities of Mekelle water supply and sanitation project will not generally cause a

significant impact on fauna and flora of the area. On the one hand the project activities are mainly

carried on areas that do not have dense vegetation cover. Indeed most of the sites on which the

boreholes are drilled and the areas through which the transmission lines will pass are simply open

farm lands or protected areas with sparse bushes. Therefore, the construction and installation

activities of the project are anticipated not to cause the cutting of important trees or bushes that

have timber value. However, owing to the prevalent land degradation in the area, most

uncultivable lands, hills and valleys are designated as area closure to enhance the revegetation

and conservation efforts. Because of this, some activities of the project are going to have a

limited impact on the revegetation and conservation efforts of the area closures. For example the

project will construct access road to the Chinferes borehole sites, starting from the existing gravel



road which was used to transport raw material from the former quarry. The access road that

connects BH -3 and BH -1 to the gravel road has an approximate length of about 300m and it

passes through a protected land (area closure). This access road has the impact of disturbing the

re-vegetation and conservation effort by clearing the bushes. In a similar way, the construction of

new access road up to the booster station and the 5000 m3 at messebo hill will affect the

revegetation and conservation effort going on in the area closures.

Fig 6: Showing access road passing across area closure

The only perennial crops that will be affected by the project construction activities are, however,

found at the river banks of Illala River. The right of way for installation of the transmission line

requires the removal of some of the Guava and Banana trees found on the farm located next to

Gembella village on the river banks of Illala River. The total numbers of Guava and banana trees

to be cut are estimated to be about 30 and 5 respectively.

7.2.3 Impacts on soil

Once again the project impacts on soil emanates from the works to be carried during construction

phase. Firstly, the construction of the access road will require filling with selected material. The

quarrying operations can expose the soil structure to erosion unless necessary precautions are

taken.



Moreover an appreciable part of the excavation of trenches for installing the transmission lines is

going to be done on the cropping fields (cultivated lands) of individual farmers. The excavation

work will result in the displacement of the fertile top soil and this will affect the crop growing

capacity of the plot. As a result in addition to the immediate interruption of the farming activities

during the construction period, the farmers will be affected by lose of the top soil from the

excavated part of their farming land which will make it unproductive for quit sometime. It should

be noted that the soil of the cultivated lands in the area is fertile and farmers commonly grow

crops like wheat, teff, maize and sorghum during the regular summer seasons. In particular

among the farmers listed in Annex IA and IB those whose farming fields have shallow or thin

layer of top soil will be severely impacted by the displacement of top soil. The actual impacted

farmers could be determined later at the end of the cropping season by observing the failing crops

on the fields. It worth‘s to note that the list of farmers in Annex IB were not considered legible

for compensation due to lose of income caused by the direct excavation works, mainly because

the transmission line installation work was done during the dry season when the farming fields

were free of crops.

Fig 7: Showing farming fields with displaced top soil

Besides displacement of the top soil, the farming fields of farmers could also be wasted for

definite seasons if the excavated soil and big boulders are not timely cleared from it. This is

especially important since the geology of the land underneath the farming fields is majorly rocky

and full of big boulders. As a result, the excavation work supported by heavy machinery will



produce big boulders that will not be possible to remove from the fields easily. Thus parts of

certain farming fields could become unusable unless otherwise the boulders are promptly cleared

from the farming fields. This issue has been one of the impacts that were raised with great

emphasis by the participants of the public consultation meetings.

7.2.4 Impact on Public Infrastructure

The main focus of the Mekelle water supply and sanitation project is to develop additional water

sources and to supplement the daily supply of water of the city by connecting to the existing

distribution network. As a result the project will not have wide activities to expand the existing

distribution network within the urban setting of Mekelle city. Thus the project will not have any

significant impact on the public utility infrastructures in Mekelle. However, one minor exception

to this generalization is the transmission line to be installed from Dandera borehole to the 100m3

reservoirs near Quiha borehole (FPW9). The installation of this transmission line will require

crossing through the main Mekelle – Addis Ababa highway. Cutting and excavating the asphalted

highway along a specified point is one minor reversible impact that may arise during construction

of the project.

7.2.5 Impact on traffic volume during construction and operation

The project site covers more than 20kms of distance from source to destination. During

construction the project will mobilize machineries, light and heavy duty vehicles. The pathways

which lead to the boreholes at chinferes and Dandera sites are mainly off-road corridors literally

used by villagers and few other vehicles. As a result the additional noise that would be generated

by the machinery will not have a pronounced effect on the residents. The traffic volume in and

around Mekelle city is slightly greater but still not crowded. In all segments of the road the level

of traffic flow is low to moderate. Therefore, the impact of the project is predicted not to cause

any significant impact on traffic flow.



7.2.6 Air pollution and noise nuisance

The construction activities of the project will cause the formation of dust in the environment.

This will be specially so during the excavation work to install water mains, reservoirs, and while

building the access road. Mobility of machineries and vehicles will exacerbate the dust pollution.

Noise nuisance released by the construction equipments will also be another impact to be created

by the project. The dust and noise pollution will not be permanently localized at one place but

move forward along with the construction activities. The project will drill the boreholes using

drilling rigs. Noise released during drilling operations could be a source of impact to the

surrounding areas. However, since most of the borehole sites are located in rural areas where

there are no densely populated villages, its effect will be minimum.

7.2.7 Impact of Spillage and disinfecting chemicals

Spillage of chemicals that will be applied for water treatment and disinfection will cause

undesirable impacts on the nearby water bodies. Used oils and lubricants from the booster station

and vehicles engaged during project construction as well as the solid waste generated at the

borehole sites can pose pollution risk to the nearby streams. Especially the borehole drilling

operations apply foaming chemicals to enhance the drilling efficiency and a soil sludge

contaminated with the chemicals is released from the operation. Since the borehole sites in

Chinferes well field are located at the river banks of Quawa and Ruba Wushti rivers, it is very

likely that the soil sludge from the drilling operations will impact the stated rivers. Direct

disposal of the sludge into the rivers will pollute them and it will also increase sedimentation. To

minimize such impacts introducing a mechanism for proper handling of chemicals, the soil

sludge and other spillages is essential.



Fig 8: Showing soil sludge from drilling operations

7.2.8 Stress on the Existing solid and liquid Waste Management facilities

The implementation of the proposed project will allow connected houses to be provided with

sufficient water supply and more others to get connected to the water network. This will

obviously improve the chronic water supply and sanitation problem of the Mekelle city in many

ways. However, it will also pose stress on the existing sanitary facilities of the city. At present

Mekelle city has limited facilities to handle the liquid wastes.

Even though the expected yield of the boreholes developed by the Mekelle water supply and

sanitation project are not going to completely satisfy the gaps in the daily water demand of the

city, generally an increase in the water supply provision will also increase the liquid and solid

wastes volume to be generated. With the increase in volume the existing facilities will become

increasingly overwhelmed to cope up. Appropriate facilities such as liquid waste vacuum trucks

will need to be purchased and wastewater treatment plants or oxidation ponds will have to be

constructed if the liquid waste is to be treated and disposed in an environmentally safe manner. In

choosing the site for the Waste water treatment plant or Oxidation pond it is important to

investigate the hydro - geological condition of the proposed sites and it should be located in

permeable stratum to safeguard ground water contamination.



7.2.9 Impact on reservoirs

The five Reservoires to be installed could also be negatively affected by uncontrolled disposal of

contaminating wastes nearby it. Unless safely guarded and controlled the reservoir sites can be

contaminated with solid and liquid wastes that could lead to contamination of the water supply

with pathogens. However, since the specific location of the new reservoirs and booster stations

are generally well outside of the urban settlement of Mekelle town the contamination may be

expected to arise from sparsely populated rural settlements.

7.3 Impacts on socio economic environment

7.3.1 Impact on settlements

In a small stretch along the 20km Chinferes – Mekelle route, the right of way for installation of

the transmission line is occupied by residential houses inside Gembella Village. Gembella village

is a tiny hamlet found on the right bank of Illala River between Messobo Cement factory and the

northern suburbs of Mekelle. The alignment of the transmission line will require clearing the

right of way which is now occupied by the houses whose owners are listed in table 9 below. The

design of the right of way is done based on the Master plan of Mekelle, which is reported to have

indicated a plan for 30m wide motorway that will pass through the middle of Gembella village.

Nonetheless, the street foreseen by the master plan is not yet built and the right of way for the

transmission line not cleared. Consequently, installation of the transmission line is going to have

an impact on the settlement houses. In order to avoid the relocation of these houses, the project

will devise alternative routes. The 5000m3 reservoir at Messebo hill creates excess pressure to the

head water which will be conveyed downstream to Mekelle. The presence of excess pressure

provides an opportunity to re-route the transmission line by bending it 900 at different points

without losing the necessary pressure to keep it flowing into Mekelle. This option of re-routing

and redesigning option can effectively avoid the need for clearing of the houses for the right of

way. Therefore relocation of these houses will not be necessary and relocation issues will not be

triggered by the project activity. The name of the house owners and its location are shown in

table 9.



Table 9: Houses to be impacted by Transmission line installation

Name of house owner Town / village

name

Type of property

1 Ato Gebreslassie Tsegay Gembella Village Stone fence

2 Ato Gebrekiros Kassa Gembella Village House

3 W/ro Almaz Mamo Gembella Village House

4 Ato Mehari Amare Gembella Village House

5 Ato Seyum Desta Gembella Village House

6 Ato Amare G/slassie Gembella Village House

7 Ato Assefa G/tatyos Gembella Village House courtyard

8 Ato Gebreasya Hadush Gembella Village House courtyard

9 Almi Dairy Farm Association Mekelle Cattle farm / Ranch

10 Ato Tewedage W/slassie Mekelle House

11 Ato Tesfaye W/slassie Mekelle House

Fig 9: Showing Houses that can be affected by clearing for right of way



7.3.2 Loss of sites of cultural and/or religious values

The Mekelle water supply and sanitation project will not have any impact on the important

historical and archaeological sites found in the area. The King Amdetsion palace (church?)

archaeological site, the Palace of King Yohannes IV, the Dejat Abraha Castle and other important

sites are found away from the route of the main transmission lines. In addition, it is verified

through site survey that the booster stations, reservoirs and crossing structures will not affect any

of the known historical and archaeological sites in the area. The Romanat and Chelanqa

waterfalls are also found outside the reaches of the project construction and operation phase

activities. The project will not have any significant impact on other religious and cultural

resources in the area.

7.3.3 Problem of Malaria Intensification

Formation of soil heaps from the excavation of trenches and reservoir foundations may form

stagnant water ponds and these ponds can be the source of health risks to the local people by

serving as a favourable mosquito breeding site and consequently intensifying malaria. This

problem can be minimized by draining out the stagnant water and appropriately filling back the

excavated trenches.

7.3.4 Impact on Women

Women generally have very different roles in water supply and sanitation activities. These

differences are particularly evident in the rural areas. Often women are the main users, providers

and Managers in the household. Women are the guardians of household hygiene. Hence women

tend to benefit most when the access, quality and quantity of water improve. Improvements in

water supply and sanitation infrastructure are likely to shorten women‘s and girl‘s time spent

carrying heavy containers to collect water thereby freeing up their time for income generating

activities and schooling.



Given their long established active role in water supply and sanitation, women generally know

about current water sources, their quality and reliability, any restrictions to their uses and how to

improve hygienic behaviours. It is therefore essential to fully involve women in demand driven

water supply and sanitation programmes, where communities decide what types of systems they

want. Improvements in water supply and sanitation infrastructures will help increase women‘s

human capital, reduce their time constraints, allow for new income generating activities and

improve community health. This will in turn increase the productivity of the society there by

increasing incomes. In light of this, involving women during the construction and operation of

Mekelle water supply projects is very critical.

7.3.5 Impacts on health

The project will positively impact to all members of the communities who will be provided with

access to clean water supply. An examination of the top ten diseases of Mekelle city listed in

table 8 shows that water, sanitation and hygiene related diseases rank among the top disease of

the area. Therefore, provision of clean drinking water supply will enhance the efforts to sustain

good health of the community. Provision of clean water will also greatly improve the condition

for maintaining good hygiene and sanitation of each benefiting family. Public service facilities

such as schools, clinics, health centres and recreational areas will also positively benefit from the

availability of adequate water supply they need to render their services to the community.

7.3.6 Impacts on investment, trade and tourism

Absence of sufficient water supply has been one of the impeding constraints for inflow of

investment into Mekelle city. Even though the town is a regional capital, its development and

expansion is challenged by shortage of water supply. It has become increasingly clear that one of

the factors that constrain the inflow of new and additional investment into the city is the

prevailing shortage of water supply. The commercial activities of the service sector, particularly

the newly built hotels and restaurants in Mekelle are affected by the prevalent shortage of water

supply, thereby affecting the tourism industry in the area. It should be noted that Mekelle is well



situated for attracting tourism. The city is at the centre of a variety of cultural, historical,

religious, and adventure tourism options. Erte Ale, one of the world‘s few active volcanic lakes,

lies east of Mekelle, while the city itself is surrounded by fantastic rock-hewn churches that rival

the more well-known rock temples. Therefore, the Mekelle water supply project will have an

enormous positive impact on the investment, trade and tourism activities of the town by solving

the water supply shortage problem and creating conducive condition for their operation.

