environmental science: toward a sustainable future richard t. wright atmospheric pollution ppt by...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Environmental Science: Toward a Sustainable Future Richard T. Wright Atmospheric Pollution PPT by Clark E. Adams Chapter 21](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649ddd5503460f94ad56f8/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Environmental Science: Toward a Sustainable Future Richard T. Wright
Atmospheric Pollution PPT by Clark E. Adams
Chapter 21
![Page 2: Environmental Science: Toward a Sustainable Future Richard T. Wright Atmospheric Pollution PPT by Clark E. Adams Chapter 21](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649ddd5503460f94ad56f8/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Atmospheric Pollution
Air-pollution essentials Major air pollutants and their sources Impacts of air pollutants: health and
environment Bringing air pollution under control Unresolved issues
![Page 3: Environmental Science: Toward a Sustainable Future Richard T. Wright Atmospheric Pollution PPT by Clark E. Adams Chapter 21](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649ddd5503460f94ad56f8/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Incorrect Assumptions about Air Pollutants
There are threshold levels of tolerable air pollutants
Dilution is the solution to air pollution Air pollutants can be assimilated by nature Air pollutants do not travel Air pollution accidents will not happen
![Page 4: Environmental Science: Toward a Sustainable Future Richard T. Wright Atmospheric Pollution PPT by Clark E. Adams Chapter 21](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649ddd5503460f94ad56f8/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Pollutants and Atmospheric Cleansing
Air pollutants: gases and aerosols in the atmosphere that have harmful effects
Level of air pollution determined by: The amount of pollutants entering the air The amount of space into which the pollutants
dispersed Mechanisms that remove pollutants from the
air
![Page 5: Environmental Science: Toward a Sustainable Future Richard T. Wright Atmospheric Pollution PPT by Clark E. Adams Chapter 21](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649ddd5503460f94ad56f8/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
The Hydroxyl Radical: Nature’s Cleanser
![Page 6: Environmental Science: Toward a Sustainable Future Richard T. Wright Atmospheric Pollution PPT by Clark E. Adams Chapter 21](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649ddd5503460f94ad56f8/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
The Appearance of Smog
![Page 7: Environmental Science: Toward a Sustainable Future Richard T. Wright Atmospheric Pollution PPT by Clark E. Adams Chapter 21](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649ddd5503460f94ad56f8/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Impacts of Smog: Temperature Inversion
![Page 8: Environmental Science: Toward a Sustainable Future Richard T. Wright Atmospheric Pollution PPT by Clark E. Adams Chapter 21](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649ddd5503460f94ad56f8/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Air Pollution Effects
Adversely affects human health Damages crops and forests Highly corrosive
![Page 9: Environmental Science: Toward a Sustainable Future Richard T. Wright Atmospheric Pollution PPT by Clark E. Adams Chapter 21](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649ddd5503460f94ad56f8/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Major Air Pollutants and Their Sources (see Table 21-1)
Suspended particulate matter
Volatile organic compounds
Carbon monoxide Nitrogen oxides
Sulfur oxides Heavy metals Ozone Air toxics
![Page 10: Environmental Science: Toward a Sustainable Future Richard T. Wright Atmospheric Pollution PPT by Clark E. Adams Chapter 21](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649ddd5503460f94ad56f8/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Major Air Pollutant Sources
![Page 11: Environmental Science: Toward a Sustainable Future Richard T. Wright Atmospheric Pollution PPT by Clark E. Adams Chapter 21](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649ddd5503460f94ad56f8/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Major Air Pollutants: Primary (see next slide)
Primary pollutants derived directly from burning fuels and wastes Particulates Hydrocarbons Carbon monoxide Nitrogen oxides Sulfur dioxides
![Page 12: Environmental Science: Toward a Sustainable Future Richard T. Wright Atmospheric Pollution PPT by Clark E. Adams Chapter 21](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649ddd5503460f94ad56f8/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
![Page 13: Environmental Science: Toward a Sustainable Future Richard T. Wright Atmospheric Pollution PPT by Clark E. Adams Chapter 21](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649ddd5503460f94ad56f8/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Major Pollutants: Secondary (see next slide)
Secondary air pollutants derive from reactions that occur between primary pollutants and other atmospheric chemicals Ozone PANs Acids: sulfuric and nitric
