enzymes - mans · a. enzymes hydrolyzing glycosidic link in carbohydrates: these enzymes catalyze...
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EnzymesPresented By
Dr. Salwa Abo El-khair
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3
Catalytic Proteins 8: Enzymes
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Functional Classification
of Enzymes
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Enzymes are classified according to the type
of reaction they catalyze into six groups:
1. Oxido-reductases
2. Transferases
3. Hydrolases
4. Lyases (Desmolases)
5. Isomerases
6. Ligases
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I. Oxido-reductases
These are enzymes that catalyze oxidation-
reduction reactions.
Oxido-reductases are further classified into five
sugroups.
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a) Oxidases
These are enzymes that catalyze direct transfer of
hydrogen to oxygen and form water e.g.
cytochrome oxidase and ascorbic acid oxidase.
b) Aerobic Dehydrogenases
These are enzymes that catalyze direct transfer of
hydrogen to oxygen and form hydrogen
peroxide (H2O2) e.g. L-amino oxidase and D-
amino acid oxidase.
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c) Anaerobic dehydrogenases
These are enzymes cannot transfer hydrogen
directly to oxygen but hydrogen is indirectly
transferred to oxygen through many hydrogen
carriers e.g. glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
and succinate dehydrogenase.
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d) Hydroperoxidase
These enzymes use hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
as substrate changing in into water (H2O)
e.g. peroxidases and catalases.
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e) Oxygenases
These enzymes catalyze direct incorporation of
oxygen into substrate e.g.
I. Dioxygenases (true oxygenases): these enzymes catalyze
incorporation (introduction) of two oxygen atoms into
substrate e.g. tryptophan pyrrolase enzyme.
II. Monooxygenases (pseudo-oxygenases or hydroxylases):
These enzymes incorporate one oxygen atom into
substrate e.g. phenylalanine hydroxylase.
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II. Transferases
These are enzymes that catalyze transfer of a
chemical group from one compound to another.
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a) Transaminases
These are enzymes that catalyze transfer of amino
group (-NH2) from amino acid to α-keto acid
producing new amino acid and new keto acid e.g.
I. Alanine transaminase (ALT): It is also called
serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT).
II. Aspartate transaminase (AST): It is also called
serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (SGOT).
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b) Acyl transferases
These enzymes catalyze the transfer of acyl
(fatty acid) group to compounds.
They need Coenzyme-A that acts as a carrier
for acyl group e.g. choline acetylase.
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c) Methyl transferases
These enzymes transfer methyl group (-CH3)
from methyl donor usually active methionine
(S-adenosyl methionine) to the substrate e.g.
formation of epinephrine (adrenaline) from
norepinephrine (noradrenaline).
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d) Phosphotransferases
These enzymes catalyze transfer of phosphate
group e.g. hexokinase and glucokinase both
catalyze transfer of phosphate group from ATP
to glucose.
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III. Hydrolases
These enzymes catalyze cleavage of their
substrates by addition of water. All the
digestive enzymes are hydrolases.
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A. Enzymes hydrolyzing glycosidic link in
carbohydrates: these enzymes catalyze
hydrolysis of carbohydrates e.g. maltase,
lactase, sucrase and amylase.
B. Lipase: Enzyme that hydrolyzes triglyceride
into glycerol and three fatty acids.
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C. Phosphatases: These enzymes catalyze
hydrolysis of phosphoric acid esters e.g.
I. Phosphomonoesterases that catalyze hydrolysis
of phosphoric acid monoesters as glucose -6-
phosphatase.
II. Phosphodiesterases that catalyze hydrolysis of
phosphoric acid diesters e.g. the enzyme that
catalyzes the hydrolysis of cAMP (cyclic
adenosine monophosphate) to AMP.
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IV. Lyases (desmolases)
These enzymes catalyze cleavage of substrates
or removal of chemical groups by mechanisms
other than addition of water i.e. by
mechanisms other than hydrolysis.
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a) Aldolase: It is an enzyme that splits aldehyde
from alcohol e.g. fructose-1-6-diphosphate aldolase.
b) Dehydratases: These enzymes catalyze removal
of water from their substrates e.g. fumarase and
carbonic anhydrase.
c) Phosphorylases: These enzymes catalyze
cleavage of their substrates by addition of
phosphoric acid e.g. glycogen phosphorylase.
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d) Decarboxylases: These enzymes catalyze
removal of CO2 from their substrates. They need
pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) as coenzyme e.g.
amino acids decarboxylases as histidine
decarboxylase, which removes CO2 from histidine
changing it to histamine.
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V. Isomerases:
These enzymes catalyze intra-molecular
rearrangement, so they catalyze conversions
between optical, positional and geometric isomers
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a) Aldose-ketose isomerases:
These enzymes catalyze interconversion between
aldoses and ketoses e.g.
Isomerase
Glucose-6-phosphate Fructose-6-phosphate
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b) Epimerases:
These enzymes catalyze interconversion between
epimers e.g.
Epimerase
UDP-Galactose UDP-Glucose
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c) Mutases:
These enzymes catalyze transfer of chemical group
from one position to another in the same compound
e.g.
Mutase
Glucose-6-phosphate Glucose-1-phosphate
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d) Racemases:
These enzymes catalyze interconversion between
D & L enantiomers e.g.
Racemase
L-alanine D-alanine
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e) Cis-Trans isomerases:
These enzymes catalyze interconversion between
cis and trans geometric isomers e.g.
Cis-trans isomerase
Trans retinol Cis retinol
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VI. Ligases
These enzymes catalyze the binding of two
molecules to form one molecule. They need energy
which is derived from ATP e.g. glutamine
synthetase.
Glutamine synthetase
Glutamic acid + ammonia Glutamine
ATP ADP + Pi
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AP Biology 2007-2008
Got any Questions?!
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Activity Enzymes bringing hydrolysis of esters and peptide
bonds are
A) ligases
B) transferases
C) hydrolases
D) lyases
An enzyme catalyzing oxidoreduction, using oxygen as
only hydrogen acceptor is
A) cytochrome oxidase
B) lactate dehydrogenase
C) succinate dehydrogenase
D) malate dehydrogenase
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Activity Define & Enumerate oxidoreductases enzymes.
Define &Enumerate transferases.
Define &Enumerate hydrolases .
Lyases (def and types )
Isomerases (def , types )
Ligase (def , requirement and example).
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Thank you