69

Table 10: Impact analysis Matrix for Mekelle Emergency Water Supply Project

Key

Comp

Impact/Issues Imp

orta

nce

(A1)

Magni

tude

(A2)

AT

(A1X

A2)

Per

man

ence

(B1)

Reversi

bility

(B2)

Cumulati

ve (B3)

BT

(B1+B2

+B3)

ES (AT

x BT)

Range

Value

(RV)

P/C1 Changes in Water Quality 1 +1 +2 2 2 2 6 +12 2

P/C 2 Changes in crop and Grazing Areas

(productive land)

1 -1 -1 2 2 1 5 -5 -1

P/C 3 Changes in Rates of Erosion and

siltation

1 -2 -2 2 2 3 7 -14 -2

P/C 4 Changes to surface water regime 2 -1 -2 2 2 2 6 -12 -2

P/C 5 changes to Ground water regime 1 -2 -2 3 3 3 9 -18 -2

B/E 1 Changes in Biodiversity 1 -1 -2 2 2 3 7 -14 -2

B/E 2 Changes in Aquatic Biota 0 0 0 1 1 1 3 0 0

B/E 3 Changes in Disease Vector Population 1 -1 -1 2 2 3 7 -7 -1

B/E 4 Changes in Terrestrial Biota 1 -1 -1 2 2 3 7 -7 -1

B/E 5 Changes to Wetlands 0 0 0 1 1 1 3 0 0

B/E 6 Changes to Areas of Natural Habitat

(Including protected Areas)

2 -2 -4 3 3 2 7 -28 -3

S/C1 Changes involving loss of private

property

2 -2 -4 3 3 2 8 -32 -3

S/C2 Changes involving loss of public 1 -1 -1 2 2 2 6 -6 -1



infrastructure

S/C3 Changes involving loss of cultural

Heritage

3 0 0 1 1 1 3 0 0

S/C4 Changes involving Resettlement of

people

2 -2 -4 3 3 1 7 -28 -3

S/C5 Changes to social stability/Cohesion 3 +2 +6 3 3 3 9 54 4

S/C6 Changes involving loss of Access to

Natural Resources (spring water use)

0 0 0 1 1 1 3 0 0

S/C7 Changes to Downstream water Users 0 0 0 1 1 1 3 0 0

S/C8 Changes in public status 2 +1 +2 3 3 3 9 +18 2

S/C9 Changes to Availability of Water for

Domestic Use.

1 +2 +2 3 3 3 9 +18 2

E/01 Changes in crop/Livestock Generated

Incomes

2 -3 -6 2 2 2 6 -36 -4



Key

Comp

Impact/Issues Imp

orta

nce

(A1)

Magni

tude

(A2)

AT

(A1X

A2)

Per

man

ence

(B1)

Reversi

bility

(B2)

Cumulati

ve (B3)

BT

(B1+B2

+B3)

ES (AT

x BT)

Range

Value

(RV)

E/02 Changes in Wage Labour

Incomes/Opportunities

2 +2 +4 2 2 1 5 + 20 3

E/03 Change in trade/Commercial

Incomes/Opportunities

3 +2 +6 3 3 2 8 + 48 4

E/06 Changes in local skills Base 1 +1 1 2 2 2 6 + 6 1

Cumulative Range Value

Please refer the table in Annex VI for interpretation of the range values.

72

Keys for table 11:

Black dots represent adverse environmental impacts

• Major Significance impacts

• High Significance impacts

• Medium significance impact

• Low significance impacts

Circles represent positive and beneficial impacts in the same interpretation order of the

circle size as above

° Major positive impact

° Highly positive impacts

° Medium positive impacts

° Slightly positive impacts

Social and Environmental Impact Assessment of Mekelle Emergency Water Supply Project


Table 11: Magnitude matrix showing the magnitude and significance of identified impacts from the project

Environmental

components/Characteristics

Project actions

Construction Operation

Access road Drilling, Booster

station,

Transmission lines,

Reservoirs

Water treatment Distribution and

maintenance

Changes in local skills base ° ° ° °

Change in trade/Commercial

Incomes/investment

opportunities

° °

°

Changes in wage labour

incomes/Opportunities ° °

Changes involving loss of

perennial crops (private

property)

•

•

Changes in crop & grazing

/livestock/ generated

incomes

• •




access to natural resources

(spring water use)

- - - -

Changes in Terrestrial

Vegetation • •

- -

Changes in Water Quality of

rivers/streams

• • •

Changes in Rates of Erosion

siltation, and soil structure

•

Changes to surface water

regime

-

Changes in Aquatic Biota

-

Changes in Disease Vector

Population

•

Changes involving relocation

of houses (trench excavation

near houses).

•

Changes to Downstream

water Users

-



Changes to Wetlands

-

Changes to Availability of

Water for Domestic Use.

•


cultural Heritage (Relocation

of Cemeteries)

-


public infrastructure

•

•

8. Major impacts and proposed mitigation measures

8.1 Mitigation measures for impacts involving loss in crop generated incomes

The project impacts caused by disruption of farming activities on the cropping fields will result in

loss of income generation for each of the affected farmers. Depending on whether the farming

plots are covered by crops or being prepared for the next cropping season, the impact could take

place either through destroying the crops on the fields or disrupting the land preparation activities

for the next season. Both forms of the impact will result in loss of income generation for the

farmer. These impacts will be mitigated by paying out appropriate cash compensations to each of

the affected farmers. The estimated compensation cost that will be needed to mitigate this impact

is shown in table 14. Actual compensation costs should be calculated in line with Proclamation

No 455/2005 and Council of Ministers Regulations No. 135/2007 on Expropriation of

Landholdings for Public Purposes and Payment of Compensation as well as in line with relevant

regional regulations of the Tigray state. The total size of cropping fields that will be temporarily

affected and hence will subject the farmers for loss of income will be10.30Ha. It is evident that

the total size of cropping land to be affected by the project is generally small and this is

distributed over the land holdings of about 231 farmers shown in Appendix IA. The impacted



land will account far less than 10% of their assets at individual farmer level. Therefore, it

appears that there is no need of preparing full or abrevated RAP. The census of farmers and the

estimated size of land to be affected from each farming plots is shown in Appendix IA. Final

delimitation of plots and related crops will be done by the compensation committees that include

affected persons themselves, their neighbours, and community leaders and elders. Valuation of

annual crops is based on the income lost, i.e. on the market value of the lost harvest which is

established through a rapid survey of market prices observed in the area.

Apart from the direct loss of income caused by excavation activities during installation of

transmission lines, there are farmers who will continue to be affected by the displacement of top

soil from their fields. Since the income of such farmers is going to decrease due to failing crops

on limited parts of their fields, it needs to be compensated. The specific farmers who are affected

either by displaced top soil or uncleared boulders that waste their land could be identified later

towards the end of the cropping season. The Mekelle Water supply and sewerage service will

have to pay attention for proper settlement of the compensation for this group of affected people.

Apparently, during the construction of access road to the booster station, it will affect the

cropping and grazing lands of the farmers. It is difficult to have an estimate of the size of

cropping and grazing fields that will be affected during the construction of the access road at this

time, for the reason that it is not designed yet. These farmers are losing the usage rights they have

on the land permanently and it will subject them to permanent lose of income generation.

Therefore, the impact should be mitigated by providing a replacement land suitable to serve the

purposes as before.



8.2 Mitigation measures for impacts involving loss of perennial crops (private property)

The Perennial crops which are Banana and Guava trees are considered as highly valued private

properties in the project area. It is considered as one of the common cash crops. The project will

affect about 5 banana and 30 guava trees that belong to Gembella kebelle farmers association.

The impact of losing such private properties will be mitigated by providing appropriate

compensation to the owners of the perennial crops.

The valuation for compensation of the perennial crops will incorporate the income lost during the

value of the harvests lost during the period of re-establishment, value of the seedlings, and the

cost for agricultural inputs needed to re-establish the perennial crops.

8.3 Mitigation measures for impacts involving changes in terrestrial vegetation

The overall impact of the project on terrestrial vegetation will be mitigated by a mix of different

approaches. For the purpose of ensuring the sustainability of the ground water sources, it is

important to look beyond and work on conserving and enhancing the terrestrial vegetation in the

watershed embodying the well fields. The vegetation cover around the well fields is slack in large

areas. Therefore it is necessary to encourage a conservation work including reforestation by

organizing the local community to enhance the rainwater retaining capacity of the watershed. The

conservation work should initially focus on the immediate areas of the well fields and expand

through time to other selected sections of the watershed.

The project will also encourage the plantation of trees in the areas through which the transmission

main will pass. This will be done by providing seedlings for those farmers who are interested to

replant small trees and bushes removed. Moreover the project will arrange and provide seedlings

to the Rural-Enderta Agriculture and Rural development office for plantation of trees in the area

closures.



8.4 Mitigation measures for impacts involving water quality

The borehole drilling activities carried out near by the rivers/streams will be made not to

unnecessarily contaminate the rivers by the soil sludge emitted from it. Efforts will be made to

minimize the temporary loss of water quality due to soil suspension. The soil sludge will be

collected and disposed in an appropriate landfill site away from the surface waters.

8.5 Mitigation measures for impacts involving changes in rates of erosion, siltation and soil structure

During the excavation and installation of the transmission mains necessary measures should be

introduced by the contractor to place the top soil back on the top layer of the farming fields. The

contractor should provide appropriate orientation and briefing to its workers on the procedures of

excavation and backfilling of the trenches in the farm fields. The contractor will also supervise to

ensure that the procedures are observed by its workers. Moreover the contractor should be

instructed firmly to clear the big boulders and other excavated materials from the farming fields.

Failure to do so timely will unnecessarily hamper the farming activities of the farmers and it will

waste their land. The Mekelle Water supply and sewerage service should pay proper attention to

confirm the site clearance by the contractor or devise other workable solutions to clear the

excavation materials and big boulders from the farm fields.

During the construction of access road, measures should be taken to prevent the acceleration of

erosion rates in the locality. Road side shoulder spaces whose soil surface will be cut deeply will

be made to be covered with grasses to minimize erosion. Quarries from which selected material

for the road is going to be taken will be rehabilitated by tipping the unwanted earth material

collected from the construction sites.

The project will prevent contamination of soil by used oil and lubricants that will be discarded

from construction equipment and machineries in the site. This will be implemented by

introducing appropriate working procedures for the collection and disposal of used oil that will be



applied by the operators and service men of the machineries. The contractor will be responsible

for introducing the working procedures and its implementation by the machinery operators.

8.6 Mitigation measures for impacts involving changes in disease vector population

The project will ensure that soil mass accumulated during construction will not form barriers for

the creation of stagnant waters and it will promptly remove the material from site. It will also

ensure that the backfilling of trenches is conducted properly with good compaction so that it may

not allow the stagnation of water on it.

8.7Mitigation measures for impacts involving dust and noise nuisance

The dust and noise nuisances predicted to occur in the construction sites will be mitigated by

applying the following measure. Re-suspension of dust in the construction sites will be prevented

by occasional sprinkling of water. This will be specially applied during the construction of the

access roads.

8.8 Impact of Spillage and disinfecting chemicals

The project should build appropriately designed storage for disinfecting chemicals. The store for

these chemicals must have good ventilation. In addition the project should develop operational

manual for storage and safe handling of disinfecting chemicals. The manual should also provide

guidance for safe procedures of chemical dosing operations. The spillage of chemicals that will

emerge during water treatment and disinfection should be minimized by training the workers to

follow the safe chemical handling and dosing procedures. The workers shall also be provided

with personal protection equipment such as hand gloves, masks, and respirators.

8.9 Mitigation measures for impacts involving access to natural resources (borehole water use)



During the public consultation meetings conducted at Mesebo and Gergenbes villages, it was

noted that some of the villages through which the transmission line will pass have problems of

drinking water supply. Accordingly the participants of the messebo consultation meeting reiterate

their request for availing water points to those villages that are in problem from shortage of

drinking water supply. These villages are mainly found along the route of the transmission line.

In response to this request the project management revealed that the design of the transmission

line that connects the chinferes boreholes to the existing system has indicated two points (T-

Shapes) from which water will be conveyed to the villages. Accordingly, it is recommended that

the Mekelle Water supply and sanitation project will have to identify those villages which have

severe problem of drinking water supply and incorporate in its design to provide water points for

few of them to the extent the available water budget can permit it.

8.10 Mitigation measures for impacts on reservoires

The water reservoir and booster station sites will have to be properly fensed leaving sufficient

open space to buffer seepage of pollutants and contaminants from easily and quickly reaching it.

Moreover, the overall sanitation of the reservoir area will have to be protected and properly

managed. Conducting a periodic and regular sanitary inspection on the reservoir sites in

particular and on the overall water supply system in general will be usefull to ensure consistent

sanitation of the facilities.

81

Table 12: Summary of Major impacts and proposed Mitigating Measures

No

Project

phase

Major Impacts Recommended Mitigation

measures

Anticipated

Residual

impacts

1 Construction

The cropping fields of farmers will be affected during

installation of transmission lines. Unharvested crops

on the field will be damaged or preparation of land for

next cropping season will be interrupted.

Compensate farmers with cash that

will offset for lost harvest.

None

2 Construction

Farmers will permanently lose far less than 10% of

their farming lands for the construction of access road

and reservoirs.

Arrange for land replacements of

equal size and suitable for the

purposes it was serving.

None

3 Construction Farmers will lose economic plants such as Guava and

banana trees during the installation of the transmission

mains.


will offset their losses.

None

4 Construction Small trees and bushes will be cleared during the

construction of transmission mains and access roads

affecting the terrestrial vegetation cover (green

canopy) of the project area.

Minimize impact by avoiding

unnecessary cutting

Conserve and enhance reforestation

on the watershed giving priority to

the immediate areas

Encourage tree plantation and

reforestation by providing

seedlings

Anticipated



No Project phase Major impacts Recommended mitigation

measures

Anticipated

residual

impacts

5 Construction Construction of reservoirs, booster stations, transmission

mains and access road will affect soil structure, accelerate

soil erosion and siltation.