![Page 14: Environmental Science: Toward a Sustainable Future Richard T. Wright Atmospheric Pollution PPT by Clark E. Adams Chapter 21](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649ddd5503460f94ad56f8/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
![Page 15: Environmental Science: Toward a Sustainable Future Richard T. Wright Atmospheric Pollution PPT by Clark E. Adams Chapter 21](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649ddd5503460f94ad56f8/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Comparison of Growth vs. Emissions
![Page 16: Environmental Science: Toward a Sustainable Future Richard T. Wright Atmospheric Pollution PPT by Clark E. Adams Chapter 21](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649ddd5503460f94ad56f8/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Acid Deposition
![Page 17: Environmental Science: Toward a Sustainable Future Richard T. Wright Atmospheric Pollution PPT by Clark E. Adams Chapter 21](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649ddd5503460f94ad56f8/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
pH Scale
Acid precipitation = pH <5.5
pH = measurement of H+ ions in solution
![Page 18: Environmental Science: Toward a Sustainable Future Richard T. Wright Atmospheric Pollution PPT by Clark E. Adams Chapter 21](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649ddd5503460f94ad56f8/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
![Page 19: Environmental Science: Toward a Sustainable Future Richard T. Wright Atmospheric Pollution PPT by Clark E. Adams Chapter 21](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649ddd5503460f94ad56f8/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Major Sources of SO2 Emitters
![Page 20: Environmental Science: Toward a Sustainable Future Richard T. Wright Atmospheric Pollution PPT by Clark E. Adams Chapter 21](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649ddd5503460f94ad56f8/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Impacts of Air Pollutants on Human Health
Chronic: gradual deterioration of a variety of physiological functions over a period of years
Acute: life-threatening reactions within a period of hours or days
Carcinogenic: cancer-causing
![Page 21: Environmental Science: Toward a Sustainable Future Richard T. Wright Atmospheric Pollution PPT by Clark E. Adams Chapter 21](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649ddd5503460f94ad56f8/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Impacts of Air Pollutants on Human Health
Chronic example: lead poisoning Acute example: death – Bhopal, India Carcinogenic example: lung cancer
![Page 22: Environmental Science: Toward a Sustainable Future Richard T. Wright Atmospheric Pollution PPT by Clark E. Adams Chapter 21](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649ddd5503460f94ad56f8/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
The Respiratory System
![Page 23: Environmental Science: Toward a Sustainable Future Richard T. Wright Atmospheric Pollution PPT by Clark E. Adams Chapter 21](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649ddd5503460f94ad56f8/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
![Page 24: Environmental Science: Toward a Sustainable Future Richard T. Wright Atmospheric Pollution PPT by Clark E. Adams Chapter 21](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649ddd5503460f94ad56f8/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Impacts of Air Pollutants on the Environment
Plants Necrotic: kills plant cells Chlorotic: destroys chlorophyll, reducing
photosynthesis Increases susceptibility to disease and pests
Ozone most serious pollutant
![Page 25: Environmental Science: Toward a Sustainable Future Richard T. Wright Atmospheric Pollution PPT by Clark E. Adams Chapter 21](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649ddd5503460f94ad56f8/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Ozone Impact on Crop Yields
![Page 26: Environmental Science: Toward a Sustainable Future Richard T. Wright Atmospheric Pollution PPT by Clark E. Adams Chapter 21](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649ddd5503460f94ad56f8/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Impacts of Air Pollutants on the Environment
Forests Leaching of nutrients Release of aluminum into solution Rapid changes in soil chemistry Reduced growth and diebacks of plants and
animals
![Page 27: Environmental Science: Toward a Sustainable Future Richard T. Wright Atmospheric Pollution PPT by Clark E. Adams Chapter 21](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649ddd5503460f94ad56f8/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Impacts of Air Pollutants on the Environment
Forests Increased plant vulnerability to natural
enemies Increased soil erosion Increased flooding Increased sedimentation of waterways
![Page 28: Environmental Science: Toward a Sustainable Future Richard T. Wright Atmospheric Pollution PPT by Clark E. Adams Chapter 21](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649ddd5503460f94ad56f8/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Impacts of Air Pollutants on the Environment