Introduce work procedures to put

the top soil back on its layer during

backfilling of trenches.

Plant grasses to cover deeply cut

soil surfaces of the access road

shoulders.

Rehabilitate the site of selected

material quarry used for access

road by tipping construction waste.

Integrate soil and water

conservation in the Watershed

management programme to

enhance groundwater recharge.

Anticipated

6 Construction and

operation

Trenches and soil pile will create mosquito breeding sites

with stagnant water.

Backfill trenches properly and

promptly.

None



No Project phase Major impacts Recommended mitigation

measures

Anticipated

residual

impacts

7 construction The increase in vehicle flow during construction is

expected to Increase road accident

Take precautionary measures by

mounting road/ traffic signs

Availing first aid kit

None

8 construction Spillage of fuel, oil, grease from the garage and booster

stations of the project may result in the pollution of the

nearby surface waters

Take precautions not to spill fuel,

oil & grease to the soil and the

streams nearby.

None

9 Construction Dust and noise will cause nuisance during construction

and operation impacting residents.

Sprinkle water occasionally to

prevent dust pollution. Limit late

night work to avoid noise

nuisance during sleeping hours.

None

10 operation Increase in the supply of water to Mekelle city is expected

to increase the volume of liquid waste generated.

Consequently overloading the existing sanitary facilities.

Put in place appropriate waste

water treatment and disposal

facilities.

Anticipated



9. Environmental and social management plan (ESMP)

9.1 Institutions responsible for the implementation of ESMP

The Environmental management plan gives mitigating measures and monitoring requirements, and

identifies the organizations assigned to implement them. Mitigating measures for the impacts that

are likely to arise from implementing the project are given in the previous chapter.

For technical and economic reasons it is not necessary to establish any new organization for

implementing the mitigating measures and monitoring plans. It is believed that the project

proponent in this particular case, Mekelle water supply and sanitation service, the construction

contractor, construction supervisor and the regional officer responsible for environment will take

the major responsibility in supervising the implementation of the environmental mitigation and

monitoring plans.

9.1.1 Responsibility for the implementation of ESMP related to design change

For mitigation measures related to design change, the consultant assigned to design the water

supply project will be responsible for incorporating the recommended mitigation measures into the

design and into the technical specifications of the main project report.

9.1.2 Responsibility for the implementation of ESMP in the construction phase

Prior to the commencement of the construction period, the environmental and social impacts to be

mitigated by compensation will be implemented jointly by the regional office responsible for

environment, Mekelle city water supply and sanitation service, the administrations of Rural

Enderta woreda, representatives of the affected parties and community elders, as well as the

Agricultural office of the woreda mentioned above. Representatives of the affected persons will

participate in the compensation committees. The woreda administration representatives and

relevant offices will facilitate on land replacement arrangements in collaboration with the

communities and also facilitate refining of the initial censuses of affected persons and

compensation pays.



Delimitation of plots and related crops will be done by forming local compensation committees

including affected persons themselves, their neighbours, and community leaders and elders. The

valuation shall be consistent with regional rules and practices, and with the World Bank

requirement that any lost asset be valued at replacement value. Valuation of annual crops will be

based on the income lost, i.e. on the market value of the lost harvest, which will be established

using available rates or through a rapid survey of market prices observed in the vicinity of the

concerned location. Valuation of perennial crops will be the sum of the following factors:

Loss of income during the period needed to re-establish the crop

Value of the seedlings needed to re-establish the crop, and all the agricultural inputs

needed to re-establish the crops as it was

Value of any perennial developments required to cultivate the crop, if required.

Valuation of timber trees will be based on the market price of timber that could be sold when the

tree is fully grown.

During construction, the contractor will be responsible for implementing environmental mitigation

measures included in the present ESIA report. The construction supervisor will monitor the proper

implementation of mitigating measures at the right time. The Contractor will be fully responsible

for ensuring that all the work will be carried out as per the environmental requirements indicated in

the design and technical specifications and the present ESIA report.

It is also envisaged that environmentalist ,with a broad range of experience and knowledge in

environmental management of water supply and sanitation project should be intermittently

assigned by regional office responsible for the environment to supervise proper implementation of

the mitigating measures. The environmentalist will be responsible for the overall coordination of

the environmental management activities. He will advise the contractors, construction supervisors,

the project management unit of the enterprise and the local authorities regarding the

implementation of the environmental mitigating measures and monitoring of impacts.



9.1.3 Responsibility for the implementation of ESMP in the operation phase

During the operation period, the environmental issues will be monitored jointly by the regional

office responsible for environment, Regional Water Bureau, and Mekelle city Water Supply and

sanitation service. In particular, the regional office in charge of environment will coordinate all

other organizations stated above. Mekelle city Health Office will be involved in the monitoring of

some of the parameters.



Table 13: Summary Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP)

Potential environmental

& social impacts

Proposed mitigation measures

Responsible

for

implementing

the mitigation

measures

Responsible for

monitoring the

implementation

of mitigation

measures

Time Horizon

Mitigation Monitoring

The cropping fields of

farmers will be affected

during installation of

transmission lines.

Unharvested crops on the

field will be damaged or

preparation of land for next

cropping season will be

interrupted.


will offset for lost harvest.

The project

office

Regional office

responsible for

environment

Before

construction

phase

Before

construction

phase

Farmers will permanently

lose far less than 10% of

their farming lands for the

construction of access road

and capping structures.

Arrange for land replacements of

equal size and suitable for the

purposes it was serving.

Mekelle

emergency

water supply

project office,

Rural- Enderta

Woreda

administration

and

Agriculture

office.

Zonal agricultural

Bureau

Before

construction

phase

Before

construction

phase



Farmers will lose economic

plants such as banana and

Guava trees during the

installation of the

transmission mains.


will offset their losses.

The project

office, Rural -

Enderta

woreda

administration

and

Agriculture

office.

zone agricultural

Bureau

Before

construction

phase

Before

construction

phase

Small trees and bushes will

be cleared during the

construction of capping

structures, transmission

mains and access roads

affecting the terrestrial

vegetation cover (green

canopy) of the project area.

-Minimize impact by avoiding

unnecessary cutting

-Conserve and enhance reforestation

on the watershed giving priority to

immediate areas of the well field.

-Encourage tree plantation and

reforestation by providing seedlings

Contractor

Project

management

Unit

Rural –

Enderta

development

and

Agriculture

office

Supervisor

Project

management Unit

Rural –Enderta

development and

Agriculture office

During

Construction

and operation

During

Construction

and operation

Construction of reservoirs,

booster stations,

transmission mains and

access road will affect soil

structure, accelerate soil

erosion and siltation.

Introduce work procedures to put the

top soil back on its layer during

backfilling of trenches.

Plant grasses to cover deeply cut soil

surfaces of the access road shoulders.

Rehabilitate the site of selected

material quarry used for access road

by tipping construction waste.

Contractor

Construction

Supervisor

Environmentalist

During

construction

During

construction



Trenches and soil piles will

create mosquito breeding

sites with stagnant water.

Backfill trenches properly and

promptly.

Design and build public water

fountains with proper provision of

drainage.

Contractor Construction

Supervisor

Mekelle zone

Health Office

every year

during the

wet season

of the

project

operation

every year

during the wet

season

.The right of way for

transmission line installation

requires demolition of

houses and court yard

fences.

Redesign and re-route the

transmission main to avoid the

resettlement of house holds

Project

designer

Consultant

Project

management Unit

Construction

Supervisor

Before

Construction

Before

Construction

The increase in vehicle flow

during construction is

expected to increase road

accident

Take precautionary measures by

mounting road/ traffic signs

Availing first aid kit


supervisor

During

construction

phase

During

construction

phase

Spillage of fuel, oil, grease

from the garage and pump

house of the project may

result in the pollution of the

nearby rivers

Take precautions not to spill fuel, oil

& grease to the soil and the streams

nearby.

Contractor Contractor During project

construction

During project

construction



Increase in the supply of

water to Mekelle city is

expected to increase the

volume of liquid waste

consequently overloading

the existing sanitary

facilities

Put in place appropriate wastewater

treatment and disposal facilities.

Mekelle

Town

Municipality

Environmentalist

from Tigray

environment

Agency.

Project

management unit

1St

year of

the operation

phase

1St

year of the

operation

phase

Dust and noise will cause

nuisance during

construction impacting

residents.


prevent dust pollution.


Supervisor

During

Construction

During

Construction



9. 2 Cost estimate for the implementation of mitigation measures Table 14: Cost estimates of mitigation measures

Impacts Mitigation

Measures

Unit

Quanti

ty

Unit

Cost

(Birr)

Cost in

Birr

Remark

Unharvested crops on the

field will be damaged or

preparation of land for

next cropping season will

be interrupted.

Compensate farmers

with cash that will

offset for lost harvest

that can be generated

from 13.08Ha

Yield of

teff

harvestable

/ hectare

20

Quintals

of teff

/ha for

three

harvests

848

225, 000

This estimate includes

the compensation that

could be paid for

those farmers who

lost income due to

displaced top soil and

failing crops.

lose of economic plants –

Guava and Banana

Compensate farmers

with cash that will

offset their losses.

No of

Guava

trees and

value of

harvest per

year from

single tree

30 trees

lost (each

tree

causing

lose of

income

for two

years)

1000

30,000

lose of economic plants -

banana

Compensate farmers

with cash that will

offset their losses.

No of

banana

trees

5 1000 5000

Small trees and bushes

will be cleared during the

construction of capping

structures, transmission

mains and access roads

affecting the terrestrial

vegetation cover (green

canopy) of the project

area.

-Encourage tree

plantation and

reforestation by

providing seedlings

No 2000 10 20,000

Construction of reservoirs,

booster stations,

transmission mains and

access road will affect soil

structure, accelerate soil

erosion and siltation.

Plant grasses to cover

deeply cut soil

surfaces of the access

road shoulders.

-

Will be

determin

ed on site

during

construct

ion

lump

sum

10,000



9.3 Environmental and social monitoring

Environmental monitoring is very essential part of the project implementation. It helps to follow up

the implementation of the proposed mitigation measures and to capture unforeseen environmental

impacts of the project.

It is necessary to establish and maintain environmental monitoring system to assess the efficiency of

different mitigation measures, to perceive possible environmental hazards or to detect unpredicted

impacts in time. Monitoring of environmental parameters will timely signal potential problems and

will allow for prompt implementation of effective corrective measures.

Due to capacity and resource limitations monitoring should be scoped to those indicators that are

most relevant for evaluation of the performance of the environmental mitigating measures. The

selection of the issues to be monitored must be based on the severity, extent and intensity of the

impacts.

For this particular project the proposed environmental and social monitoring indicators, frequency of

measurement and reporting requirement are indicated in table 15.



Table 15: Environmental and social monitoring indicators, frequency of measurement and reporting

S

No.

Impact Performance indicators to be

Monitored

Frequency of

measurement

Frequency of

reporting

Budget per

year in Birr

I Construction phase

1 Construction of reservoirs, booster station,

transmission mains and access road will affect

soil structure, accelerate soil erosion and

siltation

- erosion rate

- formation of gullies

At the time of heavy

rain during

construction and

operation.

After every

rainy season

5,000

2 Dust and noise will cause nuisance during

construction and operation impacting

residents.


prevent dust pollution.

Limit late night work to avoid

noise nuisance during sleeping

hours in residential areas.

any time as problem

occurs during

construction

Every three

months

5,000

3 Spillage of fuel, oil, grease from the garage

and pump house of the project may result in

the pollution of the nearby streams.

Water quality analysis of the

nearby streams

Any time such

problem occurs

Every six

months

10,000



S

No.

impact Performance indicators to be

Monitored

Frequency of

measurement

Frequency of

reporting

Budget per

year in Birr

4 Small trees and bushes will be cleared during

the construction of booster station,

transmission mains and access roads affecting

the terrestrial vegetation cover (green canopy)

of the project area.

Restoration of vegetation that

compensate affected sites

Once a year Once a year for

five years

5,000

5 The increase in vehicle flow during

construction is expected to increase road

accident

Number of accidents per month Every quarter of a

year

Every quarter

of a year

2,000

6 Increase in the supply of water to Mekelle

town will promote investment and is expected

to proportionally increase the liquid waste

volume generated from the Town

monitor adequacy of the

existing solid and liquid waste

management system

Every year Every year 5,000

Note: -Monitoring reports from the various parties should be sent to the Mekelle city water Supply and Sanitation Enterprise for compilation and

reporting to the Regional office in charge of the environment

-The regional office in charge of the Environment will assign environmental inspector during project construction and operation

-Monitoring cost will be covered by the institutions assigned to undertake the monitoring



References:

1. AESL 1982, Feasibility Study for Water Supply (Mekele), NWRC WSSA

2. Berhie H.S. 2006. Groundwater Resources Potential Assessment in Alamata Sub-basin,

Northern Ethiopia., MSc Thesis (WSE-HY-06.06), UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water

Education, March,

3. Castro A., Maoulidi M., and MCI; 2009. A Water and Sanitation Needs Assessment for

Mekelle City, Ethiopia, MCI social sector working paper series N° 7/2009

4. Devecon Engineering and Architects, Five Towns WSS study, Phase 1, Volume 1, Mekelle,

NWRC

5. Gebreegziabher K., and Tadesse T., Household demand for improved water supply services

in Mekelle City, Northern Ethiopia, 2010, Water Policy Uncorrected Proof (2010) 1–18

6. Kelil Adhana Tekle, etal, 2004. Nitrate Concentration in Drinking Ground Water Wells of

Mekelle, Ethiopia , Journal of Rainwater Catchment Systems Vol.10/No.1/pp 1 -5

7. Lopez J., Maoulidi M., and MCI 2009. Education Needs Assessment for Mekelle city,

Ethiopia, MCI Social Sector Working Paper Series N° 4

8. Mekelle City Administration, 2006. Summary of Integrated Development Plan (IDP) of

Mekelle City, 2006/2010

9. Mekelle City Administration, 2006. .Draft Strategic Plan of Mekele City, 2003 – 2007.

10. The Government of Tigray National Regional State Tigray water resources, mines and

energy bureau, Mekelle water supply development project 2009. Emergency project on

water source & supply system.



Annex IA: Census table of affected parties.



No

Name of affected

person/land holder/

Location

(Woreda/Kebelle)

Cause of impact Type of

property

affected

Size of

land

affected

in M2

Permanent fruit and other trees

Eucal

yptus

Fruit

trees

Gesho

Others

1 Gebrehiwot Kindeya Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 1890 - - -

2 Desta Kaleayu Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 400

3 Kiros Hailu Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 210

4. Sibhatu Shimbahri Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 500

5. Zenebe G/medhin Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 380

6 Gebre Abraha Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 260

7 Amare Desta Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 220

8 Asefa Woldu Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 130

9 G/Medhin Belay Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 420

10 Qeshi Amare Berhe Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 520

11 G/Giorgis Tesfay Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 450

12 Abraha Hailu Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 350

13 Nigisti Gidey Tedla Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 180

14 Solomon Gebre Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 160

15 Solomon Amaze Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 160

16 Woldu G/kidan Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 300

17 Mileate Abera Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 220

18 Tsehay Baraki Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 450

19 Abadi Tekleab Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 400

20 Mihret Woldegebriel Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 650

21 Goitom Hagos Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 660

22 Yirgaw Kindeya Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 270

23 Haleqa Solomon G/Egziher Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 410

24 Kaleayu Girmay Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 480

25 Amare Kebede Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 400



No

Name of affected

person/land holder/

Location

(Woreda/Kebelle)


property

affected

Size of

land

affected

in M2


Eucal

yptus

Fruit

trees

Gesho

Others

26 Misgina G/medhin Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 150 - - -

27 G/Kidan G/medhin Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 520

28 Medhin Hadera Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 450

29 Hadush Alene Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 570

30 Halefom W/slassie Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 520

31 Halefom Gerima Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 890

32 Haleqa Fetuw Misgina Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 200

33 Halefom Hagos Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 880

34 Tsegay Halefom Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 610

35 Meuz Kiros Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 570

36 Meresieet Abraha Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 400

37 Berhe Gebremariam Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 510

38 G/Medhin Embaye Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 600

39 Haleqa Abreha Gebrezgi Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 250

40 Birhanu Gebrekidan Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 300

41 Haleqa Gebre Gerasse Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 200

42 Reda Abreha Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 130

43 Gebre Haftu Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 170

44 Abraha Araya Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 300

45 Takele Tareke Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 380

46 Hailu Teklecheal Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 400

47 Gebrihat Lema Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 50

48 Getachew Gebreziher Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 290

49 Amate Alemu Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 180

50 Wolecheal Haftu Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 130



No

Name of affected

person/land holder/

Location

(Woreda/Kebelle)


property

affected

Size of

land

affected

in M2


Eucal

yptus

Fruit

trees

Gesho

Others

51 Seged Mehari Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 180

52 Goitom Equar Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 290

53 Solomon Hagos Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 70

54 Leus Gizaw Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 860

55 Harife G/tsadkan Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 110

56 Gebremedhin W/yohanes Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 270

57 Woldeslassie Hailu Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 550

58 Haleqa Mehari Kebedew Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 300

59 Hadush Abreha Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 360

60 Solomon Fitsum Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 570

61 G/mariam G/slassie Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 290

62 Halefom Aredom Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 190

63 Negash Desta Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 240

64 Qeshi G/tsadkan H/slassie Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 270

65 Berhe Embaye Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 660

66 Tsadikan W/Gebriel Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 880

67 Desta Kaleayu Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 440

68 Kindeya Gerlasse Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 290

69 Hiluf G/abyezgi Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 1280

70 G/egziher Hailu Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 730

71 Hiluf G/abyezgi Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 280

72 Kindeya Hishe Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 70

73 Woldu Hailu Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 190

74 Gebrekiros Berhe Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 780

75 G/slassie Abreha Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 510



No

Name of affected

person/land holder/

Location

(Woreda/Kebelle)


property

affected

Size of

land

affected

in M2


Eucal

yptus

Fruit

trees

Gesho

Others

76 Woldu Mehari Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 220

77 Gebre Haftu Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 220

78 Meresa G/mariam Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 80

79 Gebreziher Tadesse Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 500

80 Woldu Atsbeha Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 230

81 Haleqa Hagazi Hiluf Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 440

82 Haleqa Hadush Hiluf Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 400

83 G/tekle G/slassie Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 390

84 Woldu Teka Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 310

85 G/abiyezgi Hiluf Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 260

86 G/Hiwot Embaye Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 180

87 Gebremedhin Hadush Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 1020

88 Hailu Tesfay Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 2320

89 Gebre Hadera Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 2340

90 Tieumay Asefa Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 1280

91 Haleqa Abreha Asefa Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 1880

92 Qeshi Hailu Alem Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 2160

93 Qeshi Mebrahten Kahsay Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 420

94 Hagos Abreha Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 400

95 Gidey Gesesew Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 560

96 Kahsay Tegegn Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 450

97 Haleqa Adhane Hadush Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 380

98 Kassa Tela Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 400

99 Fiseha Sibhatu Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 480

100 Amete G/amlak Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 230



No

Name of affected

person/land holder/

Location

(Woreda/Kebelle)


property

affected

Size of

land

affected

in M2


Eucal

yptus

Fruit

trees

Gesho

Others

101 Mehari Kahsay Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 230

102 Qeshi Belete Berhe Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 440

103 Qeshi Halefom Berhe Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 540

104 Ataklti Mebrahten Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 120

105 Tadele Berhe Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 120

106 Negash Belete Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 240

107 Kindihafti Asefa Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 420

108 G/medhin Hagos Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 420

109 Birhanu G/kidan Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 590

110 Asefa Hadush Asay Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 340

111 Qeshi Mebrahten Arefe Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 1050

112 Amaze Gebremedhin Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 290

113 Hagos Kahsay Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 100

114 G/egzher Halefom Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 100


116 Berhe G/Yohanes Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 350

117 Kahsu Adane Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 200

118 Fiseha G/medhin Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 200

119 Mulu Berhe Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 440

120 Nigus Kahsay Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 320

121 Birhat Tsiruy Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 330

122 Tsega Hagos Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 150

123 Teka W/gebriel Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 800

124 Tadele Kebede Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 460

125 Haile Gidey Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 400



No

Name of affected

person/land holder/

Location

(Woreda/Kebelle)


property

affected

Size of

land

affected

in M2


Eucal

yptus

Fruit

trees

Gesho

Others

126 Woldu Gidey Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 650

127 Gebremedhin Kahsay Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 960

128 Roman Gezahen Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 250

129 Wolela Hailu Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 520

130 Kiros Woldu Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 450

131 Akeza Eyasu Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 340

132 Hailu Berhe Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 320

133 Mehari Meles Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 280

134 Tesfakiros Araya Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 310

135 Desalegn Asmaw Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 730

136 Tikui Asefa Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 530

137 Desta Gebrezher Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 340

138 Tadelu Absa Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 360

139 Mengistu Mehari Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 100

140 Abraha Bashay Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 660

141 Zimam G/slassie Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 440

142 Askual Adhane Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 260

143 Askual Adhane Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 800

144 Zimam G/slassie Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 1490

145 Raese Debri Hailu Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 1650

146 Qeshi Kiros Gebreslassie Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 1150

147 Gebryohanes Kahsay Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 650

148 Asefa Hailu Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 630

149 Kidanu Berhe Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 570

150 Qeshi Abadi Arafayne Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 600



No

Name of affected

person/land holder/

Location

(Woreda/Kebelle)


property

affected

Size of

land

affected

in M2


Eucal

yptus

Fruit

trees

Gesho

Others

151 Kiros Lewte Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 630

152 Mebrat G/michael Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 620

153 Girmay Eibla Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 300

154 Girmay Gebreziher Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 190

155 Fiseha Mebrahtu Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 700

156 Tesfay Nigus Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 640

157 Abraha Gidey Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 350

158 Kidanu Gidey Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 350

159 Hailu Gidey Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 700

160 Alembirhan Tesfay Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 280

161 Fireweini Gezae Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 380

162 G/slassie Yirga Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 360

163 Kidanu Hailu Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 350

164 Gebreyesus Amare Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 320

165 Gebrehiwot Hindeya Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 460

166 Gebrehanes Hindeya Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 390

167 Hailekiros Sebeho Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 390

168 Muez Girmay Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 390

169 Girmay Gidey Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 390

170 Reda Haregu Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 340

171 Birhat Gebretensay Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 340

172 G/slassie G/tensay Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 520

173 Alemu Hindeya Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 540

174 Mulu Berhe Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 380

175 Hadush Mulu Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 300



No

Name of affected

person/land holder/

Location

(Woreda/Kebelle)


property

affected

Size of

land

affected

in M2


Eucal

yptus

Fruit

trees

Gesho

Others

176 Tadesse Ashebir Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 300

177 Abrehet G/slassie Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 310

178 Letekiros Enun Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 260

179 Tsegay Belay Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 340

180 Gebremedhin Gidey Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 320

181 Teka Gebretensay Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 320

182 Tsegay Haileslassie Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 420

183 Ashareg Gebreslassie Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 250

184 Tesfay Hailu Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 750

185 Desta Gerencheal Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 940

186 Yitbarek Biru Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 320

187 Tsega Teka Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 290

188 Meresaeta Gebretatios Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 310

189 Asefa Hailu Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 660

190 Tsere Hishe Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 880

191 Meleakemihret Hailu Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 650

192 Gebreyesus Amare Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 160

193 Abreha Tadele Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 800

194 Hailu Meles Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 250

195 Haleqa Seifu Tesfay Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 730

196 Mesfin Hailu Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 1650

197 Hailu Gebremichael Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 250

198 Haleqa G/ania G/yohanes Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 300

199 G/hiwot Hindeya Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 150

200 Fiseha Belay Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 100



No

Name of affected

person/land holder/

Location

(Woreda/Kebelle)