Materials Loss of color Oxidation Corrosion Decreased real estate values
![Page 29: Environmental Science: Toward a Sustainable Future Richard T. Wright Atmospheric Pollution PPT by Clark E. Adams Chapter 21](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649ddd5503460f94ad56f8/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Effects of Acid Deposition
Alteration of plant and animal reproduction Leaching of other toxic elements, e.g.,
aluminum Eutrophic to oligotrophic conditions Total loss of biota from aquatic
ecosystems Alterations of food chains
![Page 30: Environmental Science: Toward a Sustainable Future Richard T. Wright Atmospheric Pollution PPT by Clark E. Adams Chapter 21](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649ddd5503460f94ad56f8/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Trends in Automobile Emissions
![Page 31: Environmental Science: Toward a Sustainable Future Richard T. Wright Atmospheric Pollution PPT by Clark E. Adams Chapter 21](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649ddd5503460f94ad56f8/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
![Page 32: Environmental Science: Toward a Sustainable Future Richard T. Wright Atmospheric Pollution PPT by Clark E. Adams Chapter 21](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649ddd5503460f94ad56f8/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Impact of Buffers on Acid Deposition
![Page 33: Environmental Science: Toward a Sustainable Future Richard T. Wright Atmospheric Pollution PPT by Clark E. Adams Chapter 21](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649ddd5503460f94ad56f8/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Bringing Air Pollution under Control
Clean Air Act identifies most widespread pollutants: e.g., particulates, SO, CO, NO, lead = criteria pollutants
National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) set levels that protect environmental and human health
![Page 34: Environmental Science: Toward a Sustainable Future Richard T. Wright Atmospheric Pollution PPT by Clark E. Adams Chapter 21](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649ddd5503460f94ad56f8/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Bringing Air Pollution under Control
NAAQS: also set national ambient air quality standards
National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants set national emission standards for hazardous air pollutants
![Page 35: Environmental Science: Toward a Sustainable Future Richard T. Wright Atmospheric Pollution PPT by Clark E. Adams Chapter 21](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649ddd5503460f94ad56f8/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Control Strategies
Command-and-control: regulate air pollution so criteria pollutants remain below primary standard level Lack of enforcement and compliance 37% reduction of air pollutants Forced compliance with state implementation
plan (SIP)
![Page 36: Environmental Science: Toward a Sustainable Future Richard T. Wright Atmospheric Pollution PPT by Clark E. Adams Chapter 21](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649ddd5503460f94ad56f8/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Match Control Strategies on Right with Air Pollutants on Left
Particulates VOCs Automobile
emissions Acid rain
Catalytic converter Reasonably
available control strategy (RACT)
Scrubbers Coal washing
![Page 37: Environmental Science: Toward a Sustainable Future Richard T. Wright Atmospheric Pollution PPT by Clark E. Adams Chapter 21](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649ddd5503460f94ad56f8/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Title IV Clean Air Act 1990
Reduce SO emissions 50% below 1980 levels Improve methods of reducing SO emissions Allow emissions allowances and trading Emissions purchases Reduce NO emissions
![Page 38: Environmental Science: Toward a Sustainable Future Richard T. Wright Atmospheric Pollution PPT by Clark E. Adams Chapter 21](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649ddd5503460f94ad56f8/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Industry’s Response to Title IV
Fuel switching Scrubbers Emissions allowance trading Using low-sulfur coals
![Page 39: Environmental Science: Toward a Sustainable Future Richard T. Wright Atmospheric Pollution PPT by Clark E. Adams Chapter 21](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649ddd5503460f94ad56f8/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
![Page 40: Environmental Science: Toward a Sustainable Future Richard T. Wright Atmospheric Pollution PPT by Clark E. Adams Chapter 21](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649ddd5503460f94ad56f8/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Unresolved Issues
Costs versus benefits of air pollution control
Status of “new source” review and enforcement
Improving fuel efficiency – hybrid cars Improving mass transit systems Reducing commuting distances
![Page 41: Environmental Science: Toward a Sustainable Future Richard T. Wright Atmospheric Pollution PPT by Clark E. Adams Chapter 21](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649ddd5503460f94ad56f8/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
End of Chapter 21