property

affected

Size of

land

affected

in M2


Eucal

yptus

Fruit trees

Gesh

o

Others

201 Haleqa G/kidan G/medhin Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 160

202 Muez G/medhin Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 200

203 Muez Kahsay Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 200

204 Haleqa Solomon

G/egziabher

Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 60

205 Lilay Zenebe Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 270

206 Qeshi Birhaten Arefe Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 20

207 Amaze G/medhin Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 290

208 Hagos Kahsay Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 100

209 G/ezgiher Halefom Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 100


211 Birhanu Tsiruy Mariam Dehan Transmission line Farm land 150

212 Yemane Abreha Mariam Dehan Transmission line Farm land 160

213 Kiros Girmay Mariam Dehan Transmission line Farm land 60

214 Desta G/micheal Mariam Dehan Transmission line Farm land 240

215 Nigisti G/slassie Mariam Dehan Transmission line Farm land 130

216 Mengistu Mehari Mariam Dehan Transmission line Farm land 160

217 Woldu Gidey Mariam Dehan Transmission line Farm land 80

218 Tesfay Reda Mariam Dehan Transmission line Farm land 250

219 Meleake-mihret Hailu Mariam Dehan Transmission line Farm land 600

220 G/eyesus Amare Mariam Dehan Transmission line Farm land 240

221 Belaynesh Adhana Mariam Dehan Transmission line Farm land 750

222 Nigus Kahsay Mariam Dehan Transmission line Farm land 389

223 Gembela Farmers

Association

Gembela Transmission line Vegetable

farm land

300 - 5 banana trees

30 Gauva trees

224 Qeshi Kindeya Kassaye Dandera Transmission line Farm land 400

225 G/Michael Kassaye Dandera Transmission line Farm land 220

226 Qeshi Hailu Abera Aynalem Transmission line Farm land 770

227 Haleqa Moges Miruts Aynalem Transmission line Farm land 290



228 W/ro Timnit Tsige Quiha/Ashago Transmission line

+ reservoire

Farmland 638

229 Ato Halefom G/Kiros Quiha/Ashago Transmission line

+ reservoire

Farmland 951.6

230 Ato Desalegn Belay Quiha/Ashago Transmission line

+ reservoire

Farmland 333.2

231 Ato Berhe Halefom Quiha/Ashago Transmission line

+ reservoire

Farmland 49.04



Annex IB: Long list of farmers who may be affected by displacement

of top soil from parts of their farm lands resulting in partial failure of

crops



Name of affected person/land

holder/

Location

(Woreda/Kebelle) Cause of impact

Type of

property

affected

Size of

land

affected

in M

1 Berhe Hadush Desta Messebo Transmission line Farm land 26

2 G/medhin Teferi Newro Messebo Transmission line Farm land 128

3 Amare Lomaw Geras Messebo Transmission line Farm land 128

4 Mulu Berhe Graylem Messebo Transmission line Farm land 29

5 Tesfay Reda Hadgu Messebo Transmission line Farm land 220

6 Tsega Enun G/medhin Messebo Transmission line Farm land 37

7 Mulu Gidey Girmay Messebo Transmission line Farm land 24

8 Tiuemay Hailu Gebru Messebo Transmission line Farm land 22

9 Mulu Hailu Girmay Messebo Transmission line Farm land 27

10 Abeba Kahsay Zemariam Messebo Transmission line Farm land 22

11 Belay Gidey Arefaine Messebo Transmission line Farm land 34

12 Kidanu Hisha Kahsay Messebo Transmission line Farm land 14

13 Tiru Meresa Berhe Messebo Transmission line Farm land 14

14 Mergeta Tsegay Abadi Gidey Messebo Transmission line Farm land 19

15 Qeshi Abraha Kahsay Zemariam Messebo Transmission line Farm land 17

16 Birhan Zereabruk Messebo Transmission line Farm land 29

17 Alemnesh Halefom Gidey Messebo Transmission line Farm land 21

18 Belay Hailu Tella Messebo Transmission line Farm land 23

19 Girmay Euble Gelise Messebo Transmission line Farm land 10

20 Fiseha Kiros Gerase Messebo Transmission line Farm land 12

21 Hanesu G/hanise Hindeya Messebo Transmission line Farm land 19

22 Tesfay Abadi Arafayne Messebo Transmission line Farm land 10

23 Gebremedhin Birhanu Wune Messebo Transmission line Farm land 9



24 Amaze Hagos Arefayne Messebo Transmission line Farm land 13

25 Gebre Yirga Messebo Transmission line Farm land 32

26 Asefa Berhe Messebo Transmission line Farm land 28

27 Abadi Gidey Mircha Messebo Transmission line Farm land 93

28 Hailu G/eziher Marsha Messebo Transmission line Farm land 16

29 Mulu Berhe Graylem Messebo Transmission line Farm land 76

30 Abeba Hindeya Kahsay Messebo Transmission line Farm land 107

31 Birhane Asay G/medhin Messebo Transmission line Farm land 102

32 Gidey Hindeya Desta Messebo Transmission line Farm land 106

33 Harefa G/yohanes Gidey Messebo Transmission line Farm land 29

34 Emahoy Abrehet Debil Desta Messebo Transmission line Farm land 66

35 Abeba Belay Gerasse Messebo Transmission line Farm land 13

36 Hailay Desta G/mariam Messebo Transmission line Farm land 53

37 Hadush Teklu Kidanu Messebo Transmission line Farm land 50

38 Abadi Hadush Nega Messebo Transmission line Farm land 52

39 Endahafti Hadush Kidanu Messebo Transmission line Farm land 50

40 Kiros Gebremichael Hailu Messebo Transmission line Farm land 50

41 Wolde Gebrezgi Gidey Messebo Transmission line Farm land 31

42 Alemu Kiros Asefa Messebo Transmission line Farm land 31

43 Kiros Woldegebriel Woreta Messebo Transmission line Farm land 48

44 Hadush Belay Gebrekidan Messebo Transmission line Farm land 26

45 Mitslal Meresa Daye Messebo Transmission line Farm land 26

46 Hadush Gidey Girmay Messebo Transmission line Farm land 26

47 Harfa Kahsay Ambaye Messebo Transmission line Farm land 28

48 Asefa Kiros Asefa Messebo Transmission line Farm land 25

49 Kiros Tesfay Ketema Messebo Transmission line Farm land 27

50 G/giorgis G/michael Messebo Transmission line Farm land 25



51 Meselech Melese Messebo Transmission line Farm land 27

52 Harfa G/Yohanes Geday Messebo Transmission line Farm land 25

53 Mehari Amare Negus Messebo Transmission line Farm land 20

54 Haleqa Mebrahtu Enun G/medhin Messebo Transmission line Farm land 20

55 Haregu Teklay Geday Messebo Transmission line Farm land 52

56 Hadush Mulu Berhe Messebo Transmission line Farm land 20

57 Hailemicheal G/michael Messebo Transmission line Farm land 47

58 Qeshi Miruts Beyene Messebo Transmission line Farm land 46

59 Gebrekorkos Woldeabiyu Messebo Transmission line Farm land 50

60 Qeshi Nigus Gebrehailu Messebo Transmission line Farm land 31

61 Hailu Gebre Hailu Messebo Transmission line Farm land 31

62 Hagos Kiros Messebo Transmission line Farm land 31

63 Berhe Akelom Desta Messebo Transmission line Farm land 31

64 Gebrehiwot Tesfay Messebo Transmission line Farm land 31

65 Fitsumbirhan Gebremeskel Messebo Transmission line Farm land 23

66 Qeshi Tesfeu Enun Messebo Transmission line Farm land 28

67 Geremariam Hindeya Kahsay Messebo Transmission line Farm land 37

68 Birhanu Kiros Geremichael Messebo Transmission line Farm land 81

69 Gidena Gebreyes Gebru Messebo Transmission line Farm land 22

70 Solomon Belay Gerase Messebo Transmission line Farm land 22

71 Asefa Kiros Asefa Messebo Transmission line Farm land 41

72 Tekle Eyasu Gidey Messebo Transmission line Farm land 47

73 Gesesew Meresa Hagos Messebo Transmission line Farm land 18

74 Abebe Amare Hishe Messebo Transmission line Farm land 18

75 Qeshi Mebrahtu Kidanu Messebo Transmission line Farm land 31

76 Solomon Woldegebriels Messebo Transmission line Farm land 31

77 Kahsu Kidanu Teka Messebo Transmission line Farm land 70



78 Woldu Kidanu Gebrihanese Messebo Transmission line Farm land 27

79 Mulu Belay Gebrekidan Messebo Transmission line Farm land 27

80 Woldegiorgis Halefom Gidey Messebo Transmission line Farm land 35

81 Birhane Gebush Gebrehiwot Messebo Transmission line Farm land 34

82 Kassa Girmay Shiferaw Messebo Transmission line Farm land 68

83 Aregawi Alemseged Messebo Transmission line Farm land 31

84 Abeba Belay Gerasse Messebo Transmission line Farm land 29

85 Gebreslasse Tsegay Kidanu Messebo Transmission line Farm land 29

86 Zewdu Gashaw Adane Messebo Transmission line Farm land 31

87 Gebrekiros Kassa Girmay Messebo Transmission line Farm land 33

88 Hadush Kidanu's Sister Messebo Transmission line Farm land 28

89 Almaz Mamo Amare Messebo Transmission line Farm land 28

90 Elf Halefom Tadesse Messebo Transmission line Farm land 8

91 Seyoum Desta Messebo Transmission line Farm land 8

92 Tsige Medhin Biley Messebo Transmission line Farm land 22

93 Woldebirhan Kiros G?kidan Messebo Transmission line Farm land 64

94 Haile Kinfe Messebo Transmission line Farm land 13

95 Shishay Tsiruy Kebedew Messebo Transmission line Farm land 22

96 Gebreziher Abraha Messebo Transmission line Farm land 14

97 Araya Entaw Messebo Transmission line Farm land 21

98 Tafesu Kidanu Woldegergis Messebo Transmission line Farm land 21

99 Gebrihet Teka Embaye Messebo Transmission line Farm land 20

100 Enda Kiros Gerekidan Messebo Transmission line Farm land 37

101 Woldu Gerekidan Tesfay Messebo Transmission line Farm land 50

102 Yirga Gebremariam Messebo Transmission line Farm land 26

103 Haleqa Mehari Nigus Messebo Transmission line Farm land 12

104 Belay Geres Gebrehanes Messebo Transmission line Farm land 8



105 Amare Gebreslassie Messebo Transmission line Farm land 27

106 Desta Tadese Geday Messebo Transmission line Farm land 20

107 Gerecheal Asefa Girmay Messebo Transmission line Farm land 20

108 Tsehay Teferi Messebo Transmission line Farm land 20

109 Tsegu Amare Asgedom Messebo Transmission line Farm land 13

110 Tadess Amare Gerasse Messebo Transmission line Farm land 10

111 Teklehaimanot Hailu Shama Messebo Transmission line Farm land 20

112 Gebremariam Hindeya Kahsay Messebo Transmission line Farm land 20

113 Abreha Tadese Gebrihet Messebo Transmission line Farm land 67

114 Kinfe Berhe Messebo Transmission line Farm land 22

115 Almie Mahber (Association) Messebo Transmission line Farm land 150

116 The Monk's land Messebo Transmission line Farm land 150

117 Dandera Elementary School Dandera Transmission line Farm land 60

118 Gidey Tsegay Dandera Transmission line Farm land 36.6

119 Kiros G/Tatios Dandera Transmission line Farm land 119.6

120 Qeshi Kahsay G/michael Dandera Transmission line Farm land 58

121 Abraha Medhin Dandera Transmission line Farm land 80

122 Haleqa Kahsu T/michael Dandera Transmission line Farm land 57

123 Dagnew Gerase Dandera Transmission line Farm land 50

124 Kahsay Alemayehu Dandera Transmission line Farm land 58

125 Embaye Desta Dandera Transmission line Farm land 46

126 Meresa Hailu Dandera Transmission line Farm land 44

127 Mesfin Gidey Dandera Transmission line Farm land 18

128 Desalegn Fitsum Dandera Transmission line Farm land 39

129 Abreha Hiruy Dandera Transmission line Farm land 46

130 Mulu Desta Dandera Transmission line Farm land 56

131 Hagezom Hadera Dandera Transmission line Farm land 48



132 Qeshi Tesfay Dandera Transmission line Farm land 74

133 Lilay Reda Dandera Transmission line Farm land 21.7

134 Teklit Goitana Dandera Transmission line Farm land 44

135 Mulu Asefa Dandera Transmission line Farm land 107

136 Mihret Amelmal Dandera Transmission line Farm land 38

137 Askale Berhe Dandera Transmission line Farm land 81.5

138 Hishe G/Kidan Dandera Transmission line Farm land 44

139 Meresa G/medhin Dandera Transmission line Farm land 50

140 Fitsumbirhan Tadele Dandera Transmission line Farm land 144.5

141 Qeshi Teka Hailu Dandera Transmission line Farm land 66

142 Qeshi Tsige Arefa Dandera Transmission line Farm land 50

143 Desaley Belay Dandera Transmission line Farm land 75

144 Tsehaynesh Arefe Dandera Transmission line Farm land 108

145 Tsehay Asefa Dandera Transmission line Farm land 71.4

146 Ezgu Hagos Dandera Transmission line Farm land 36.6

147 Abadi Araya Dandera Transmission line Farm land 48.5

148 Hadgu Alemayehu Dandera Transmission line Farm land 62

149 Fitsum Desta Dandera Transmission line Farm land 50

150 Gebremedhin Abraha Dandera Transmission line Farm land 50

151 Berhe Bayray Dandera Transmission line Farm land 96.5

152 Mulu Tesfay Dandera Transmission line Farm land 64

153 Tesfay Gidey Dandera Transmission line Farm land 106

154 Niguse W/giorgis Dandera Transmission line Farm land 23.5

155 Niguse Desta Dandera Transmission line Farm land 63

156 Hailu Abera Dandera Transmission line Farm land 25.4

157 G/slassie Gebre maryram Dandera Transmission line Farm land 41

158 Equar Hailu & Gidey Abreha Dandera Transmission line Farm land 100



159 Yohanes Hadera Dandera Transmission line Farm land 47

160 Abadi Araya Dandera Transmission line Farm land 49

161 Qeshi Gebreyohanes Hagos Dandera Transmission line Farm land 77

162 Mihret Assefa Dandera Transmission line Farm land 28

163 Fekadu Hailu Dandera Transmission line Farm land 23

164 Lemlem Halefom Dandera Transmission line Farm land 111

165 Mehari G/slassie Dandera Transmission line Farm land 49

166 Fekadu Hailu Dandera Transmission line Farm land 53

167 Hiwot Aregawi Dandera Transmission line Farm land 114

168 Hishe Mehari Dandera Transmission line Farm land 12

169 Qeshi Negese Embaye Dandera Transmission line Farm land 36

170 Kidanu G/slassie Dandera Transmission line Farm land 170

171 Asefa Gergis Dandera Transmission line Farm land 21

172 Tadese Berhe Dandera Transmission line Farm land 67

173 Kebede Gidey Dandera Transmission line Farm land 25

174 Girma Teweldemariam Dandera Transmission line Farm land 60

175 Mehari Berhe Dandera Transmission line Farm land 48

176 Baraki Medhin Dandera Transmission line Farm land 26

177 Gebrezghi Haregot Dandera Transmission line Farm land 23

178 Abreha Gebrehet Dandera Transmission line Farm land 67

179 Tieumay Hailu Dandera Transmission line Farm land 132

180 Yigzaw Berhe Dandera Transmission line Farm land 69.7

181 Geretekle Tella Dandera Transmission line Farm land 51

182 Kiros Zereu Dandera Transmission line Farm land 62

183 Desta Gebremedhin Dandera Transmission line Farm land 30

184 Haleqa Redaie Hailu Dandera Transmission line Farm land 30

185 Dimtsu Berhe Dandera Transmission line Farm land 98.6



186 Mulu Lema Dandera Transmission line Farm land 69

187 Haregot Endalew Dandera Transmission line Farm land 63

188 Berhe Hagos Dandera Transmission line Farm land 104

189 Zewdu Hadegu Dandera Transmission line Farm land 35

190 Kebede Tela Dandera Transmission line Farm land 139

191 Halefom Gebrekiros Dandera Transmission line Farm land 44

192 Berhe Halefom Dandera Transmission line Farm land 45

193 Asmelash Hagazi Dandera Transmission line Farm land 128

194 Hishe Lemma Dandera Transmission line Farm land 200

195 Zimam Berhe Dandera Transmission line Farm land 86

196 Hadish Belay Dandera Transmission line Farm land 74

197 Hagazi Hiluf Dandera Transmission line Farm land 98

198 Kahsay Abadi Dandera Transmission line Farm land 189

199 G/medhin Abay Dandera Transmission line Farm land 250

200 Kiros Hiluf Dandera Transmission line Farm land 89

201 Berhe Tsegay Dandera Transmission line Farm land 108

202 Teklu Kiros Dandera Transmission line Farm land 46

203 Abadi Kiros Dandera Transmission line Farm land 36

204 Mahari Bashay Dandera Transmission line Farm land 45

205 Gebrehiwot Hishe Dandera Transmission line Farm land 100

206 Afera Kiros Dandera Transmission line Farm land 58

207 Hiluf Amare Dandera Transmission line Farm land 136

208 Araya Girmay Dandera Transmission line Farm land 78

209 Gebre Amare Dandera Transmission line Farm land 98

210 Tadese Tsegay Dandera Transmission line Farm land 29

211 Woldebirhan Amare Dandera Transmission line Farm land 58

212 Mebrat Hiluf Dandera Transmission line Farm land 70



213 Tiuemay Hailu Dandera Transmission line Farm land 26

214 Belay Hailu Dandera Transmission line Farm land 27

215 Mulu Belay Dandera Transmission line Farm land 40

216 Kassa Girmay Dandera Transmission line Farm land 30

217 Abeba Belay Dandera Transmission line Farm land 29

218 Berhe Abreha Dandera Transmission line Farm land 75

219 Birhanu Tesfay Dandera Transmission line Farm land 75

220 Gidey Atsbaha Dandera Transmission line Farm land 80

221 Kahsay Berhe Dandera Transmission line Farm land 70

222 G/meskel G/hiwot Dandera Transmission line Farm land 170

223 Lemlem Gezu Dandera Transmission line Farm land 16

224 Hailemariam Embaye Dandera Transmission line Farm land 75

225 Hishe Haregot Dandera Transmission line Farm land 82

225 G/medhin Hagos Dandera Transmission line Farm land 65

226 Haleqa Kahsu Melese Dandera Transmission line Farm land 33

227 Hadush Belete Dandera Transmission line Farm land 125

228 Habe Abay Dandera Transmission line Farm land 19

229 Minas Hadush Dandera Transmission line Farm land 38

230 Getachew G/michael Dandera Transmission line Farm land 116

231 Redaie Gerecheal Dandera Transmission line Farm land 105

232 Barieu Dandera Transmission line Farm land 43

233 Tadele Tesfay Dandera Transmission line Farm land 30

234 Woldebirhan Kahsay Dandera Transmission line Farm land 150

235 Kidanu Kiros Dandera Transmission line Farm land 8

236 Teklu Berhe Dandera Transmission line Farm land 100

237 Haleqa Abreha Dandera Transmission line Farm land 40

238 Kahsay Atsbeha Dandera Transmission line Farm land 40



239 Alene Embaye Dandera Transmission line Farm land 22

240 Asefa Atsbeha Dandera Transmission line Farm land 39

241 G/medhin Hagos Dandera Transmission line Farm land 9

242 Qeshi Equar Atsbeha Dandera Transmission line Farm land 60

243 Araya Berhe Dandera Transmission line Farm land 87

244 Hailu Hadush Fekadu Dandera Transmission line Farm land 54

245 Haleqa Gerase Kiros Dandera Transmission line Farm land 50

246 Tadele Tesfay Dandera Transmission line Farm land 52

247 Araya Berhe Dandera Transmission line Farm land 98

248 Gebrekiros Haileslassie Dandera Transmission line Farm land 22

249 Qeshi Hailu Tesfay Dandera Transmission line Farm land 55

250 Tewelde Asefa Dandera Transmission line Farm land 27

251 Kidanu Gerase Dandera Transmission line Farm land 27

252 Birhane Hailu Dandera Transmission line Farm land 27

253 Kahsay Hadush Dandera Transmission line Farm land 74

254 Tiuemay Habbo Dandera Transmission line Farm land 27

255 Gebrekiros Teka Dandera Transmission line Farm land 27

256 Haleqa G/kiros Teka Dandera Transmission line Farm land 27

257 Kahsay Hadush Dandera Transmission line Farm land 27

258 Berhe Kebede Dandera Transmission line Farm land 25

259 Hailu Mehari Dandera Transmission line Farm land 25

260 Tesfay Reda Dandera Transmission line Farm land 25

261 Haleqa Araya W/gebriel Dandera Transmission line Farm land 11

262 Getachew G/michael Dandera Transmission line Farm land 30

263 Qeshi Mezgebe Kahsay Dandera Transmission line Farm land 45

264 G/hiwot Reda Dandera Transmission line Farm land 108

265 Aregawi Gebreyesus Dandera Transmission line Farm land 41



266 Tsegabirhan Abreha Dandera Transmission line Farm land 58

267 Shige Solomon Dandera Transmission line Farm land 50

268 Belay Gerase Dandera Transmission line Farm land 46

269 Solomon Araya Dandera Transmission line Farm land 80

270 Hailemariam Adihana Dandera Transmission line Farm land 16

271 Qeshi Gidey Dandera Transmission line Farm land 36

272 Tadele Tsgay Dandera Transmission line Farm land 30

273 Hadush Kahsay Dandera Transmission line Farm land 40

274 Gerase Kidanu Dandera Transmission line Farm land 56

275 Tesfay Hailu Dandera Transmission line Farm land 76



Annex II

SCREENING OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS The Environmental and Social Screening Form (ESSF) has been designed to assist in the evaluation of sub-

projects of the Water Supply and Sanitation Project in Ethiopia. The form is designed to place

information in the hands of sub-project implementers and reviewers so that impacts and their mitigation

measures, if any, can be identified and/or that requirements for further environmental analysis be

determined.

The ESSF contains information that will allow reviewers to determine the characterization of the

prevailing local bio-physical and social environment with the aim to assess the potential sub-project

impacts on it. The ESSF will also identify potential socio-economic impacts that will require mitigation

measures and/or resettlement and compensation.

Name of sub-project: Mekelle Emergency Water Supply S Project

Sector: Water Supply and Sanitation

Name of the Community/Woreda/Town in which the sub-project is to be implemented: Mekelle city,

Tigray Regional State

Name of Implementing Agency: Mekelle Water Supply Enterprise

Name of the Approving Authority: Ministry of Water Resource

Name, job title, and contact details of the person responsible for filling out this ESSF:

Name: Tequam Tesfamariam and Zereu Girmay

Job title: ESIA Consultants

Telephone numbers: 0911-675791(mobile)/0911-347013

E-mail address: [email protected] / [email protected]

Date: July, 2010

Signature: TequamTesfamariam

Zereu Girmay

mailto:[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]



PART A: BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SUB - PROJECT

Please provide information on the type and scale of the sub-project (area, required land, approximate

size of total building floor area).

Provide information about actions needed during the construction/rehabilitation of facilities including

support/ancillary structures and activities required to build it, e.g. need to quarry or excavate borrow

materials, installation pipes/lines to connect to energy or water source, access road etc.

Describe how the sub-project will operate including support/activities and resources required to operate

it e.g. roads, disposal site, water supply, energy requirement, human resource etc.

PART B: BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL SITUATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF

ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS

Describe the sub- project location, sitting, surroundings (include a map, even a sketch map).

Project is located in Enderta woreda, Mekelle city, Tigray Regional state, 830 kms north of Addis Ababa.

Describe the land formation, topography, vegetation in/adjacent to the project area

The Land where the Dandera well field is located is flat to roll and land is predominantly used for

farming, grazing and rural residences. The Chinferes well field is located at the bottom of a mountain

valley on a flat river banks. The land use in the mountain valley is predominantly open grazing land with

parts of the mountain designated for area closure. The vegetation covers of the project areas are barely

thin.

Estimate and indicate where vegetation might need to be cleared.

The well fields and transmission lines to be installed mostly lie in open lands where the vegetation cover is

quite sparse. Therefore the project will not induce clearing of meaningful size of vegetation.

Environmentally sensitive areas or threatened species

Are there any environmentally sensitive areas or threatened species (specify below) that could be

adversely affected by the project?

(i) Intact natural forests: Yes __________No ______X_____

(ii) Riverine forest: Yes _____________ No _____X______

(iii) Surface water courses, natural springs Yes ____________ No ______X_____



(iv) Wetlands (lakes, rivers, swamp, seasonally inundated areas) Yes _______No __X___

(v) How far is the nearest wetland (lakes, rivers, seasonally inundated areas)? The nearest river is about 50m beside the Chinferes wells.

(vi) Area of high biodiversity: Yes ___________ No ___X_______

(vii) Habitats of endangered/ threatened, or rare species for which protection is required under Ethiopian national law/local law and/or international agreements.

Yes ___________ No ____X______

(viii) Others (describe). Yes _______-_____ No __-__________

Rivers and Lakes Ecology

Is there a possibility that, due to construction and operation of the sub-project, the river and lake

ecology will be adversely affected? Attention should be paid to water quality and quantity; the nature,

productivity and use of aquatic habitats, and variations of these over time.

Yes _____X_________ No ______________

Comments: The wells on Chinferes site are to be drilled on the riverbanks of Qawa and Ruba-wushti

rivers. The well drilling and operation activities will impact the rivers.

Site Hydrogeology (according to available information): The Qawa and Ruba-wushti rivers drain into the

Geba river which itself drains into the bigger Tekeze River.

Type of aquifer (continuous, fracture)/ fractured

Depth of aquifer/ 250 meters.

Seasonal fluctuations/ Medium

Known quality problems /None



Surface Water

What is the water course in the surroundings of the site?

Nature (river, stream, spring, lake)/:

The main surface waters found in the Chinferes groundwater source areas are two small rivers named

Qawa and Ruba-wushti. These rivers flow into the bigger Geba (Gobay) river and further downstream it

join with the tributaries of Tekeze River. Mekelle city is not endowed with appreciable surface water

resource. There are few small perennial streams such as the Illala River at the suburbs of the city. Surface

waters on the Quiha and Dandera groundwater fields are also very scares.

Distance to site /

The Chinferes groundwater well fields are located at about 20kms distance northwest from Mekelle city.

The Dandera well field is about 5km off the main road from Quiha town. The Quiha well (PW9) is located

south of Mekelle city at a distance of about 10kms.

Downstream/upstream the site/:

The Dandera and Chinferes well fields are located South and Northwest of mekelle city at a distance of

about 15 to 20kms.The city as such is located at the middle of the two well fields with the chinferes side

being upstream and the Dandera side down stream of it.

Give an assessment of potential water course sensitivity to water point construction and operation:

The deep wells to be drilled on the Chinferes well field are situated along the immediate river banks of

Qawa and Ruba-wushti rivers. The drilling activities will result in the disposal of drilling fluids that could

have hazardous nature into the rivers.

Drainage conditions on-site

Description of present drainage conditions on site (site topography, infiltration capacity of soil):

The topography of the Chinferes well field is dominated by mountain valleys that are hilly and rolling. The

valley floors where the well fields are situated are relatively flat and it forms the main drainage area for

the surrounding basin. The topography of the Dandera and quiha well field side is mostly flat with

sparsely distributed hills.

Risks of water retention (site in a low point): Over flooding of the chinferes well field.

Feasibility of simple drainage improvements to eliminate water retention problems: It can easily be

made feasible

Water Use and Water Users



Describe the water use in the vicinity of the site

Nature of water point / the chinferes, Dandera and Quiha wells are deep wells. The villagers in the

locality use spring sources and shallow wells which has been dug and developed previously.

Distance: Mekelle city which is the ultimate user of the water from the deep wells have a distance of about

20kms from Dandera and Chinferes sites.

Downstream/upstream/: Chinferes, Dandera and Quiha villages are found in a radius of 1-3kms from

the deep well ground water points to be developed.

Type of usage/: The spring and shallow well waters previously developed are used by the villagers for

domestic use including drinking, bathing and also for cattle watering.

Give an assessment of potential water use sensitivity to water point construction and operation.

Apparently, the drilling of deep wells for groundwater development to lessen the shortage of water supply

in Mekelle city will not have any sensitivity in the respective areas. This is because the local villages are

dependent on previously developed shallow wells and springs and hence will not have special sensitivity

for the new developments.

Is there potential for conflict between users; if so, how should this conflict be solved?

No potential conflict is expected between users from the implementation of the project.

Protected areas

Does the sub-project area (or components of the sub-project) occur within/adjacent to any protected

areas designated by government (national park, national reserve, world heritage site etc.)

Yes ___x______ No ___ _________

If the project is outside of, but close to, any protected area, is it likely to adversely affect the ecology

within the protected area areas (e.g. interference with the migration routes of mammals or birds).

Yes __________ No _______X_____

Geology and Soils

Describe the Site Geology (according to available geological map):

Describe the soil as follows:

Type of soil/ red Litosol (Mekelle)

Sensitivity to erosion / Medium



Extent of erosion already taking place on site/ Medium

Based upon visual inspection or available literature, are there areas of possible geologic or soil instability

(prone to: soil erosion, landslide, subsidence, earthquake etc)?

Yes ____ X ________ No ____ ________

Based upon visual inspection or available literature, are there areas that have risks of large scale increase

in soil salinity?

Yes _____x________ No _______ ______

Based upon visual inspection or available literature, are there areas prone to floods, poorly drained, low-

lying, or in a depression or block run-off water

Yes _____ x ________ No ____ _________

Contamination and Pollution Hazards

Is there a possibility that the sub-project will be at risk of contamination and pollution hazards (from

latrines, dumpsite, industrial discharges, drilling oils etc)

Yes _________ ____ No ______x_______

Landscape/aesthetics

Is there a possibility that the project will adversely affect the aesthetic attractiveness of the local

landscape?

Yes __________ No ___X_________

Historical, archaeological or cultural heritage site

Based on available sources, consultation with local authorities, local knowledge and/or observations,

could the sub-project alter any historical, archaeological, cultural heritage traditional (sacred, ritual area)

site, cemetery, graves, or require excavation?

Yes ____ _______ No ____ X ________

In the event of a chance find, please contact the appropriate authorities:

- Regional Bureau of Culture and Tourism for chance finds encountered at the regional level;

- Ministry of Culture and Tourism (MoCT) for chance finds encountered at the federal level. If

there is no Regional Bureau of Culture and Tourism, contact MoCT direct.



Resettlement and/or Land Acquisition

Will involuntary resettlement, land acquisition, relocation of property, or loss, denial or restriction of

access to land and other economic resources be caused by project implementation?

Yes ______X _____ No _________________

If “Yes” Involuntary Resettlement OP 4.12 is triggered. Please refer to the Resettlement Policy

Framework (RPF) for appropriate mitigation measures to be taken.

Loss of Crops, Fruit Trees and Household Infrastructure

Will the project result in the permanent or temporary loss of crops, fruit trees and household infra-

structure (such as granaries, outside toilets and kitchens, livestock shed etc)?

Yes ____X________ No ______________

Block of access and routes or disrupt normal operations in the general area

Will the project interfere or block access, routes etc (for people, livestock and wildlife) or traffic routing

and flows?

Yes ____ _______ No _______X_______

Noise and Dust Pollution during Construction and Operations

Will the operating noise level exceed the allowable noise limits?

Yes ___________ No __X_____________

Will the construction result in emission of significant amounts of dust or hazardous fumes?

Yes ____ _______ No ___ __ X __________

Will the operation result in emission of significant amounts of dust or hazardous fumes?

Yes _______ ___ No __ ______ X _______

Degradation and/or depletion of resources during construction and operation

Will the operation involve use of considerable amounts of natural resources (construction materials,

water spillage, land, energy from biomass etc.) or may lead to their depletion or degradation at points of

source?



Yes ____X_______ No _______________

Will the quarries have to be rehabilitated?

Yes ________X____________ No_____ _______

Solid or Liquid Wastes

Will the project generate solid or liquid wastes? (Including human excreta/sewage, hospital waste,

asbestos)

Yes ________X_______ No ______________

If “Yes”, does the sub-project include a plan for their adequate collection and disposal?

Yes _____ _________ No.__________ X____________

Are there guidelines for the safe disposal of asbestos?

Yes ________________ No ___X___________

Public Health

Will the sub-project contribute to an increase in malaria due to an increase in water supply?

Yes: ______ X_ _________ No.______________

Describe the current situation regarding malaria, assess potential impacts due to the sub-project, and recommend an appropriate mitigation measure

Malaria is not among the top ten diseases of the Mekelle area. However, the excavation of trenches for

transmission line installation can result in creating breeding grounds for Mosquito and hence will spread

malaria. Therefore, the trenches excavated and soils removed should be attended carefully not create

breeding ground for mosquito.

Occupational health hazards

Will the project require large number of staff and labourers?

Yes ______ X___________ No _________ ____

Will the project require a large/long-term construction camp?

Yes ________________ No _X_____

Are the project activities prone to hazards, risks and could result in accidents and injuries to workers during construction or operation?



Yes ______X__________ No ______________

Could project activities result in accidents and injuries to third parties during construction or operation?

Yes _______X_________ No ______________

Will the sub-project require frequent maintenance and or repair

Yes _______ X__________ No ______________

Public Consultation

Has public consultation and participation been sought?

Yes _____X_________ No _______________

Document meetings in the Meeting Form and attach to this ESSF (Annex 3)

PART C: MITIGATION MEASURES

For all “Yes” responses above, describe briefly the measures taken to this effect.

Identified Impact Mitigation

the existing solid and liquid facilities will be

stressed due to increase in volume of solid and

liquid waste

construction of wastewater treatment or

oxidation pond and appropriate conveyance

system are recommended to be in place

due to the excavation of the transmission mains

farmers will lose some of their economic trees

and crops

adequate financial compensation is proposed to

be provided

Malaria problem will increase due to the

increase in stagnant water bodies and lack of

proper drainages

stagnant water bodies will be drained and

proper drainage will be proposed to be

constructed



Sub-Project Categorization (tick applicable box)

CATEGORY A: This sub-project has been categorized as A (Schedule 1) due to one or

more major adverse impacts, and therefore cannot be funded under WSSP. It will be

either re-designed or re-submitted to the environmental screening process after re-

design, or abandoned.

CATEGORY B: This sub-project has been categorized as B (Schedule 2) due to

potential environmental issue identified which can be mitigated as follows:

CATEGORY B1: The application of simple mitigation measures will suffice (using the

Environmental and Social Checklist as a guide). No separate Environmental Impact

Assessment will be required;

CATEGORY B2: A separate Environmental Impact Assessment will be required:

Preparation of a separate EIA to get a better understanding of the potential

environmental and social issues that have been identified in the screening process

and develop a specific Environmental and Social Management Plan

CATEGORY C: No significant environmental issue identified, no specific mitigation

required; sub-project implementation can proceed. Environmental Guidelines for

Construction Contractors shall be appended to construction contract and applied.

Prepared by (name, position, signature): Tequam Tesfamariam

Date: June 2008

Reviewed by (name, position, signature): -------

Date: ---------

Cleared by (name, position, signature): ----------

X

X



Annex III

List of Consulted Institutions



No. Name of contacted

person

Title Institution Tel

1 Gidena Abebe General Manager, Mekelle water supply and

Sanitation Service

0914 300167

2 Ato Selomon Abera Core Process Owner Water Resources, Mines and

Energy Buraeu of Tigray

-

3 Ato Yibrah Tella Support Process Owner Mekelle water supply and

Sanitation Service

0914 734224

4 Ato Alene Birhane Civil Engineer Mekelle water supply and

Sanitation Service

0914 759654

5 Ato Hailu Seifu Water Supply Engineer Water Resources, Mines and


0914 761264

6 Ato Mengistu Surveyor Water Resources, Mines and


0914 727040

7 Ato Abreha Woldu Office Head Mekelle Zonal Health Office 034 40 66 88

8 Ato Zemenfeskidus

Fisseha

Officer, Teachers

development and

management

Mekelle Zonal Education office 0914 757839

9 Ato Fisseha Tadesse Officer, Education

Supervision

Mekelle Zonal Education office 034 401323

10 Ato Gebreegziabher

Naizgi

Core Process Owner TigrayCulture and Tourism

Buraeu

034 40 10 31

11 Ato Mehari Office Head Rural Enderta Agriculture and

rural development office

0914 106179

12 Ato Yirga Tadesse EIA Expert Tigray Regional state land use

administration and

environmental protection

Agency

0914 741256



Annex IV

Minutes of the public consultation



(I) Consultative Meeting with Stakeholders and Affected parties

Date: 9/10/2010 Sub-Project: Mekelle WSS

Location: - Mesebo and Gergenbes areas Kebelles: Romanat and Aynalem

Woreda: Rural Enderta Region: Tigray

Attendees:

Mekelle WSS Enterprise: - Ato Yibrah Tela, Head of support process of the

enterprise

- Ato Alene Birhane, Civil Engineer of the Enterprise

Other Stakeholders - Qeshi Mehari G/yohanes, Administrator of Mariam

Dehan kebele

- Reese Debri Debesay Atsbeha, town elder

- Gebreslassie Kiros, Dandera land Administration

- About 46 participants from the impacted kebelles in

Chinferes and Dandera areas (refer meeting minutes for

name list)

Meeting Agenda and Purpose:

The purpose of the meeting was to brief and discuss with the participants regarding the project

activities and the likely negative and positive significant impacts that will occur during its

implementation. The meeting was also aiming to collect the issues of concern and interests of the

various stakeholders and affected parties.



Brief Summary of the Meeting:

The consultation meeting was attended by 46 participants representing stakeholders and affected

parties from the rural and peri-urban kebelles of Enderta woreda and Mekelle city in which

construction and operation activities of the project will be conducted. The participants came from

chinferes and Dandera sides including Mariam Dehan, Mahbere Genet, Shibta, Gergenbes and

Dandera rural and peri-urban kebelles. For the sake of convenience of the participants the

consultation meeting was conducted in two places. In the morning consultation was conducted in

Messebo area with the group of participants from the Chinferes side. In the afternoon

consultation meeting was conducted with the group from Dandera side.

The ESIA consultant made presentations to the participants that cover the objectives of the

project, the infrastructures to be built by each component of the project, and the positive and

negative impacts that will arise during construction and operation of the project. The purpose was

to create awareness and understanding of the project impacts among stakeholders and also to seek

solutions to the anticipated adverse impacts by proposing appropriate mitigating measures.

Following the presentations of the ESIA consultant, the floor was opened for discussion. Several

opinions, questions and comments were aired by the participants. Some of the issues raised in the

meeting include the following:

- Whether trenches excavated for installation of transmission lines will be refilled

timely to avoid unnecessary inconveniences and disturbances on the farming activities

and to the daily movement of the community around?

- Whether the project will clear the material that will be arising from excavation of

trenches for the transmission lines, so that the farming fields will not be spoiled by

boulders and big rocks?

- Whether compensation will be paid to those parties whose perennial and non-

perennial crops will be affected?

- Whether the project will compensate those farm lands with very thin and shallow top

soil which will not grow crops for some seasons after the disturbance and

displacement of the top soil by trench excavation?

- Whether the project can provide water points to those villages which have severe

water shortage and through which the transmission line crosses.

In response to the issues raised by the participants explanations were given. It was agreed that the

excavation works will disturb the farm fields and crops. For those farmers whose crops are

damaged by the excavation works will be compensated in cash by applying the appropriate



legislations. But it was noted that if the excavation is conducted in the dry season when there are

no crops growing on the farming fields, compensation will not be paid for no crops are damaged.

Those farmers whose farming fields will be spoiled by the excavation material will be taken care

of. The contractor is obliged to clean the excavation sites by refilling the trenches with the

excavated material and to timely remove the left over‘s. Under a circumstance where that is not

done, farmers are requested to report in group to the Mekelle WSS for further action to be taken.

On the other side, those farmers whose farming fields have thin and shallow top soil and which is

disturbed by excavation will have to receive compensation after confirming the part of their

farming fields which failed to grow crops.

The meeting was very lively and discussions continued until 11:30am during the morning session

and up to 4:30pm in the afternoon session. The various stakeholders and affected party

representatives were finally satisfied by the compensation mitigation measure and by the

measures and actions to be taken for site clearing. As a result they endorsed the project and asked

for its rapid implementation.

Main Issues for Follow-Up:

Description of the Issue Raised by Proposed follow-up

action

To be done by Comments

Cropping activities on

certain farmlands will be

affected by excavation

material left unattended by

the contractor.

Affected

Farmers

The contractor should be

instructed firmly to clear

the transmission line

installation sites by

carting away excavation

material such as heavy

rocks and boulders from

the farming fields. Or the

WSS project should find

an alternative solution by

hiring necessary

machineries to do the

work.

Mekelle WSS

project

Affected farmers



Farming fields whose

shallow and thin layer

top soil is scrapped by

excavation and as a

result of which couldn‘t

grow crops for one or

more seasons should be

compensated for the their

forgone incomes.

Affected

farmers

The Mekelle WSS project

in collaboration with the

local administrations

should see to it that those

farmers who missed

incomes by not being able

to grow crops on the

excavated part of their

farmland are listed out

and compensated.

Mekelle WSS

project

Local

administrations

and the farmers

association

All farmers whose

perennial and seasonal

crops are affected by the

excavation work should

be compensated

Affected

farmers

Most of the farmers,

especially on chinferes

side, whose crops were

affected by the excavation

activities of the project

were compensated for the

lost income. However,

there are few remaining

on the Dandera side

whose names are

indicated in the census

table in Annex IA. Also

farmers whose land is

used for building

reservoirs should be

compensated by giving

replacement land.

- Mekelle WSS

project

- Land use

administration

and

environmental

protection

bureau of Tigray

regional state.

-

Administrations

of local Kebelle

farmers

association

Prepared by: Tequam T/Mariam and Zereu Girmay SEIA Consultants



Annex V

Environmental Guidelines for construction Contractors



Environmental Guidelines for construction Contractors

GENERAL: APPLICABILITY OF THESE ENVIRONMENTAL GUIDELINES AND ESMP

1. These general environmental guidelines apply to any work to be undertaken under the

UWSS Project. For certain work sites entailing specific environmental and/or social issues, a

specific Environmental and Social Impact Assessment, including an Environmental and

Social Management Plan (ESMP), has been prepared to address the above-mentioned

specific issues in addition to these general environmental guidelines. In addition to these

general environmental Guidelines, the Contractor shall therefore comply with any specific

ESMP for the works he is responsible for. The Contractor shall be informed by the Client

about such an ESMP for certain work sites, and prepare his work strategy and plan to fully

take into account relevant provisions of that ESMP. If the Contractor fails to implement the

approved ESMP after written instruction by the works supervisor to fulfil his obligation within

the requested time, the Client reserves the right to arrange for execution of the missing

action by a third party on account of the Contractor.

2. Notwithstanding the Contractor’s obligation under the above clause, the Contractor shall

implement all measures necessary to avoid undesirable adverse environmental and social

impacts wherever possible, restore work sites to acceptable standards, and abide by any

environmental performance requirements specified in an ESMP where such an ESMP

applies.

3. These Environmental Guidelines, as well as any specific ESMP, apply to the Contractor.

They also apply to any sub-contractors present on Project work sites at the request of the

Contractor with permission from the Client.

GENERAL ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION MEASURES

4. In general, environmental protection measures to be taken at any work site shall include

but not be limited to:

(a) Minimize the effect of dust on the environment resulting from earth mixing sites,

lubricating equipment, construction related traffic on temporary or existing access roads, etc.



to ensure safety, health and the protection of workers and communities living in the vicinity

of work sites and access roads.

(b) Ensure that noise levels emanating from machinery, vehicles and noisy construction

activities (e.g. excavation, blasting) comply with Ethiopian standards and are generally kept

at a minimum for the safety, health and protection of workers within the vicinity of high noise

levels and nearby communities.

(c) Ensure that existing water flow regimes in rivers, streams and other natural or irrigation

channels are maintained and/or re-established where they are disrupted due to works being

carried out. In the case of this particular project, the contractor when carrying out the

construction work around the spring source should giving due attention and care to minimize

and/or prevent disturbance of the spring formation

(d) Prevent any construction-generated substance, including oils, lubricants and waste water

used or produced during the execution of works, from entering into rivers, streams, irrigation

channels and other natural water bodies/reservoirs.

(e) Avoid or minimize the occurrence of standing water in holes, trenches, borrow areas,

etc…

(f) Prevent and minimize the impacts of quarrying, earth borrowing, piling and building of

temporary construction camps and access roads on the biophysical environment including

protected areas and arable lands; local communities and their settlements.

Restore/rehabilitate all sites to acceptable standards.

(g) Upon discovery of graves, cemeteries, cultural sites of any kind, including ancient

heritage, relics or anything that might or believed to be of archaeological or historical

importance during the execution of works, immediately report such findings to the Client so

that the Ministry in charge of Culture may be expeditiously contacted for fulfilment of the

measures aimed at protecting such historical or archaeological resources.

(h) Prohibit construction workers from engaging in the exploitation of natural resources such

as hunting, fishing, and collection of forest products or any other activity that might have a



negative impact on the social and economic welfare of the local communities. Prohibit

explicitly the transport of any bush meat in Contractor’s vehicles.

(i) Prohibit the transport of firearms in Project-related vehicles.

(j) Prohibit the transport of third parties in Project-related vehicles.

(k) Implement soil erosion control measures in order to avoid surface run off and prevent

siltation, etc.

(l) Ensure that garbage, sanitation and drinking water facilities are provided in construction

workers camps.

(m) Ensure that, in as much as possible, local materials are used to avoid importation of

foreign material and long distance transportation.

(n) Ensure public safety, and meet Ethiopian traffic safety requirements for the operation of

work to avoid accidents.

(o) Ensure that any trench, pit, excavation, hole or other hazardous feature is appropriately

demarcated and signposted to prevent third-party intrusion and any safety hazard to third

parties.

(p) Comply with Ethiopian speed limits, and for any traffic related with construction at UWSS

Project sites, comply with the following speed limits unless Ethiopian speed limits are lower:

- Inhabited areas: 50 km/h

- Open road: 90 km/h.

(q) Ensure that, where unskilled daily-hired workforce is necessary, such workers are hired

from neighbouring communities.

(r) Generally comply with any requirements of Ethiopian law and regulations.

5. besides the regular inspection of the sites by the supervisor appointed by the Client for

Adherence to the Contract conditions and specifications, the Client may appoint an



environmental inspector to oversee the compliance with these environmental conditions and

any proposed mitigation measures. State or Regional Environmental Authorities may carry

out similar inspection duties. In all cases, as directed by the Client’s supervisor, the

contractor shall comply with directives from such inspectors.

PIPELINES

6. No trench shall be left open for more than 7 days, unless duly authorized by the

supervisor upon Contractor’s request. Trenches and other excavation works shall be

demarcated and/or signposted to avoid third party intrusion.

7. General conditions related with topsoil stripping, storage and restoration apply.

8. The Contractor will take measures to dispose of water used for pressure tests in a

manner that does not affect neighbouring settlements.

WASTE MANAGEMENT

9. All drums, containers, bags, etc. containing oil/fuel/surfacing materials and other

hazardous chemicals shall be stored at construction sites on a sealed and/or bonded area in

order to contain potential spillage. All waste containers, litter and any other waste generated

during the construction shall be collected and disposed off at designated disposal sites in

line with applicable Ethiopian government waste management regulations.

10. All drainage and effluent from storage areas, workshops, housing quarters and generally

from camp sites shall be captured and treated before being discharged into the drainage

system in line with applicable government water pollution control regulations.

11. Used oil from maintenance shall be collected, properly stored in sealed containers, and

either disposed of appropriately at designated sites or be re-cycled.

12. Entry of runoff into construction sites, staging areas, camp sites, shall be restricted by

constructing diversion channels or holding structures such as berms, drains, dams, etc. to

reduce the potential of soil erosion and water pollution.



13. Construction waste shall not be left in stockpiles along the road, but removed and

reused or disposed of on a daily basis.

14. Where temporary dump sites for clean excavated material are necessary, they shall be

located in areas, approved by the Client’s supervisor, where they will not result in

supplemental erosion. Any compensation related with the use of such sites shall be settled

prior to their use.

15. Areas for temporary storage of hazardous materials such as contaminated liquid and

solid materials shall be approved by the supervisor and appropriate local and/or relevant

national or local authorities before the commencement of work. Disposal of such waste shall

be in existing, approved sites.

QUARRIES AND BORROW AREAS

16. The Contractor shall obtain appropriate licenses/permits from relevant authorities to

operate quarries or borrow areas. The location of quarries and borrow areas shall be subject

to review and approval by relevant local and national authorities.

17. New extraction sites:

a) Shall not be located less than 1km from settlement areas, archaeological areas, cultural

sites

– Including churches and cemeteries, wetlands or any other valued ecosystem component,

or on high or steep ground.

b) Shall not be located in water bodies, or adjacent to them, as well as to springs, wells, well

fields.

c) Shall not be located in or near forest reserves, natural habitats or national parks.

d) Shall be designed and operated in the perspective of an easy and effective rehabilitation.



Areas with minimal vegetation cover such as flat and bare ground, or areas covered with

grass only or covered with shrubs less than 1.5m in height, are preferred.

e) Shall have clearly demarcated and marked boundaries to minimize vegetation clearing

and safety hazards for third parties.

18. Vegetation clearing shall be restricted to the area required for safe operation of

construction work. Vegetation clearing shall not be done more than two months in advance

of operations.

19. Stockpile areas shall be located in areas where trees or other natural obstacles can act

as buffers to prevent dust pollution, and generally at a distance from human settlements.

Wind shall be taken into consideration when siting stockpile areas. Perimeter drains shall be

built around stockpile areas.

20. The Contractor shall deposit any excess material in accordance with the principles of

these guidelines, and any applicable ESMP, in areas approved by local authorities and/or

the supervisor.

REHABILITATION OF WORK AND CAMP SITES

21. Topsoil shall be stripped, removed and stored for subsequent rehabilitation. Soils shall

not be stripped when they are wet. Topsoil shall not be stored in large or high heaps. Low

mounds of no more than 1 to 2m high are recommended.

22. Generally, rehabilitation of work and camp sites shall follow the following principles:

- To the extent practicable, reinstate natural drainage patterns where they have been altered or

impaired.

- Remove toxic materials and dispose of them in designated sites. Backfill excavated areas with

soils or overburden that is free of foreign material that could pollute groundwater and soil.

- Ensure reshaped land is formed so as to be stable, adequately drained and suitable for the

desired long-term land use, and allow natural regeneration of vegetation.

- Minimize erosion by wind and water both during and after the process of reinstatement.



- Compacted surfaces shall be deep ripped to relieve compaction unless subsurface conditions

dictate otherwise.

MANAGEMENT OF WATER NEEDED FOR CONSTRUCTION PURPOSES

23. The Contractor shall at all costs avoid conflicting with water needs of local communities.

To this effect, any temporary water abstraction for construction needs from either ground or

surface water shall be submitted to the following community consultation process:

- Identification of water uses that may be affected by the planned water abstraction,

- Consultation with all identified groups of users about the planned water abstraction,

- In the event that a potential conflict is identified, report to the supervising authority.

This consultation process shall be documented by the Contractor (minutes of meeting) for

review and eventual authorization of the water withdrawal by the Client’s supervisor.

24. Abstraction of both surface and underground water shall only be done with the

consultation of the local community as mentioned and after obtaining a permit from the

relevant authority.

25. Abstraction of water from wetlands is prohibited.

26. Temporary damming of streams and rivers is submitted to approval by the supervisor.

It shall be done in such a way as to avoid disrupting water supplies to communities

downstream, and to maintain the ecological balance of the river system.

27. No construction water containing spoils or site effluent, especially cement and oil, shall

be allowed to flow into natural water drainage courses. Similarly, wash water from washing

out of equipment shall not be discharged into water courses or road drains. Washing bays

shall be sited accordingly. Unless site conditions are not favourable, it will generally be

infiltrated through soak pits or similar.

28. Site spoils and temporary stockpiles shall be located away from the drainage system,

and surface run off shall be directed away from stockpiles to prevent erosion.



TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT AND COMMUNITY SAFETY

29. Location of temporary access roads shall be done in consultation with the local

community and based on the screening results, especially in important or sensitive

environments. Temporary access roads shall not traverse wetland areas or other

ecologically sensitive areas. The construction of any access roads shall be submitted to a

prior consultation process with potentially affected communities that will have to be

documented (minutes of meetings) for supervisor’s review and approval.

30. Upon the completion of civil works, all temporary access roads shall be ripped and

rehabilitated.

31. Measures shall be taken to suppress dust emissions generated by Project traffic.

32. Maximum speed limits for any traffic related with construction at UWSS Project sites

shall be the following, unless Ethiopian speed limits are locally lower:

- Inhabited areas: 50 km/h

- Open road: 90 km/h.

SALVAGING AND DISPOSAL OF OBSOLETE COMPONENTS FOUND BY REHABILITATION WORKS

33. Obsolete materials and construction elements such as electro-mechanical equipment,

pipes, accessories and demolished structures shall be salvaged and disposed of in a

manner approved by the supervisor. The Contractor has to agree with the supervisor which

elements are to be surrendered to the Client’s premises, which will be recycled or reused,

and which will be disposed of at approved landfill sites.

34. Any asbestos cement material that might be uncovered when performing rehabilitation

works will be considered as hazardous material and disposed of in a designated facility.

COMPENSATION OF DAMAGE TO PROPERTY

35. Compensation of land acquired permanently for Project purposes will be handled under

Client responsibility based on the provisions of the RPF. However, in the event that the

Contractor, deliberately or accidentally, damages property; he shall repair the property to the



owner’s satisfaction and at his own cost. For each repair, the Contractor shall obtain from

the owner/user a certificate that the damage has been made good satisfactorily in order to

indemnify the Client from subsequent claims.

36. In any case where compensation for inconveniences, damage of crops etc. are claimed

by the owner, the Client has to be informed by the Contractor through the supervisor.

CONTRACTOR’SHEALTH, SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN (HSE-MP)

37. Within 6 weeks of signing the Contract, the Contractor shall prepare an HSE-MP to

ensure the adequate management of the health, safety, environmental and social aspects of

the works, including implementation of the requirements of these general conditions and any

specific requirements of an ESMP for the works. The Contractor’s EHS-MP will serve two

main purposes:

38. The Contractor’s HSE-MP shall provide at least:

- A description of procedures and methods for complying with these general environmental

management conditions, and any specific conditions specified in an ESMP;

- A description of specific mitigation measures that will be implemented in order to minimize

adverse impacts;

- A description of all planned monitoring activities and the reporting thereof; and

- The internal organizational, management and reporting mechanisms put in place for such.

39. The Contractor’s HSE-MP will be reviewed and approved by the Client before start of

the works. This review should demonstrate if the Contractor’s HSE-MP covers all of the

identified impacts, and has defined appropriate measures to counteract any potential

impacts.

HSE REPORTING

40. The Contractor shall prepare bi-monthly progress reports to the Client on compliance

with these general conditions, the sub-project ESMP if any, and his own HSE-MP. The

Contractor’s reports will include information on:



- HSE management actions/measures taken, including approvals sought from local or national

authorities;

- Problems encountered in relation to HSE aspects (incidents, including delays, cost

consequences, etc. as a result thereof);

- Non-compliance with contract requirements on the part of the Contractor;

- Changes of assumptions, conditions, measures, designs and actual works in relation to HSE

aspects; and

- Observations, concerns raised and/or decisions taken with regard to HSE management during

site meetings.

41. The reporting of any significant HSE incidents shall be done as soon as practicable.

Such incident reporting shall therefore be done individually. The Contractor should keep his

own records on health, safety and welfare of persons, and damage to property. It is

advisable to include such records, as well as copies of incident reports, as Annexes to the

bi-monthly reports. Details of HSE performance will be reported to the Client.

TRAINING OF CONTRACTOR’S PERSONNEL

42. The Contractor shall provide sufficient training to his own personnel to ensure that they

are all aware of the relevant aspects of these general conditions, any project ESMP, and his

own HSE-MP, and are able to fulfil their expected roles and functions. Specific training will

be provided to those employees that have particular responsibilities associated with the

implementation of the HSE-MP. Training activities will be documented for potential review by

the Client.

43. Amongst other issues, training will include an awareness session for all employees on

HIV-AIDS addressing the following topics:

- What is HIV/AIDS?

- How is HIV/AIDS contracted?

- HIV/AIDS prevention.



Annex VI: Environmental Scores and Range Values

Environmental Scores & Range Bands

Environmental Score

(ES)

Range

Value (RV)

Description Range Band

108 to 72 5 Major positive change/impact

71 to 36 4 Significant positive change/impact

35 to 19 3 Moderate positive change/impact

10 to 18 2 Positive change/impact

1 to 9 1 Slight positive change/impact

0 0 No change

- 1 to 19 -1 Slight negative change/impact

-10 to -18 -2 Negative change/impact

-19 to 35 -3 Moderate negative change/Impact

-36 to -71 -4 Significant negative change/impact

-72 to -108 -5 Major negative change/impact